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06 - History of the English Bible by John Brown · History of the English Bible

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Speaker 1: Chapter five of the History of the English Bible by
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Speaker 1: John Brown. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain,
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Speaker 1: read by Marianne Chapter five three rival versions. With the
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Speaker 1: accession of Edward the Sixth in January fifteen forty seven,
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Speaker 1: a change for the better came over the fortunes of
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Speaker 1: the English Bible. The restrictions placed upon the printing and
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Speaker 1: reading of the scriptures were at once removed, and in
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Speaker 1: the first year of the new reign, an injunction was
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Speaker 1: issued requiring every beneficed person to provide within three months
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Speaker 1: a copy of the English Bible of the largest volume,
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Speaker 1: and within twelve months a copy of the paraphrase of
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Speaker 1: the Gospels by Erasmus. These to be set up in
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Speaker 1: some convenient place in the church, where they might be
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Speaker 1: read by the parishioners. This English version of the Latin
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Speaker 1: Paraphrase or commentary of Erasmus was imprinted at London in
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Speaker 1: Fleet Street at the Sign of the Sun by Edward
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Speaker 1: Whitchurch the last day of January fifteen forty eight. Several
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Speaker 1: translators were employed in its preparation, Miles Coverdale, John Old,
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Speaker 1: Nicholas Udall and others, and curious to relate the Princess Mary. Afterwards,
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Speaker 1: Queen Mary herself translated the greater part of the paraphrase
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Speaker 1: upon Saint John's Gospel. As this work was required to
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Speaker 1: be placed in the churches within a twelvemonth, several presses
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Speaker 1: were engaged upon it, with the result that doctor w
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Speaker 1: Aldis Wright found no fewer than six varieties of the
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Speaker 1: paraphrase in existence. Among the incidents of the time, it
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Speaker 1: is mentioned that in fifteen forty eight the churchwardens of
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Speaker 1: Saint Margaret's, Westminster paid five shillings for the half part
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Speaker 1: of the work, and in fifteen forty nine those of
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Speaker 1: Wigtoft in Lincolnshire seven shillings for the whole and for
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Speaker 1: a chain to fasten it fourpence from the same printing
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Speaker 1: office in Fleet Street there had been issued the previous year.
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Speaker 1: The earliest edition of the Scriptures in Edward's reign, the
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Speaker 1: only issue in fifty teen forty seven. It bore the
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Speaker 1: title the New Testament in English according to the translation
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Speaker 1: of the Great Bible. It was followed by many more
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Speaker 1: short As Edward's reign was no fewer than forty editions
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Speaker 1: either of the whole Bible or of the New Testament
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Speaker 1: issued from the press. During this reign, there also was
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Speaker 1: produced a fragment of a version of the New Testament
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Speaker 1: containing the Gospel of Matthew and the first Chapter of Mark,
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Speaker 1: which may be mentioned in passing as one of the
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Speaker 1: curiosities of the time. It was the work of Sir
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Speaker 1: John Check, professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge,
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Speaker 1: who had been also tutor to the King when Prince
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Speaker 1: Edward Milton says he taught Cambridge and King Edward Greek.
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Speaker 1: The manuscript, which has unfortunately lost a leaf, is preserved
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Speaker 1: in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. It is
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Speaker 1: in cheeks beautiful handwriting, and though probably made in fifteen fifty,
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Speaker 1: was not published till it was edited by the Reverend
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Speaker 1: James Goodwin in eighteen forty three. Its special characteristic seems
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Speaker 1: to have been an attempt to express the ideas of
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Speaker 1: the Original in home born words and the language of
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Speaker 1: the common people, rather than in the semi Latin than
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Speaker 1: much in vogue. It may perhaps be described as an
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Speaker 1: anticipation in the sixteenth century of what is known as
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Speaker 1: the twentieth century Bible of our own times. One or
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Speaker 1: two extracts may show the kind of thing aimed at
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Speaker 1: when Jesus was born in Bethlehem, a city of jury.
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Speaker 1: In King Herod's days, though then the wizards came from
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Speaker 1: the east parts to Jerusalem and asked where the King
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Speaker 1: of the Jews was that was new born. Come to
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Speaker 1: me all that labor and be burdened, and I will
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Speaker 1: ease you. Take my yoke on you and learn of me,
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Speaker 1: for I am mild and of a lowly heart, and
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Speaker 1: ye shall find quietness for yourselves. And his disciples, seeing
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Speaker 1: him walking on the sea, were troubled, saying that it
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Speaker 1: was a phantasm, and they cried out for fear. Jess
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Speaker 1: By and Bye spoke to them and said, be of
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Speaker 1: good cheer, it is I fear not. Peter answered unto him,
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Speaker 1: Sir saith he, if it be thou, bid me come
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Speaker 1: on the water unto thee and he said, come on.
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Speaker 1: And Peter came down out of the boat and walked
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Speaker 1: on the waters to come to Jesus, and seeing the
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Speaker 1: wind strong was afeared, and when he began to sink,
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Speaker 1: he cried out. With the death of Edward the sixth
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Speaker 1: and the ascension of Queen Mary came change amounting to revolution.
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Speaker 1: At once. The public reading of the Scripture was prohibited
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Speaker 1: a proclamation of June fifteen fifty five denouncing the writings
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Speaker 1: of Tyndale, Frith, Kramner and Coverdale. And during these five
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Speaker 1: years there was neither Bible nor Testament published in the realm.
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Speaker 1: But Mary's policy of repression led indirectly to the production
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Speaker 1: of that great Geneva version of the Scriptures, which doctor
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Speaker 1: Westcott described as the most important revision of the English
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Speaker 1: Bible underwent before the final settlement of the received texts.
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Speaker 1: This was the work of some of those Protestant exiles
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Speaker 1: who fled from the fires of persecution in their own
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Speaker 1: land to the friendlier shelter of the Reformed churches abroad.
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Speaker 1: They were scattered in various cities, in Frankfort, Strasbourg, Basel,
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Speaker 1: Zurich and Geneva. It is with those who settled in
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Speaker 1: Geneva we are now concerned. John Knox, the Scottish reformer,
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Speaker 1: was there, Myles Coverdale, Thomas Cole, once Dean of Salisbury,
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Speaker 1: Christopher Goodman, formerly Divinity Professor Oxford, John Pullian, a translator
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Speaker 1: of Ecclesiastes, Esther and other books of Scripture into English verse.
