Latest / Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe / Take a cruise of the exoplanets

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Take a cruise of the exoplanets · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

0:08
Speaker 1: Hey, I hear that you like taking cruises. I just
0:12
Speaker 1: recently took my first one last last week. Well, let
0:16
Speaker 1: me ask you a question. Before you get on the cruise.
0:18
Speaker 1: Do you do like a lot of research to figure
0:20
Speaker 1: out where the cruise is going to stop? Or you
0:22
Speaker 1: just sort of trust them to take you to nice places? Well,
0:25
Speaker 1: I think the whole point of a cruise is that
0:26
Speaker 1: you don't have to do any research or worry about anything. Oh,
0:30
Speaker 1: it's about physical and mental laziness. You just get on
0:33
Speaker 1: and you gain weight. That's the whole point. Do they
0:36
Speaker 1: charge you per pound or per pound gain? Exactly? The way?
0:42
Speaker 1: How much of it stays with you is how much
0:44
Speaker 1: they charge you. But do you like just hanging out
0:46
Speaker 1: on the boat or do you like that they take
0:47
Speaker 1: you to different places to explore? Well, I've only done
0:50
Speaker 1: it once and it was sort of a nice mix
0:52
Speaker 1: of both. Like you spend some time at sea just
0:54
Speaker 1: hanging out on the boat, and you spend some time
0:56
Speaker 1: like disembarking and exploring some new different country. And what
1:00
Speaker 1: do you look for when you're embarking and exploring a
1:03
Speaker 1: new country? Bananas? That's bad. That's about all that I need,
1:08
Speaker 1: all right? Well, In that case, I have got a
1:10
Speaker 1: cruise to sell. You do tell how much does it cost? Well,
1:14
Speaker 1: would you buy a ticket on a cruise that stops
1:16
Speaker 1: at all sorts of alien planets outside our Solar system?
1:20
Speaker 1: It depends. I guess you know how how good is
1:22
Speaker 1: the buffet? It doesn't really like dehydrated food, astern not food,
1:27
Speaker 1: I don't know. It turns out it's mostly bananas, right,
1:30
Speaker 1: Dehydrated bananas do are harder to slip on in s
1:34
Speaker 1: g Alright, the listeners, there is a seat available for
1:37
Speaker 1: our cruise to exoplanets. Hi. I'm or handmade cartoonists and
1:57
Speaker 1: the creator of PhD comics. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle
2:01
Speaker 1: physicist and I might be the only person on the
2:03
Speaker 1: planet who doesn't like taking cruises. Have you been on
2:06
Speaker 1: a cruise, Daniel? I have been on exactly one cruise.
2:09
Speaker 1: Did not like it. Not a fan, No, to me.
2:12
Speaker 1: I'm not a big fan of hotels, kind of a homebody,
2:14
Speaker 1: and to me, a cruise is sort of like a
2:16
Speaker 1: floating hotel you're trapped in. Well, anyways, we hope you
2:19
Speaker 1: that you are listening to this on a cruise or
2:21
Speaker 1: maybe not. Uh, and so welcome to our podcast Daniel
2:24
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart
2:27
Speaker 1: Radio in which we cruise around the universe finding weird
2:31
Speaker 1: and interesting stuff to dig up and explain to you
2:35
Speaker 1: to download into your brain. Um, the buffet of fascinating physics,
2:39
Speaker 1: that's right. So you just have to hop on board,
2:42
Speaker 1: sit back, and relax, and and cruise around with us
2:47
Speaker 1: through the furthest reaches of human knowledge. That's right. Today's
2:51
Speaker 1: efforts to fatten up your cerebral cortex. We are going
2:55
Speaker 1: to be zooming around the universe and wondering what does
2:59
Speaker 1: it look like out there? So today on the podcast,
3:01
Speaker 1: we'll be talking about water planets outside of our Solar system,
3:10
Speaker 1: Like where are they? What do we know about other
3:13
Speaker 1: planets that are not the ones that are right immediately
3:16
Speaker 1: next to us? And this is sort of the first
3:19
Speaker 1: question I thought about when I heard about the discovery
3:22
Speaker 1: of planets around other solar systems, Because what's the point
3:26
Speaker 1: of finding these planets if you can't imagine going there,
3:29
Speaker 1: if you can't like ever go see them and swimming
3:32
Speaker 1: those alien oceans? And so I wondered, like, what are
3:35
Speaker 1: these planets like? Are they like Earth? Or they like
3:37
Speaker 1: sad or they like Jupiter. Are they like something totally
3:40
Speaker 1: weird and different? Right, because we know what the planets
3:43
Speaker 1: are like in our Solar system, right, There's some there
3:46
Speaker 1: are just big balls of gas. There are some there
3:48
Speaker 1: are just big rocks. And so the question is is
3:52
Speaker 1: that kind of the model for the rest of the
3:54
Speaker 1: universe or our planets maybe totally different outside of our
3:58
Speaker 1: Solar system. And that's such an citing moment in science
4:01
Speaker 1: when we first get to sort of crack open that
4:03
Speaker 1: box and learn whether the things we've known for hundreds
4:06
Speaker 1: of years are typical, like representative, like the rest of
4:09
Speaker 1: the universe is like this, or whether we've been misled
4:13
Speaker 1: into thinking that most solar systems are like ours, when
4:16
Speaker 1: in fact ours is an anomaly. We never know until
4:19
Speaker 1: we go and explore those other solar systems, until we
4:21
Speaker 1: actually get the data. So those moments in science, when
4:24
Speaker 1: we get to ask nature of these questions and learn
4:27
Speaker 1: for the first time in human history what the sort
4:29
Speaker 1: of larger cosmic context is. That's the kind of stuff
4:32
Speaker 1: that gets me really excited, because you know, if you
4:34
Speaker 1: watch science fiction movies or Star Trek or Star Wars,
4:37
Speaker 1: you would think that every other planet in the universe
4:40
Speaker 1: looks a lot like the Earth, maybe because most of
4:42
Speaker 1: them are actually filmed on Earth. Wait, what a surprising
4:46
Speaker 1: number of planets look like southern California, so nondescript desert
4:51
Speaker 1: outside of the Angus. That's right, exactly. But you know,
4:54
Speaker 1: you've got to give people credit, Like, all we can
4:56
Speaker 1: do is imagine sort of what we know and extrap
4:58
Speaker 1: a little little bit from there. It's really hard to
5:01
Speaker 1: imagine something totally new, something totally alien, something outside of
5:06
Speaker 1: our experience. That takes unfathomable creativity, really, and so what
5:10
Speaker 1: we need is more data. We need to go out
5:12
Speaker 1: there and see what are these planets like? And uh
5:15
Speaker 1: and so I'm as an avid fan of science fiction,
5:17
Speaker 1: I'm desperate for this data. I'm really curious to know
5:20
Speaker 1: what do other planets and around other stars actually look like. Yeah,
5:24
Speaker 1: because because all those movies and TV shows could be right, right,
5:27
Speaker 1: you know, there could be a lot of planets out
5:30
Speaker 1: there that look just like the Earth, you know, blue
5:32
Speaker 1: and green and with deserts and um humanoid blue people.
