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16 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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  Speaker 1: Chapter nine, Part two of A History of the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. A History of the Philippines by
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  Speaker 1: David Barrows, Chapter nine, Part two. The Archipelago and religious orders.
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  Speaker 1: During these decades, conflict was almost incessant between the Archbishop
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  Speaker 1: of Manila and the regular orders in the Philippines. The
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  Speaker 1: regulars were the parish curates, and the archbishop desired that
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  Speaker 1: all matters of their curacy, touching the administration of the
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  Speaker 1: sacraments and other parish duties, should be subject to the
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  Speaker 1: direction of the bishops. This question of the diocesan visit
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  Speaker 1: was fought over for nearly two hundred years the governor
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  Speaker 1: and the archbishop. Even more serious to the colony were
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  Speaker 1: the conflicts that raged between the Governor General and the archbishop.
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  Speaker 1: All the points of dissension between church and state which
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  Speaker 1: vexed the Middle Ages, broke out afresh in the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: The appointment of religious officers, the distribution of revenue, the
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  Speaker 1: treatment of the natives, the claim of the Church to
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  Speaker 1: offer asylum to those fleeing the arm of the law
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  Speaker 1: its claims of jurisdiction in its ecclesiastical courts over a
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  Speaker 1: large class of civil offenses. These disputes, and many others,
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  Speaker 1: occasion almost incessant discord between the heads of civil and
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  Speaker 1: ecclesiastical authority, the residentsia. We have seen that the power
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  Speaker 1: of the governor was in fact very large. Theoretically, the
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  Speaker 1: audensia was a limit upon his authority, but in fact
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  Speaker 1: the governor was usually the president of this body, and
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  Speaker 1: oudores were frequently his abettors and rarely his opponents. At
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  Speaker 1: the end of each governor's rule there took place a
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  Speaker 1: characteristic Spanish institution called the residentia. This was a court
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  Speaker 1: held by the newly elected governor for an examination into
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  Speaker 1: the conduct of his predecessor. Complaints of every description were received,
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  Speaker 1: and often In the history of the Philippines, one who
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  Speaker 1: had ruled the archipelago almost as an independent monarch, found
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  Speaker 1: himself at the end of his office, ruined and in chains.
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  Speaker 1: It was upon the occasion of the residentia that the
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  Speaker 1: ecclesiastical powers, after a governorship's stormy with disputes, exercised their
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  Speaker 1: power for revenge. Unquestionably, many a governor despite its actual power,
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  Speaker 1: facing as he did the Residentia. At the termination of
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  Speaker 1: his rule, made peace with his enemies and yielded to
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  Speaker 1: their demands. Corcuera had continuous troubles with the archbishop and
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  Speaker 1: with the religious orders other than the Jesuits. In sixteen
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  Speaker 1: forty four, when his successor for Haardo relieved him, the Franciscans,
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  Speaker 1: Augustinians and Recollects procured his imprisonment and the confiscation of
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  Speaker 1: his property. For five years, the Conqueror of the Moors
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  Speaker 1: lay a prisoner in the fortresses of San Diego and
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  Speaker 1: Cavite when he was pardoned by the Council of the
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  Speaker 1: Indies and appointed Governor of the Canneries by the King.
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  Speaker 1: Weakening of the governor's power, This power of private and
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  Speaker 1: religious classes to intimidate and overawe the responsible head of
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  Speaker 1: the Philippine government, was an abuse which continued to the
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  Speaker 1: very close of the Spanish rule. This, together with the
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  Speaker 1: relatively short term of the governor's office, his natural desire
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  Speaker 1: to avoid trouble, his all too frequent purpose of amassing
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  Speaker 1: a fortune, rather than maintaining the dignity of his position
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  Speaker 1: and advancing the interests of the islands combined decade after
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  Speaker 1: decade to make the spiritual authority more powerful. In the end,
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  Speaker 1: the religious Orders, with their great body of members, their
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  Speaker 1: hold upon the Filipinos, their high influence at the court,
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  Speaker 1: and finally their great landed wealth, governed the islands. The
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  Speaker 1: educational work of the religious Orders. In any criticism of
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  Speaker 1: the evils connected with the administration of the Philippines, one
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  Speaker 1: must not fail to recognize the many achievements of the
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  Speaker 1: missionary friars that were worthy to the Dominicans and the
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  Speaker 1: Jesuits is due the establishment of institutions of learning. The
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  Speaker 1: Jesuits in sixteen o one had planted their College of
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  Speaker 1: San Jose. The Dominicans. Here, as in Europe, the champions
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  Speaker 1: of Orthodox learning had their own institution, the College of
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  Speaker 1: Santo Tomas, inaugurated in sixteen nineteen, and were the arrivals
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  Speaker 1: of the Jesuits for the privilege of giving higher instruction.