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Speaker 1: Anthony Gilby Thomas Samson and William Whittingham. Samson had been
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Speaker 1: Deem of Chichester in Edward's time and afterwards became Dean
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Speaker 1: of Christ Church in Elizabeth's reign, and Whittingham was afterwards
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Speaker 1: Dean of Durham. William Whittingham was the first among these
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Speaker 1: exiles to take action in the matter of Bible translation.
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Speaker 1: Bourn at Chester in fifteen twenty four. At sixteen, he
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Speaker 1: entered Brasenose College, graduating b. A in fifteen forty and
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Speaker 1: m A in fifteen forty seven to forty eight, having
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Speaker 1: been elected Fellow of All Souls in fifteen forty five.
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Speaker 1: In fifteen fifty he went abroad for three years, spending
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Speaker 1: his time chiefly at the University of Orleans, afterwards visiting
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Speaker 1: the universities of Germany and Geneva in fifteen fifty two,
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Speaker 1: and returning to England in fifteen fifty three. Then came
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Speaker 1: the time of exile, when he went first to Frankfort
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Speaker 1: and afterwards to Geneva, where he succeeded Knox as minister
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Speaker 1: of the English Congregation there. In fifteen fifty seven he
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Speaker 1: published anonymously a revised translation of the English New Testament.
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Speaker 1: It is thus described the New Testament of our Lord
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Speaker 1: Jesus Christ, conferred diligently with the Greek and best approved translations,
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Speaker 1: with the arguments as well before the chapters, as for
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Speaker 1: every book at Geneva, printed by Conrad Battius fifteen hundred fifty.
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Speaker 1: The text of this version is based upon Tyndale's compared
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Speaker 1: with the Great Bible, and influenced by Beza's Latin translation.
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Speaker 1: It formed the groundwork of the New Testament printed in
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Speaker 1: the Complete Genevan Bible of fifteen sixty, but is distinct
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Speaker 1: from it. It was the first Testament to be printed
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Speaker 1: in Roman type, and also the first English version to
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Speaker 1: adopt the division into verses made by Robert Steyne, the
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Speaker 1: French printer, in his Greek Testament, published in Geneva in
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Speaker 1: fifteen fifty one. With its elaborate apparatus, it forms the
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Speaker 1: first critical edition of the New Testament in English. The
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Speaker 1: title page of this work contains a curious woodcut representing
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Speaker 1: Time raising Truth out of her grave. With this model
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Speaker 1: appended God by Time restoreth Truth and maketh her victorious.
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Speaker 1: There is an address to the reader giving some account
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Speaker 1: of the work and stating that the text has been
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Speaker 1: diligently revised by the most approved Greek examples and conference
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Speaker 1: of translations in other tongues, and for the profit of
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Speaker 1: the reader, the text has been divided into verses and
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Speaker 1: sections according to the best editions in other languages. It
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Speaker 1: was not till three years later that this Genevan Testament
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Speaker 1: of Winningham's was followed by the Complete Genevan Bible of
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Speaker 1: fifteen sixty. The latter, unlike the former, was the joint
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Speaker 1: production of several scholarly men acting together for the attainment
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Speaker 1: of one common end. In their preface they speak of
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Speaker 1: the eminently favorable conditions under which they were able to work,
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Speaker 1: and when we recall the circumstances of the time, we
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Speaker 1: can feel the force of what they say. As translators,
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Speaker 1: they were fortunate in the place where their work was done.
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Speaker 1: For Geneva, under the influence of Calvin, had become the
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Speaker 1: center to which were gathered some of the most eminent
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Speaker 1: biblical scholars of the time. And, apart from their fellow
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Speaker 1: countrymen exiles like themselves, there was at that time in
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Speaker 1: Geneva a group of scholars who were engaged in the
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Speaker 1: work of correcting the French versions of Olivatan, and they
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Speaker 1: therefore found themselves in the company of men who, though
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Speaker 1: working in another language, were engaged in a task similar
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Speaker 1: to their own. Then again, they had the advantage of
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Speaker 1: some new Latin versions not accessible to previous translators. Leo
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Speaker 1: Judah had labored for many years at a new Latin
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Speaker 1: version of the Old Testament, which, though left unfinished at
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Speaker 1: his death, was completed by others, and the Latin New
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Speaker 1: Testament of Erasmus, having been revised by R. Gaultier. The
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Speaker 1: whole Bible, thus finished, was printed in fifteen forty four.
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Speaker 1: These Latin versions, and especially Beza's New Testament, furnished important
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Speaker 1: help to the English scholars in what they regarded as
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Speaker 1: their sacred task, and they, of course inherited also the
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Speaker 1: result of the labors of the English translators at home,
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Speaker 1: who had preceded them in preparing the historical books. They
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Speaker 1: kept in the main to the old renderings, merely altering
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Speaker 1: awkward or antiquated phrases here and there. In the other
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Speaker 1: parts of the work, the changes were more numerous. Taking
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Speaker 1: a passage from the nineteenth chapter of Job, doctor Westcott
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Speaker 1: points out that there is considerable originality in the version
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Speaker 1: they gave throughout the verses mentioned I am sure that
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Speaker 1: my Redeemer liveth et cetera. He finds the French rendering
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Speaker 1: widely different. Of the ten changes introduced into the text
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Speaker 1: of the Great Bible, three of considerable importance are apparently original, seven, eight,
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Speaker 1: and ten, and of the remainder one perhaps comes from
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Speaker 1: Leo Judah two, three from Pegninus one, five and six,
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Speaker 1: and two from Munster four and nine. The prophetical books
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Speaker 1: are revised after the manner adopted in the historical books,
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Speaker 1: but with more numerous changes, the influence of the French
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Speaker 1: translation being most marked in the apocryphal books. In all parts,
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Speaker 1: they appear to have taken the Great Bible as their basis,
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Speaker 1: correcting its text without substituting for it a new translation.
