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21 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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Speaker 1: Chapter twelve, Part one of A History of the Philippines.
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Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Elliot Miller. A History
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Speaker 1: of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter twelve, Part one.
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Speaker 1: Progress and Revolution eighteen thirty seven to eighteen ninety seven.
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Speaker 1: Progress during the last half century of Spanish rule. We
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Speaker 1: have now come to the last half century and to
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Speaker 1: the last phase of Spanish rule. In many respects, this
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Speaker 1: period was one of economic and social progress, and contained
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Speaker 1: more of a promise than any other in the history
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Speaker 1: of the Islands. During this last half century, the Spanish
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Speaker 1: rulers had numerous plans for the development and better administration
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Speaker 1: of the Philippines, and in spite of a somewhat wavering
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Speaker 1: policy and the continual sore of official peculation, this was
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Speaker 1: a period of wonderful advancement. Revolution and separation from Spain
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Speaker 1: came at last, as revolutions usually do, not because there
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Speaker 1: was no effort nor movement for reform, but because progress
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Speaker 1: was so discouragingly slow and so irritatingly blocked by established
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Speaker 1: interests that desired no change effective opening the port of
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Speaker 1: Manila to foreign trade, increase in agriculture. The opening of
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Speaker 1: the port of Manila to foreign trade in eighteen thirty
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Speaker 1: seven was followed by a period of rising industry and prosperity.
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Speaker 1: Up to this time the archipelago had been a country
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Speaker 1: producing for export, but the fraying of trade led to
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Speaker 1: the rising of great harvests of foreign export, which have
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Speaker 1: made worldwide the fame of certain Philippine productions. Chief among
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Speaker 1: these are, of course, Manila hemp and tobacco. These were
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Speaker 1: followed by sugar and coffee culture, the latter plant enriching
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Speaker 1: the province of Bitangas, while the planting of new coconut
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Speaker 1: groves yearly made of greater importance the yield of that
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Speaker 1: excellent product copra. These rich merchandises had entered very little
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Speaker 1: into commerce during the early decades of the century increase
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Speaker 1: in exports. In eighteen ten, the entire imports of the
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Speaker 1: Philippines amounted in value to five million, three hundred twenty
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Speaker 1: nine thousand dollars, but more than half of this consisted
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Speaker 1: of silver sent from Mexico. From Europe and the United States,
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Speaker 1: trade amounted to only one hundred and seventy five thousand dollars.
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Speaker 1: The exports in the same year amounted to four million,
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Speaker 1: seven hundred ninety five thousand dollars, but a million and
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Speaker 1: a half of this was Mexican silver exported on to China,
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Speaker 1: and the whole amount of exports to Europe and the
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Speaker 1: United States was only two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen thirty one, the exportation of hemp amounted to
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Speaker 1: only three hundred forty six tons, But the effect upon
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Speaker 1: production of opening Manila to foreign trade is seen in
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Speaker 1: the export six years later of two thousand, five hundred
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Speaker 1: and eighty five tons. By eighteen fifty eight, the exportation
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Speaker 1: of hemp had risen to four hundred twelve thousand pickles,
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Speaker 1: or twenty seven thousand, five hundred tons. Of this amount,
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Speaker 1: nearly two thirds, or two hundred ninety eight thousand pickles,
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Speaker 1: went to the United States. At this time, the North
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Speaker 1: Atlantic seaboard of America was the center of a most
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Speaker 1: active shipbuilding and ship carrying trade. The American flag was
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Speaker 1: conspicuous among the vessels that frequented these eastern ports, and
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Speaker 1: Manila hemp was largely sought after by American seamen to
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Speaker 1: supply the shipyards at home of sugar. The export in
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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty eight amounted to five hundred fifty seven thousand pickles,
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Speaker 1: of which more than half went to Great Britain. After
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Speaker 1: eighteen fourteen, general permission had been given to foreigners to
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Speaker 1: establish trading houses in Manila, and by eighteen fifty eight
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Speaker 1: there were fifty fifteen such establishments, of which seven were