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  Speaker 1: In sixteen forty five, the Pope granted to the Dominicans
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  Speaker 1: to write to bestow higher degrees, and their college became
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  Speaker 1: the Royal and Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas. This
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  Speaker 1: splendid name breeds the very spirit of the Middle Ages,
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  Speaker 1: which the Dominican Orders strove to perfect way in the
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  Speaker 1: Philippines down to modern days. Dominicans also founded the College
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  Speaker 1: of San Juan de Letran as a preparatory school to
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  Speaker 1: the University. We should not pass over the educational work
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  Speaker 1: of the religious orders without mention of the early printing
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  Speaker 1: plants and their publications. The missionary Friars were famous printers,
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  Speaker 1: and in the Philippines as well as in America, some
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  Speaker 1: noble volumes were produced by their handicraft. Founding of hospitals
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  Speaker 1: by the Franciscans, nor had the Franciscans in the Philippines
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  Speaker 1: neglect the fundamental purpose of their foundation, that of ministration
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  Speaker 1: to the sik In and protected. A narrative of their order,
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  Speaker 1: written in sixteen forty nine gives a long list of
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  Speaker 1: their beneficent foundations. Besides the Hospital of Manila, they had
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  Speaker 1: an infirmary at Tavite for the native mariners and shipbuilders,
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  Speaker 1: a hospital at Los Banos, another in the city of
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  Speaker 1: Nueva Caceres. Lay Brethren were attached to many of the
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  Speaker 1: convents as nurses. In sixteen thirty three, a curious occurrence
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  Speaker 1: led to the founding of the Leper Hospital of San Lazzaro.
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  Speaker 1: The Emperor of Japan, in a probably ironical mood, sent
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  Speaker 1: to Manila a shipload of Japanese afflicted with this unfortunate disease.
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  Speaker 1: These people were mercifully received by the Franciscans and cared
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  Speaker 1: for in a home which became the San Lazzaro Hospital
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  Speaker 1: for Lepers. Life and progress of the Filipinos. Few sources
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  Speaker 1: exist that can show us the life, life and progress
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  Speaker 1: of the Philippino people during these decades. Christianity, as introduced
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  Speaker 1: by the missionary Friars, was generally successful, and yet there
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  Speaker 1: were relapses into Heathenism. All religious leaders and priestesses roused
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  Speaker 1: up from time to time and incited the natives to
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  Speaker 1: rebellion against their new spiritual masters. The payment of tribute
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  Speaker 1: and the labor required for the building of churches often
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  Speaker 1: drove the people into the mountains. Religious revolts at Bohol
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  Speaker 1: and Leyte. In sixteen twenty one, a somewhat serious revolt
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  Speaker 1: took place on Bohol. The Jesuits who administered the island
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  Speaker 1: were absent in Cebu attending the festas on the canonization
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  Speaker 1: of Saint Francis Xavior the whisper was raised that the
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  Speaker 1: old heathen deity di Wata was at hand to assist
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  Speaker 1: in the expulsion of the Spaniards. The island rose in
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  Speaker 1: revolt except the two towns of Leboq and Bachlayan. Four
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  Speaker 1: towns were burned, the churches sacked, and the sacred images speered.
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  Speaker 1: The revolt spread to Leyte, where it was headed by
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  Speaker 1: the old Dattu Pancao of Limasawa, who had sworn friendship
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  Speaker 1: with Legaspi. This insurrection was put down by the Alcalde
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  Speaker 1: Mayor of Cebu, and the Filipino leaders were hanged on Leethe.