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Speaker 1: Doctor Westcott concludes his examination of the Genevan Old Testament
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Speaker 1: by saying, there's abundant evidence to show that they were
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Speaker 1: perfectly competent to deal with independently with points of Hebrew scholarship,
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Speaker 1: and minute changes in expression showed that they were not
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Speaker 1: indifferent to style. This Genevan Bible, completed three years after
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Speaker 1: the publication of the Genevan Testament, went forth to the
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Speaker 1: world under the title the Bible and Holy Scriptures contained
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Speaker 1: in the Old and New Testament, translated according to the
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Speaker 1: Ebrew and Greek, and conferred with the best translations in
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Speaker 1: diverse languages, with most profitable annotations at Geneva, printed by
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Speaker 1: Roland Hall fifteen hundred and sixty four two oh Below
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Speaker 1: these words there was a woodcut representing the Israelites crossing
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Speaker 1: the Red Sea, and on the reverse of the title
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Speaker 1: is a list of the books of the Bible, including
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Speaker 1: the apocryphe Then follows a dedication to the most virtuous
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Speaker 1: and noble Queen Elizabeth from her humble subjects of the
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Speaker 1: English Church at Geneva, and after this an address to
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Speaker 1: are beloved in the Lord, the brethren of England, Scotland, Ireland,
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Speaker 1: et cetera, dated from Geneva, April tenth, fifteen sixty. In
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Speaker 1: this address, after pointing out that the former translations required
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Speaker 1: greatly to be reformed, the translators went on to say
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Speaker 1: not that we vindicate anything to ourselves above the rest
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Speaker 1: of our brethren, for God knoweth with what fear and
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Speaker 1: trembling we have been for the space of two years
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Speaker 1: and more, day and night, occupied herein, but being earnestly desired,
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Speaker 1: and by divers whose learning and godliness we reverence exhorted,
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Speaker 1: We undertook this great and wonderful work with all reverence
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Speaker 1: as the presence of God, as in treating the Word
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Speaker 1: of God, whereunto we think ourselves insufficient, which now God,
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Speaker 1: according to his divine providence and mercy, hath directed to
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Speaker 1: a most prosperous end. God is our witness that we have,
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Speaker 1: by all means endeavored to set forth the purity of
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Speaker 1: the Word and right sense of the Holy Ghost for
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Speaker 1: the edifying of the brethren in faith and charity, contrary
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Speaker 1: to what we should have expected. The Testament included in
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Speaker 1: the Complete Bible of fifteen sixty differs from the Testament
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Speaker 1: of fifteen fifty seven in nearly forty places. In thirty
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Speaker 1: three of these the rendering is new, and in sixteen
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Speaker 1: the alteration still maintains its ground. Recognizing these facts, doctor W. F.
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Speaker 1: Moulton concluded that the Testament is a careful revision of Tyndale,
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Speaker 1: and that the Bible is again a careful revision of
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Speaker 1: the Testament. On the whole, too. Visa's influence tended greatly
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Speaker 1: to the improvement of the work, for by this mistakes
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Speaker 1: were removed which had disfigured all preceding versions. Very many
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Speaker 1: of the changes in the English Genevan New Testament have
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Speaker 1: passed from that into our own Bible. Archbishop Trench, in
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Speaker 1: his work on the Authorized Version, quoted five passages to
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Speaker 1: show the very good and careful scholarship brought to bear
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Speaker 1: upon the Genevan revision, in which it is the first
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Speaker 1: to seize the exact meaning which all the preceding versions
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Speaker 1: have missed. These are all derived from Visa. One other
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Speaker 1: point should be noticed to which Professor Plumptra calls attention.
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Speaker 1: The Genevan revision in both forms omits the name of
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Speaker 1: Saint Paul from the title of the Epistle to the Hebrews,
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Speaker 1: and in a short preface, leaves the authorship an open question.
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Speaker 1: The explanatory notes in this version were prepared by the
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Speaker 1: Genevan translators and with considerable care. In the Epistle to
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Speaker 1: the Romans, for example, there are about two hundred and
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Speaker 1: twenty of these, and many also elsewhere, forming a kind
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Speaker 1: of condensed commentary supplying historical and geographical information and clearing
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Speaker 1: up obscure texts. But more often giving pithy observations on
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Speaker 1: the narrative, as when we are told that lot thinking
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Speaker 1: to get to Paradise found at Hell. We can well
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Speaker 1: believe what we have been told that its phrases found
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Speaker 1: echo in scripture quotations from Shakespeare to Bunyan. The expense
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Speaker 1: connected with the production of this version of fifteen sixty,
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Speaker 1: which must have been considerable, was defrayed by the English
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Speaker 1: community in Geneva, who hearts, as the translators themselves tell us,
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Speaker 1: God touched to encourage the revisers not to spare any
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Speaker 1: charges for the furtherance of such a benefit and favor
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Speaker 1: of God. Among the contributors was John Boldley, the father
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Speaker 1: of the founder of the Great Boldleian Library. Possibly for
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Speaker 1: prominent service in this way rendered he received from Queen
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Speaker 1: Elizabeth a patent dated January eighth, fifteen sixty one, securing
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Speaker 1: to him for seven years the exclusive right to print
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Speaker 1: in England the version which first came out in Geneva.
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Speaker 1: The second edition of this version, the first in folio,
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Speaker 1: published in fifteen sixty two, appears to have been sent
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Speaker 1: forth by him, though no printer's names attached to the work.
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Speaker 1: As already stated, the complete Geneva Bible, unlike the Genevan
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Speaker 1: Testament of William Wildingham by which it was preceded, was
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Speaker 1: the joint production of several workers. Belong says that the
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Speaker 1: chief of those employed upon it were Coverdale, Whittingham and Gilby,
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Speaker 1: but he mentions also Goodman, Sampson, Cole and certain others
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Speaker 1: as sharing in it. The completion of the work, however,
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Speaker 1: seems to have fallen finally into the hands of Whittingham, Gilby,
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Speaker 1: and Samson alone. Anthony A. Wood gives the same six
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Speaker 1: names as those mentioned by Lelan, but goes on to
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Speaker 1: say that before the greater part was finished, Queen Mary died,
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Speaker 1: so that the Protestant religion appeared again in England. The
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Speaker 1: exiled Divines left Frankfort and Geneva and returned into England.