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Speaker 1: English and three American. Other ports opened to foreign commerce
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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty five, three other ports were opened to
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Speaker 1: foreign commerce. Swal in Pangasinan on the Gulf of Lingayan,
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Speaker 1: Iloilo and zambo Wagna in eighteen sixty three. Cebu, likewise,
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Speaker 1: was made in an open port. The exports of Swal
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Speaker 1: consisted only of rice, and in spite of its exceptional harbor,
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Speaker 1: this port never flourished and is a day no more
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Speaker 1: than an unfrequented village. Hiloilo exported leaf, tobacco, sugar, sipan
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Speaker 1: or dye wood, an industry long ago ruined hemp and hides. Zamboigno,
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Speaker 1: through the Chinese, had a small trade with the Jolo
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Speaker 1: and the Moro islands, and exported the produce of these
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Speaker 1: seas sea slug, tripang, shark fins, mother of pearl, tortoises, shell,
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Speaker 1: et cetera. For some years years the customs laws in
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Speaker 1: these ports were trying and vexatious, and prevented full advantage
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Speaker 1: being taken of the privileges of export. But in eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty nine this service was by royal decree greatly liberalized
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Speaker 1: and improved. Since that date, the Philippines have steadily continued
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Speaker 1: to grow in importance in the commercial world. The form
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Speaker 1: of government under the Spanish General improvements. This is perhaps
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Speaker 1: a convenient place to examine the last time the political
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Speaker 1: system which the Spaniards maintained in the country. In eighteen
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Speaker 1: fifty there were thirty four provinces and two politico military commandancias.
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Speaker 1: In these provinces, the Spanish administration was still vested solely
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Speaker 1: in the alcaldi mayor, who until after eighteen eighty six
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Speaker 1: was both governor or executive officer and the judge or
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Speaker 1: court for the trial of provincial cases and crimes. Many
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Speaker 1: of the old abuses which had characterized the government of
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Speaker 1: the Alcaldis had been at least partially remedied after eighteen
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Speaker 1: forty four. They had no longer the much abused monopoly
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Speaker 1: privilege of trade, nor had they as free a hand
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Speaker 1: in controlling the labor of the inhabitants. But opportunities for
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Speaker 1: illegal enrichment existed in administration of the treasury and tax system,
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Speaker 1: and these opportunities were not slighted. Up to the very
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Speaker 1: end of Spanish rule. The officials high and low are
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Speaker 1: accused of stealing public money. The pueblo, the unit of administration,
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Speaker 1: was the pueblo or township, which ordinarily embraced many square
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Speaker 1: miles of country and contained numerous villages or barrios. The
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Speaker 1: center of the town was naturally the site where for
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Speaker 1: centuries had stood the Great Church and the convent of
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Speaker 1: the missionary Friars. These locations had always been admirably chosen,
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Speaker 1: and about them grew up the market and trading shops
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Speaker 1: of Chinese, and the fine and durable homes of the
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Speaker 1: more prosperous Filipinos and mesasstizos. About eighteen sixty the government
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Speaker 1: began to concern itself with the construction of public buildings
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Speaker 1: and improvements, and the result is seen in many pueblos
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Speaker 1: in the finely laid out plazas and well built municipal
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Speaker 1: edifices grouped about the square of the tribunal or town house,
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Speaker 1: the jail, and the small but significant school houses. The
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Speaker 1: government of the town was vested in a gobernodocio and
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Speaker 1: a council, each of the concialges usually representing a hamlet
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Speaker 1: or barrio, but the Spanish friar, who in nearly every
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Speaker 1: pueblo was the parish curate, continued to be the paternal
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Speaker 1: guardian and administrator of the pueblo. In general, no matter
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Speaker 1: was too minute for his dictation. Neither gobernardillio nor councilors
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Speaker 1: dared to act in opposition to his wishes, and the
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Speaker 1: Alcalde of the province was careful to keep on friendly
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Speaker 1: terms and leave town affairs largely to his dictation. The
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Speaker 1: friar was the local inspector of public instruction and ever
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Speaker 1: vigilant to detect and destroy radical ideas. To the humble Filipino,
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Speaker 1: the friar was the visible and only representative of Spanish authority.
