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History of the United States Vol V Sectional Conflict Reconstruction - Charles Austin Beard Mary Ritter Beard · Kentucky's Famous Feuds and Tragedies

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  Speaker 1: Section one of History of the United States by Charles A.
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  Speaker 1: Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five, Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 0:25
  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Katie Gibney. History of
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  Speaker 1: the United States by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard,
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  Speaker 1: Part five, Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction. Chapter thirteen, The Rise
• 0:41
  Speaker 1: of the Industrial System. If Jefferson could have lived to
• 0:46
  Speaker 1: see the stars and Stripes planted on the Pacific Ocean,
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  Speaker 1: the broad Empire of Texas added to the planting States,
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  Speaker 1: and the Valley of the Willamette waving with wheat owned
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  Speaker 1: by farmers from New England, he would have been more
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  Speaker 1: than fortified in his face that the future of America
• 1:02
  Speaker 1: lay in agriculture. Even a staunch old federalist like Governor
• 1:06
  Speaker 1: Morris or Josiah Quincy would have mournfully conceded both the
• 1:11
  Speaker 1: prophecy and the claim manifest destiny never seemed more clearly
• 1:15
  Speaker 1: written in the stars. As the farmers from the Northwest
• 1:19
  Speaker 1: and planters from the Southwest poured in upon the floor
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  Speaker 1: of Congress, the Party of Jefferson, christened anew by Jackson,
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  Speaker 1: grew stronger year by year. Opponents There were, no doubt
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  Speaker 1: disgruntled critics and Whigs by conviction, But in eighteen fifty two,
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  Speaker 1: Franklin Pierce, the Democratic candidate for president, carried every state
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  Speaker 1: in the Union except Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. This victory,
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  Speaker 1: a triumph under ordinary circumstances, was all the more significant
• 1:52
  Speaker 1: in that Pierce was pitted against a hero of the
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  Speaker 1: Mexican War, General Scott, whom the Whigs, hoping to win
• 1:59
  Speaker 1: by rousing them the martial ardor of the voters, had nominated.
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: On Looking at the election returns, the new president calmly
• 2:07
  Speaker 1: assured the Planters that the general principle of reduction of
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  Speaker 1: duties with a view to revenue may now be regarded
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  Speaker 1: as the settled policy of the country. With equal confidence,
• 2:19
  Speaker 1: he waved aside those agitators who devoted themselves to the
• 2:23
  Speaker 1: supposed interests of the relatively few Africans in the United States.
• 2:28
  Speaker 1: Like a watchman in the night, he called to the country,
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  Speaker 1: all's well. The Party of Hamilton and Clay lay in
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  Speaker 1: the dust. The Industrial Revolution, as pride often goeth before
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  Speaker 1: a fall, so sanguine expectation is sometimes the symbol of defeat.
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  Speaker 1: Jackson destroyed the bank, Polk signed the Tariff Bill of
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  Speaker 1: eighteen forty six, striking an effective blow at the principle
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  Speaker 1: of protection for manufactures. Pierce promised to silence the abolitionists.
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  Speaker 1: His successor was to approve a drastic step in the
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  Speaker 1: direction of free trade. Nevertheless, all these things left untouched
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  Speaker 1: the springs of power that were in due time to
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  Speaker 1: make America the greatest industrial nation on the earth, namely
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  Speaker 1: vast national resources, business enterprise, inventive genius, and the free
• 3:23
  Speaker 1: labor supply of Europe. Unseen by the thoughtless, unrecorded in
• 3:27
  Speaker 1: the diaries of wiseacres, rarely mentioned in the speeches of statesmen,
• 3:32
  Speaker 1: there was swiftly rising such a tide in the affairs
• 3:35
  Speaker 1: of America as Jefferson and Hamilton never dreamed of in
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  Speaker 1: their little philosophies. The inventors Watt and Bolton experimenting with
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  Speaker 1: steam in England, Whitney combining wood and steel into a
• 3:49
  Speaker 1: cotton gin, Fulton and Fitch applying the steam engine to navigation,
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  Speaker 1: Stephens and Peter Cooper trying out the iron horse on
• 3:59
  Speaker 1: iron highways. Slater building spinning mills in Pawtucket, how attaching
• 4:05
  Speaker 1: the needle to the flying wheel. Morse spanning a continent
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  Speaker 1: with the telegraph, cyrus Field, linking the markets of the
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  Speaker 1: New world with the old along the bed of the Atlantic,
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: McCormick breaking the sickle under the reaper. These men and
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  Speaker 1: a thousand more were destroying, in a mighty revolution of industry,
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  Speaker 1: the world of the stagecoach and the tallow candle, which
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  Speaker 1: Washington and Franklin had inherited little changed from the age
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  Speaker 1: of Caesar. Whitney was to make cotton king, Watt and
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  Speaker 1: Fulton were to make steel and steam masters of the world.