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Speaker 1: Howbeit Whittingham, with one or two more being resolved to
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Speaker 1: go through with the work, did Terry at Geneva a
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Speaker 1: year and a half after Queen Elizabeth came to the crown.
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Speaker 1: The work thus produced by Englishmen in exile found truest
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Speaker 1: welcome among Englishmen at home. For nearly a hundred years,
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Speaker 1: the Genevan Bible was the favorite version of the common people.
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Speaker 1: Several reasons would account for this. For one thing, being
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Speaker 1: in a quartos shape, it was more easy to handle
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Speaker 1: than the big folios which went before it. It was
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Speaker 1: also easier to read, the type, being in Roman and
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Speaker 1: Italic not Gothic, and easier for reference. Retaining as it
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Speaker 1: did the divisions into chapters and verses made by Esteine
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Speaker 1: for the New Testament and by others for the Old Testament.
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Speaker 1: It retained also the marginal notes of fifteen fifty seven,
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Speaker 1: indicated by accentual Marx, the pronunciation of proper names, and
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Speaker 1: an edition had woodcuts and convenient maps and tables, but
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Speaker 1: most of all, next to the Bible itself, its notes
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Speaker 1: and comments made it a welcome book to the devout
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Speaker 1: men and women of Puritan days. Between its publication in
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Speaker 1: fifteen sixty and the appearance of the authorized version in
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Speaker 1: sixteen eleven, it went through sixty editions, and even after
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Speaker 1: the authorized version had appeared, ten more editions were added
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Speaker 1: to the sixty which went before. Right on to the
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Speaker 1: days of the Civil War, it continued to be the
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Speaker 1: Bible of the Puritan household. In fifteen seventy six, a
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Speaker 1: revised edition of the book was brought out by Lawrence Thompson,
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Speaker 1: private secretary to Sir Francis Walsingham, which, while having the
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Speaker 1: Old Testament on dad changed, made alterations in the new.
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Speaker 1: He entitled it the New Testament, translated from the Greek
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Speaker 1: by Theodore Biza. It was dedicated to F. Walsingham and F. Hastings,
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Speaker 1: and became so popular that it was frequently substituted for
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Speaker 1: the Genevan Testament of the Genevan Bible. The text is
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Speaker 1: not much altered, but the commentary in the margin received enlargement.
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Speaker 1: One of the peculiarities of this version is that Thompson
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Speaker 1: closely followed Beisa, putting that or this for the ill
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Speaker 1: by which Beisa had rendered the emphatic force of the
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Speaker 1: Greek article, as for example, in John chapter one, verse
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Speaker 1: one in the beginning was that word. The grotesque effect
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Speaker 1: of this is seen in Thompson's rendering of first John
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Speaker 1: chapter five, verse twelve. He that hath that son hath
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Speaker 1: that life, and he that hath not that son of
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Speaker 1: God hath not that life. With his commentary, he seems
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Speaker 1: to have been himself well pleased, for he says of it,
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Speaker 1: I dare about and whoso readeth, it shall find it
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Speaker 1: that there is not one hard sentence, nor dark speech,
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Speaker 1: nor doubtful word, but is so opened, and hath such
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Speaker 1: light given to it that children may go through with it,
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Speaker 1: and the simplest that are may walk without any guide,
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Speaker 1: without wandering and going astray. In fifteen seventy six, the
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Speaker 1: same year this revision by Thompson appeared, there appeared also
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Speaker 1: the first English Bible printed in Scotland. It is the
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Speaker 1: Genevan version, the title expressed in the same words, with
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Speaker 1: the difference that it is stated to be printed in
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Speaker 1: Edinburgh b Alexander Aberneth, Printer to the King's Majesty, dwelling
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Speaker 1: at Ye kirk of Field, fifteen seventy nine. The title
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Speaker 1: of the New Testament portion is in this form at Edinburgh,
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Speaker 1: printed by Thomas Besandine fifteen seventy six folio. It is
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Speaker 1: an exact reprint of the first folio edition of fifteen
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Speaker 1: sixty one fifteen Sis sixty two. Basendine's name does not
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Speaker 1: appear on the title of the Old Testament, which was
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Speaker 1: the last to be printed, being completed by his colleague
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Speaker 1: Alexander Aberneth in fifteen seventy nine. Bazendine dying in the interval.
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Speaker 1: By order of the General Assembly, every parish in Scotland
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Speaker 1: subscribed to a fixed amount before the work was undertaken,
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Speaker 1: the price being four pounds fifteen shillings four pence Scott's currency.
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Speaker 1: So firm was the hold this book gained in the
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Speaker 1: country that as late as the close of the eighteenth
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Speaker 1: century a Genevan Bible was still in use in the
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Speaker 1: Church of Krale at Fifeshire, though in the earlier years
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Speaker 1: of Elizabeth's reign. Four editions of Tyndale's Testament are assigned
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Speaker 1: to the years fifteen sixty one, fifteen sixty six fifteen seventy.