5:38
Speaker 1: That's right, It certainly could be. It could be that
5:40
Speaker 1: planets or of a few varieties you know, rocky with
5:43
Speaker 1: some water around them, um, gas, giants, etcetera. Or could
5:47
Speaker 1: be that there's a whole other class of planet that
5:49
Speaker 1: we've never even imagined before, right, that we've never seen
5:52
Speaker 1: just because there isn't one example in these eight planets
5:56
Speaker 1: around our Solar system. But you know, there's billions of
5:58
Speaker 1: planets in the universe. So the odds that we have
6:01
Speaker 1: an example of every kind of planet in these eight
6:04
Speaker 1: seem pretty probable right there. It's got to be some
6:07
Speaker 1: crazy surprises out there. Yeah, we only have eight data points,
6:11
Speaker 1: you know, eight examples. Yeah, imagine you have what a
6:14
Speaker 1: planet can be like. Yeah, imagine you have a bag
6:16
Speaker 1: of fifty billion marbles and you get to draw eight
6:19
Speaker 1: marbles out and from that extrapolate what the other fifty
6:23
Speaker 1: billion look like, right, I mean, that's a pretty small
6:26
Speaker 1: lever armed to make some guesses or maybe not just
6:29
Speaker 1: what they're like, but how often earthlike planets happen out there?
6:33
Speaker 1: You know, it's super rare to be a blue and
6:36
Speaker 1: green and beautiful with them jungles and desserts, or is
6:40
Speaker 1: it pretty common? That's right? And you can take this
6:42
Speaker 1: question from from the sort of like fantastical creative side,
6:45
Speaker 1: like what do they look like. And you can take
6:46
Speaker 1: it from the practical side, like you were saying, like,
6:49
Speaker 1: could we live on any of those or is it
6:51
Speaker 1: worth sending colony ships to any of these other planets
6:54
Speaker 1: to sort of expand the human diaspora. That's a great question.
6:58
Speaker 1: And the mind blowing thing is that up until maybe
7:00
Speaker 1: what like twenty years ago, twenty five years ago, we
7:03
Speaker 1: didn't really have confirmation or no for sure that there
7:07
Speaker 1: were other planets. Like thirty years ago, for all we know,
7:10
Speaker 1: we could have been the only planets in the universe.
7:12
Speaker 1: That's right. We had no evidence, We had no evidence
7:15
Speaker 1: for other planets, and and it's because it's really hard
7:18
Speaker 1: to see planets around other stars, and so we thought
7:20
Speaker 1: it pretty unlikely that there were no planets around any
7:23
Speaker 1: other stars. But we didn't actually know until thirty years ago.
7:27
Speaker 1: And since then the field is taken off and we've
7:31
Speaker 1: we've learned about a lot about these planets, and now
7:33
Speaker 1: we're even at the point we're starting to get some
7:35
Speaker 1: glimpses as to what they might look like. It's a
7:37
Speaker 1: fascinating moment in astronomy. Yeah, all right, well let's get
7:41
Speaker 1: into it. And and so there's a technical term Daniel, Right,
7:44
Speaker 1: for planets that are outside of our solar system. Right,
7:47
Speaker 1: there's a science term for them, that's right. Were you
7:49
Speaker 1: on the committee that made this name, by the way,
7:51
Speaker 1: I was not. I would have um, I should have been. Well,
7:55
Speaker 1: they're they're officially called exo planets, which always makes me
7:58
Speaker 1: think of like you know, exo skelet teens or you know,
8:02
Speaker 1: like like an armor or like you know bugs. Well,
8:05
Speaker 1: that's exactly right, Like exo exo skeleton is a skeleton
8:09
Speaker 1: on the outside. So to me, XO means like outside
8:12
Speaker 1: like a way, So exo planets are like planets outside
8:15
Speaker 1: our solar system. To me, it makes a lot of sense. Also,
8:18
Speaker 1: it launched a whole set of names of new fields,
8:21
Speaker 1: you know, like exo planetology, exo meteorology, extro exo biology. Right,
8:29
Speaker 1: these are some extra exo paleontology. You can just add
8:32
Speaker 1: exo to your scientific field and all of a sudden
8:34
Speaker 1: it's much cooler. EXO psychology. Yeah, exo cartoonists, exo economist,
8:43
Speaker 1: XO podcasts. Technically our podcast is XO solar system. And
8:51
Speaker 1: what in a couple of years, the signal will probably
8:54
Speaker 1: leave the solar system. Yeah, yeah, exactly Um, are these
8:58
Speaker 1: podcast waves and they are broadcast over the radio will
9:01
Speaker 1: leave the solar system. You're right, Oh my gosh, I'm
9:04
Speaker 1: I'm having a moment here realizing that our words are
9:07
Speaker 1: transmitting through the cosmos. You're freaking out all of a sudden,
9:10
Speaker 1: I have stage fright because the stage has just grown dramatically.
9:14
Speaker 1: All right, well, let's the question is then, what are
9:17
Speaker 1: these What do we know about these planets that are
9:19
Speaker 1: outside of our solar system? So we have a pretty
9:22
Speaker 1: good idea of the ones in our solar system. Right,
9:24
Speaker 1: there's eight. There used to be nine. Now they're eight
9:27
Speaker 1: because some people did not like Pluto, and we know
9:32
Speaker 1: that there are some of them are gassing somewhere. There
9:34
Speaker 1: are big somewhere. The are hot and small and rocky,
9:36
Speaker 1: but we we really don't um had any idea what
9:41
Speaker 1: they would look like outside of our solar system. Right,
9:44
Speaker 1: you want to hear my favorite Pluto planet um controversy story. Yeah,
9:48
Speaker 1: for sure. Um. Well, there's a fantastic planetarium in Chicago. Favorite,
9:52
Speaker 1: so you have several favorite. Um, there's this fantastic planetarium
9:56
Speaker 1: outside Chicago in Chicago, downtown Chicago, the Adler Planetarium, And
10:01
Speaker 1: it was built before Pluto was discovered. So it's an old,
10:04
Speaker 1: old building and so they have eight planets on there.