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Speaker 1: The revolt of eighteen forty one repression of the people
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Speaker 1: by the friars. Unquestionably in the past, the work of
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Speaker 1: the friars had been of very great value. But men
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Speaker 1: as well as institutions, may lose their usefulness as conditions change.
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Speaker 1: And the time was now approaching when the autocratic and
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Speaker 1: paternal regime of the Friars no longer satisfied the Filipinos.
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Speaker 1: Their zeal was no longer disinterested, and their work had
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Speaker 1: become materialized by the possession of the vast estates upon
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Speaker 1: which their spiritual charges lived and labored as tenants or dependents.
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Speaker 1: The policy of the religious orders had in fact become
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Speaker 1: one of repression, and as the aspirations of the Filipinos increased,
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Speaker 1: the s Friars, filled with doubt and fear, tried to
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Speaker 1: draw still tighter the bonds of their own authority and
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Speaker 1: viewed with growing distrust the rising ambition of the people.
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Speaker 1: A Pollinario Delacruze, The Unfortunate Revolution of eighteen forty one
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Speaker 1: shows the wayward and misdirected enthusiasm of the Filipino and
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Speaker 1: the unwisdom of the Friars. A Pollinario Delacruze. A young Filipino,
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Speaker 1: a native of Lucban, Taiabias, came up to Manila, filled
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Speaker 1: with the ambition to lead a monastic life and engaged
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Speaker 1: high theological studies. By his attendance upon lectures and sermons,
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Speaker 1: and by imitation of the Friar preachers of Manila, Apollinario
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Speaker 1: became himself quite an orator, and, as subsequent events showed,
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Speaker 1: was about to arouse great numbers of his own people
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Speaker 1: by his appeals. It was his ambition to enter one
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Speaker 1: of the regular monastic orders, but this religious privilege was
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Speaker 1: never granted to Filipinos and he was refused. He then
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Speaker 1: entered a brotherhood known as a Cofradia or Brotherhood of
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Speaker 1: San Juan de Dios, composed entirely of Filipinos. After some
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Speaker 1: years in this brotherhood, he returned in eighteen forty to
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Speaker 1: Tiabas and founded the Copridia di San jose his aim
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Speaker 1: to being to form a special cult in honor of
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Speaker 1: Saint Joseph and the Virgin. For this he requested authorization
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Speaker 1: from Manila. It was here that the lack of foresight
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Speaker 1: of the Friars appeared. The opposition of the Friars. Instead
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Speaker 1: of sympathizing with these religious aspirations in which up to
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Speaker 1: this point there seems to have been nothing heretical, they
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Speaker 1: viewed the rise of the Filipino religious leader with alarm.
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Speaker 1: Their policy never permitted to the Filipino any position that
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Speaker 1: was not wholly subordinate. They believed that the permanence of
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Speaker 1: Spanish power in these islands lay in suppressing any Latin
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Speaker 1: ability for leadership in the Filipino himself. Their influence consequently
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Speaker 1: was thrown against Apollinario and the granting of the authority
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Speaker 1: for his work. They secured not only a condemnation of
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Speaker 1: his plan, but in order for the arrest and imprisonment
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Speaker 1: of all who should attend upon his preaching, a Pollinario
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Speaker 1: forced to rebel a Pollinario thereupon took refuge in independent action.
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Speaker 1: His movement had already become a strong one, and his
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Speaker 1: followers numbered several thousand people of Laguna, Teiyabas and Batangas.
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Speaker 1: The governor of Teiabas Province, Don Juahin or Tega, organized
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Speaker 1: an expedition to destroy the schism. Accompanied by two Franciscian friars.