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  Speaker 1: Agriculture was to fall behind in the race for supremacy,
• 4:45
  Speaker 1: industry outstrips planting. The story of invention, that tribute to
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: the triumph of mind over matter, fascinating as a romance,
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  Speaker 1: need not be treated in detail here. The effects of
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  Speaker 1: invention on social and political life, multitudinous and never ending,
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  Speaker 1: formed the very warp and woolf of American progress, from
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  Speaker 1: the days of Andrew Jackson to the lightest hour. Neither
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  Speaker 1: the great civil conflict, the clash of two systems, nor
• 5:15
  Speaker 1: the problems of the modern age can be approached without
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  Speaker 1: an understanding of the striking phases of industrialism. First and
• 5:23
  Speaker 1: foremost among them was the uprush of mills, managed by
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  Speaker 1: captains of industry and manned by labor drawn from farms, cities,
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  Speaker 1: and foreign lands. For every planter who cleared a domain
• 5:36
  Speaker 1: in the Southwest and gathered his army of bondmen about him,
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  Speaker 1: there rose in the North a magician of steam and steel,
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  Speaker 1: who collected under his roof an army of free workers
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  Speaker 1: in seven league boots. This new giant strode ahead of
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  Speaker 1: the southern giant between eighteen fifty and eighteen fifty nine
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  Speaker 1: to use dollars and cents as the measure of progress,
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  Speaker 1: The value of domestic manufactures, including mines and fisheries rose
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  Speaker 1: from one billion, nineteen million, one hundred six thousand, six
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  Speaker 1: hundred sixteen dollars to one billion, nine hundred million, an
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  Speaker 1: increase of eighty six percent in ten years. In this
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  Speaker 1: same period, the total production of naval stores, rice, sugar, tobacco,
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  Speaker 1: and cotton, the staples of the South, went only from
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  Speaker 1: one hundred sixty five million dollars in round figures to
• 6:34
  Speaker 1: two hundred four million dollars at the halfway point of
• 6:38
  Speaker 1: the century, the capital invested in industry, commerce, and cities
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  Speaker 1: far exceeded the value of all the farm land between
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: the Atlantic and the Pacific. Thus the course of economy
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  Speaker 1: had been reversed. In fifty years. Tested by figures of production,
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  Speaker 1: king cotton had shriveled by eighteen sixty to a petty
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  Speaker 1: prints in compare for each year the captains of industry
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  Speaker 1: turned out goods worth nearly twenty times all the bales
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  Speaker 1: of cotton picked on southern plantations. Iron boots and shoes,
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  Speaker 1: and leather goods pouring from northern mills surpassed in value
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  Speaker 1: the entire cotton output. The agrarian West turns to industry.