10:08
Speaker 1: And you know, then Pluto was discovered, and for decades
10:11
Speaker 1: it was sort of out of date. They're like, should
10:13
Speaker 1: we add Pluto? Should we get around to it? You know,
10:15
Speaker 1: Chicago bureaucracy moved slowly, and then Pluto was demoted and
10:19
Speaker 1: so they didn't need to add it anymore, and all
10:22
Speaker 1: of a sudden it was back up to date without
10:25
Speaker 1: doing anything. So I guess the lesson is, you know,
10:28
Speaker 1: just wait and maybe you know what you have is
10:31
Speaker 1: going to be correct again. Science sort of oscillates. Lesson
10:34
Speaker 1: is if you procrastinate, you might save you a lot
10:36
Speaker 1: of work there exactly. But I was wondering what do
10:39
Speaker 1: people think about what do they imagine when you talk
10:42
Speaker 1: about planets around other stars? And so I went around
10:46
Speaker 1: campus UC Irvine and asked people if they thought that
10:49
Speaker 1: planets around other stars sort of looked like our planets
10:52
Speaker 1: or look totally different or something else. Yeah, so close
10:55
Speaker 1: your eyes. Maybe not if you're driving, but if you're
10:57
Speaker 1: not driving, um and you're in a cruisers something, close
11:00
Speaker 1: your eyes and try to imagine and another planet outside
11:03
Speaker 1: of a different star out there in the universe and
11:06
Speaker 1: try to imagine what that planet might be like. Here's
11:09
Speaker 1: what people had to say. When you think about planets
11:11
Speaker 1: in other solar systems, how do you imagine they look like?
11:14
Speaker 1: Do they look like the Earth or like Jupiter or
11:16
Speaker 1: something totally new and weird? Maybe maybe not. I mean
11:21
Speaker 1: every planet has a like different I guess, so probably
11:25
Speaker 1: like that too for the most part. I imagine sort
11:28
Speaker 1: of gas giants, dead rocks like for like, most planets
11:33
Speaker 1: are not life sustaining, as I tend to imagine them.
11:37
Speaker 1: They are very rough, uh and very different, but there's
11:42
Speaker 1: no life. The condition would be totally different. I guess
11:45
Speaker 1: they'd all be different, but it's going to be different
11:47
Speaker 1: between depending on what another in the Goldilog zone or not,
11:52
Speaker 1: how much light gravity that acts upon the planet. So
11:56
Speaker 1: I'm honestly not really certain what's going to end up
12:00
Speaker 1: around extra planets because it just depends significantly on the
12:04
Speaker 1: different factors. The ones that we've most discovered, like massive
12:09
Speaker 1: like Jupiter, gas use and also close to the Sun. Uh,
12:13
Speaker 1: most of them are not like Earth. I know, We've
12:16
Speaker 1: also found some that are comparable, So I imagine most
12:19
Speaker 1: of them would be gaseous and pretty uninhabitable. I know
12:24
Speaker 1: that people have speculation that there are you know, habitable
12:28
Speaker 1: planets out there, um, but there are a lot of
12:31
Speaker 1: them that they are different, you know, something that might
12:34
Speaker 1: I don't know, rain diamonds or I don't know my
12:37
Speaker 1: thing raining in there. I don't know, raining diamond sounds
12:41
Speaker 1: pretty dangerous. I feel like they might be similar, but
12:45
Speaker 1: maybe it depends on the placement of the planets, like
12:49
Speaker 1: in the Solar System or like in our galaxy in
12:52
Speaker 1: gerl I don't know. Alright, some pretty eclectic answers there,
12:56
Speaker 1: you know, I think a lot of people were. I
12:58
Speaker 1: saw people on their faces sort of scratching their heads
13:01
Speaker 1: and wondering, uh, you know, and wondering what they would
13:04
Speaker 1: be like, and trying to be creative. But you know,
13:07
Speaker 1: in the end, we don't have like a really great
13:09
Speaker 1: well of inspiration outside of our own Solar System, So
13:12
Speaker 1: I think, you know, before we get really creative answers,
13:16
Speaker 1: like I was saying, before, we're gonna need some data
13:18
Speaker 1: to sort of spark the creativity. I like the person
13:21
Speaker 1: we said, is it's either gas or solid? What about
13:25
Speaker 1: an all liquid planet? Right? A planet that's just like
13:27
Speaker 1: a blow, like a drop in space. That would be
13:29
Speaker 1: pretty cool. Is that possible? Can you have a totally
13:33
Speaker 1: liquid planet? I don't think so. I think at the
13:36
Speaker 1: core it would be so dense that it would have
13:38
Speaker 1: to solidify. But you know, proved me wrong. Universe. Let's
13:42
Speaker 1: discover an all liquid planet that would be awesome with
13:44
Speaker 1: fish swimming like all the way through it. That would
13:47
Speaker 1: be really cool. Isn't there a moon in Jupiter? We
13:50
Speaker 1: talked about this, right Europa. Isn't it mostly like a
13:53
Speaker 1: giant ocean? Well, there's kind of like a big proplet.
13:56
Speaker 1: There is a really huge ocean with more water ear
14:00
Speaker 1: than he's on Earth. But we also think that there's
14:03
Speaker 1: a solid core, so it's it's not just a liquid
14:07
Speaker 1: drop in space. That would be pretty awesome. Somebody out
14:10
Speaker 1: there find me the science fiction story. Somebody must have
14:13
Speaker 1: written about an all liquid planet. You could call it
14:16
Speaker 1: water World. Oh wait, that's been done. That's got to
14:20
Speaker 1: be successful. That that name just screams commercial success. I
14:23
Speaker 1: can see it already, all right, so um so, but
14:27
Speaker 1: some people seem skeptical that there would be life in it. Yeah, exactly, Um,
14:30
Speaker 1: but you know, we don't know. Um. I like the
14:32
Speaker 1: person that said that maybe other planets on other planets
14:35
Speaker 1: that have really weird weather, like raining diamonds. That sounds
14:39
Speaker 1: pretty cool to me. Is that possible? That's possible, right,
14:42
Speaker 1: I suppose it's possible. I mean, I don't know how
14:44
Speaker 1: you form diamonds in the atmosphere, but you know, hey,
14:47
Speaker 1: there's a lot of worlds out there, so there's room
14:49
Speaker 1: for everything. That sounds like a rap video. You need
14:54
Speaker 1: a diamond umbrella program. It does sound like a rap video.