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Speaker 1: It does not appear that the Bibles of Coverdale, Taverner
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Speaker 1: or Matthew were ever reprinted after fifteen fifty three. The
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Speaker 1: only two versions therefore which were publicly prominent were the
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Speaker 1: Great Bible and the Genevan Version, and as between these two,
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Speaker 1: the superiority of the text and translation of the latter
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Speaker 1: and its increasing popularity made it very unlikely that it
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Speaker 1: would ever be superseded by the former. Yet the Genevan
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Speaker 1: Bible could never, with the bishop's consent, become the only
21:14
Speaker 1: Bible of the nation, not because it was calvinistic in
21:17
Speaker 1: doctrine in its notes and commentary, for the bishops themselves
21:20
Speaker 1: were Calvinistic in those days, but because in its general
21:23
Speaker 1: trend it was hostile to the episcopal church system. Not
21:27
Speaker 1: only did it again and again translate the word ecclesia
21:31
Speaker 1: not by church but by congregation, but in its exposition
21:35
Speaker 1: of the meaning of locus in Revelation chapter nine, verse three,
21:39
Speaker 1: for example, we come upon such a passage as this
21:43
Speaker 1: locus are false teachers, heretics, and worldly subtle prelates with monks, friars, cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, doctors, bachelors,
21:53
Speaker 1: and masters, which forsake Christ to maintain false doctrine. Clearly,
21:59
Speaker 1: this kind of teaching must not be permitted to go forth,
22:01
Speaker 1: tacked on to the Bible and unchallenged. Archbishop Parker, therefore,
22:06
Speaker 1: who had been consecrated in fifteen fifty nine, took the
22:09
Speaker 1: matter in hand. Somewhere abound fifteen sixty three to four,
22:14
Speaker 1: Stripe tells us that he took upon him the labor
22:16
Speaker 1: to contrive and set the whole work a going in
22:19
Speaker 1: a proper method, by sorting out the whole Bible into
22:22
Speaker 1: parcels and distributing those parcels to able bishops and learned
22:26
Speaker 1: men to pursue and collate each the book or books
22:29
Speaker 1: allotted them, sending with all his instructions for the method
22:32
Speaker 1: they should observe. In a letter preserved under date fifteen
22:37
Speaker 1: sixty six among the State Papers, though probably belonging to
22:41
Speaker 1: an earlier year, Parker writes to Sir William Cecil, telling
22:45
Speaker 1: him how he has distributed the Bible in parts to
22:47
Speaker 1: divers mends, and even going so far in courtliness to
22:51
Speaker 1: that great statesman as to express the hope that he
22:54
Speaker 1: will undertake the revision of some one epistle of Saint Paul,
22:58
Speaker 1: or Peter or James. Another letter from Parker to Cecil
23:02
Speaker 1: gives the facts concerning the separate distribution of the work.
23:05
Speaker 1: He himself, in addition to prefaces and other introductory matter,
23:09
Speaker 1: undertook to translate Genesis and Exodus in the Old Testament
23:12
Speaker 1: and Matthew M Mark and then from Second Corinthians to
23:16
Speaker 1: Hebrews inclusive in the New Testament. Richard Davies, the Bishop
23:20
Speaker 1: of Saint David's, a man who had labored zealously for
23:24
Speaker 1: the spiritual good of his native country of Wales, took
23:27
Speaker 1: the translation from Joshua to Second Kings that his second Samuel,
23:32
Speaker 1: while Sandy's Bishop of Worcester continued the work on to
23:36
Speaker 1: the end of Chronicles. William Alley, who had succeeded Coverdale
23:39
Speaker 1: as Bishop of Exeter, translated Deuteronomy. Myles Coverdale, though still
23:44
Speaker 1: living after his resignation of his see, took no part
23:48
Speaker 1: in the work, he being now an old man over eighty. Parkhurst,
23:52
Speaker 1: Bishop of Norwich, along with Barlow, Bishop of Chichester, made
23:57
Speaker 1: himself responsible for the apocryphal books, and rough Perne, Master
24:01
Speaker 1: of Peterhouse and Dean of Ely, translated Ecclesiastes and Cathicals.
24:06
Speaker 1: The Bishop of Winchester was the translator from Isaiah to Limitations,
24:10
Speaker 1: and the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry of the rest
24:13
Speaker 1: of the greater prophets, while Grindall, Bishop of London, took
24:17
Speaker 1: the minor prophets, coming again to the New Testament. The
24:20
Speaker 1: Bishop of Peterborough translated the Gospels according to Luke and John,
24:24
Speaker 1: the Bishop of Ely the Acts and the Romans, the
24:27
Speaker 1: Dean of Westminster the First Epistle to the Corinthians, and
24:31
Speaker 1: the Bishop of Lincoln the General Epistle to the Book
24:33
Speaker 1: of Revelation. Altogether there were eight of the bishops concerned
24:38
Speaker 1: in the undertaking, a fact which gave the name to
24:41
Speaker 1: the Book of the Bishop's Bible. It was published in
24:44
Speaker 1: folio in fifteen sixty eight, the colophone intimating that it
24:48
Speaker 1: was imprinted at London in Povey's churchyard by Richard jug.
24:54
Speaker 1: A splendid copy was presented to the Queen, the accompanying
24:57
Speaker 1: letter bearing the date October fifth, fifteen sixty eight. The
25:01
Speaker 1: Bible itself has no dedication, but in the center of
25:04
Speaker 1: the title is a portrait of the Queen, and at
25:07
Speaker 1: the beginning of Joshua and the Psalter, portraits of the
25:10
Speaker 1: Earl of Leicester and Cecil are introduced. It was furnished
25:13
Speaker 1: also with the table of the Books of the Old Testament,
25:16
Speaker 1: with tables of lessons and psalms, an almanac and calendar,
25:20
Speaker 1: two prologs, a chronological table and table of contents, woodcuts, maps,
25:25
Speaker 1: and other tables were also introduced. When the book was
25:29
Speaker 1: ready for publication, the Archbishop, through Cecil endeavored to obtain
25:33
Speaker 1: the Queen's recognition on its behalf, with what result does
25:36
Speaker 1: not appear eventually. Convocation in the constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical
25:42
Speaker 1: of April fifteen seventy one ordered that every archbishop and
25:45
Speaker 1: bishop should have at his house a copy of the
25:48
Speaker 1: Holy Bible of the largest volume as lately printed at London,
25:52
Speaker 1: and that it should be placed in the hall or
25:54
Speaker 1: large dining room, that it might be useful to their
25:57
Speaker 1: servants or strangersathedral also should have a copy, and as
26:02
Speaker 1: far as it could conveniently be done, all the churches.
26:06
Speaker 1: Later on, in the articles issued by Archbishop Whitgift in
26:10
Speaker 1: fifteen eighty three, the tenth ordered that one kind of
26:13
Speaker 1: translation of the Bible be only used in public service,
26:16
Speaker 1: as well as in churches and chapels, and that to
26:19
Speaker 1: be the same which is now authorized by the consent
26:21
Speaker 1: of the bishops. The adoption of the Bible thus authorized,
26:26
Speaker 1: if not by the Crown, by Cannon's Ecclesiastical and by
26:29
Speaker 1: the archbishop, does not seem to have been readily or
26:32
Speaker 1: universally made. One reason may have been its costliness. The
26:37
Speaker 1: price at which the first edition was sold in fifteen
26:39
Speaker 1: seventy one was twenty seven shillings eight pence or about
26:43
Speaker 1: sixteen pounds in present value. Still, a second edition in
26:47
Speaker 1: a small quarto volume was issued in fifteen sixty nine
26:51
Speaker 1: a third of the Bible, and an edition of the
26:53
Speaker 1: New Testament only followed in fifteen seventy fifteen seventy one.
