Latest / Missing Pages / Episode 28: Revolutionary Women

Transcript

Episode 28: Revolutionary Women · Missing Pages

0:06
SPEAKER_00: where are these missing pages this map we must have these pages back this one's got
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SPEAKER_02: pages missing why the page is missing like a book with missing pages
0:24
SPEAKER_01: welcome to
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SPEAKER_01: the missing pages podcast
0:34
SPEAKER_01: General John Burgoyne arrived in Quebec on May 6,
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SPEAKER_01: 1777 with a new plan that was sure to lead to a decisive victory against
0:44
SPEAKER_01: the Americans.
0:46
SPEAKER_01: He would lead some 8,300 British troops from Quebec down Lake Champlain to Albany
0:54
SPEAKER_01: to split the colonies in two and cut New England off from the main army.
1:01
SPEAKER_01: however there was a problem this expedition started on the wrong foot
1:05
SPEAKER_01: when burgoyne circulated a proclamation for the americans
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SPEAKER_01: to not only let his armies pass through but greet them as the liberators something
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SPEAKER_01: that they were very much not going to do
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SPEAKER_01: regardless of this miscalculation the overwhelming numbers allowed the british army
1:24
SPEAKER_01: to make quick work of fort ticonderoga on july 5th before catching up to
1:29
SPEAKER_01: the retreating american army on the 7th the battle was short and chaotic
1:35
SPEAKER_01: with both sides scrambling to set any sort of line the americans put up a good fight
1:40
SPEAKER_01: but were soon overwhelmed and forced to continue their rapid retreat
1:45
SPEAKER_01: the retreating americans finally received some respite as they reached
1:50
SPEAKER_01: the confluence of the hudson and mohawk rivers on july 30th it is here at
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SPEAKER_01: a small town called stillwater as well as the larger city which gives
2:00
SPEAKER_01: the battles their name saratoga springs
2:05
SPEAKER_01: where horatio gates took control of this army to defend against
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SPEAKER_01: the advancing british troops now the british by this time were beginning to run low
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SPEAKER_01: on supplies and on august 11th a small force was sent to forage
2:19
SPEAKER_01: and bring back whatever they could find however this was no easy task as
2:23
SPEAKER_01: the small force was surrounded by an american militia led by john stark
2:28
SPEAKER_01: and completely destroyed on the 15th
2:31
SPEAKER_01: the same happened to a rescue force burgoyne took this as a sign that he had
2:37
SPEAKER_01: to be bold so about a month later on september 13th he crossed the hudson river
2:42
SPEAKER_01: with his army to attack the americans now during
2:46
SPEAKER_01: that same month gates had moved his army across the river and fortified
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SPEAKER_01: at bemis heights with some 7 000 men it was here that the british would attack
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SPEAKER_01: On September 19th,
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SPEAKER_01: after much convincing,
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SPEAKER_01: Gates sent Benedict Arnold to lead the defense against the British in
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SPEAKER_01: a clearing north of the hills on the bank of the Hudson
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SPEAKER_01: there the british and the american lines met for battle the armies charged
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SPEAKER_01: at each other through the forest with volleys of musket
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SPEAKER_01: and cannon fire leaving bodies spread throughout the trees by the end of the battle
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SPEAKER_01: over 500 british troops were dead or wounded despite them keeping the field itself
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SPEAKER_01: both armies would lick their wounds and wait for further orders burgoyne
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SPEAKER_01: and gates both awaited reinforcements as well gates got his wish and was reinforced
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SPEAKER_01: to some 11 000 men in his army burgoyne was not so lucky
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SPEAKER_01: as general henry clinton did not continue up the hudson as he was expected to
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SPEAKER_01: and remained 50 miles away on october 7th battle began again
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SPEAKER_01: burgoyne was never one to retreat so no matter how poor
3:58
SPEAKER_01: the situation was he marched forward hoping to find a weak link in the american line
4:04
SPEAKER_01: but the americans were ready and they were able to outflank the british army
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SPEAKER_01: with benedict arnold rousing the troops
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SPEAKER_01: and leading relentless assaults burgoyne was forced to retreat gates gave chase
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SPEAKER_01: and caught the army
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SPEAKER_01: on october 16th burgoyne's army now numbering some 5800 men was captured and sent
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SPEAKER_01: to virginia to wait out the rest of the war
4:27
SPEAKER_01: as burgoyne fumbled his way down from quebec the americans watched on
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SPEAKER_01: as william howe sailed down the atlantic to find a place
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SPEAKER_01: to land his eighteen thousand troops by the end of august it was determined
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SPEAKER_01: that they would land in maryland after a month at sea
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SPEAKER_01: As soon as Washington found out where they were landing,
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SPEAKER_01: he began his march south to block any British advance Just outside of Wilmington,
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SPEAKER_01: Delaware,
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SPEAKER_01: the two armies met at Brandywine Creek on September 9th Washington's intent was
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SPEAKER_01: to block the several fords on the creek with his 15,000 men
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SPEAKER_01: to prevent any further British advance towards Philadelphia However,
5:09
SPEAKER_01: the British had a plan of their own
5:11
SPEAKER_01: on the morning of the 11th howe sent a large portion of his army some 7 000 men to
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SPEAKER_01: the southernmost chads ford to pull attention away from another larger force to
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SPEAKER_01: the north at trimble's ford this gambit worked since the americans had reinforced
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SPEAKER_01: the main road at the center so when they were forced left to defend the first attack
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SPEAKER_01: the british outflanked them from the right before attacking again at the center
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SPEAKER_01: the americans were forced to scramble to protect their own
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SPEAKER_01: This British victory was decisive and bloody with
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SPEAKER_01: the British suffering some 500 casualties and the Americans nearly twice as many