14:59
Speaker 1: That's awesome, So give us the rap lyrics that involves
15:02
Speaker 1: raining guaments. Go ahead, can your freestyle? I probably could,
15:08
Speaker 1: but right now I just have Old Town Road in
15:10
Speaker 1: my head because my kids keep listening to it over
15:13
Speaker 1: and over. So today you thought it'd be cool, You're
15:16
Speaker 1: gonna take us on a tour, on a cruise of
15:19
Speaker 1: all all of the different planets that we know about
15:22
Speaker 1: that are outside of our solar system, right, I mean,
15:25
Speaker 1: not all of them, but some of the most interesting ones. Yeah,
15:27
Speaker 1: because by now we have done a lot of work,
15:30
Speaker 1: and we have amazing satellites and teams of astronomers figuring
15:33
Speaker 1: out where those worlds are, counting them, trying to measure
15:36
Speaker 1: quantities and qualities about them, and we're getting more and
15:39
Speaker 1: more sort of images about these planets, not direct images yet,
15:43
Speaker 1: but information about what these planets might look like. And
15:45
Speaker 1: there are some weird ones already, you know, we're just
15:48
Speaker 1: scraping the surface, and so I thought it'd be really
15:50
Speaker 1: cool to sort of get a tour of the weirdest,
15:53
Speaker 1: most interesting planets that we found so far, and just
15:56
Speaker 1: to give people a context. Um, we know that there
15:58
Speaker 1: are probably billions of planets out there, but the ones
16:02
Speaker 1: that we've sort of detected and and there are definitely there,
16:05
Speaker 1: that's more than like the thousands, right, that's right. Yeah,
16:09
Speaker 1: we we speculate that every star has several planets because
16:13
Speaker 1: so far, um, you know, every star we've looked at,
16:16
Speaker 1: we've seen planets. But you're right. In terms of direct discoveries,
16:20
Speaker 1: we found just over four thousand planets in just over
16:24
Speaker 1: three thousand solar systems, and that number just keeps going
16:27
Speaker 1: up because we have these amazing telescopes that are very
16:30
Speaker 1: efficient down now. So that number is as of July one,
16:33
Speaker 1: two thousand nineteen, we have found more than four thousand
16:37
Speaker 1: planets and other solar systems, a huge number. And that's
16:40
Speaker 1: just the beginning, right, because we know there are billions
16:42
Speaker 1: of them in our galaxies and other galaxies, right, absolutely,
16:46
Speaker 1: And the next a few decades that number will explode
16:49
Speaker 1: and we'll be up in the thousands and thousands and millions.
16:52
Speaker 1: But you're right, there are billions of planets just in
16:54
Speaker 1: our galaxy. And maybe what's really cool is that we
16:57
Speaker 1: don't just know these days that the planets are there.
17:00
Speaker 1: We can't sort of we don't have photographs of them,
17:02
Speaker 1: of them, but we know we seem to be finding
17:05
Speaker 1: on more and more about these planets through really like
17:07
Speaker 1: cool and clever physics and clever observations, right, that's right.
17:11
Speaker 1: The first things we figure out about a planet are
17:14
Speaker 1: sort of how fast it's orbiting around the star, because
17:17
Speaker 1: either we see it's like gravitational effect on the star.
17:21
Speaker 1: We see tugging the star back and forth. And based
17:23
Speaker 1: on that we can tell how often it goes around
17:26
Speaker 1: or maybe sometimes they pass in front of the star
17:28
Speaker 1: so they block the life from the star. Those the
17:31
Speaker 1: two main methods, and those methods tell us something about
17:33
Speaker 1: the orbit, right, how fast is it going around? And
17:37
Speaker 1: also how much mass is there in the planet, right,
17:40
Speaker 1: And so that's already a lot of information like how
17:43
Speaker 1: far is it from the Sun that we can know that,
17:46
Speaker 1: how much solar radiation is there because we know how
17:48
Speaker 1: bright the star is, what is the orbit of it.
17:50
Speaker 1: So already we have a lot of information just from
17:53
Speaker 1: the indirect measurements, just from discovering that it's there, tells
17:56
Speaker 1: you how big it is, you know, right, like if
17:58
Speaker 1: you were on that planet, how short the days would be, right, yeah,
18:02
Speaker 1: exactly years, exactly and um. And now we're starting to
18:05
Speaker 1: do even more clever stuff, like we can we can
18:09
Speaker 1: see how the light from the star passes through the
18:13
Speaker 1: atmosphere of that planet, right, So sort of like looking
18:16
Speaker 1: at a sunset on another planet. Right, you know how
18:20
Speaker 1: when the sun sets over the Earth, the light passes
18:22
Speaker 1: through a lot of atmosphere and it looks red because
18:25
Speaker 1: it's passed through so much air. We talked about on
18:27
Speaker 1: another podcast. You know why the sunset looks red because
18:30
Speaker 1: of the qualities of the atmosphere tend to bounce away
18:33
Speaker 1: the blue light and that's also why the sky is blue.
18:36
Speaker 1: But we can do that on other planets. We can
18:38
Speaker 1: see suns on other solar systems setting over planets on
18:43
Speaker 1: their in their solar system. And we can see how
18:45
Speaker 1: the light changes, and that tells us something about the
18:48
Speaker 1: atmosphere on those planets, like if the the color changes
18:53
Speaker 1: or something like that. Right, yeah, I can tell you
18:55
Speaker 1: what kind of gases in there? Is their water vapor
18:58
Speaker 1: in there? Right? Is there me thing in there? What's
19:00
Speaker 1: the atmosphere composition of those planets? Is there an atmosphere
19:04
Speaker 1: at all? First of all? And if so, what's in it?
19:07
Speaker 1: And I've heard that you can even sort of tell
19:09
Speaker 1: the weather a little bit, like from the delay between
19:13
Speaker 1: the when the light gets blocked or the temperature gets
19:16
Speaker 1: um changes, you can sort of tell if there's something
19:19
Speaker 1: swirling in that atmosphere. Not just if there's an atmosphere,
19:22
Speaker 1: but just like how how much it swirls around inside
19:25
Speaker 1: of that planet. I know, it's crazy, right, We're measuring
19:28
Speaker 1: the velocity of gases around other planets, around other stars
19:32
Speaker 1: that are light years away. I mean, it's like science fiction.
19:35
Speaker 1: If you suggested this thirty years ago, people would say
19:38
Speaker 1: that's impossible, right, But now we're doing it, people are
19:40
Speaker 1: writing papers about it. We're like actually learning facts about
19:43
Speaker 1: these things. So extrapolate like thirty years from now, you know,
19:47
Speaker 1: we're gonna have like Google Earth around all these planets basically,
19:50
Speaker 1: and so far that's all without even taking a picture
19:52
Speaker 1: of them, right, Like, it's just all from like counting
19:55
Speaker 1: photons that come and hit the smallest little sensors in
19:58
Speaker 1: our telescopes. Yeah, because actually and that's sort of a picture. Um.
20:02
Speaker 1: The other cool way that they learn about what's sort
20:05
Speaker 1: of on the planet is that they take the picture
20:08
Speaker 1: of the star when the planet is in front of
20:10
Speaker 1: the star, and then they subtract the star and they
20:13
Speaker 1: see what's left and they try to find those photons
20:16
Speaker 1: that came just from the planet, not from the star itself.