26:58
Speaker 1: In all, about forty editions of this version appear to
27:01
Speaker 1: have been published, one half of these containing the whole Bible.
27:05
Speaker 1: It seemed certain that while the Genevan held its own,
27:08
Speaker 1: the Great Bible was entirely displaced by the bishops, no
27:11
Speaker 1: edition of it appearing to be printed after fifteen sixty nine.
27:15
Speaker 1: It is, however, not to be forgotten that the Book
27:17
Speaker 1: of Psalms in the New revision had to yield in
27:20
Speaker 1: the end to that of the Great Bible. The edition
27:24
Speaker 1: of fifteen seventy two prints, both in parallel columns, one
27:28
Speaker 1: properly belonging to the version, the other taken from the
27:30
Speaker 1: Great Bible. That there were defects in this version we
27:34
Speaker 1: might expect from the way in which it was brought about.
27:37
Speaker 1: The work was, as we have seen, given out in
27:40
Speaker 1: parcels to different men, each man acting independently, and there
27:44
Speaker 1: was no common meeting for the purpose of discussing the
27:46
Speaker 1: various renderings. The final revision was left in the hands
27:49
Speaker 1: of Parker himself, who as archbishop was a very busy
27:53
Speaker 1: man and not conspicuously eminent as a scholar, and one
27:57
Speaker 1: at least of the others, did not give very much
28:00
Speaker 1: time to his task. It is said that the revision
28:03
Speaker 1: of the Books of Kings and Chronicles was dispatched in
28:06
Speaker 1: about seven weeks by Bishop's sanities. As to the comparative
28:10
Speaker 1: value of the version as a whole, we are fortunate
28:13
Speaker 1: in possessing the deliberate judgment of two eminent members of
28:16
Speaker 1: the revision company who brought out the revised version of
28:19
Speaker 1: eighteen eighty one, Bishop Westcott and doctor W. F. Moulton.
28:24
Speaker 1: They are agreed in the opinion that the Greek scholarship
28:27
Speaker 1: of the revisers of the Bishop's Bible is superior to
28:29
Speaker 1: their Hebrew scholarship. Doctor Westcott says that in the historical
28:34
Speaker 1: books of the Old Testament, they followed the text of
28:36
Speaker 1: the Great Bible very closely, they were lacking in independence.
28:41
Speaker 1: The influence of the Genevan revision is perceptible throughout, but
28:44
Speaker 1: it is more obvious in the prophets than elsewhere. He
28:48
Speaker 1: concludes by saying, there is but little to recommend the
28:51
Speaker 1: original rendering of the Bishop's Bible in the Old Testament.
28:54
Speaker 1: As a general rule, they appear to be arbitrary and
28:57
Speaker 1: at variance with the exact sense of the Hebrew texts.
29:00
Speaker 1: In like manner. Doctor Moulton, after examining the passage in
29:04
Speaker 1: Sewo Samuel, chapter twenty three, verses one to seven, wherein
29:08
Speaker 1: seven verses of the Great Bible and the bishops differ
29:11
Speaker 1: about eighteen times, finds that fifteen of the new renderings
29:15
Speaker 1: in the latter were taken from the Genevan version. Of
29:18
Speaker 1: the eighteen changes, thirteen may be called improvements, with one exception.
29:23
Speaker 1: They are derived from the Genevan Bible, from which also
29:27
Speaker 1: come two changes which are clearly for the worse. About
29:31
Speaker 1: twelve better renderings found in the Genevan Bible are at
29:34
Speaker 1: the same time here neglected. After examining one or two
29:37
Speaker 1: other passages, Doctor Moulton gives judgment by saying the conclusion
29:41
Speaker 1: from this investigation is not very favorable to the Bishop's Bible.
29:45
Speaker 1: In the Old Testament. Kramner's Bible was too closely followed,
29:48
Speaker 1: and improvements which were ready to the hand of the
29:51
Speaker 1: translators were not appreciated. What is original in this version
29:55
Speaker 1: does not often possess any great merit so far as
29:59
Speaker 1: the New Testament is concerned. The Second Edition was carefully revised.