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SPEAKER_01: with 400 more captured The Americans were then forced to retreat
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SPEAKER_01: towards Philadelphia However,
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SPEAKER_01: Washington was still pleased as the Americans were still a barrier to the British
6:02
SPEAKER_01: from their march towards Philadelphia
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SPEAKER_01: now after the defeat at brandywine washington was able to reinforce his army
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SPEAKER_01: to prepare for the expected british march towards
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SPEAKER_01: the city however not all was positive a small force left behind
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SPEAKER_01: to hold back how was attacked in the middle of the night while the men slept
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SPEAKER_01: in their camp in the end 300 american soldiers were killed or wounded
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SPEAKER_01: a week later how outmaneuvered washington and was able to march around him straight
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SPEAKER_01: into philadelphia
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SPEAKER_01: this was expected to be a boon for the british but house soon found out that
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SPEAKER_01: the delaware river was defended against british supply ships so he was forced
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SPEAKER_01: to scatter his troops to be able to feed them and washington was ready
6:49
SPEAKER_01: to take advantage of this washington prepared an assault on the largest british camp
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SPEAKER_01: at germantown
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SPEAKER_01: the news of the success to the north against burgoyne and many appeals to the pride
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SPEAKER_01: of the new nation brought a much needed morale boost as the americans prepared
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SPEAKER_01: to surprise the british at their camp at 2 a.m on october 3rd after a 20 mile march
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SPEAKER_01: from their own camp the americans were ready the plan was to march towards
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SPEAKER_01: the camp along the four roads simultaneously in a full frontal assault
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SPEAKER_01: this was successful at first they had surprised the british but the gunfire
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SPEAKER_01: and sudden fog created a general confusion for both armies in the end
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SPEAKER_01: the british were able to bring the fight back to
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SPEAKER_01: the incredibly undisciplined americans washington tried
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SPEAKER_01: to reorganize his retreating troops but it did not work this defeat proved that
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SPEAKER_01: the american lack of discipline and coordination would be their ruin
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SPEAKER_01: if it was not dealt with
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SPEAKER_01: however the americans did not see this as an embarrassing defeat
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SPEAKER_01: but rather another example just like at brandywine of them standing tall against
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SPEAKER_01: a professional army if there was one word
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SPEAKER_01: to describe this american army it would be confident and it remains so even
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SPEAKER_01: in defeat
8:13
SPEAKER_01: Now what you just heard was the first of what will be a common segment during
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SPEAKER_01: the next several episodes where I focus on a couple battles
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SPEAKER_01: that are relatively related to what will be discussed in this episode After
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SPEAKER_01: the surprise American victory at Trenton as the war continued into 1777 the focus of
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SPEAKER_01: the British became more fractured
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SPEAKER_01: whereas in 1776 it was focused mainly on chasing down Washington's army
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SPEAKER_01: the war had now expanded to several different fronts
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SPEAKER_01: the entire eastern seaboard was now involved because of that the impact of
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SPEAKER_01: the war also expanded and so people throughout the colonies in the south and Canada
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SPEAKER_01: and the north they were all now deeply involved in what was going on
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SPEAKER_01: now because of the expansion of the war aims and war goals as well as
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SPEAKER_01: the expanded amount of fronts that the war is fought
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SPEAKER_01: at i can't really follow it chronologically
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SPEAKER_01: so i am now focusing more on thematic episodes but i don't want to lose
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SPEAKER_01: the movements of the army throughout the colonies the wins and losses
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SPEAKER_01: and how they stacked up against each other or the general feeling that the armies
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SPEAKER_01: and generals had throughout the war and after detailing the battles i'll move back
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SPEAKER_01: into the thematic material and the ap notes and how they stack up
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SPEAKER_01: this first episode is about the women of the revolutionary era going back all
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SPEAKER_01: the way to 1760 and then expanding a little bit further beyond the revolutionary war
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SPEAKER_01: to discuss the role of women how it shifted where women made an impact during
10:03
SPEAKER_01: the entire war effort before and during as well as how they were impacted by
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SPEAKER_01: the conflict
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SPEAKER_01: now the ap notes start like this it is titled the social revolution women what was
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SPEAKER_01: the assumption during the time of the revolution regarding a woman's relationship
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SPEAKER_01: towards her husband i said women were naturally dependent on men and had to submit
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SPEAKER_01: to their husband women had very few rights and couldn't own property vote or be
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SPEAKER_01: in government
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SPEAKER_01: I then move on to a document analysis of a letter from Abigail Adams
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SPEAKER_01: to John Adams stating that women should get all of the rights of men and if not
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SPEAKER_01: then there's a risk they will rebel themselves moving on women gained new confidence