20:20
Speaker 1: And that's really hard to do because you're talking about
20:22
Speaker 1: a really little object in front of a really bright
20:25
Speaker 1: object really far away. But it gives you a sense
20:28
Speaker 1: of what light is coming from that planet, and that
20:31
Speaker 1: gives you a sense of like what color is that planet,
20:33
Speaker 1: what gases are on that planet, because remember every gas
20:37
Speaker 1: amidst light of different frequencies, and so it tells you
20:40
Speaker 1: sort of what the composition of that is. So we
20:42
Speaker 1: have two ways to figure out not just like where
20:45
Speaker 1: this where this planet is and how fast it's moving
20:47
Speaker 1: around that star, but what's on that planet? What does
20:50
Speaker 1: it look like. All right, so that's sort of how
20:52
Speaker 1: we can see other planets and how many there are
20:54
Speaker 1: out there, and so let's let's um, let's set sail, Daniel,
20:58
Speaker 1: Let's go explore the universe visit other planets. But first
21:02
Speaker 1: let's take a quick break. All right, I know, I
21:16
Speaker 1: have my cruise pass, I've got my I've losen my
21:20
Speaker 1: pants a little bit to make room for the buffet.
21:23
Speaker 1: We are now ready to set sail on this extra
21:27
Speaker 1: solar cruise to other planets. All right, Well, I thought
21:30
Speaker 1: it'd be fun to start with the closest planet, right
21:33
Speaker 1: because we're gonna leave the Earth and they are first
21:36
Speaker 1: stop leaving Solar System to Yeah, we'll leave a Solar system.
21:39
Speaker 1: Our first stop is Proximus Centauri. It's a star, and
21:44
Speaker 1: this planet that's orbiting Proximus Centauri, it's called Proximus Centauri B.
21:49
Speaker 1: And let's be because it's the second planet they found there,
21:52
Speaker 1: Like they really need you on this naming committee because
21:54
Speaker 1: they're finding so many planets, they're just like running out
21:57
Speaker 1: of name so they just like have a recipe for mening.
21:59
Speaker 1: I think is a he's a good name. Why not?
22:02
Speaker 1: He is a good name? I don't know. We'll have
22:04
Speaker 1: to ask the citizens when we get there. But it's
22:06
Speaker 1: four point two light years from Earth, which is pretty close.
22:10
Speaker 1: I feel it's pretty close in the scale of the galaxy, right,
22:12
Speaker 1: the galaxy is like a hundred thousand light years across,
22:15
Speaker 1: So that's the closest planet to us. I mean it's
22:18
Speaker 1: like like in four point two years, this podcast will
22:23
Speaker 1: have arrived at that planet. Yeah, and so in eight
22:25
Speaker 1: point four years we should expect a bunch of good
22:27
Speaker 1: questions or people complaining about how we name their their planet. Right,
22:31
Speaker 1: But no, I mean it's sort of reachable maybe, right.
22:34
Speaker 1: I mean, I know we can't go at the speed
22:35
Speaker 1: of light, but you know we can if we go
22:38
Speaker 1: as fast as we can, we might get there within
22:40
Speaker 1: a lifetime. No, exactly, it's totally reachable. And you know,
22:43
Speaker 1: we could even send something there that could arrive and
22:46
Speaker 1: send us information within a lifetime. Right. You know, we
22:49
Speaker 1: build a solar sale, we attach a little thing to it.
22:52
Speaker 1: The thing could reasonably get up to maybe a half
22:54
Speaker 1: the speed of light, taking maybe ten years to get there,
22:57
Speaker 1: five years to send data back. So you're talking about
23:00
Speaker 1: a fifteen year project lifetime to maybe get like pictures
23:04
Speaker 1: of Proximus Centauri. So yeah, it's not that far away
23:07
Speaker 1: compared to the other planets we're gonna talk about, but
23:09
Speaker 1: it's also not that nice a place to be. If
23:11
Speaker 1: you ask me, all right, what do we know about
23:14
Speaker 1: this planet B. Well, we know that it's very close
23:18
Speaker 1: to its star, right, and so we we call this
23:21
Speaker 1: thing the A U. The astronomical unit is the Earth
23:24
Speaker 1: from is the distance from the Earth to the Sun,
23:27
Speaker 1: so it's useful metric. And this Proximus Centauri B is
23:30
Speaker 1: only zero point zero five a U, so it's twenty
23:35
Speaker 1: times closer to its star than the Earth is to
23:38
Speaker 1: the Sun. So if you're standing on it, the Sun
23:40
Speaker 1: would look twenty or more times bigger in the sky.
23:44
Speaker 1: And also it goes around that star and only eleven
23:47
Speaker 1: point two earth days, so it's like it's zipping around.
23:51
Speaker 1: It's a hot little planet zipping around the star in
23:54
Speaker 1: a hurry. So you know, if you're in for a
23:56
Speaker 1: beach vacation you want a lot of rays, then yeah,
23:59
Speaker 1: I guess it's a good place to stop first on
24:00
Speaker 1: our cruise. That that's why it's called planet B and
24:05
Speaker 1: burn and burning off. But all the bananas are burnt
24:08
Speaker 1: also because that's probably too much sun even for bananas. So,
24:11
Speaker 1: but that's the planet B. What about planet A and C?
24:14
Speaker 1: And does it have any other planets in its neighborhood?
24:18
Speaker 1: They think that there might be another planet, and they
24:21
Speaker 1: call this planet wait for it, see right? What? Yeah?
24:25
Speaker 1: Exactly why they didn't call the first one A that's
24:30
Speaker 1: beyond my technical knowledge, all right, Um, So that's that's
24:36
Speaker 1: the first stop in our cruise. That's the closest one, right,
24:40
Speaker 1: that's right Fort Lauderdale, that's right exactly. Um. Now, the
24:44
Speaker 1: next planet on our tour is the smallest planet that
24:47
Speaker 1: has ever been found outside our solar system. And I
24:51
Speaker 1: have no idea how to pronounce this planet is d
24:54
Speaker 1: r a U g r. It sounds like maybe a
24:56
Speaker 1: klingon world. What do you think? How do you think
24:58
Speaker 1: that's pronounced? I think that's it's like a lord of
25:00
Speaker 1: the rings underworld beast or something drog drog um. Well,
25:06
Speaker 1: this planet is so small as only twice as big
25:08
Speaker 1: as our moon, and we detected it. We can tell
25:11
Speaker 1: where it is. Yeah, exactly, It's amazing that's such a
25:14
Speaker 1: small planet can even be detected, right, Um, And this
25:18
Speaker 1: one is two thousand, three hundred light years away. It's
25:21
Speaker 1: in the Virgo constellation. And the other really crazy thing
25:25
Speaker 1: about it is that it's not orbiting like a normal star.