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  Speaker 1: Bancau was speared in battle, and one of the heathen
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  Speaker 1: priests suffered the penalty prescribed by the Inquisition for hersy
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  Speaker 1: death by burning. Revolt of the Pampangos the heavy drafting
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  Speaker 1: of natives to fell trees and build the ships for
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  Speaker 1: the Spanish naval expeditions and the Acapulco trade was also
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  Speaker 1: a cause for insurrection. In sixteen sixty a thousand Pampangos
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  Speaker 1: were kept cutting in the forests of that province alone,
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  Speaker 1: sullen at their heavy lavo and at the harshness of
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  Speaker 1: their overseers. These natives rose in revolt. The sedition spread
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  Speaker 1: to Pangasinan, Zambales, and Ilocos, and it required the utmost
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  Speaker 1: efforts of the Spanish forces on land and water to
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  Speaker 1: suppress the rebellion uprising of the Chinese. In spite of
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  Speaker 1: the terrible massacre that had been visited upon the Chinese
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  Speaker 1: at the beginning of the century, they had almost immediately commenced,
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  Speaker 1: returning not only as merchants but as colonists. The early
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  Speaker 1: restrictions upon their life must have been relaxed, for in
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  Speaker 1: sixteen thirty nine there were more than thirty thousand living
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  Speaker 1: in the islands, many of them cultivating lands at Colombai
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  Speaker 1: and at other points on the Laguna de Bay. In
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  Speaker 1: that year, a rebellion broke out in which the Chinese
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  Speaker 1: in Manila participated. They seized the church of San Pedro
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  Speaker 1: Macati on the passage and fortified themselves From there they
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  Speaker 1: were routed by a combined Filipino and Spanish force. The
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  Speaker 1: Chinese then broke up into small bands which scattered through
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  Speaker 1: the country, looting and murdering, but being pursued and cut
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  Speaker 1: to pieces by the Filipinos. Five months this pillage and
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  Speaker 1: massacre went on until seven thousand Chinese were destroyed by
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  Speaker 1: the laws of these agriculturists and laborers, Manila was reduced
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  Speaker 1: to great distress activity of the Moro pirates. The task
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  Speaker 1: of the Spaniards in controlling the Moro datus continued to
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  Speaker 1: be immensely difficult. During the years following the successes of
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  Speaker 1: Corcuera and Almonte. The Moros were continually platting, aid was
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  Speaker 1: furnished from Borneo and Celebes, and they were further incited
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  Speaker 1: by the Dutch. In spite of the vigilance of Zambwanga,
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  Speaker 1: small piratical excursions continually harassed the Visayas, and the Camarinas
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  Speaker 1: continued conflicts with the Dutch. The Dutch, too, from time
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  Speaker 1: to time, showed themselves in Manila. In sixteen forty six,
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  Speaker 1: a squadron attacked Zambwanga and then came north to the zone.
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  Speaker 1: The Spanish naval strength was white unprepared, but two galleons
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  Speaker 1: lately arrived from Acapulco were fitted with heavy guns. Dominican
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  Speaker 1: friars took their places among the gunners, and under the
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  Speaker 1: protection of the region of the Rosary, successfully encountered the enemy.
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  Speaker 1: A year later, a fleet of twelve vessels entered Manila
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  Speaker 1: Bay and nearly succeeded in taking Tavite. Failing in this,
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  Speaker 1: they Landedimbataan Province, and for some time held the coasts
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  Speaker 1: of Manila Bay in the vicinity of Abuccai. The narrative
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  Speaker 1: of franciscanmissions in sixteen forty nine above sighted Gibb's Town
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  Speaker 1: after town in southern Zone, where church and convent had
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  Speaker 1: been burned by the Moros or the Dutch. The abandonment
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  Speaker 1: of Zambwanga and the Malaccas the threat of the Dutch
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  Speaker 1: made the maintenance of the presiding of Zambwanga very burdensome.
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  Speaker 1: In sixteen fifty six, the administration of the Malaccas was
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  Speaker 1: united with that of Mindanao, and the governor of the former,
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  Speaker 1: Don Francisco d este Bar, was transferred from Ternate to
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  Speaker 1: Zambwanga and made Lieutenant Governor and Captain General of all
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  Speaker 1: the provinces of the South. Six years later, the Malaccas,
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  Speaker 1: so long a vetted by the Spaniards and so slowly
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  Speaker 1: won by them, together with Zambanga, were wholly abandoned and
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  Speaker 1: to the Spice Islands. The Spaniards were never to return
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  Speaker 1: This sudden retirement from their southern possessions was not, however,
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  Speaker 1: occasioned by the incessant restlessness of the Morros, nor by
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  Speaker 1: the plottings of the Dutch. It was due to a
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  Speaker 1: threat of danger from the north, cosinga the Chinese adventurer.
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  Speaker 1: In sixteen forty four, China was conquered by the manchus
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  Speaker 1: Pe King capitulated at once and the Ming dynasty was overthrown.
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  Speaker 1: But it was only by many years of fighting that
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  Speaker 1: the Manches overcame the Chinese of the central and southern provinces.