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SPEAKER_01: during the Revolutionary War
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SPEAKER_01: what are some roles they played i said supported the boycott movement there were camp followers
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SPEAKER_01: cooked for soldiers and nursed the wounded many stayed home and managed the farm
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SPEAKER_01: and others disguised as men and fought in their place during and after
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SPEAKER_01: after the american revolution the ideal of republican motherhood began to take hold
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SPEAKER_01: what did republican motherhood mean
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SPEAKER_01: and how did it help women i said women should be educated in the ideals of
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SPEAKER_01: the american revolution and teach those ideals to their children
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SPEAKER_01: an educational opportunity expanded for women also concerning marriage there was
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SPEAKER_01: a trend
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SPEAKER_01: towards women doing what two things i said women started choosing their own husbands
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SPEAKER_01: and women started divorcing their husbands
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SPEAKER_01: however women were not given anything close to equality
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SPEAKER_01: during this time period what are some reasons why and i said men didn't want
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SPEAKER_01: to give up their power and it was deeply ingrained in the culture for centuries
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SPEAKER_01: and was hard to change as usual the notes do cover most of the ground
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SPEAKER_01: that i'll be covering but it's lacking in detail and especially specific stories
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SPEAKER_01: that provide the depth to history
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SPEAKER_01: so grab your needle and thread or don your nursing cap
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SPEAKER_01: or perhaps even grab your musket and let's fill in those missing pages
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SPEAKER_01: before
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SPEAKER_01: the revolution households had a very standardized hierarchy throughout
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SPEAKER_01: the american colonies
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SPEAKER_01: the male head oversaw the finances and managed the household from
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SPEAKER_01: a high level he was also the public representative of the family
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SPEAKER_01: below him was his wife who managed the day-to-day tasks in the house
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SPEAKER_01: but remained subservient to her husband below her was the children who assisted
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SPEAKER_01: the parent of the same sex often the boys in the fields and the girls in the house
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SPEAKER_01: the bottom rung was held by the servants and in many cases slaves
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SPEAKER_01: including the women were expected to act in a way that satisfied at the head of
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SPEAKER_01: household but all these obligations were clearly understood by both the men and
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SPEAKER_01: women in the house despite being expected to manage
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SPEAKER_01: the household including the food cleaning harvests
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SPEAKER_01: women were often ignorant of the financial situation more often than not though
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SPEAKER_01: the husband would often defer to his wife when it came to domestic affairs
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SPEAKER_01: but despite this ownership many women found that the work they were given was dull
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SPEAKER_01: and repetitive every single day basically looked the same
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SPEAKER_01: in her book liberty's daughters mary beth norton
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SPEAKER_01: relays one woman's perspective
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SPEAKER_01: this sameness was the quality that differentiated farm women's work from
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SPEAKER_01: that performed by their husbands no less physically demanding
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SPEAKER_01: or difficult men's tasks varied considerably from day to day in months
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SPEAKER_01: at most during planting or harvest time for example men would spend two or three weeks
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SPEAKER_01: but then they would move on to another. For a farmer in other words the basic cycle was yearly
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SPEAKER_01: for his wife it was daily and weekly with additional obligations superimposed seasonally
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SPEAKER_01: end quote
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SPEAKER_01: now women being below men in the hierarchy were thus forced to accept the life
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SPEAKER_01: that their husbands or fathers created for them the man chose the place
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SPEAKER_01: the woman lived their religion the social circles etc
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SPEAKER_01: the most intrusive husbands even treated their wives
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SPEAKER_01: as children themselves this hierarchy while common throughout
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SPEAKER_01: the colonies was not strictly followed everywhere this was especially true
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SPEAKER_01: on smaller farms in the frontier
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SPEAKER_01: there women and girls would often be found in the fields working alongside
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SPEAKER_01: the men however this way of life was often thrust onto women
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SPEAKER_01: by their husbands it was also a life that brought with it more dire conditions
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SPEAKER_01: so many grew resentful but in order to ensure their survival they would turn
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SPEAKER_01: to their work regardless in the frontier spinning and weaving were one of
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SPEAKER_01: the most important jobs for the women and many hours were spent bent over a wheel or
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SPEAKER_01: a loom
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SPEAKER_01: they would further make butter cheese and soap to sell at the market
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SPEAKER_01: in urban life women often did far less work themselves
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SPEAKER_01: but their time was often taken up with more other similar chores and they were held