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Speaker 1: He attacked Apollinario in the month of October eighteen forty
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Speaker 1: and was defeated and killed. One account says that Apollinario
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Speaker 1: was assisted by a band of Negritos whose bowmanship was destructive.
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Speaker 1: There still a very few of these little blacks in
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Speaker 1: the woods in the vicinity of Lucan. A Pollinario was
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Speaker 1: now in the position of an open rebel, and he
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Speaker 1: fortified himself in the vicinity of Aleteo, where he built
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Speaker 1: a fort and chapel. His religious movement became distinctly independent
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Speaker 1: and heretical. A church was formed, of which he was
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Speaker 1: first elected archbishop and then Supreme Pontiff. He was also
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Speaker 1: charged with having assumed the title of King of the Tagalogues. Finally,
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Speaker 1: a force under the new Alcalde vital and General Wuet,
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Speaker 1: early in November attacked a Pollinario stronghold and after a
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Speaker 1: feer struggle, defeated the revolutionists. About a thousand Filipinos perished.
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Speaker 1: In the final battle, a Pollinario was captured and executed.
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Speaker 1: He was then twenty seven years of age. Organization of
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Speaker 1: municipal governments in eighteen forty four and n an able
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Speaker 1: and liberal governor, General Claveria arrived and remained until the
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Speaker 1: end of the year eighteen forty nine. A better organization
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Speaker 1: of the provincial governments which we have seen followed Claveria's
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Speaker 1: entrants into office, and in October eighteen forty seven came
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Speaker 1: the important decree organizing the municipalities in the form which
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Speaker 1: we have already described, and which remained without substantial modification
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Speaker 1: to the end of the Spanish rule, and which has
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Speaker 1: to a considerable extent been followed in the municipal code
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Speaker 1: framed by the American government subjection of the Igorot tribes.
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Speaker 1: With Claveria began a decisive policy of conquest among the
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Speaker 1: Igorot tribes of northern Luzan, and by the end of
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Speaker 1: Spanish rule these mountains were dotted with quartels and missions
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Speaker 1: for the control of these unruly tribes. The province of
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Speaker 1: Nueva Visciena has been particularly subject to the raids of
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Speaker 1: these head hunting peoples. Year after year. The Christian towns
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Speaker 1: of the plains had yielded a distressing sacrifice of life
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Speaker 1: to satisfy the savage ceremonials of the Igorots. In eighteen
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Speaker 1: forty seven, Claveria nominated as governor of Nueva Visciena Don
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Speaker 1: Mariano Oscaiz, whose severe and telling conquests for the first
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Speaker 1: time checked these Nueva Visciena outrages and made possible the
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Speaker 1: development of the great valleys of northern Luzan Spanish settlements
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Speaker 1: on Mendaneo Sequariboanga. With Claveria's governorship, we enter also upon
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Speaker 1: the last phase of moral piracy. In spite of innumerable expeditions,
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Speaker 1: Spain's occupation of South Mendaneo and the Sulu Archipelago was
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Speaker 1: limited to the presidio of Zamboangana. She had occupied this
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Speaker 1: strategic point continuously since the re establishment of Spanish power
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Speaker 1: in seventeen sixty three. The Great Stone Fort, which still stands,
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Speaker 1: has proved impregnable to moral attack and had long been unmolested.