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  Speaker 1: Nor was this vast enterprise confined to the old Northeast,
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  Speaker 1: where as Madison had sagely remarked, commerce was early dominant. Cincinnati,
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  Speaker 1: runs an official report in eighteen fifty four, appears to
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  Speaker 1: be a great central depot for ready made clothing, and
• 7:39
  Speaker 1: its manufacture for the Western markets may be said to
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  Speaker 1: be one of the great trades of that city. There,
• 7:46
  Speaker 1: wrote another traveler, I heard the crack of the cattle
• 7:49
  Speaker 1: driver's whip and the hum of the factory. The West
• 7:52
  Speaker 1: and the East meeting. Louisville and Saint Louis were already
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  Speaker 1: famous for their clothing trades and the manufacture of cotton bagging.
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  Speaker 1: Five hundred of the two thousand woolen mills in the
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  Speaker 1: country in eighteen sixty were in the Western States of
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  Speaker 1: the output of flour and grist mills, which almost reached
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  Speaker 1: in value the cotton crop of eighteen fifty. The Ohio
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  Speaker 1: Valley furnished a rapidly growing share the old home of
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  Speaker 1: Jacksonian democracy, where federalists had been almost as scarce as monarchists,
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  Speaker 1: turned slowly backward as the needle to the pole, toward
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  Speaker 1: the principle of protection for domestic industry espoused by Hamilton
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  Speaker 1: and defended by Clay. The extension of canals and railways
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  Speaker 1: as necessary to mechanical industry, as steel and steam power
• 8:44
  Speaker 1: was the great market, spread over a wide and diversified area,
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  Speaker 1: and knit together by efficient means of transportation. This service
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  Speaker 1: was supplied to industry by the steamship, which began its
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: career on the Hudson in eighteen o seven, by the canals,
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  Speaker 1: of which the Erie opened in eighteen twenty five was
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  Speaker 1: the most noteworthy, and by the railways, which came into
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  Speaker 1: practical operation about eighteen thirty. With sure instinct, the Eastern
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: manufacturer reached out for the markets of the Northwest Territory,
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  Speaker 1: where free farmers were producing annually staggering crops of corn, wheat, bacon,
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  Speaker 1: and wool. The two great canal systems, the Erie connecting
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  Speaker 1: New York City with the waterways of the Great Lakes,
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  Speaker 1: and the Pennsylvania Chain linking Philadelphia with the headwaters of
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  Speaker 1: the Ohio, gradually turned the tide of trade from New
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  Speaker 1: Orleans to the eastern seaboard. The railways followed the same paths.
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  Speaker 1: By eighteen sixty, New York had rail connections with Chicago
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  Speaker 1: and Saint Louis, one of the routes running through the
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  Speaker 1: Hudson and Mohawk Valleys and along the Great Lakes, and
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  Speaker 1: the other through Philadelphia and Pennsylvania and across the rich
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  Speaker 1: wheat fields of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Baltimore, not to
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  Speaker 1: be outdone by her two rivals, reached out over the
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  Speaker 1: mountains for the Western trade, and in eighteen fifty seven
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  Speaker 1: had trains running into Saint Louis. In railway enterprise, the
• 10:14
  Speaker 1: South took more interest than in canals, and the friends
• 10:17
  Speaker 1: of that section came to its aid. To offset the
• 10:21
  Speaker 1: magnet drawing trade away from the Mississippi Valley, lines were
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  Speaker 1: built from the Gulf to Chicago, the Illinois central part
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  Speaker 1: of the project being a monument to the zeal And
• 10:31
  Speaker 1: industry of a democrat better known in politics than in business,
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  Speaker 1: Stephen A. Douglas. The swift movement of cotton and tobacco
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  Speaker 1: to the north or to seaports was of common concern
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  Speaker 1: to planters and manufacturers. Accordingly, lines were flung down along
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: the southern coast, linking Richmond, Charleston, and Savannah with the