30:03
Speaker 1: Doctor Westcott takes the passage in Ephesians, chapter four, verses
30:06
Speaker 1: seven to sixteen as an illustration of how much merit
30:09
Speaker 1: is due to this part of the work. Having shown
30:13
Speaker 1: that in this passage the Great Bible and the Bishop's
30:15
Speaker 1: Bible differ in twenty six places, he adds, of these
30:18
Speaker 1: twenty six variations, no less than sixteen are new, while
30:22
Speaker 1: only ten are due to the Genevan version, and the
30:25
Speaker 1: character of the original corrections marks a very close and
30:28
Speaker 1: thoughtful revision based faithfully upon the Greek. He further shows
30:33
Speaker 1: that throughout the entire epistle the changes amount to nearly
30:36
Speaker 1: fifty and among the new readings are some phrases which
30:39
Speaker 1: have become very familiar to us, as less than the
30:43
Speaker 1: least of all Saints middle wall of the partition fellow
30:47
Speaker 1: citizens with the Saints. It may be mentioned that copies
30:51
Speaker 1: of the chief editions the Bishop's Bible are preserved in
30:54
Speaker 1: the British Museum, in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge,
30:58
Speaker 1: in the Rylands Library, and in that of the British
31:01
Speaker 1: and Foreign Bible Society. And now at this point a
31:04
Speaker 1: notable fact occurred, as the Genevan version of fifteen sixty
31:08
Speaker 1: was followed in the way of a correction by the
31:10
Speaker 1: Bishop's Bible of fifteen sixty eight. So this again was
31:13
Speaker 1: followed with the same purpose by the Roman Catholic version
31:16
Speaker 1: of the New Testament in English, known as the Rheim's
31:20
Speaker 1: Douai Bible of fifteen eighty two. It was printed abroad
31:24
Speaker 1: and appeared in England bearing the following elaborate title The
31:27
Speaker 1: New Testament of Jesus Christ, translated faithfully into English out
31:32
Speaker 1: of the authentical Latin, according to the best corrected copies
31:35
Speaker 1: of the same, diligently conferred with the Greek and other
31:38
Speaker 1: editions in diverse languages, with arguments of books and chapters, annotations,
31:43
Speaker 1: and other necessary helps for the better understanding of the text,
31:47
Speaker 1: and especially for the discovery of the corruptions of diverse
31:50
Speaker 1: late translations, and for clearing the controversies in religion in
31:54
Speaker 1: these days. In the English College of Reims, some one
31:58
Speaker 1: hundred and eighteen, give me understanding, and I will search
32:02
Speaker 1: Thy law. Those things specially must be commended to memory,
32:06
Speaker 1: which make most against heretics, whose deceits ceased not to
32:11
Speaker 1: circumvent and beguile all the weaker Sword and the more
32:14
Speaker 1: negligent Persons. Printed at Reims by John Faugney fifteen eighty
32:19
Speaker 1: two Coombe Priveleggio. This version was the work of Roman
32:25
Speaker 1: Catholics who had fled from persecution in Elizabeth's time and
32:28
Speaker 1: were connected with the Seminary at Douay and the English
32:31
Speaker 1: College at Reims. The translation was made from the Latin
32:35
Speaker 1: Vulgate by three men, Gregory Martin, William Afterwards, Cardinal Allen,
32:40
Speaker 1: and Richard Bristow. The first named was the one most
32:44
Speaker 1: actively concerned in the work. He had been a scholar
32:47
Speaker 1: of Saint John's, Oxford. In fifteen seventy, the year of
32:51
Speaker 1: Elizabeth's excommunication, he went over to Douay and then became
32:55
Speaker 1: Divinity Reader at Reims. Wood speaks of him as an excellentlyinguist,
33:00
Speaker 1: exactly read and versed in the sacred scriptures, and went
33:04
Speaker 1: beyond all of his time in humane literature. He was
33:07
Speaker 1: also the writer of an appendix to the Testament entitled
33:11
Speaker 1: A Discovery of the Manifold Corruptions of the Holy Scriptures
33:14
Speaker 1: by the Heretics of our Days, in which he endeavored
33:17
Speaker 1: to overturn all Protestant versions and so clear the ground
33:21
Speaker 1: for the new version now being set forth. He was
33:24
Speaker 1: answered by Doctor Fulk, Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, who
33:28
Speaker 1: published a defense of the sincere and true translation of
33:32
Speaker 1: the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue against the manifold
33:35
Speaker 1: cables of Gregor Martin. In the preface in which the
33:40
Speaker 1: translators of Rheim's version state their object, they frankly say
33:44
Speaker 1: that it is not their idea that scriptures should always
33:47
Speaker 1: be printed in the mother tongue and be freely read
33:50
Speaker 1: by all. That was not the belief of their church,
33:53
Speaker 1: as was testified by the constitutions of Arundel, and by
33:56
Speaker 1: the decree of the Council of Trent, which said that
33:59
Speaker 1: the Scriptures may not be indifferently read of all men,
34:02
Speaker 1: nor of any other than of such as have expressed
34:05
Speaker 1: license thereunto of their lawful ordinaries. Their forefathers did not
34:11
Speaker 1: suffer every scullis to translate, or every husbandman, artificer, prentice,
34:16
Speaker 1: maide and man to read the Bible, making it the
34:19
Speaker 1: subject of table talk for ale, benches, boats and barges.
34:23
Speaker 1: They repudiate the idea that it is from envy that
34:26
Speaker 1: the priests keep the Holy Book from the people. The
34:30
Speaker 1: reason is that the Church would have the unworthy repelled,
34:33
Speaker 1: the curious repressed, the simple, measured, the learned, humbled, and
34:37
Speaker 1: all sorts, so to use them or abstain from them,
34:40
Speaker 1: as is most convenient for everyone's salvation. Their sole purpose
34:45
Speaker 1: now in sending forth the Bible in the vernacular is
34:48
Speaker 1: for the more speedy abolishing of a number of false
34:51
Speaker 1: and impious translations put forth by Sundry's sex, and for
34:55
Speaker 1: the better preservation or reclaim of many good souls endangered thereby.
35:01
Speaker 1: In choosing the text of Scripture from which to translate,
35:04
Speaker 1: they also frankly admit that they have not selected the
35:07
Speaker 1: original Greek, but the Latin Vulgate translation of the Greek.
35:11
Speaker 1: They have done so because the latter was in use
35:13
Speaker 1: in the Church thirteen hundred years ago. It is that
35:17
Speaker 1: which Saint Jerome corrected according to the Greek by appointment
35:21
Speaker 1: of Damasus the Pope. It was commended by Augustine, has
35:25
Speaker 1: been used in the Church's services, has been declared of
35:28
Speaker 1: the Council of Trent of all Latin translations to be
35:31
Speaker 1: the only authentical, and it is the gravest sincerest, of
35:36
Speaker 1: greatest majesty, least partiality, as being without all respective controversies
35:41
Speaker 1: and contentions, especially those of our time. After giving other reasons,
35:46
Speaker 1: they conclude with one which should have rendered all others unnecessary,
35:51
Speaker 1: when they say that the Vulgate is not only better
35:53
Speaker 1: than all other Latin translations, but then the Greek text
35:57
Speaker 1: itself in those places where they disagree. For the first
36:01
Speaker 1: Heretics were Greeks, and the Greek scriptures suffered much at
36:04
Speaker 1: their hands. The Hebrew text was said to have been
36:07
Speaker 1: foully corrupted by the Jews, and the Greek by Heretics.
