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PERCEPTION AND ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS · Understanding the Brain

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  Speaker 1: Today we're looking at attention, perception, and consciousness. What is
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  Speaker 1: perception anyway, Well, perception begins before awareness. You don't see everything,
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  Speaker 1: you see what your brain allows, and perception tends to
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  Speaker 1: organize sensory input using principles that we'll be talking about
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  Speaker 1: later figure ground, similarity, proximity, and continuity. Death Perception uses
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  Speaker 1: monocular and binocular cues. Constancies help maintain stable perception despite
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  Speaker 1: changing input, and we'll look at different types of constancies
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  Speaker 1: a little later on. Attention includes selective divide and sustained
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  Speaker 1: consciousness spans, wakefulness, sleep, hypnosis, and meditative states. And for
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  Speaker 1: clinical relevance, we'll look at inattentional bindness, attentional bias, especially
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  Speaker 1: in anxiety and depression, and some of the perceptual distortions
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  Speaker 1: that you'll see in psychosis. So let's start off with
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  Speaker 1: perceptual organization. This is something you remember probably early on
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  Speaker 1: in your grad school years, the Gestalt principles on how
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  Speaker 1: we perceive objects and scenes. And remember it isn't passive,
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  Speaker 1: it's an active construction that you have. So figure ground
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  Speaker 1: is distinguishing an object from its background. Similarity is grouping
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  Speaker 1: similar elements. Proximity is grouping objects that are close together,
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  Speaker 1: and continuity is perceiving continuous patterns. So if he's seeing
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  Speaker 1: a face in a crowd, that's figure ground. Distinguishing an
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  Speaker 1: object from its background while ignoring the background is ground
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  Speaker 1: a component of the figure ground principle. So you need
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  Speaker 1: to recognize these gestalt laws and let's blow them up
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  Speaker 1: a little bit more and get into more details. The
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  Speaker 1: figure ground again is a tendency to separate the visual
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  Speaker 1: field into the figure the object. To focus on the
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  Speaker 1: ground the background when reading a text, the words of
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  Speaker 1: the figure in the white background is the ground. In
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  Speaker 1: the therapy office at client my focus on a ticking
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  Speaker 1: clock while tuning out the ambient sounds. This principles foundational
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  Speaker 1: to visual perception is often tested using the famous Rubens
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  Speaker 1: vase as a two faces or is it a vase?
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  Speaker 1: Similarities and ex principle elements that are similar but are
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  Speaker 1: perceived as part of the same group or pattern. A
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  Speaker 1: therapist therapist notices that a client groups all red objects
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  Speaker 1: and a drawing together even though they are in different locations,
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  Speaker 1: indicating a perception based on color similarity. Questions may describe
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  Speaker 1: scenes or visual patterns in the e triple P and
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  Speaker 1: ask you to identify why certain elements or groups perceptually proximities.
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  Speaker 1: Objects that are close together in space are perceived as
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  Speaker 1: belonging together, and a group therapy sessions, clients sitting close
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  Speaker 1: together may be perceived as being more aligned or supportive,
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  Speaker 1: even if that's not the case. On a computer screen,
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  Speaker 1: icons group tightly are seen as functionally related, and the
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  Speaker 1: triple P be prepared to contrast this with similarity. Proximity
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  Speaker 1: refers to space, not appearance. Continuity for the final one,
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  Speaker 1: as we perceive lines, patterns, or trajectories as continuing in
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  Speaker 1: a smooth path rather than changing direction. So a child
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  Speaker 1: drawing a snake continues a wavy line rather than suddenly
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  Speaker 1: turning it into a square. This reflects the tendency to
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  Speaker 1: follow visual flow, may appear in neurosych style questions involving
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  Speaker 1: visual tracking. Another one I will add to it. It's
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  Speaker 1: called closure, the tendency to fill in missing parts of
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  Speaker 1: a visual stimulus to perceive a complete whole object. So
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  Speaker 1: when you're looking at a circle with small gap, you
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  Speaker 1: perceive it as a full circle. Clients with high anxiety
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  Speaker 1: may fill in social gaps with negative assumptions it's a
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  Speaker 1: cognitive analog to perceptual closure. A couple other ones that
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  Speaker 1: we're going to throw in. There are common fate objects
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  Speaker 1: moving in the same direction or speed perceived as part
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  Speaker 1: of a group, So a flock of birds flying together
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  Speaker 1: as seen as one unit. And yet therapy, this could
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  Speaker 1: be a metaphor for social grouping children moving together on
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  Speaker 1: a playground and perceived as a path by an excluded child.