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Speaker 1: Distributed for a distance of some miles over the rich
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Speaker 1: lands at this end of the Zambwagana Peninsula was a
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Speaker 1: Christian population which had grown up largely from the descendants
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Speaker 1: of rescued captives of the Moros, coming originally from all
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Speaker 1: parts of the Bisayas, Calamianes, and Luzan. This mixed population
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Speaker 1: had grown to have somewhat different character from that of
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Speaker 1: any other part of the islands. A corrupt Spanish dialect
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Speaker 1: known as the Chebuccano has become the common speech, the
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Speaker 1: only instance in the Philippines where the native dialect has
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Speaker 1: been supplanted. This population loyal and devoutedly Catholic, never failed
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Speaker 1: to sustain the defense of this isolated Spanish outpost and
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Speaker 1: contributed brave volunteers to every expedition against the Moro Islands
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Speaker 1: activity of other nations. But Spain's maintenance of Zamboangana was
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Speaker 1: insufficient to sustain her claims of sovereignty over the Sulu
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Speaker 1: and Tawi Tawi groups. Both the Dutch and English planned
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Speaker 1: various moves for their occupation and acquisition, and in eighteen
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Speaker 1: forty four a French fleet entered the Archchipelago and concluded
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Speaker 1: a treaty with the Sultan of Sulu for the session
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Speaker 1: of the island of Basilan for the sum of one
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Speaker 1: million dollars. Writings of the French minister and historian M.
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Speaker 1: Guzou showed that France hoped by the acquisition of this
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Speaker 1: island to obtain a needed naval jas in the east
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Speaker 1: and found a great commercial port within the sphere of
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Speaker 1: Chinese trade conquest of the Gulf of Devao. But this
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Speaker 1: step roused the Spaniards to activity and the occupation of
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Speaker 1: the island. A naval vessel subdued the towns along the
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Speaker 1: north coast and then proceeding to the mouth of the
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Speaker 1: Rio Grande, secured from the Sultan of Maguindineo. The Session
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Speaker 1: of the Great Gulf of Davao. Spain took no immediate
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Speaker 1: steps to occupy this gulf, but in eighteen forty seven
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Speaker 1: a Spaniard, Don Jose Ojangeren proposed to the Governor Claveria
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Speaker 1: to conquer the region at his own expense, if he
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Speaker 1: could be furnished with artillery and munitions, and granted a
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Speaker 1: ten years government of Davao with the exclusive privilege of trade.
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Speaker 1: His offer was accepted by the governor and the Audensia
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Speaker 1: and Ojangaran organized the company to secure funds for the undertaking.
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Speaker 1: In two years time, he had subdued the coast regions
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Speaker 1: of this gulf, expelled the pirates who harbored there, and
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Speaker 1: founded the settlement of Nueva Vaguerna. He seems to have
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Speaker 1: been making progress toward the conquest and commercial exploitation of
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Speaker 1: this region, when jealous attacks and Manila induced Governor Orbitstando
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Speaker 1: to cancel his privilege and to relieve him by an
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Speaker 1: officer of the government. In subsequent years, the Jets had
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Speaker 1: a few mission stations here and made a few converts
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Speaker 1: among the Bagaboes, but the region is still an unsubdued
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Speaker 1: and unutilized country whose inhabitants are mainly pagan tribes and
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Speaker 1: whose rich agricultural possibilities lie undeveloped and unclaimed. The Samal
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Speaker 1: pirates the Sulu. The piratical inhabitants of the Sulu Archipelago
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Speaker 1: are made of two distinct Malayan peoples, the Sulu or
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Speaker 1: Sulug and the Samal, who are known throughout Malaysia as
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Speaker 1: the Baojoo or orang laout men of the sea. The
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Speaker 1: former appear to be the older inhabitants. They occupy the
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Speaker 1: rich and populist island of Jolo and some islands of
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Speaker 1: the Siasi group immediately south the Samal. The Samal or
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Speaker 1: Bajao are stated to have come originally from Jehore. Many
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Speaker 1: of them live almost exclusively in their boats, passing their
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Speaker 1: lives from birth to day upon the sea. They are
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Speaker 1: found throughout most parts of Malaysia, the position of their
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Speaker 1: little fleets changing with the shifting of the monsoons. In
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Speaker 1: the Sulu Archipelago and a few points in South Mindaneo,
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Speaker 1: many of these Samal have shifted their homes from their
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Speaker 1: boats to the shore. Their villages are built upon piles
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Speaker 1: over the sea and on many of the low coral reefs.