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SPEAKER_01: to a much higher standard when preparing meals and cleaning many women were involved
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SPEAKER_01: in the management of others
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SPEAKER_01: single women or their own daughters to do those tasks that they didn't want to do themselves
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SPEAKER_01: most often cleaning. They were often involved in the hiring, tasking and paying
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SPEAKER_01: often through room and board of these women however there was one class of resident
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SPEAKER_01: of urban households that did live a more leisurely lifestyle which was not common
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SPEAKER_01: at all however they were still expected to do the work
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SPEAKER_01: of their mothers once they were married furthermore in the cities work
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SPEAKER_01: that was portable like sewing would be brought to social gatherings large groups
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SPEAKER_01: of women would read books together and socialize while they would do the work
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SPEAKER_01: so it wasn't a totally lonely affair
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SPEAKER_01: in the south plantation life was similar to that of the urban north
16:33
SPEAKER_01: though even more time was spent managing their servants and slaves
16:36
SPEAKER_01: and doing work themselves the much larger staff caused all tasks like laundry
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SPEAKER_01: and food preparation to become much larger concerns
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SPEAKER_01: rather than feeding up to a dozen mouths they would have to feed a hundred
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SPEAKER_01: or more daughters in these plantations much like their urban counterparts in
16:52
SPEAKER_01: the north worked alongside their mothers to learn the ways of managing an estate so
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SPEAKER_01: that they could do so once married
17:01
SPEAKER_01: women were expected to take pride in their work whether that was spinning flax or managing the
17:07
SPEAKER_01: plantation her duties in the household were meant to be her source
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SPEAKER_01: of fulfillment however as i stated
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SPEAKER_01: the dull and repetitive nature of these tasks did not really allow them to find it
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SPEAKER_01: that enjoyable
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SPEAKER_01: and were unable to escape the drudgery like their husbands could furthermore despite
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SPEAKER_01: the work being
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SPEAKER_01: done men and women alike downplayed the importance of their work recognition was minimal
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SPEAKER_01: and
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SPEAKER_01: and thus the work undesirable but even
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SPEAKER_01: with these frustrations there was no large-scale rejection of this hierarchy
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SPEAKER_01: by women before the revolution and mostly this was due to being raised
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SPEAKER_01: in this world throughout the 18th century
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SPEAKER_01: now women weren't completely enslaved to the men for women in
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SPEAKER_01: the 18th century marriage did provide them the ability to choose
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SPEAKER_01: a new family something that was not available with birth
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SPEAKER_01: though obviously it still ended up with a dependence on their husbands for better
18:07
SPEAKER_01: or worse
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SPEAKER_01: divorce furthermore was nearly impossible the closest was a separation agreement
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SPEAKER_01: that did not allow any sort of remarriage thus marriage though often associated with
18:20
SPEAKER_01: a true loving relationship as it was it was not a contraction
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SPEAKER_01: now this was vastly different than the male experience men were far more detached
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SPEAKER_01: as they knew that any sort of extramarital affair that they actually took
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SPEAKER_01: on would sour their relationship but they had legal recourse
18:43
SPEAKER_01: and no one really seemed to care
18:46
SPEAKER_01: thus these differences drove women to be more careful if they knew to be thus as
18:51
SPEAKER_01: in they were widows about the property they were bringing into the relationship
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SPEAKER_01: and tenuptial agreements were common to protect women's property especially
19:01
SPEAKER_01: among those who had already been married
19:03
SPEAKER_01: while marriage did not have many benefits remaining single was even worse spinsters
19:08
SPEAKER_01: as they were known remained dependent on relatives acting as little more
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SPEAKER_01: than servants even successful independent women suffered social death
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SPEAKER_01: when they failed to marry
19:19
SPEAKER_01: now even before getting married girls were guided on a path
19:23
SPEAKER_01: to make themselves worthy brides parents often enforced strict rules of propriety
19:28
SPEAKER_01: and aided in choosing a suitable match transgressions were common though
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SPEAKER_01: in new england for instance premarital pregnancies were present in almost a third
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SPEAKER_01: of marriages some of these were accidental but many were
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SPEAKER_01: within already established relationships basically forcing their case
19:48
SPEAKER_01: more often than not though marital partners were brought together through
19:51
SPEAKER_01: a collective effort by their friends and family this was accepted as a practice
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SPEAKER_01: though it did not always lead to successful matches
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SPEAKER_01: beyond love too financial status was a large driver
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SPEAKER_01: for these externally chosen matches there was often still love between partners
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SPEAKER_01: but most often there was simply a duty given to a woman to be a good wife
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SPEAKER_01: and part of that was the expectation
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SPEAKER_01: of affection mary beth norton lays it out like this quote women recognized that even
20:21
SPEAKER_01: an affectionate marriage was a form of bondage requiring their subordination
20:26
SPEAKER_01: and submission they would have to shoulder the responsibility of preserving
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SPEAKER_01: the marriage just as in courtship they had taken on the primary burden
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SPEAKER_01: of restraint their future welfare depended on their ability