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  Speaker 1: Symmetry symmetrical images or perceived as being part of the
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  Speaker 1: same group, as well to symmetrical tattoos on a client's arms,
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  Speaker 1: may be seen as part of a unified theme. It
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  Speaker 1: can't appear in a projective test interpretation, where symmetrical responses
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  Speaker 1: on the warshack are perceived differently than asymmetrical ones. Now
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  Speaker 1: we'll head back to perceptual constancies, and this will be
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  Speaker 1: another area that you're gonna learn. You could probably you'll
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  Speaker 1: have to learn. In regards for the a triple P,
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  Speaker 1: I mean each triple P. So the first one is
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  Speaker 1: size constancy. Constancy a person walking towards you doesn't appear
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  Speaker 1: to grow larger. Perceptual constancy keeps our experiences stable despite
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  Speaker 1: changes in sensory input. Shape, constancy. A door remains rectangle
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  Speaker 1: even as it opens. Color constancy. A red apple under
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  Speaker 1: a blue light still appears rat Death perception is another
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  Speaker 1: one which develops an infancy, and it's supported by what
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  Speaker 1: they call binocular cues. You see, we have slight differences
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  Speaker 1: between eyes that create death. This is called retinal disparity.
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  Speaker 1: Convergence is when eye muscles contract more when objects are near.
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  Speaker 1: Monocular cues are a linear perspective, relative size, interposition, and
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  Speaker 1: texture radiant. Let's look at these. So again, let's look
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  Speaker 1: at these. Linear perspective means parallel lines appear to converge
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  Speaker 1: in the distance. The train tracks appear to get closer
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  Speaker 1: together as they move toward the horizon. This may appear
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  Speaker 1: in questions about gestalt perception, like death illusions or how
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  Speaker 1: artists use death cues. No, it's a monocular cue, despite
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  Speaker 1: the illusion of death. Relative size. If two objects are
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  Speaker 1: known to be the same size, the one that appears
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  Speaker 1: smaller is perceived is farther away. A person standing further
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  Speaker 1: down a hallway appears smaller than someone closer, even though
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  Speaker 1: they are the same height. This is often used again
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  Speaker 1: in projective testings, visual illusions and developmental vision questions will
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  Speaker 1: also use them, so how infants learn death. Interposition also
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  Speaker 1: known as occlusion. When one object overlaps another, the overlapping
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  Speaker 1: object is perceived as closer. A tree in front of
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  Speaker 1: a house is perceived to be closer than the house.
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  Speaker 1: It appears in perception, gestalt principles, and possibly projective test
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  Speaker 1: analysis where visual hierarchy is relevant. The next and last
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  Speaker 1: is what they call the texture gradient and the definition
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  Speaker 1: there of texture gradients. Objects closer to the viewer have
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  Speaker 1: more detailed textures, those farther away appear smoother or blurrier.
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  Speaker 1: So individual blades of grass are visible obviously up close,
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  Speaker 1: but appears a green blur in the distance. Sometimes grouped
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  Speaker 1: with ecological psychology like Gibson, relevant for questions on death
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  Speaker 1: cues without motion. We did talk about retinal disparity, so
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  Speaker 1: again each eye receives a slightly different image of the
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  Speaker 1: brain compares these to perceived death. Important for understanding three
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  Speaker 1: D perceptions stereopsis stereopsis and may appear in vision, perception
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  Speaker 1: or neuropsychology sections. The other one is bringing finger close
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  Speaker 1: to your nose, you feel your eyes crossing its convergence.
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  Speaker 1: Like we talked about earlier, and now we mentioned a
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  Speaker 1: couple of things here. Clients with visual or neurological conditions
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  Speaker 1: may misjudge space or object permanence, especially in what they
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  Speaker 1: call visual agnosia or neglect syndromes, and you also might
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  Speaker 1: see it in psychosis. So let's see here with visual
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  Speaker 1: agnosia is a neurological condition which a person can see
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  Speaker 1: but cannot recognize or interpret visual information despite intact vision.