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Speaker 1: South of Siasi and east of Tawi Tawi there are
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Speaker 1: great towns or settlements which have apparently been in existence
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Speaker 1: a long while. Fifty years ago, the Samal were very
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Speaker 1: numerous in the many islands between Jolo and Basilan, and
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Speaker 1: this group is still known as the Eastlas Samales. Like
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Speaker 1: the Sulu and other Malays, the Samal are Mohammedans and
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Speaker 1: scarcely less persistent pirates than their fellow Malays. With the
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Speaker 1: decline of piratical power among the Sulu of Jolo, the
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Speaker 1: focus of piracy shifted to these settlements of the Samal and,
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Speaker 1: and in the time of Claveria, the worst centers were the
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Speaker 1: islands of Blangingi and Tonko, lying just north of the
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Speaker 1: island of Jolo. From here, pirate and slaving raids upon
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Speaker 1: the Bisayan islands continued to be made, and nearly every
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Speaker 1: year towns were sacked and burned and several hundred unfortunate
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Speaker 1: captives carried away. The captives were destined for slavery, and
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Speaker 1: regular marts existed for this traffic at Jolo and on
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Speaker 1: the Bay of Sandankan in Borneo. Arrival of steam warships.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen forty eight, the Philippines secured the first steam
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Speaker 1: war vessels. These were the Magellanes, the Elcano and the
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Speaker 1: Rhianna di Castilla. They were destined to revolutionize moral relations
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Speaker 1: the destruction of the Samal forts. Hitherto, it had been
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Speaker 1: possible for the great moral war prows manned by many oarsmen,
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Speaker 1: to drop their masts on the approach of an armed
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Speaker 1: sailing vessel, and turning toward the eye of the wind,
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Speaker 1: where no sailing ship could pursue, rove calmly away from danger.
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Speaker 1: Steam alone was effective in combating these sea wolves. Claveria
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Speaker 1: took these newly arrived ships and with a strong force
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Speaker 1: of infantry, which was increased by Zamboegano volunteers, he entered
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Speaker 1: the Samal group in February eighteen forty eight and landed
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Speaker 1: on the island of Baloinginghi. There were four fortresses situated
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Speaker 1: in the mangrove marshes of the island. These, in spite
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Speaker 1: of a desperate resistance, were carried by the infantry and Zambwagnios,
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Speaker 1: and the pirates scattered. The conduct of The campaign appears
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Speaker 1: to have been admirable and the fighting heroic. The Moros
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Speaker 1: were completely overwhelmed. Four hundred and fifty dead were burned
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Speaker 1: or interred, one hundred and twenty four pieces of artillery.
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Speaker 1: For the most part, the small brass cannon called the
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Speaker 1: intacas were captured and one hundred and fifty Moros boats
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Speaker 1: were destroyed. The Spaniards cut down the cocoanut groves and
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Speaker 1: would spoil that included such rich pirate loot as silks,
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Speaker 1: silver vases, ornaments and weapons of war, and with over
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Speaker 1: two hundred prisoners and three hundred rescued captives returned to Zambwagna.
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Speaker 1: This was the most signaled victory ever won by Europeans
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Speaker 1: in conflict with Malay piracy. The effectiveness of this campaign
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Speaker 1: is shown by the fact that while in the preceding
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Speaker 1: year four hundred and fifty Filipinos had suffered capture at
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Speaker 1: the hands of moral pirates, in eighteen forty eight and
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Speaker 1: the succeeding year there was scarcely a depredation, but in
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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty a pirate squadron from Tonko, an island adjacent
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Speaker 1: to Balanginghi, fell upon Samar and Tamajen Fortunately, Governor Urbistuonto,
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Speaker 1: who had succeeded Claveria, vigorously continued the policy of his predecessor,
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Speaker 1: and an expedition was promptly dispatched, which destroyed the settlements
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Speaker 1: and strongholds on Tonkul. Destruction of the Moro forts at Jolo.
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Speaker 1: A year later, war broke out again with Jolo, and
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Speaker 1: after a varied interchange of negotiations and hostilities, the Spaniards
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Speaker 1: stormed and took the town in February eighteen fifty one.