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SPEAKER_01: to satisfy their husbands end quote
20:41
SPEAKER_01: after getting married women were then expected to produce children often within
20:46
SPEAKER_01: a year of marriage and after that about every other year so much of
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SPEAKER_01: a married woman's life was spent either pregnant or nursing
20:56
SPEAKER_01: despite these expectations being thrust on them women did gain an immense amount
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SPEAKER_01: of pride and satisfaction from this role as opposed
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SPEAKER_01: to their domestic duties there was a major negative side though
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SPEAKER_01: as infant mortality either during or after
21:13
SPEAKER_01: so of the five to ten pregnancies that were common among women it was expected
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SPEAKER_01: that only three to eight
21:19
SPEAKER_01: of their children would survive childhood secondarily giving birth was
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SPEAKER_01: a dangerous act for women
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SPEAKER_01: the risks have been overstated some in popular culture but the risk of losing a healthy young
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SPEAKER_01: woman was far greater during childbirth than any other part of their life and many women knew
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SPEAKER_01: family and friends who had died giving birth so there was a general fear among women especially
21:43
SPEAKER_01: those who had witnessed to death themselves that overstated the dangers but the danger
21:48
SPEAKER_01: was a reality regardless
21:51
SPEAKER_01: during birth female relatives often sisters and mothers
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SPEAKER_01: if they did not have children of their own to attend to along with a midwife or
21:58
SPEAKER_01: a physician would attend to the laboring mother their husbands would remain nearby
22:04
SPEAKER_01: though most of the time not in the room just close enough to hear the sounds
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SPEAKER_01: of birth
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SPEAKER_01: after giving birth women with servants would spend
22:11
SPEAKER_01: the next several weeks keeping off their feet and allowing their servants to take
22:15
SPEAKER_01: on domestic duties this was not true for most women however
22:19
SPEAKER_01: who were often pulled back to work within days of giving birth though it was common
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SPEAKER_01: for relatives and older daughters to help with the household tasks during recovery
22:29
SPEAKER_01: same as today rearing of children after giving birth was not a perfected practice
22:35
SPEAKER_01: and many discrepancies between parenting styles were commented on
22:39
SPEAKER_01: by peers however there was an overarching understanding that parents had a duty
22:44
SPEAKER_01: to raise their children well just as children had the duty to remain subordinate
22:49
SPEAKER_01: to their elders there was also a major difference between how boys
22:53
SPEAKER_01: and girls were instructed to live boys were meant to strive beyond mere labor
22:58
SPEAKER_01: while girls were meant to treat work as the end itself this idea was so common
23:04
SPEAKER_01: that it could be heard during a toast at
23:06
SPEAKER_01: a dinner party may our sons exceed their fathers and our daughters be equal
23:10
SPEAKER_01: to their mothers
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SPEAKER_01: and similar to domestic work men would often take breaks
23:16
SPEAKER_01: from child rearing something
23:17
SPEAKER_01: that women could not do they were much more distant teachers when it came
23:21
SPEAKER_01: to their sons while women were often much more like companions to their daughters
23:27
SPEAKER_01: though sometimes this was out of necessity for any sort of companionship away
23:31
SPEAKER_01: from men now underlying all of this was the general understanding that
23:35
SPEAKER_01: a woman's life was to be compared only to other women
23:40
SPEAKER_01: the standards to meet were from a purely feminine angle women were meant
23:45
SPEAKER_01: to be tender and soft modest and emotional this was understood as much
23:50
SPEAKER_01: as it was practiced women would judge their own actions and the actions
23:54
SPEAKER_01: of other women to these standards this was true from the highest to the lowest class
24:00
SPEAKER_01: of white society
24:01
SPEAKER_01: there were many critics of this who pointed out the double standard of failures
24:04
SPEAKER_01: of women being attributed to the whole sex and like the individual for men
24:09
SPEAKER_01: but they were not common prior to the revolution the acceptance
24:13
SPEAKER_01: of this hierarchy went so far as to infect their right
24:16
SPEAKER_01: writing and speaking there was an acceptance of women's frailty and helplessness
24:21
SPEAKER_01: and that they were limited in their capabilities to reason merely
24:24
SPEAKER_01: for being female this often led
24:27
SPEAKER_01: to women writing about themselves in a self-deprecatory manner they would state things
24:32
SPEAKER_01: like my talent is but small or my brain is void of ideas the opposite was true as well
24:39
SPEAKER_01: to call a woman's mind masculine was to call her superior to all other women
24:45
SPEAKER_01: the expectation was that the concerns of women were local
24:50
SPEAKER_01: and small there was one sphere
24:53
SPEAKER_01: which allowed women more autonomy not perfect autonomy but more that of their faith
25:00
SPEAKER_01: piety was a key feminine
25:03
SPEAKER_01: so women were expected to work hard to save their own souls and instruct their children
25:08
SPEAKER_01: on good christian principles likewise because all souls were equal in the eyes of god
25:13
SPEAKER_01: women had a key role to play in organized religion as well some even founded a place
25:19
SPEAKER_01: to escape the drudgery of life as a woman take sarah osborne in rhode island during
25:25
SPEAKER_01: the great awakening osborne created groups of women within the church however when she invited
25:30
SPEAKER_01: slaves to join thus igniting a small revival and began garnering
25:58
SPEAKER_01: this will become important later but the main key is that women were allowed
26:02
SPEAKER_01: to lead worship but there were limits
26:06
SPEAKER_01: a more unfortunate way women would gain autonomy was by losing their husband
26:15
SPEAKER_01: by law a third of the property was owed to the widow so most widows were thrust
26:20
SPEAKER_01: into this new world with no background and little understanding of the state of
26:25
SPEAKER_01: the property as that was as i said the realm of their husbands suddenly
26:30
SPEAKER_01: the new widow would become instantly aware of the net worth of their estate and
26:34
SPEAKER_01: the amount of debt owed this would lead to them being taken advantage of
26:39
SPEAKER_01: unless they quickly learn the skills necessary to keep the estate afloat
26:43
SPEAKER_01: most of these dates were not large and many were also heavily in debt
26:48
SPEAKER_01: so many widows would thus get their third but then be forced to live life as
26:52
SPEAKER_01: a dependent anyway with one of their male relatives some however tried
26:57
SPEAKER_01: to ensure their
26:58
SPEAKER_01: by working outside of the home joining the small number of wage earning women in
27:03
SPEAKER_01: the colonies most women who worked outside of the home did
27:07
SPEAKER_01: so doing domestic style work they were already doing at home sewing teaching
27:12
SPEAKER_01: and housekeeping there were also a large number
27:15
SPEAKER_01: of nurses their jobs spanned everything from aiding women
27:18
SPEAKER_01: with newborns consultations before seeing a physician and midwifery
27:23