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  Speaker 1: These were years of turbulence, revolt, and piracy. More than
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  Speaker 1: one Chinese adventurer rose to a romantic position during the
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  Speaker 1: disturbed time. One of these adventurers, named it Kowan, had
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  Speaker 1: been a poor fisherman of Chio. He had lived in Macau,
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  Speaker 1: where he had been converted to Christianity, and had been
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  Speaker 1: a cargador or cargo bearer in Manila. He afterwards went
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  Speaker 1: to Japan and engaged in trade. From these humble and
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  Speaker 1: laborious beginnings, like many another of his persistent countrymen, he
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  Speaker 1: gained great wealth, which, on the conquest of the Manches
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  Speaker 1: he devoted to piracy. His son was notorious Ku Singh
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  Speaker 1: or Coxinda, who four years resisted the armies of the
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  Speaker 1: Manchus and maintained an independent power over the coasts of
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  Speaker 1: Fukien and czech Yang. About sixty sixty, the forces of
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  Speaker 1: the Manches became too formidable for him to longer resist
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  Speaker 1: them upon the mainland, and Cosinga determined upon the capture
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  Speaker 1: of Formosa and the transparence of his kingdom to that island.
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  Speaker 1: For thirty eight years, this island had been dominated by
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  Speaker 1: the Dutch, whose fortresses commanded the channel of the Pescadores.
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  Speaker 1: The colony was regarded as an important one by the
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  Speaker 1: Dutch colonial government at Batavia. The city of Taiwan on
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  Speaker 1: the west coast was a considerable center of trade. It
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  Speaker 1: was strongly protected by the fortress of Zealand and had
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  Speaker 1: a garrison of twenty two hundred Dutch soldiers. After months
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  Speaker 1: of fighting, Cosinga, with an overpowering force of Chinese, compelled
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  Speaker 1: the surrender of the Hollanders, and the beautiful island passed
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  Speaker 1: into his power. A threatened invasion of the Philippines. Exalted
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  Speaker 1: by his success against the European arms, Cosinga resolved upon
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  Speaker 1: the conquests of the Philippines. He summoned to his service
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  Speaker 1: the Italian Dominican missionary Ricci, who had been living in
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  Speaker 1: the province of Fukien, and in the spring of sixteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty two, despatched him as an ambassador to the governor
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  Speaker 1: of the Philippines to demand the submission of the archipelago.
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  Speaker 1: Manila was thrown into a terrible panic by this demand,
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  Speaker 1: and indeed no such danger had threatened the Spanish in
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  Speaker 1: the Philippines since the invasion of Limahon. The Chinese conqueror
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  Speaker 1: had an innumerable army, and his armament stores and navy
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  Speaker 1: had been greatly augmented by the surrender of the Dutch.
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  Speaker 1: The Spaniards, however, were united on resistance. The governor, Don
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  Speaker 1: Sabiniano Manrique de Llara returned a defiant answer to Cosinga,
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  Speaker 1: and the most radical measures were adopted to place the
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  Speaker 1: colony in a state of defense. Chinese were ordered immediately
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  Speaker 1: to leave the islands. Fearful of massacre, these wretched people
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  Speaker 1: again broke out in rebellion and assaulted the city. Many
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  Speaker 1: were slain, and other bands wandered off into the mountains,
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  Speaker 1: where they perished at the hands of the natives. Others
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  Speaker 1: escaping by frail boats, joined the Chinese colonists on Formosa.
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  Speaker 1: Churches and convents in the suburbs of Manila which might
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  Speaker 1: afford shelter to the assailant, were raised to the ground.
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  Speaker 1: More than all this, the Maluccas were forsaken, never again
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  Speaker 1: to be recovered by Spaniards, and the presidios of Zambwanga
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  Speaker 1: and Cuyo, which served as a kind of bridle on
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  Speaker 1: the moros of Holo and Minne, now were abandoned. All
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  Speaker 1: Spanish troops were concentrated in Manila, Fortifications were rebuilt, and
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  Speaker 1: the population waited anxiously for the attack. But the blow
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  Speaker 1: never fell, before which he arrived at Taiwan, Cosinga was dead,
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  Speaker 1: and the peril of Chinese inn had passed. Effects of
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  Speaker 1: these events, but the Philippines had suffered irretrievable laws. Spanish
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  Speaker 1: prestige was gone, Manila was no longer as she had
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  Speaker 1: been at the commencement of the century, the capital of
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  Speaker 1: the East. Spanish sovereignty was again confined to Lauzan and
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  Speaker 1: the Visayas. The Chinese trade on which rested the economic
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  Speaker 1: prosperity of Manila, had once again been ruined for a
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  Speaker 1: hundred years. The history of the Philippines is a dull monotony,
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  Speaker 1: quite unrelieved by any heroic activity or the presence of
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  Speaker 1: a noble character. End of Chapter nine, Part two. Recording
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  Speaker 1: by Senna Ceyer, Fresno, California,