25:27
Speaker 1: It's orbiting a pulsar, and a pulsar is a pulsar
25:31
Speaker 1: is one of these stars that emits that that periodically
25:34
Speaker 1: emits a huge amount of radiation. Right, it pulses. That's
25:37
Speaker 1: an amazing feed of detection, right that we can tell
25:41
Speaker 1: so far away such a small thing. Yeah, it really
25:44
Speaker 1: is amazing. And it also wouldn't be a great place
25:46
Speaker 1: to live because you don't want to be living near
25:48
Speaker 1: your pulsar. I mean, this is basically a neutron star
25:51
Speaker 1: with a huge magnetic field lasting radiation. Uh so not
25:55
Speaker 1: a cozy place. So far. I'm doing a pretty terrible
25:58
Speaker 1: job of advertising food something this cruise. So far, this
26:01
Speaker 1: cruise doesn't make me want to get off the boat. Yeah,
26:04
Speaker 1: zero star is so far in the help for this cruise. Alright.
26:07
Speaker 1: So the next star we're gonna look at has a
26:09
Speaker 1: terrible name. It's but it's the biggest, the biggest planet
26:13
Speaker 1: that has ever been discovered. It's called Hr sixty two
26:18
Speaker 1: B and it is thirty times the size of Jupiter.
26:22
Speaker 1: How do you pronounce that one? Hot in the original
26:27
Speaker 1: cling on the mass of thirty jupiters or the size
26:29
Speaker 1: of thirty jupiters. It's the size of No, sorry, you're right,
26:32
Speaker 1: it's the mass of thirty jupiters. Yeah, exactly. And so
26:35
Speaker 1: take Jupiter, which is already like, you know, what, hundred
26:38
Speaker 1: times the massive Earth and multiply by thirty, Like this
26:42
Speaker 1: is a ginormous planet. But but it's not super far away.
26:45
Speaker 1: It's kind of closed, right, a hundred light years. Yeah,
26:48
Speaker 1: it's a hundred ten light years from Earth, and so
26:50
Speaker 1: it's you know, also potentially reachable. But it's sort of interesting,
26:53
Speaker 1: like how big can a planet get? This one is
26:56
Speaker 1: really on the verge of the maximum size for a planet,
27:00
Speaker 1: because any bigger and the gravitational force will be so
27:03
Speaker 1: strong that it will essentially turn into a star. So
27:06
Speaker 1: this jew this is like as big as a planet
27:08
Speaker 1: can get before it ignites and becomes a star. What
27:11
Speaker 1: else do we know about it? Is it like a
27:12
Speaker 1: gas like Jupiter? Or we just know sort of the
27:15
Speaker 1: mass of it and where it is. That's all we
27:18
Speaker 1: know about that one so far. You know, a lot
27:20
Speaker 1: of these planets we you know, some of these techniques
27:22
Speaker 1: work better on some planets than others, and so we
27:25
Speaker 1: don't always get to get to see like the atmosphere
27:28
Speaker 1: of these planets. Um. And that's also all these atmospheric
27:31
Speaker 1: techniques that we talked about that are so amazing, these
27:33
Speaker 1: are pretty new and they require some fancy technology. So
27:36
Speaker 1: we don't have that information about all of the stars
27:38
Speaker 1: so far. But that maybe gives us a kind of
27:40
Speaker 1: a range right of planets out there in the universe,
27:44
Speaker 1: Like they can go as small as twice as high
27:46
Speaker 1: as on the Moon, and they can go as big
27:48
Speaker 1: as dirty times Jupiter. Yeah, exactly. Um. And at first
27:52
Speaker 1: people thought, oh, maybe this is a star, you know,
27:54
Speaker 1: but they categorize it as a brown dwarf. But in
27:58
Speaker 1: the end, it's sort of like a semantic question like
27:59
Speaker 1: do you call this a small star? Do you call
28:01
Speaker 1: it a big planet? All right? Sort of like a
28:03
Speaker 1: like a Pluto question, Right, it's Pluto, a dwarf planet
28:06
Speaker 1: or a real planet. Um. But there's also a lot
28:09
Speaker 1: of uncertainty in its mass. It's it's thirty Jupiter masses,
28:12
Speaker 1: but the uncertainly and that is fifty so it could
28:14
Speaker 1: be as high as forty five jupiter masses or could
28:17
Speaker 1: be as low as a fifteen jupiter masses. All right, cool,
28:21
Speaker 1: and so we're cruising on that's right. And so next
28:24
Speaker 1: on our tour is a really weird planet. This one's
28:27
Speaker 1: called Kepler sixteen B. And this one is weird because
28:30
Speaker 1: it orbits not one star, but it orbits two stars simultaneously.
28:35
Speaker 1: You mean, like the two stars are are orbiting each
28:38
Speaker 1: other and there's things orbiting around them. Yeah, it's a
28:41
Speaker 1: binary star system. So the stars orbit each other like
28:44
Speaker 1: every forty one days. They're like, you know, running around
28:47
Speaker 1: each other, and then around one day forty one days.
28:50
Speaker 1: These are fast moving, huge hot objects, right, They're going
28:54
Speaker 1: around each other every forty one days. And then this
28:56
Speaker 1: planet goes around the combination of the two stars every
29:00
Speaker 1: two hundred and twenty eight days. So the stars are
29:03
Speaker 1: much closer to each other than the planet is to
29:06
Speaker 1: the stars. So in the sky of this planet you're
29:09
Speaker 1: gonna see like basically just two stars together, you know,
29:12
Speaker 1: two sons together rising and falling. Wow, that's that like
29:16
Speaker 1: a science fiction movie. That's pretty cool, I know, But
29:18
Speaker 1: the universe is weirder than of course every science fiction movie.
29:21
Speaker 1: You've ever seen um, and this one is two hundred
29:24
Speaker 1: and forty five light years away. It's in the Signets constellation,
29:27
Speaker 1: and it has about a massive the planet saturn Um
29:32
Speaker 1: and itself. It's about point seven au away from those stars.
29:36
Speaker 1: So it's a pretty big it's a pretty big planet,
29:39
Speaker 1: but it's a reasonable distance from those stars. So does
29:41
Speaker 1: it have kind of a like a wonky orbit because
29:43
Speaker 1: it's going around two things that are orbiting each other,
29:46
Speaker 1: or to the planet, does it just look like one
29:49
Speaker 1: big sun in the middle there. Yeah. This is one
29:51
Speaker 1: of the amazing things about gravity, right, is that if
29:54
Speaker 1: you're the on the outside of a system, the only
29:58
Speaker 1: thing that matters is the center of man of that system.