SPEAKER_01: women who worked as a seamstress could also make their way up the ladder
27:27
SPEAKER_01: through apprenticeships to work
27:29
SPEAKER_01: on high-end dressmaking some women also ran small shops out
27:33
SPEAKER_01: of their houses selling dry goods or groceries or inns near this town center
27:38
SPEAKER_01: or along major roads so these few small spheres of independence for women ignited
27:44
SPEAKER_01: a new spirit among them and many were incredibly reluctant to ever return to
27:50
SPEAKER_01: a standard domestic life
27:51
SPEAKER_01: this independence would only spread during the revolution as men were pulled away
27:56
SPEAKER_01: for war as their skills became more vital to the war effort women also began
28:01
SPEAKER_01: to question all of the assumptions that they had previously accepted
28:11
SPEAKER_01: after the passing of the townsend duties which were protested by the colonists
28:15
SPEAKER_01: with boycotts and non-importation women played a vital role
28:19
SPEAKER_01: in sustaining colonial protests the domestic duties they were well practiced
28:23
SPEAKER_01: in especially sewing allowed the patriots to avoid goods from england
28:27
SPEAKER_01: beyond that women often participated in the boycotts prepared food for militias
28:32
SPEAKER_01: and even joined in the protests and mobs themselves there was an acknowledgement
28:36
SPEAKER_01: of women involvement in these activities and often encouragement
28:39
SPEAKER_01: by their male counterparts though this was of course limited
28:43
SPEAKER_01: beyond just individuals groups of women formed to help involve more people in
28:48
SPEAKER_01: the protests and boycotts but also as support
28:51
SPEAKER_01: for each other again sometimes this was frowned upon
28:58
SPEAKER_01: together to declare a boycott on all british goods the
29:02
SPEAKER_01: so -called edenton resolves they were seen as
29:04
SPEAKER_01: social anarchists disregarding norms and breaking outside
29:08
SPEAKER_01: of what women should do however this was
29:10
SPEAKER_01: major step in women removing themselves from private affairs alone and becoming more involved
29:17
SPEAKER_01: in public concerns this was unexpected by the men who assumed that women would support these
29:27
SPEAKER_01: though women still did stick to mostly feminine concerns even if they were more public
29:34
SPEAKER_01: the largest impact was the creation of home industry throughout
29:37
SPEAKER_01: the colonies this was not uniform though the southern colonies
29:41
SPEAKER_01: for instance were slower to adopt the practice as they were loath
29:44
SPEAKER_01: to take slaves away from field work and also had more loyalist leanings however as
29:49
SPEAKER_01: the boycotts deepened and open conflict became more likely in the middle of
29:52
SPEAKER_01: the 1770s deplantations joined
29:55
SPEAKER_01: in manufacturing clothes even using many female slaves to do so
30:00
SPEAKER_01: Beyond just at home,
30:02
SPEAKER_01: women started to gather together in competitions to try to increase total output
30:07
SPEAKER_01: As these groups grew,
30:08
SPEAKER_01: more amenities followed Food and entertainment would encourage more to join
30:13
SPEAKER_01: While these so-called spinning bees were not the main source of clothes for
30:17
SPEAKER_01: the armies,
30:17
SPEAKER_01: they did expand how many households took part The same mode of working was spread
30:23
SPEAKER_01: to other supplies like saltpeter for gunpowder or even bullets and cannon shots
30:27
SPEAKER_01: materials found at home would be gathered,
30:30
SPEAKER_01: combined, sewn, melted,
30:31
SPEAKER_01: and forged the war became a much more private affair beyond clothes and materials
30:36
SPEAKER_01: for war women began experimenting at home to find alternatives to commodities
30:41
SPEAKER_01: that were being boycotted
30:42
SPEAKER_01: salt soap and tea were replaced with local ingredients and innovations were shared
30:47
SPEAKER_01: in the newspapers when war finally broke out many women began to follow the militias
30:52
SPEAKER_01: and armies on their campaigns within both british and american camps
30:57
SPEAKER_01: and forts they would join in the cause wherever they could
31:01
SPEAKER_01: while most were wives many joined as active participants in the cause
31:07
SPEAKER_01: but it also was to escape the loneliness and violence at home
31:11
SPEAKER_01: these women would often act as nurses or cooks or sell their wares whether
31:16
SPEAKER_01: that was products or their bodies and there was some concern about the wives
31:20
SPEAKER_01: and prostitutes becoming distractions but in total the presence of women in
31:25
SPEAKER_01: the camps increased morale with clean clothes and hot food
31:30
SPEAKER_01: the camp followers would also take on the role of caregiver for the sick wounded
31:34
SPEAKER_01: as well as any of the other women and children
31:37
SPEAKER_01: in many cases this meant protecting them from cannon fire by moving them to cellars
31:41
SPEAKER_01: or moving to other houses as needed many of
31:44
SPEAKER_01: the local patriots would open their houses as well when the armies would pass
31:48
SPEAKER_01: through to offer protection the wives of generals and officers were often placed not
31:54
SPEAKER_01: in the camp itself but rather in abandoned houses in nearby cities
31:58
SPEAKER_01: martha washington for instance followed the army from new york
32:01
SPEAKER_01: in seventeen seventy six to valley forge in seventeen seventy eight all the way
32:04
SPEAKER_01: to new jersey in seventeen eighty one similarly lucy knox
32:08
SPEAKER_01: and catherine green were mainstays in the american camps they were the center of
32:13
SPEAKER_01: the social life surrounding the army as they moved through the countryside
32:17
SPEAKER_01: this was a little bit different in the british camps
32:19
SPEAKER_01: as their wives remained overseas officers would rather take camp wives mistresses
32:25
SPEAKER_01: often the wife of a junior officer must have been
32:29
SPEAKER_01: a very strange dynamic now women didn't just stay in camps if they were involved in
32:33
SPEAKER_01: the armies it wasn't just men who acted directly against
32:37
SPEAKER_01: the invading british armies there are several stories of women acting as spies
32:42
SPEAKER_01: and intelligence carriers and some even place themselves on the battlefield
32:46
SPEAKER_01: many women also took a direct role in spycraft and secrecy
32:51
SPEAKER_01: in her book revolutionary mothers carol burkin lays this out quote these stories
32:57
SPEAKER_01: of revolutionary war heroines reveals surprising human
33:02
SPEAKER_01: in them young girls chew and swallow documents rather than have them discovered by
33:06
SPEAKER_01: the enemy middle-aged women listen at keyholes to spy on military planning sessions
33:11
SPEAKER_01: and old women serve liquor to soldiers and rob them of their guns
33:15
SPEAKER_01: to achieve their ends these women often played on the gender expectations
33:19
SPEAKER_01: and stereotypes of the day feigning innocence or employing charm and wiles to gain
33:24
SPEAKER_01: the trust of the enemy
33:25
SPEAKER_01: at other times they demonstrated the steely determination of mothers seeking to protect
33:29
SPEAKER_01: their families,
33:30
SPEAKER_01: of sisters devoted to brothers in uniform and of wives who admired the political
33:35
SPEAKER_01: choices their husbands had made and embraced the political cause their husband served end quote
33:40
SPEAKER_01: some of the stories include margaret cochran corbin who took a spot in
33:44
SPEAKER_01: a cannon crew alongside her
33:46
SPEAKER_01: when the fort they were stationed in was under attack others like lydia derrick who listened
33:56
SPEAKER_01: information and there were other similar actions on the loyalist side aiding
33:59
SPEAKER_01: the british as women
34:01
SPEAKER_01: expanded their interest beyond the home they also became increasingly involved in political
34:06
SPEAKER_01: battles happening throughout the colonies they would read the pamphlet
34:20