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  Speaker 1: That is not a problem with the eyes, but actually
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  Speaker 1: a higher order of visual processing in the occipital temporal cortex.
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  Speaker 1: There are other types of visual aagnosias, like aperceptive agnosia
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  Speaker 1: cannot perceive form of objects or associate of agnosia cannot
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  Speaker 1: perceive shapes but cannot assigned can perceive shapes but cannot
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  Speaker 1: sign meaning to them, so they can draw a dog
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  Speaker 1: but can't say that's a dog. And apperceptive agnosia, I
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  Speaker 1: forgot to give you an example. It can't copy or
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  Speaker 1: match shapes. Prosopagnosia, which you probably heard as inability to
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  Speaker 1: recognize faces, so you can't recognize familiar people. Neuroanatomy lesions
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  Speaker 1: usually occur in the occipital lobe, particularly in the ventral
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  Speaker 1: stream write, hemisphere lesions off and affect face and object recognition,
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  Speaker 1: be able to distinguish visual agnosia in the E triple
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  Speaker 1: P from anomia, which is naming difficulty but with recognition
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  Speaker 1: intact HEMI neglect which is attention deficit not perception, cortical
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  Speaker 1: blindness loss of vision due to brain damage. So those
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  Speaker 1: are some of the ideas there in regards to that
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  Speaker 1: visual agnosia and neglect syndromes. We move on next to
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  Speaker 1: what they call attention mechanisms, So we look at selective attention,
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  Speaker 1: which is spoke using on one stimulus while filtering others.
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  Speaker 1: Probably heard of the cocktail party. Effectively hearing a name
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  Speaker 1: in a noisy room shows attention some sensitivity to relevance,
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  Speaker 1: Divided attention, splitting focus across multiple tasks, accurate and speed suffer.
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  Speaker 1: For a few decades ago, they used to think multitasking
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  Speaker 1: was great, and then they realized I wasn't. So a
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  Speaker 1: clinician writing notes while listening may missubtle emotional cue. This
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  Speaker 1: is why some clinicians don't take notes. Sustained attention holding
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  Speaker 1: focus over time. This is often impaired in ADHD or
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  Speaker 1: TBI and major depressive disorder ADHD, including inconsistent focus like
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  Speaker 1: shifting attention too quickly or hyper focusing unpredictably, impaired executive control,
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  Speaker 1: poor task switching and inhibition, and finally, frontal lobe under activation,
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  Speaker 1: especially in the dorsal lateral pre funnel cortex. Attention is
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  Speaker 1: fragile clients with depression though also they focus on negative cues,
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  Speaker 1: but also have a hard time focusing and struggle to disengage.
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  Speaker 1: Anxious clients may scan for threat and miss safety signals.
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  Speaker 1: This is called attentional by I mentioned depression and anxiety,
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  Speaker 1: so selective attention is impaired as well. In depression. Reducibility
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  Speaker 1: to disengage from negative stimuli is usually one of the issues.
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  Speaker 1: In anxiety, it's also impaired focusing on threat related stimuli.
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  Speaker 1: Hypervigilance is it's going to have with selective attention, and
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  Speaker 1: this will probably show up in the cognitive biases DOT
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  Speaker 1: pro tasks. Another one is this sustained attention, So somebody
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  Speaker 1: with depression I often feel it's often decreased when it
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  Speaker 1: comes to sustained attention, especially on monotonous or non rewarding tasks.
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  Speaker 1: For anxiety, it may be intact or even increase, but
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  Speaker 1: vigilance may be threat specific. And finally, as divided attention
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  Speaker 1: managing multiple streams of information simultaneously. It's reduced in cognitive
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  Speaker 1: flexibility and people with depression and difficulty switching between tasks.
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  Speaker 1: For people with anxiety, it may be impaired under stress
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  Speaker 1: due to preoccupation with danger. They'll they get tested in
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  Speaker 1: the dual time paradigms. Finally, as executive attention, and this
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  Speaker 1: is managing conflicts conflicting demands. For depression, it is impaired
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  Speaker 1: as well, especially in goal setting and overwriting automatic responses.