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  Speaker 1: northern markets. Other lines struck inland from the coast, giving
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  Speaker 1: a rail outlet to the sea for Raleigh, Columbia, Atlanta, Chattanooga, Nashville,
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  Speaker 1: and Montgomery. Nevertheless, in spite of this enterprise, the mileage
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  Speaker 1: of all the Southern states in eighteen sixty did not
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  Speaker 1: equal that of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Combined banking and
• 11:18
  Speaker 1: finance out of commerce and manufacturers, and the construction and
• 11:23
  Speaker 1: operation of railways came such an accumulation of capital in
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  Speaker 1: the Northern States as merchants of old never imagined. The
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  Speaker 1: banks of the four industrial states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York,
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  Speaker 1: and Pennsylvania in eighteen sixty had funds greater than the
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  Speaker 1: banks in all the other states combined. New York City
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: had become the money market of America, the center to
• 11:49
  Speaker 1: which industrial companies, railway promoters, farmers, and planters turned for
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  Speaker 1: capital to initiate and carry on their operation. The banks
• 11:59
  Speaker 1: of Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia, it is true,
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  Speaker 1: had capital far in excess of the banks of the Northwest,
• 12:08
  Speaker 1: but still they were relatively small compared with the financial
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  Speaker 1: institutions of the east. The growth of the industrial population,
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: a revolution of such magnitude in industry, transport, and finance,
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  Speaker 1: overturning as it did the agrarian civilization of the old
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  Speaker 1: Northwest and reaching out to the very borders of the country,
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  Speaker 1: could not fail to bring in its train consequences of
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  Speaker 1: a striking character. Some were immediate and obvious, Others require
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  Speaker 1: a fullness of time not yet reached to reveal their
• 12:43
  Speaker 1: complete significance. Outstanding among them was the growth of an
• 12:47
  Speaker 1: industrial population detached from the land, concentrated in cities, and,
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: to use Jefferson's phrase, dependent upon the caprices and casualties
• 12:58
  Speaker 1: of trade for a lot livelihood. This was a result
• 13:02
  Speaker 1: as the Great Virginian had foreseen, which flowed inevitably from
• 13:06
  Speaker 1: public and private efforts to stimulate industry as against agriculture.
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  Speaker 1: It was estimated in eighteen sixty on the basis of
• 13:16
  Speaker 1: the census figures that mechanical production gave employment to one million,
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  Speaker 1: one hundred thousand men and two hundred eighty five thousand women,
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  Speaker 1: making if the average number of dependents upon them be reckoned,
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  Speaker 1: nearly six million people, or about one sixth of the
• 13:33
  Speaker 1: population of the country sustained from manufactures. This runs the
• 13:39
  Speaker 1: official record was exclusive of the number engaged in the
• 13:43
  Speaker 1: production of many of the raw materials and of the
• 13:46
  Speaker 1: food for manufacturers in the distribution of their products, such
• 13:50
  Speaker 1: as merchants, clerks, draymen, mariners, the employees of railroads, expresses
• 13:56
  Speaker 1: and steamboats, of capitalists, various artistic and professional classes, as
• 14:02
  Speaker 1: well as carpenters, bricklayers, painters, and the members of other
• 14:06
  Speaker 1: mechanical trades not classed as manufacturers. It is safe to assume, then,
• 14:12
  Speaker 1: that one third of the whole population is supported directly
• 14:16
  Speaker 1: or indirectly by manufacturing industry, Taking However, the number of
• 14:22
  Speaker 1: persons directly supported by manufacturers, namely about six millions, reveals
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: the astounding fact that the white laboring population divorced from
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: the soil already exceeded the number of slaves on southern
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: farms and plantations immigration. The more carefully the rapid growth
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: of the industrial population is examined, the more surprising is
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: the fact that such an immense body of free laborers
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: could be found, particularly when it is recalled to what
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: desperate straits the colonial leaders were put in securing immigrants, slavery,
• 14:59
  Speaker 1: in dentured servitude and kidnapping being the fruits of their necessities.
• 15:05
  Speaker 1: The answer to the enigma is to be found partly
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: in European conditions and partly in the cheapness of transportation.