SPEAKER_01: regardless of the consequences like harassment or even divorce for
34:25
SPEAKER_01: the patriots specifically there was also a full embrace of republican ideals
34:29
SPEAKER_01: which would translate to denunciations of any who would not sacrifice for
34:33
SPEAKER_01: the cause outside of active involvement women also aided the armies
34:36
SPEAKER_01: through donations both in supplies and money and in one of these donation drives
34:40
SPEAKER_01: in philadelphia over 1600 people donated to the war effort
34:45
SPEAKER_01: and proved how widespread support was for the revolution
34:48
SPEAKER_01: there was still some struggle over controlling the money and
34:51
SPEAKER_01: where it was spent they wanted the money to be given directly to the soldiers
34:55
SPEAKER_01: but washington was not willing to risk the effect of a sudden influx of money so
35:00
SPEAKER_01: after some negotiating the money was used to pay for some 2 000 new shirts for
35:05
SPEAKER_01: the soldiers along with joining the revolutionary fights women also started to fight
35:10
SPEAKER_01: for a cause of their own equal status especially in politics
35:15
SPEAKER_01: at the heart of this were mercy otis warren and abigail adams in countless letters
35:19
SPEAKER_01: to her husband john adams abigail proved to be adept at political philosophy
35:24
SPEAKER_01: and thought it good for women to be involved though she also did believe
35:27
SPEAKER_01: that they should remain private there are also many others like latisha cunningham
35:32
SPEAKER_01: and anne steel who pushed women to take an even more public role
35:36
SPEAKER_01: now this would not be law for another century but the increased involvement of women
35:40
SPEAKER_01: in politics opened the door that had been previously completely locked
35:46
SPEAKER_01: so far i've been focusing kind of on the broadening role and while
35:49
SPEAKER_01: the revolution is portrayed through the political debates and the battles
35:53
SPEAKER_01: the war impacted nearly every single person in the colonies in one way
35:57
SPEAKER_01: or another looking at the war as it was taking place it was more
36:00
SPEAKER_01: more akin to a civil war
36:02
SPEAKER_01: with neighbors fighting neighbors there was also much more prevalent use
36:06
SPEAKER_01: of guerrilla tactics and many battles took place
36:09
SPEAKER_01: in towns it wasn't empty fields rather it was empty houses these houses were once
36:15
SPEAKER_01: full but with each army passing through threats of plundering fires disease
36:19
SPEAKER_01: and rape forced many to flee this was often the choice of women and it was never
36:25
SPEAKER_01: an easy one throughout the colonies trains of families fled from the cities to
36:29
SPEAKER_01: the woods
36:31
SPEAKER_01: it was assumed there would be more safety in the frontier though this was far
36:35
SPEAKER_01: from certain others chose to stay however and wait out the storm
36:40
SPEAKER_01: in their dwellings neither provided much comfort and many women were forced
36:45
SPEAKER_01: to watch their kids die from hunger or exposure if they were to leave
36:49
SPEAKER_01: or face looting and rape should they stay the mass movement of armies
36:53
SPEAKER_01: and deteriorated conditions during the war led to breakouts of dysentery
36:56
SPEAKER_01: and smallpox in both the cities and the frontier
37:00
SPEAKER_01: to help prevent smallpox inoculation injecting a small sample of infected material
37:06
SPEAKER_01: in this case a pus filled scab into a small cut in one's arm became common practice
37:11
SPEAKER_01: to try to prevent further infection
37:15
SPEAKER_01: also brought with them raiding of property often accompanied by the raping of women
37:20
SPEAKER_01: who happened to be there secondarily occupied cities were forced to house
37:24
SPEAKER_01: and feed enemy soldiers leading to depleted socks
37:27
SPEAKER_01: and often slaughtered animals there was also a high level of suspicion by
37:31
SPEAKER_01: the british that women were hiding rebel soldiers which they often were leading
37:36
SPEAKER_01: to further looting and destruction
37:39
SPEAKER_01: many women were forced to accept the depravity for fear of losing their lives
37:44
SPEAKER_01: the totality of violence was both brutal and systematic with many officers turning
37:49
SPEAKER_01: a blind eye if not actively downplaying it for the patriots stories
37:54
SPEAKER_01: of violence spread wide but so did the stories of female resistance
37:58
SPEAKER_01: which made winning the war only more necessary as
38:01
SPEAKER_01: that is something they should not be doing
38:04
SPEAKER_01: this was especially common in philadelphia and new york due to
38:07
SPEAKER_01: the british army's long occupation there and the quartering of troops in
38:11
SPEAKER_01: the homes now despite the challenges of being forced from home those networks
38:16
SPEAKER_01: of families and friends that had been created prior to the war provided a source
38:20
SPEAKER_01: of stability in the chaos which allowed women to better handle the affairs
38:25
SPEAKER_01: of home wherever they lived
38:27
SPEAKER_01: this often meant taking on more tasks than previously especially the finances
38:32
SPEAKER_01: and even seeking employment the wholesale impact of this war as compared to
38:37
SPEAKER_01: the other wars that had taken men away from the home in
38:40
SPEAKER_01: the colonial frontier made it far more necessary for the gender barriers
38:44
SPEAKER_01: to break down not entirely but it became clear that they could be breached
38:49
SPEAKER_01: under certain circumstances without much issue and women were taking an active role
38:53
SPEAKER_01: in breaking them down
38:55
SPEAKER_01: now most of this affected patriot women but loyalist women did also deal with this
39:01
SPEAKER_01: but they were impacted in
39:03
SPEAKER_01: a much stronger way see loyalist women were not really granted the same choice
39:08
SPEAKER_01: to stay as soon as they took the stand for britain they put a target on their backs
39:14
SPEAKER_01: so they would often be forced to leave for canada or england to wait out the storm
39:19
SPEAKER_01: on top of
39:42
SPEAKER_01: many loyal to the king had their houses ransacked their property stolen
39:46
SPEAKER_01: and were forced to retreat to the nearest british camp there were few allies to
39:51
SPEAKER_01: the loyalists to help in this transition so they were often left on their own
39:55
SPEAKER_01: to navigate this newly dangerous place they once called home
39:58
SPEAKER_01: many were given the right of safe passage but they were extremely limited
40:02
SPEAKER_01: in what they could bring there were some loyalist networks that were attempted
40:06
SPEAKER_01: to be created but they were far smaller and way less organized
40:10
SPEAKER_01: so there was little they could do to prevent the coming winds furthermore the travel
40:15
SPEAKER_01: to these safe havens was not always straightforward often it required passing
40:19
SPEAKER_01: through the frontier in harsh weather with few friends to aid you and arrival came
40:23
SPEAKER_01: with little fanfare and much work to do to replace the life you lost
40:28
SPEAKER_01: now let's take this all and look at it holistically
40:32
SPEAKER_01: women being forced not only to deal with domestic duties independently but also
40:36
SPEAKER_01: to work outside the home
40:37
SPEAKER_01: led to a collapse of the view that femininity itself represented weakness and irrationality
40:44
SPEAKER_01: But there was a more fundamental change that started to happen by the end of this era
40:50
SPEAKER_01: This was further reinforced in later generations of women who saw
40:54
SPEAKER_01: the barriers broken by their mothers
40:55
SPEAKER_01: And refused to return to the previous state
40:59
SPEAKER_01: this was not only a vision of women but broader society as well
41:02
SPEAKER_01: as all hierarchies were being questioned as a result men and women began to share
41:08
SPEAKER_01: the burden more often in a variety of places pregnancy and prevention
41:12