30:01
Speaker 1: And so the stars are orbiting each other, but they're
30:03
Speaker 1: actually orbiting the center of mass of the two star system,
30:06
Speaker 1: and the planet is orbiting that that also, and so
30:09
Speaker 1: it doesn't actually matter to the planet too much. The
30:12
Speaker 1: planets orbit is the same as if you took those
30:15
Speaker 1: two stars, added them together, and put them both at
30:17
Speaker 1: the center of mass of the two stars. It wouldn't
30:19
Speaker 1: change the planet at all. And I think a lot
30:21
Speaker 1: of people when they imagine this two star system, they
30:24
Speaker 1: imagine like you know, one sun raise rises and then
30:27
Speaker 1: maybe another one in a different periods of these weird
30:30
Speaker 1: day night cycles like in that that book, the Three
30:33
Speaker 1: Body Problem. But that's that would require the planet to
30:36
Speaker 1: go like between the stars, right, But in this case,
30:38
Speaker 1: the planet just goes around the two stars. So it's
30:41
Speaker 1: sort of like instead of having one son in the sky,
30:43
Speaker 1: you have sort of like a you know, two dots
30:46
Speaker 1: instead of one, but they stay, they stick together. But
30:48
Speaker 1: wouldn't that be you know, those sons are spinning so
30:52
Speaker 1: fast around each other, wouldn't that be kind of a
30:53
Speaker 1: violent process, you know, wouldn't it be just a huge
30:56
Speaker 1: mass in the middle or is it? Do they think
30:59
Speaker 1: it's pretty clean that these two sons are just going
31:02
Speaker 1: around each other. No, you're right, and I don't know
31:04
Speaker 1: how stable that is, right, Eventually these things are going
31:07
Speaker 1: to radiate energy and then fall into each other and collide,
31:10
Speaker 1: and it wouldn't be a very nice place to be
31:12
Speaker 1: when that happens, you know. That's that's what causes the
31:14
Speaker 1: gravitational waves that we observe, like two neutron stars orbiting
31:18
Speaker 1: each other and eventually falling into each other and collapsing,
31:21
Speaker 1: or two black holes doing that so binary star systems.
31:24
Speaker 1: Eventually they will lose some of that energy and they
31:26
Speaker 1: will fall into each other each other, though I don't
31:28
Speaker 1: know how long that will take. Probably longer than our cruise. Well, um,
31:32
Speaker 1: good thing they have laundry on the cruise, that's right,
31:35
Speaker 1: yeah exactly, and we packed a lot of food. Um.
31:39
Speaker 1: And the next planet is also has named after Kepler,
31:43
Speaker 1: which is the telescope that discovered it. It's Kepler twenty
31:46
Speaker 1: two BE. And this one initially seems really exciting because
31:48
Speaker 1: it's labeled as a possible water world. Um. And when
31:53
Speaker 1: how do they know it has water? Yeah, they don't.
31:55
Speaker 1: It turns out that's mostly just hype. Um. When they
31:58
Speaker 1: discovered it, it it was one of the first plan people
32:00
Speaker 1: discovered that was sort of inhabitable zone, meaning it was
32:04
Speaker 1: like about the size of Earth, probably a made of rock,
32:08
Speaker 1: and the right distance from its star for water to
32:12
Speaker 1: be liquid on its surface because if it was closer,
32:15
Speaker 1: it would evaporate, right, yeah exactly, but if it was
32:18
Speaker 1: further out then it would just be ice, yeah exactly.
32:21
Speaker 1: And so people are really excited about this and they're like, Wow,
32:23
Speaker 1: maybe it's a water world, but you know, just because
32:26
Speaker 1: it has the right. Surface temperature we think it's about
32:28
Speaker 1: seventy two degrees fahrenheit on the surface doesn't necessarily mean
32:32
Speaker 1: that there is water there. Now, you know, if there's
32:34
Speaker 1: a lot of water on on this on this planet,
32:36
Speaker 1: then it would be in the form of an ocean,
32:39
Speaker 1: and there are some models that suggest maybe a surface ocean,
32:42
Speaker 1: but we have no direct evidence that there is actually
32:45
Speaker 1: any water on Kepler twenty two B. So you know,
32:49
Speaker 1: labelating a water world is a bit premature, but it
32:51
Speaker 1: sounds pretty nice. You wrote down here and it's a
32:54
Speaker 1: temperature there. It's seventy two degrees fahrenheit. Yeah, it's basically
32:57
Speaker 1: southern California, So you want to feel them movie on
33:00
Speaker 1: Capito twenty two B. Just come to southern California. Filmly here.
33:03
Speaker 1: So just because it's in the Goldilocks zone doesn't mean
33:06
Speaker 1: it has water like is Mars technically in the Goldilocks Zone? No,
33:11
Speaker 1: I don't think so. Well, that's a good question. Um,
33:14
Speaker 1: I think it's on the outer edges the things water
33:16
Speaker 1: on Mars would be frozen, but that's probably mostly because
33:20
Speaker 1: it doesn't have an atmosphere. So in order to be
33:23
Speaker 1: to have this surface temperature, you need to have an
33:25
Speaker 1: atmosphere as well, and so this calculation seventy two degrees
33:29
Speaker 1: assumes that there's an atmosphere there. Um. So if Mars
33:32
Speaker 1: had an atmosphere like we think it did a long
33:34
Speaker 1: long time ago, then water could be liquid on its service.
33:37
Speaker 1: So I guess the answer is yes, Mars is in
33:40
Speaker 1: the Goldilocks zone. All right, let's keep cruising through the
33:43
Speaker 1: universe visiting other planets outside of our Solar system. But
33:46
Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. All right, Daniel, I
34:01
Speaker 1: think our our cruises running a little bit out of time,
34:03
Speaker 1: running a little bit behind. So I think the captain
34:05
Speaker 1: is trying to put the pedal to the metal here. Um.
34:09
Speaker 1: So what are some of the more interesting other planets
34:12
Speaker 1: that we know about out there in the universe? Yeah, well,
34:15
Speaker 1: you know, some of the planets out there are super
34:17
Speaker 1: duper old. Like there's a planet in the constellation Scorpius
34:21
Speaker 1: that we think is twelve point seven billion years old.
34:25
Speaker 1: And remember, yeah, I know, how do we know how
34:29
Speaker 1: old it is? Well, I think we're speculating because the
34:32
Speaker 1: age of that Solar system, right, and the Milky Way
34:35
Speaker 1: itself is really old, right. The Milky Way has been
34:38
Speaker 1: around for thirteen billion years and so that star we
34:41
Speaker 1: think is about twelve point seven billion years old, and
34:44
Speaker 1: so we think that the planets around it probably are
34:46
Speaker 1: the same age. And so this is the planet around
34:48
Speaker 1: the oldest star we've discovered to have planets. Yeah, it'd
34:52
Speaker 1: be cool to be the first planet that would be.