36:10
Speaker 1: This apology in effect admits that the Rheim's version has
36:14
Speaker 1: no independent authority as a text. Still, it is to
36:19
Speaker 1: be remembered, on the other side, that Jerome's Latin translation
36:21
Speaker 1: was derived from Greek manuscripts more ancient than any we
36:25
Speaker 1: now possess, and is sometimes therefore of great value as
36:29
Speaker 1: giving us in disputed passages. The text current in the
36:32
Speaker 1: earliest times, and its testimony is in some cases confirmed
36:36
Speaker 1: by manuscripts discovered in more recent times. This merit is, however,
36:42
Speaker 1: minimized by the fact that the common copies of the Vulgate,
36:45
Speaker 1: of which the dou I Bible is one, have not
36:48
Speaker 1: always preserved the pure Latin text of Jerome, but have
36:51
Speaker 1: been deteriorated in the course of constant copying from one
36:54
Speaker 1: generation to another. The need of new examination was recognized
36:57
Speaker 1: even as early as the Council of Trent. The Remish
37:01
Speaker 1: translators deserve credit for their treatment of the Greek article.
37:04
Speaker 1: As the Latin language has no definitive article. It might
37:07
Speaker 1: be supposed that this would be a weak point with them,
37:10
Speaker 1: but it is not so. Doctor Moulton discovered, in a
37:14
Speaker 1: comparatively hasty search more than forty instances in which, of
37:17
Speaker 1: all versions from Tyndale to the authorized version included, the
37:21
Speaker 1: Remish alone is correct in regard to the article. Its
37:24
Speaker 1: translators had evidently made use of the Greek text as
37:27
Speaker 1: well as that at the Vulgate. They have also preserved
37:31
Speaker 1: significant phrases of the original and impressive arrangements of words,
37:35
Speaker 1: such as the liberty of the glory of the children
37:38
Speaker 1: of God, holiness of truth. By their fruits, ye shall
37:42
Speaker 1: know them. Ye are not come to a palpable mountain.
37:47
Speaker 1: Then too, the translation our lamps are going out is
37:50
Speaker 1: unquestionably correct. And there are phrases in the first chapter
37:54
Speaker 1: of the Episcopal James, such as upbraideth not nothing wavering
38:00
Speaker 1: the engrafted word, and bridleth not, which are effective as
38:04
Speaker 1: well as correct. It may be added to this that
38:07
Speaker 1: doctor Westcott has given a list of Latin words from
38:10
Speaker 1: a single epistle, which King James's translators have taken from
38:14
Speaker 1: the Realmish Testament. Separated Romans Chapter one, verse one, impenitent
38:20
Speaker 1: chapter two, verse five, Approviist Chapter two, verse eighteen, Propitiation
38:25
Speaker 1: Chapter three, verse twenty five, remission id glory in Tribulations
38:30
Speaker 1: chapter five, verse three, commendeth chapter five, verse eight, concupiscence
38:35
Speaker 1: Chapter seven, verse seven, Expectations Chapter eight, verse nine. Confession
38:41
Speaker 1: is made unto Salvation Chapter ten, verse ten, emmilation Chapter eleven,
38:46
Speaker 1: verse fourteen, Conformed Chapter twelve, verse two. As we might expect,
38:52
Speaker 1: the trend of the translation in some places is unduly
38:55
Speaker 1: in the direction of Romish doctrine, as for example, when
38:58
Speaker 1: we read in the In those days cometh John the
39:01
Speaker 1: Baptist preaching in the desert of Jury, saying, do penance. Similarly,
39:07
Speaker 1: if ye have not penance, ye shall all likewise perish.
39:10
Speaker 1: And not willing that any perish, but that all return
39:13
Speaker 1: to penance. Remember your prelates, which have spoken the word
39:17
Speaker 1: of gone to you by good works, make your calling
39:20
Speaker 1: an election. Sure. But apart from this tendency there were
39:24
Speaker 1: renderings which to Englishmen must have been as an unknown tongue,
39:28
Speaker 1: and could scarcely be called translations. For example, instead of
39:32
Speaker 1: he humbled himself, we read he exananinated himself. The passions
39:38
Speaker 1: of this time are not condigned to the glory to come.
39:42
Speaker 1: Our wrestling is against princes and potestas, against the rectors
39:48
Speaker 1: of the world of this darkness, against the spirituals of wickedness.
39:51
Speaker 1: In the celestials give us today our super substantial bread.
39:57
Speaker 1: An english reader must have been in sheer despair when,
40:01
Speaker 1: as a translation of Psalm fifty seven, verse ten, he
40:04
Speaker 1: read the following before your thorns did understand the old
40:08
Speaker 1: briar as living, so in wrath he swallowed them. With
40:12
Speaker 1: a similar feeling, he must also have greeted such words
40:15
Speaker 1: as these odible, coinquination, corruption, exprobriate, longanimity, obsecration, and sceneophigia
40:30
Speaker 1: no wonder. Thomas Fuller called this book a translation needing
40:33
Speaker 1: to be translated. The Old Testament. Portion of this version
40:37
Speaker 1: was not published till sixteen o nine and sixteen ten,
40:40
Speaker 1: though it seems to have been ready at the same
40:42
Speaker 1: time as the New Testament in fifteen eighty two. The
40:45
Speaker 1: delay arose from lack of means, or, as they express it,
40:49
Speaker 1: from the one general cause our poor estate in banishment.
40:54
Speaker 1: It appeared under the title the Holy Bible Faithfully Translated
40:57
Speaker 1: into English out of the authentical latter diligently conferred with
41:02
Speaker 1: the Hebrew, Greek and other editions in diverse languages, by
41:06
Speaker 1: the English College of Doway, printed at Dowey by Lawrence
41:10
Speaker 1: Kellum at the Sign of the Holy Lamb sixteen hundred
41:14
Speaker 1: and nine to sixteen hundred and ten, two volumes, four quartus.
41:19
Speaker 1: The complete work was reprinted in Run in sixteen thirty five.
41:24
Speaker 1: In seventeen forty nine to fifty, and again in seventeen
41:27
Speaker 1: sixty three to four editions of the Douai New Testament
41:31
Speaker 1: and the Rheim's New Testament were published, each edition in
41:35
Speaker 1: five volumes. This revised form is substantially the version used
41:40
Speaker 1: at the present day by English speaking Roman Catholics. End
41:46
Speaker 1: of chapter five