SPEAKER_01: for instance was once the domain of women but there was a post-war rise
41:16
SPEAKER_01: in contraception usage as men became more involved furthermore marriage
41:21
SPEAKER_01: and divorce became more egalitarian with a far greater emphasis on the man's role
41:25
SPEAKER_01: in keeping the marriage happy
41:27
SPEAKER_01: now this is not to say that this was an instant conversion to perfect egalitarianism
41:33
SPEAKER_01: but there were strides to that end that were significant
41:38
SPEAKER_01: furthermore this was more actively adopted by younger couples than their parents
41:42
SPEAKER_01: the wave was only rising there was also a challenge to character faults being
41:47
SPEAKER_01: a result of a woman's feminine nature rather than the simple fact
41:51
SPEAKER_01: that they are human both accusations of men failing in a similar manner and a focus
41:57
SPEAKER_01: on women's virtues became more common there was also an increase in aid for women
42:02
SPEAKER_01: who had failed rather than castigating them alone
42:06
SPEAKER_01: the most fundamental trait challenge was that of a woman's destiny to marriage
42:10
SPEAKER_01: as marriage became a more egalitarian practice women started to postpone it
42:16
SPEAKER_01: and even forego marriage altogether underlying this were arguments used by
42:20
SPEAKER_01: the patriots during the war ideas like freedom and liberty were brought into
42:24
SPEAKER_01: the sphere of women's choice to marry or not in total women began
42:29
SPEAKER_01: to take more control over their own lives and rather than be forced into a role by
42:33
SPEAKER_01: the society they would choose their place within it
42:37
SPEAKER_01: even if it was the same role as before household manager or mother it was now
42:41
SPEAKER_01: a deliberate choice with their best interest in mind
42:45
SPEAKER_01: beyond that the impact of women as teachers of virtue and patriotism in
42:48
SPEAKER_01: the home became a vital feature of the new republic women
42:52
SPEAKER_01: though they understood themselves to be unique to men asked to be raised to
42:56
SPEAKER_01: the same status of men this was a process that did begin after the revolution
43:01
SPEAKER_01: though was very much far from completion but education was where
43:07
SPEAKER_01: the greatest impact was made
43:09
SPEAKER_01: now it's important to be said that education at this point was not a structured
43:13
SPEAKER_01: nor universal thing even among boys for the rich and middle class there was
43:17
SPEAKER_01: a standard reading and writing instruction but it became far more limited the poorer
43:21
SPEAKER_01: a family was but girls were limited even more to just primary education
43:27
SPEAKER_01: whereas boys would be able to move on to grammar schools and eventually college for
43:31
SPEAKER_01: the richest
43:32
SPEAKER_01: the first education reformers while advocating for more universal schooling
43:37
SPEAKER_01: for both boys and girls did not completely abandon the gender distinction there was
43:43
SPEAKER_01: a belief that boys and girls ought to be trained in the same basics like reading
43:46
SPEAKER_01: and writing
43:48
SPEAKER_01: This was mainly a capitulation to the conservative concern that teaching women in
43:56
SPEAKER_01: the fields of men like philosophy,
43:58
SPEAKER_01: mathematics,
43:58
SPEAKER_01: and politics was unnatural and would ultimately quote-unquote unsex them
44:04
SPEAKER_01: other reformers like benjamin rush took on a more utilitarian version
44:08
SPEAKER_01: of education focused on spreading the ideals of the enlightenment to help reinforce
44:12
SPEAKER_01: the goals of the new republic though even
44:15
SPEAKER_01: within this paradigm education would be catered to the sexes but there were many
44:21
SPEAKER_01: who believed that women could and ought to learn all that boys do and only
44:26
SPEAKER_01: after achieving parity in the academy could women hope to be seen as equals
44:31
SPEAKER_01: regardless of the limitations that remained present even among
44:35
SPEAKER_01: the most enlightened reformers this was a radical shift from the education system
44:39
SPEAKER_01: in europe so the new academies offered both the formal training in arts and history
44:45
SPEAKER_01: while also maintaining special instruction
44:47
SPEAKER_01: for needlework this was also not uniform like most developments during
44:51
SPEAKER_01: the war throughout the entire nation the south having suffered far more than
44:55
SPEAKER_01: the north during the war
44:56
SPEAKER_01: was slower to adopt these reforms regardless the new academies were a dramatic shift
45:01
SPEAKER_01: for girls as this would be the first time that they would leave the house rather
45:05
SPEAKER_01: than in marriage as was the case before but regardless of the curriculum
45:10
SPEAKER_01: and philosophy of these new academies
45:12
SPEAKER_01: the spreading of education to girls created a wellspring of interest
45:16
SPEAKER_01: in learning there was no longer any shame in wanting to be a learned woman or a need
45:21
SPEAKER_01: to be soft and delicate as there was before in the end all the aspects of life
45:27
SPEAKER_01: that women had had thrust onto them at the outset of
45:29
SPEAKER_01: the revolution were now formalized skills to be taught in academies
45:33
SPEAKER_01: and women were now able to pursue their interests unfettered at least relatively
45:40
SPEAKER_01: however this was not without its drawbacks since women had been expected
45:44
SPEAKER_01: to teach their own children before the war as they expanded into
45:47
SPEAKER_01: the workforce they were driven to become teachers
45:50
SPEAKER_01: of everybody's children this ironically put an unintentional limit
45:55
SPEAKER_01: on opportunities for educated women
45:57
SPEAKER_01: in their liberation paternal shackles were replaced marybeth norton lays this out
46:03
SPEAKER_01: in liberty's daughters quote an educated woman in 1800 had only
46:06
SPEAKER_01: a modicum more control over her destiny than her uneducated
46:10
SPEAKER_01: a grandmother had had in 1750 she could if she wished teach school for a few years before
46:15
SPEAKER_01: marriage decide not to marry at all choose a husband without consulting her parents or raise
46:20
SPEAKER_01: children in accordance with republican principles but she could not realistically aspire
46:25
SPEAKER_01: to leave the feminine sphere altogether end quote
46:29
SPEAKER_01: all of this is not to say that there were no changes at all women now had
46:33
SPEAKER_01: a clear role in public society that was much expanded
46:36
SPEAKER_01: but it was still very limited compared to men but this was only the beginning
46:40
SPEAKER_01: the revolution was just the start and with time the general understanding
46:44
SPEAKER_01: of this role within the new nation would expand and contract all of the changes
46:49
SPEAKER_01: that happened before during and after the
46:59
SPEAKER_02: of their story thoughts can be cruel they're not mine to own the space unravels when you let go
47:27
SPEAKER_02: what's yours it ain't mine that energy goes today the feather in
47:35
SPEAKER_02: the fire will blow it home your way ooh mother open your arms ooh mother this
47:49
SPEAKER_02: matters just be mine ooh mother
47:56
SPEAKER_02: reach for my heart so i can feel your essence in me how to unfold when this knot is
48:10
SPEAKER_02: so tight each step is chosen to reveal
48:17
SPEAKER_02: the light days left wondering am i back here again
48:26
SPEAKER_02: shadow inside wakened your soul what's mine is lost to time our home is in the space
48:39
SPEAKER_02: the bird he walks the line just use those wings and rise good mother open her eyes
48:54
SPEAKER_02: father this magic's just begun oh mother reach for my heart
49:05
SPEAKER_02: so i can feel this listen to me time to wake up in these rising seas days may be out
49:21
SPEAKER_02: by the truth
49:40
SPEAKER_02: what's there to hold in the light of this mood my mind keeps searching but my heart decides
49:53
SPEAKER_02: thoughts can be cruel they're not mine to hold the space unravels when you let go