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Speaker 1: The question of permanent occupation of this important site was
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Speaker 1: debated by a Council of War, but their forces appearing
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Speaker 1: unequal to the task, the forts of the Morols were
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Speaker 1: destroyed and the expedition returned. Jolo is described at this
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Speaker 1: tune as a very strongly guarded situation. Five forts and
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Speaker 1: a double line of trenches faced the shore. The Moro
23:41
Speaker 1: town is said to have contained about seven thousand souls,
23:45
Speaker 1: and there was a barrio of Chinese traders who numbered
23:48
Speaker 1: about five hundred. Treaty irrigate the Sultan of Sulu. A
23:53
Speaker 1: few months later, the governor of Zumbwagna concluded a treaty
23:57
Speaker 1: with the Sultan of Sulu by which the arch Chapelico
24:00
Speaker 1: was to be considered an incorporated part of the Panis possessions.
24:05
Speaker 1: The Sultan bound himself to make no further treaties with
24:09
Speaker 1: or sessions to foreign powers, to suppress piracy, and to
24:13
Speaker 1: fly the Spanish flag. Moros were guaranteed the practice of
24:17
Speaker 1: their religion the secession of the Sultan and his descendants
24:21
Speaker 1: in the established order. Boats of Jolo were to enjoy
24:24
Speaker 1: the same trading privileges in Spanish ports as other Filipino vessels,
24:28
Speaker 1: and the Sultan retained the right to all customs duties
24:31
Speaker 1: on foreign trading vessels. Finally, in compensation for the damages
24:37
Speaker 1: of war, the Sultan was to be paid an annual
24:39
Speaker 1: subsidy of fifteen hundred pesos and six hundred pesos each
24:43
Speaker 1: to three dattos and three hundred sixty pesos to a sheriff.
24:49
Speaker 1: The end of Malay piracy. In these very years that
24:53
Speaker 1: Malay piracy was receiving such severe blows from the recuperating
24:56
Speaker 1: power and activity of the Spanish government on the north,
25:00
Speaker 1: it was crushed also from the south by the merciless
25:03
Speaker 1: warfare of a great Englishman, the Raja James Brooks of Sarawak.
25:08
Speaker 1: The sources of pirate depredation were Mangandineo, the Sulu Archipelago,
25:14
Speaker 1: and the north and west coast of the Great Island
25:16
Speaker 1: of Borneo. We have seen how these fleets, century after century,
25:20
Speaker 1: swept northward and wasted with fire and murder the fair
25:23
Speaker 1: islands of the Philippines. But this archipelago was not alone
25:28
Speaker 1: in suffering these ravages. The peaceful trading inhabitants of the
25:32
Speaker 1: Great island groups to the south were persistently visited and despoiled. Moreover,
25:38
Speaker 1: as the Chinese trade by the Cape of Good Hope
25:40
Speaker 1: route became established in the first half of the nineteenth century,
25:44
Speaker 1: these pirates became a great menace to European shipping. They
25:48
Speaker 1: swarmed the China Sea, and luckless indeed, was the ship
25:51
Speaker 1: carried too far eastward on its course. Every American schoolboy
25:56
Speaker 1: is familiar with the stories of fierce hand to hand
25:58
Speaker 1: struggles with Malay pirates which have come down from those
26:02
Speaker 1: years when the American flag was seen everywhere in the
26:05
Speaker 1: ports of the Far East. About eighteen thirty nine, a
26:09
Speaker 1: young English officer who had been in the Indian service,
26:13
Speaker 1: James Brooke, having armed and equipped a yacht of about
26:16
Speaker 1: one hundred and forty tons set sail for the coast
26:18
Speaker 1: of Borneo with the avowed intent of destroying Malay piracy
26:22
Speaker 1: and founding an independent state. In all the romantic stories