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  Speaker 1: For people with anxiety, it's also impaired difficulty inhibiting attention
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  Speaker 1: to irrelevant threats. So again, people with ADHD have this,
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  Speaker 1: people with depression will have it and anxiety but just
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  Speaker 1: slightly varied a little bit. So we're going to the
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  Speaker 1: last sections. Now, we'll head over to our clinical phenomena
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  Speaker 1: that is associated with attention and will wrap up with
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  Speaker 1: states of consciousness. Again. Inattentional blindness is failing to see
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  Speaker 1: visible stimuli when focused elsewhere. Probably remember the famous gorilla video. Fortunately,
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  Speaker 1: lots of lossless pizaz once all the students start seeing
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  Speaker 1: it you remember the person experiment showed people missed the
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  Speaker 1: person in a gorilla too while counting basketball passes. Change
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  Speaker 1: blindness is not noticing all obvious changes in a visual scene.
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  Speaker 1: A client may not notice how their moved shifts. When
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  Speaker 1: discussing trauma and attentional bias and anxiety. For instance, clients
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  Speaker 1: over attempt to threat cues and depression attention lingers on
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  Speaker 1: sad faces, failures, or loose losses. These biases maintain symptoms
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  Speaker 1: and are targeted and CBT and attention bias modification techniques.
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  Speaker 1: Last area of state of consciousness, we're going to go
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  Speaker 1: over some of the things we talked about during sleep.
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  Speaker 1: Consciousness is not all or nothing, though it exists on
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  Speaker 1: a spectrum. Like most things in the psychiatric world, each
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  Speaker 1: state reflects a distinct neural pattern, though wakefulness is associated
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  Speaker 1: with the beta waves, fast through regular brain activity, active thinking, alertness,
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  Speaker 1: and problem solving occur here. Sleep stages. Sleep follows a
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  Speaker 1: cycle of non rem and rem stages. Stage one is
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  Speaker 1: light sleep and beta waves. Stage two is sleep spindles
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  Speaker 1: and k complexes. Remember that one memory consolidation sleep three.
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  Speaker 1: Stage three is deep sleep and delta waves, physical restoration
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  Speaker 1: and then REM sleep, which is rapid eye movement, vivid drimming,
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  Speaker 1: paradoxical sleep like brain active and the body's I'm moving
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  Speaker 1: and let's see and from there we're moving over to REM.
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  Speaker 1: Sleep plays a role in emotional regulation, procedural memory, trauma processing.
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  Speaker 1: Sleep deprivation increases emotional reactivity and impairs prefrontal regulation hypnosis.
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  Speaker 1: We're not going to get into whether it's rail or not.
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  Speaker 1: It's a focused state of awareness with increase such as suggestibility.
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  Speaker 1: Brain imaging shows changes in anterior singular cortex involved in
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  Speaker 1: attention and conflict monitoring used in pain control, habit change,
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  Speaker 1: and trauma work, but only in suggestible individuals. Meditation, different
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  Speaker 1: types focused attention are linked to increased alpha and theta
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  Speaker 1: activity and changes in default mode network activity. Long term
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  Speaker 1: meditation can reduce stress and improve focus and promote emotion regulation.
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  Speaker 1: A client with PTSD, for instance, reports disassociation during meditation.
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  Speaker 1: This isn't resistance, It may just reflect altered consciousness related
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  Speaker 1: to trauma history. Mindfulness may need to be adapted or
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  Speaker 1: replaced with rounding so I gain At the end of
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  Speaker 1: the day. Perception, attention, and consciousness pack shape the raw
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  Speaker 1: material of our experience, what clients see, what they miss,
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  Speaker 1: and what they remember all flow through these systems. Next
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  Speaker 1: time we'll be talking about the learning theories and their
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  Speaker 1: clinical expect expectations or applications. I'm sorry we're revisiting the
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  Speaker 1: old days from undergrad. We'll be looking at Pavlov and
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  Speaker 1: Skinner again in a different way though, how you can
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  Speaker 1: use it clinically and in the E triple P. Thanks
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  Speaker 1: for listening, everybody,