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: After the opening of the era of steam navigation. Shrewd
• 15:17
  Speaker 1: observers of the course of events had long foreseen that
• 15:20
  Speaker 1: a flood of cheap labor was bound to come when
• 15:23
  Speaker 1: the way was made easy. Some among them, chief Justice Ellsworth,
• 15:29
  Speaker 1: went so far as to prophecy that white labor would
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: in time be so abundant that slavery would disappear, as
• 15:36
  Speaker 1: the more costly of the two labor systems. The processes
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: of nature were aided by the policies of government in
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: England and Germany the coming of the Irish. The opposition
• 15:49
  Speaker 1: of the Irish people to the English government, ever furious
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: and irrepressible, was increased in the mid forties by an
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: almost total failure of the potato crop. The main soul
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: of the peasants Catholic in religion, they had been compelled
• 16:04
  Speaker 1: to support a Protestant church, tillers of the soil. By necessity,
• 16:09
  Speaker 1: they were forced to pay enormous tributes to absentee landlords
• 16:12
  Speaker 1: in England, whose claim to their estates rested upon the
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: title of conquest and confiscation. Intensely loyal to their race,
• 16:21
  Speaker 1: the Irish were subjected in all things to the Parliament
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: at London, in which their small minority of representatives had
• 16:28
  Speaker 1: little influence, save in holding a balance of power between
• 16:32
  Speaker 1: the two contending English parties. To the constant political irritation,
• 16:37
  Speaker 1: the potato famine added physical distress beyond description. In cottages
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: and fields and along the highways. The victims of starvation
• 16:47
  Speaker 1: lay dead by the hundreds, the relief which charity afforded
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: only bringing misery more sharply to the foreground. Those who
• 16:55
  Speaker 1: were fortunate enough to secure passage money sought escape to America.
• 16:59
  Speaker 1: In eighteen forty four, the total immigration into the United
• 17:03
  Speaker 1: States was less than eighty thousand. In eighteen fifty, it
• 17:07
  Speaker 1: had risen by leaps and bounds to more than three
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: hundred thousand. Between eighteen twenty and eighteen sixty, the immigrants
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: from the United Kingdom numbered two million, seven hundred fifty thousand,
• 17:20
  Speaker 1: of whom more than one half were Irish. It has
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: been said, with a touch of exaggeration, that the American
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: canals and railways of those days were built by the
• 17:31
  Speaker 1: labor of Irishmen. The German migration to political discontent and
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: economic distress, such as was responsible for the coming of
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: the Irish, may likewise be traced the source of the
• 17:45
  Speaker 1: Germanic migration. The Potato blight that fell upon Ireland visited
• 17:50
  Speaker 1: the Rhine Valley and southern Germany at the same time,
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: with results as pitiful, if less extensive. The calamity inflicted
• 17:59
  Speaker 1: by nature was followed shortly by another inflicted by the
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: despotic conduct of German kings and princes. In eighteen forty eight,
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: there had occurred throughout Europe a popular uprising in behalf
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: of republics and democratic government. For a time it rode
• 18:16
  Speaker 1: on a full tide of success. Kings were overthrown or
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: compelled to promise constitutional government, and tyrannical ministers fled from
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: their palaces. Then came reaction. Those who had championed the
• 18:30
  Speaker 1: popular cause were imprisoned, shot, or driven out of the land.
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: Men of attainments and distinction, whose sole offense was opposition
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: to the government of kings and princes, sought an asylum
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: in America, carrying with them to the land of their
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: adoption the spirit of liberty and democracy. In eighteen forty seven,
• 18:51
  Speaker 1: over fifty thousand Germans came to America, the forerunners of
• 18:55
  Speaker 1: a migration that increased almost steadily for many years. The
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: record of eighteen sixty showed that in the previous twenty years,
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: nearly a million and a half had found homes in
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: the United States far and wide. They scattered from the
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: mills and shops of the sea coast towns to the
• 19:14
  Speaker 1: uttermost frontiers of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The labor of women
• 19:20
  Speaker 1: and children, if the industries, canals, and railways of the
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: country were largely manned by foreign labor. Still important native
• 19:29
  Speaker 1: sources must not be overlooked. Above all, the women and
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: children of the New England textile districts, spinning and weaving,
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: by a tradition that runs far beyond the written records
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: of mankind, belonged to women. Indeed, it was the dexterous housewives, spinsters,
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: and boys and girls that laid the foundations of the
• 19:50
  Speaker 1: textile industry in America, foundations upon which the mechanical revolution
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: was built. As the wheel and loom were taken out
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: of the home homes to the factories operated by water
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: power or the steam engine, the women, and, to use
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: Hamilton's phrase, the children of tender years followed. As a
• 20:11
  Speaker 1: matter of course, the cotton manufacture alone employs six thousand
• 20:16
  Speaker 1: persons in Lowell, wrote a French observer in eighteen thirty six.