34:55
Speaker 1: That would be pretty cool, bragging rights exactly. So that's
34:58
Speaker 1: the oldest planet and it's PSR B sixteen twenty twenty
35:02
Speaker 1: six b. Right, and you think the oldest planet should
35:04
Speaker 1: be just be called planet number one one? Yeah, a
35:09
Speaker 1: one exactly. Um. And there's some other weird planets out there.
35:14
Speaker 1: There's a planet out there which has the title of
35:16
Speaker 1: the darkest planet, right, And you can see sort of
35:19
Speaker 1: how much light that these planets reflect by seeing how
35:23
Speaker 1: much they dim as they pass in front of the
35:25
Speaker 1: star right to the absorbiting that light. Did they reflect
35:28
Speaker 1: any of it? And this planet is called t R
35:31
Speaker 1: E S two B. It's the size of Jupiter, and
35:34
Speaker 1: it's less reflective than black paint? Like what is going
35:38
Speaker 1: on in that world? How can be less reflective than paint?
35:41
Speaker 1: Is it maybe filled with solar panels or something like that? Exactly? Well,
35:46
Speaker 1: you know, black paint is not entirely black. I mean,
35:48
Speaker 1: you're an artist, you know, there's like lots of different blacks, right,
35:52
Speaker 1: and so this is a very black black planet. All right,
35:55
Speaker 1: that's the darkest planet. What else is on our musty list? Well,
35:59
Speaker 1: there's the pink ist planet, right. This one's only fifty
36:02
Speaker 1: seven light years away and the pinkest. Yeah, and based
36:06
Speaker 1: on the light that we see coming from it, it it
36:08
Speaker 1: seems like it might be sort of a dark magenta,
36:11
Speaker 1: maybe a cherry colored planet. And that leads to a
36:13
Speaker 1: lot of speculations like what's going on on that planet?
36:16
Speaker 1: How can we tell the color? Um? We can tell
36:18
Speaker 1: the color based on as we said earlier, like how
36:20
Speaker 1: the life passes through the planet, and also by doing
36:24
Speaker 1: subtraction right as it passes in front of the star,
36:26
Speaker 1: we can try to subtract the light from the star
36:28
Speaker 1: and just get the light from the planet itself. But
36:31
Speaker 1: there's a lot of uncertainty there. I mean, we could
36:34
Speaker 1: think it's pink, and then we get there, we're like,
36:35
Speaker 1: what this planet is purple? This cruise is a scam
36:41
Speaker 1: exactly exactly, Um, But maybe I think the most exciting
36:45
Speaker 1: one in the place we should end our tour is
36:47
Speaker 1: on the most earthlike planet found so far, the most earthlike,
36:52
Speaker 1: the one that we are maybe most likely to be
36:54
Speaker 1: able to visit and live there. Exactly if we actually
36:58
Speaker 1: do destroy this plan it or make it unhabitable for humanity,
37:02
Speaker 1: then Kepler for fifty two be is so far our
37:06
Speaker 1: best option. While it's five hundred light years away, it
37:10
Speaker 1: seems to be about the size of the Earth, and
37:13
Speaker 1: it's in the habitable zone so it gets just the
37:15
Speaker 1: right amount of solar radiation um. It orbits its star
37:19
Speaker 1: every hundred and thirty days, so it's sort of a
37:21
Speaker 1: short year. The kicker, the downside of this planet is
37:24
Speaker 1: that it has about two times the gravity of Earth,
37:27
Speaker 1: even though it's Earth's size has more mass, so we'd
37:31
Speaker 1: all have to but we have five hundred years on
37:33
Speaker 1: the trip over there to all sort of bulk up
37:35
Speaker 1: and get buff for living on this planet on a cruise.
37:38
Speaker 1: That's pretty easy. Exactly, well, it'd be a very Darwinian cruise.
37:44
Speaker 1: You know. If all you did on the cruise was
37:45
Speaker 1: either the buffet, then your your children would not be
37:49
Speaker 1: very suitable for living on this planet. But if you
37:52
Speaker 1: hit the gym on the whole cruise, over there, then
37:54
Speaker 1: you have a chance of your children surviving. Wait, how
37:56
Speaker 1: can it be the same size as Earth? But how
37:58
Speaker 1: twice the gravity? Like more compact or what is it?
38:01
Speaker 1: Or just more mass more massive? Yeah, it's um, we
38:05
Speaker 1: think it's Earth sized and so it must have must
38:07
Speaker 1: be denser somehow. But it's five years away, so we're
38:11
Speaker 1: not going to get there anytime soon. No, it's gonna
38:13
Speaker 1: take at least five years to get there, probably more
38:16
Speaker 1: like a thousand. It's the kind of thing where either
38:18
Speaker 1: generations would need to live on a colony ship or
38:21
Speaker 1: you need to develop some sort of cryogenic freezing or
38:24
Speaker 1: something like that. So um, but you know that technology
38:27
Speaker 1: is far far in the future. But at least we're
38:29
Speaker 1: beginning to find these places. We're looking out there in
38:32
Speaker 1: the universe. We're exploring other solar systems and we're figuring
38:35
Speaker 1: out where are there possible places for humanity to land. Yeah,
38:40
Speaker 1: and the cool thing is that we're finding places, right,
38:43
Speaker 1: We are being successful at hunting planets, that's right, and
38:47
Speaker 1: turning planets, that's right. And and amazingly, it seems like
38:50
Speaker 1: about one in five stars has some sort of Earth
38:53
Speaker 1: like planet, and so it doesn't take too long to
38:56
Speaker 1: find earthlike planets. Um, there's a lot of them out there.
39:00
Speaker 1: Of course, that doesn't mean we shouldn't take care of
39:01
Speaker 1: this one, right, because even the ones that are out
39:04
Speaker 1: there take a long time to get to. But I
39:06
Speaker 1: think it gives us some some reason to hope, right,
39:08
Speaker 1: because we all know not all cruises and will that's right,
39:12
Speaker 1: We've all there's an equally outbreak and you wish you'd
39:19
Speaker 1: never gone on a cruise. I hope there's a bathroom
39:21
Speaker 1: on some of these planets, all right, Well, we hope
39:22
Speaker 1: you enjoyed that quick flash tour of the universe looking
39:26
Speaker 1: at other planets out there that we might possibly visit
39:29
Speaker 1: or live on someday. Thanks for tuning in and thanks
39:31
Speaker 1: for coming on board. And if you have questions about here,
39:35
Speaker 1: their planets and anything else in the universe, send them
39:38
Speaker 1: to us if questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com.
39:41
Speaker 1: See you next time. If you still have a question
39:50
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.
39:54
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us
39:56
Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's
40:00
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and
40:03
Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel
40:07
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I
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