26:26
Speaker 1: of the East, there is no career of greater daring
26:29
Speaker 1: than that of this man. In eighteen forty one, having
26:33
Speaker 1: engaged in several bloody exploits, Brook forced from the Sultan
26:37
Speaker 1: of Borneo the Session of Sarawak. With the government vested
26:41
Speaker 1: in himself as an independent Raja, Brooke now devoted himself
26:46
Speaker 1: with merciless severity to the destruction of the pirates in
26:49
Speaker 1: the deep bays and swampy rivers, whence they had so
26:53
Speaker 1: long made their excursions. Later he was assisted by the
26:57
Speaker 1: presence of the english Man of War Dido, and in
27:00
Speaker 1: eighteen forty seven the Sultan of Bruni ceded to Great
27:04
Speaker 1: Britain the island of Labuan. In eighteen forty nine, Brooke
27:09
Speaker 1: visited Zambwagna in the english Man of War Mosander, and
27:13
Speaker 1: concluded a treaty with the Sultan of Sulu, which greatly
27:16
Speaker 1: alarmed the Spaniards. Brook's private correspondence shows that he was
27:22
Speaker 1: ambitious and hopeful of acquiring for England parts of the
27:25
Speaker 1: Dutch possessions in the south and the Spanish Philippines in
27:29
Speaker 1: the north. But his plans were never followed up by England,
27:32
Speaker 1: although in eighteen eighty seven North Moorneo was ceded to
27:36
Speaker 1: an English company and all the northern and eastern portions
27:40
Speaker 1: of this great island are now under English protection. Liberal
27:46
Speaker 1: ideas among the Filipinos. The release from Moro piracy, the
27:51
Speaker 1: opening of foreign commerce, and the development of agricultural production
27:55
Speaker 1: were rapidly bringing about a great change in the aspirations
27:59
Speaker 1: of the Filipino people themselves. Nearly up to the middle
28:03
Speaker 1: of the nineteenth century, the Filipinos had felt the full
28:06
Speaker 1: effect of isolation from the life and thought of the
28:08
Speaker 1: modern world. But the revolutionary changes in Europe and the
28:13
Speaker 1: struggles for constitutional government in Spain had their influence even
28:17
Speaker 1: in these far away Spanish possessions. Spaniards of liberal ideas,
28:22
Speaker 1: some of them in official positions, found their way to
28:25
Speaker 1: the islands, and an agitation began originating among Spaniards themselves
28:30
Speaker 1: against the paternal powers of the Friars. Influence of the press,
28:36
Speaker 1: the growth of periodic literature accelerated this liberalizing movement. The press,
28:41
Speaker 1: though suffering a severe censorship, had played a large part
28:45
Speaker 1: in shaping recent thought in these islands and in communicating
28:48
Speaker 1: to the Filipino people those ideas and purposes which ever
28:52
Speaker 1: inspire and elevate men. The first newspaper to make its
28:56
Speaker 1: appearance in the Philippines was in eighteen twenty two L Philantrobo,
29:02
Speaker 1: but journalism assumed no real importance until the forties, when
29:06
Speaker 1: there were founded Seminario Filipino eighteen forty three, and almost
29:11
Speaker 1: immediately after several others El Amigo de Paris eighteen forty five,
29:16
Speaker 1: La Estrella eighteen forty six, and La Asperanza eighteen forty seven,
29:23
Speaker 1: the first daily. These were followed by Diario di Manila
29:28
Speaker 1: eighteen forty eight. In eighteen fifty eight, El Commercio appeared,
29:33
Speaker 1: the oldest of the papers still in existence. Papers conducted
29:37
Speaker 1: by Filipinos and in the Filipino tongues are of more
29:40
Speaker 1: recent origin, but these early Spanish periodicals had a real
29:44
Speaker 1: effect upon the Filipinos themselves, training up a class familiar
29:48
Speaker 1: with the conduct of journalism and preparing away for the
29:51
Speaker 1: very influential work of the Filipino press in recent years.
29:56
Speaker 1: End of Chapter twelve, Part one,