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: Of this number, nearly five thousand are young women from
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: seventeen to twenty four years of age, the daughters of
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: farmers from the different New England states. It was not
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: until after the middle of the century that foreign lands
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: proved to be the chief source from which workers were
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: recruited for the factories of New England. It was then
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: that the daughters of the Puritans, outdone by the competition
• 20:45
  Speaker 1: of foreign labor, both of men and women, left the
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: spinning jenny and the loom to other hands. The rise
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: of organized labor, the changing conditions of American life, marked
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: by the spreading mill towns of New England, New York,
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: and Pennsylvania, and the growth of cities like Buffalo, Cincinnati, Louisville,
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: Saint Louis, Detroit, and Chicago in the West, naturally brought changes.
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: As Jefferson had prophesied in manners and morals, a few mechanics, smiths, carpenters,
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: and masons, widely scattered through farming regions and rural villages,
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: raised no such problems as tens of thousands of workers
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: collected in one's center in daily intercourse, learning the power
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: of cooperation and union. Even before the coming of steam
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: and machinery, in the good old days of handicrafts, laborers
• 21:43
  Speaker 1: in many trades, printers, shoemakers, carpenters, for example, had begun
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: to draw together in the towns for the advancement of
• 21:52
  Speaker 1: their interests in the form of higher wages, shorter days,
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: and milder laws. The shoemakers of Philadelphia organized in seventeen
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: ninety four, conducted a strike in seventeen ninety nine and
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: held together until indicted seven years later for conspiracy. During
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: the twenties and thirties, local labor unions sprang up in
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: all industrial centers, and they led almost immediately to city
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: federations of the several crafts. As the thousands who were
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: depended upon their daily labor for their livelihood mounted into
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: the millions, and industries spread across the continent, the local
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: unions of craftsmen grew into national craft organizations, bound together
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: by the newspapers, the telegraph, and the railways. Before eighteen
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: sixty there were several such national trade unions, including the plumbers, printers,
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: mule spinners, iron molders, and stone cutters. All over the North.
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: Labor leaders arose men unknown to general history, but forceful
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: and resourceful characters who forged links, binding scattered and individual
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: workers into a common brotherhood. An attempt was even made
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty four to federate all the crafts into
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: a permanent national organization, but it perished within three years
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: through lack of support. Half a century had to elapse
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: before the American Federation of Labor was to accomplish this task.
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: All the manifestations of the modern labor movement had appeared
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: in Germ at least by the time the mid century
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: was reached. Unions, labor leaders, strikes, a labor press, a
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: labor political program, and a labor political party. In every
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: great city, industrial disputes were a common occurrence. The papers
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: recorded about four hundred in two years eighteen fifty three
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: to eighteen fifty four, local affairs, but forecasting economic struggles
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: in a larger field. The labor press seems to have
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: begun with the founding of the Mechanics Free Press in
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: Philadelphia in eighteen twenty eight and the establishment of the
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: New York working Man's Advocate shortly afterward. These semi political
• 24:12
  Speaker 1: papers were in later years followed by regular trade papers
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: designed to weld together and advance the interests of particular crafts.
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: Edited by able leaders. These little sheets, with limited circulation,
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: wielded an enormous influence in the ranks of the workers, labor,
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: and politics. As for the political program of labor, the
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: main planks were clear and specific. The abolition of imprisonment
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: for debt, manhood's suffrage in states, were property qualifications still prevailed,
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: free and universal education, laws protecting the safety and health
• 24:50
  Speaker 1: of workers in mills and factories, abolition of lotteries, repeal
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: of laws requiring militia service, and free land in the West.
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: Into the labor papers and platforms, there sometimes crept a
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: note of hostility to the masters of industry, a sign
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: of bitterness that excited little alarm, while cheap land in
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: the West was open to the discontented. The Philadelphia Workmen,
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: in issuing a call for a local convention, invited all
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: those of our fellow citizens who live by their own
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: labor and none other. In Newcastle County, Delaware, the Association
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: of Working People complained in eighteen thirty the poor have
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: no laws. The laws are made by the rich, and
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: of course for the rich. Here and there an extremist
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: went to the length of advocating an equal division of
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: wealth among all the people, the crudest kind of communism.
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: Agitation of this character produced in labor circles profound distrust
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: of both Whigs and Democrats, who talked principally about tariffs
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: and banks. It resulted in attempts to found independent labor
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: parties in Philadelphia, Albany, New York City, and New England.
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: Labor candidates were put up for elections in the early thirties,
• 26:10
  Speaker 1: and in a few cases were victorious at the polls.
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: The balance of power has at length got into the
• 26:17
  Speaker 1: hands of the working people, where it properly belongs, triumphantly,
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: exclaimed the Mechanics Free Press of Philadelphia in eighteen twenty nine.
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: But the triumph was illusory. Dissensions appeared in the labor ranks.
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: The old party leaders, particularly of Tammany Hall, the Democratic
• 26:36
  Speaker 1: Party organization in New York City, offered concessions to labor
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: in return for votes. Newspapers unsparingly denounced trade union politicians
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: as demagogues, levelers, and rag tag and bob tail, and
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: some of them deeming labor unrest the sour fruit of
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: manhood's suffrage suggested disfranchisement as a remedy. Under the influence
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: of concession and attacks, the political fever quickly died away,
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: and the end of the decade left no remnant of
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: the labor political parties. Labor leaders turned to a task
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: which seemed more substantial and practical, that of organizing working
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: men into craft unions for the definite purpose of raising
• 27:20
  Speaker 1: wages and reducing hours. End of Section one Section two
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: of History of the United States by Charles A. Beard
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: and Mary R. Beard, Part five, Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction.
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: visit Liberal dot Org. Recording by Katy Gibbinney, Arkansas, January
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: two thousand eight. History of the United States by Charles A.
• 28:11
  Speaker 1: Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction.
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: Chapter eight. The rise of the industrial system continued the
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution and national politics Southern plans for union with
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: the West. It was long the design of Southern statesmen
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: like Calhoun to hold the West and the South together
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: in one political party. The theory on which they based
• 28:39
  Speaker 1: their hope was simple. Both sections were agricultural, the producers
• 28:44
  Speaker 1: of raw materials and the buyers of manufactured goods. The
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: planters were heavy purchasers of western bacon, pork, mules, and grain.
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: The Mississippi River and its tributaries formed the natural channel
• 28:58
  Speaker 1: for the transportation of heavy produce southward to the plantations
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: and outward to Europe. Therefore ran their political reasoning. The
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: interests of the two sections were won by standing together
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: in favor of low tariffs, they could buy their manufactures
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: cheaply in Europe and pay for them in cotton, tobacco,
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: and grain. The union of the two sections under Jackson's
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: management seemed perfect. The East forms ties with the West.
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: Eastern leaders were not blind to the ambitions of Southern statesmen.
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: On the contrary, they also recognized the importance of forming
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: strong ties with the agrarian West and drawing the produce
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: of the Ohio Valley to Philadelphia and New York the
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: canals and railways where the physical signs of this economic
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: union and the results commercial and political, were soon evident.
• 29:53
  Speaker 1: By the middle of the century. Southern economists noted the change.
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: One of them DeBow lamenting that the great cities of
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: the North have severally penetrated the interior with artificial lines
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: until they have taken from the open and untaxed current
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: of the Mississippi the commerce produced on its borders. To
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: this rider, it was an astounding thing to behold the
• 30:17
  Speaker 1: number of steamers that now descend the upper Mississippi River
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: loaded to the guards with produce as far as the
• 30:24
  Speaker 1: mouth of the Illinois River, and then turn up that
• 30:26
  Speaker 1: stream with their cargoes to be shipped to New York
• 30:30
  Speaker 1: via Chicago. The Illinois Canal has not only swept the
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: whole produce along the line of the Illinois River to
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: the east, but it is drawing the products of the
• 30:40
  Speaker 1: Upper Mississippi through the same channel, thus depriving New Orleans
• 30:44
  Speaker 1: and Saint Louis of a rich portion of their former trade.
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: If to any shippers, the broad current of the Great
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: River sweeping down to New Orleans offered easier means of
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: physical communication to the sea than the canals and railways,
• 31:00
  Speaker 1: the difference could be overcome by the credit which Eastern
• 31:03
  Speaker 1: bankers were able to extend the grain and produce fires
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: in the first instance, and through them to the farmers
• 31:10
  Speaker 1: on the soil. The acute Southern observer just quoted Debout
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: admitted with evident regret in eighteen fifty two that last
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: autumn the rich regions of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were
• 31:25
  Speaker 1: flooded with the local bank notes of the Eastern states,
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: advanced by the New York houses on produce to be
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: shipped by way of the canals in the spring. These
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: moneyed facilities enable the packer, miller and speculator to hold
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: on to their produce until the opening of navigation in
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: the spring, and they are no longer obliged as formerly
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: to hurry off their shipments during the winter by the
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: way of New Orleans in order to realize funds by
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: drafts on their shipments. The banking facilities at the East
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: are doing as much to draw trade from US as
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: the canals and railways which Eastern capital is constructing. Thus, canals, railways,
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: and financial credit were swiftly forging bonds of union between
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: the old home of Jacksonian democracy and the West and
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: the older home of federalism in the East. The nationalism
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: to which Webster paid eloquent tribute became more and more
• 32:22
  Speaker 1: real with the passing of time. The self sufficiency of
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: the pioneer was broken down as he began to watch
• 32:29
  Speaker 1: the produce markets of New York and Philadelphia, where the
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: prices of corn and hogs fixed his earnings for the year,
• 32:38
  Speaker 1: the West and manufactures. In addition to the commercial bonds
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: between the East and the West, there was growing up
• 32:45
  Speaker 1: a common interest in manufactures. As skilled white labor increased
• 32:50
  Speaker 1: in the Ohio Valley. The industries springing up in the
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: new cities made Western life more like that of the
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: industrial East than like that of the planting South. Moreover,
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: the Western States produced some important raw materials for American
• 33:05
  Speaker 1: factories which called for protection against foreign competition, notably wool, hemp,
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: and flax. As the South had little or no foreign
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: competition in cotton and tobacco, the East could not offer
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: protection for her raw materials in exchange for protection for industries.
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: With the West. However, it became possible to establish reciprocity
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: in tariffs, that is, for example, to trade a high
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: rate on wool for a high rate on textiles or iron.
• 33:36
  Speaker 1: The South dependent on the North. While East and West
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: were drawing together, the distinctions between North and South were
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: becoming more marked. The latter, having few industries and producing
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: little save raw materials, was being forced into the position
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: of a dependent section. As a result of the protective tariff,
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: Southern planters were compelled to turn more and more or
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: to northern mills for their cloth, shoes, hats, hoes, plows,
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: and machinery. Nearly all the goods which they bought in
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: Europe in exchange for their produce came overseas to northern ports.
• 34:12
  Speaker 1: Whence transshipments were made by rail and water to Southern
• 34:16
  Speaker 1: points of distribution their rice, cotton, and tobacco, in as
• 34:21
  Speaker 1: far as they were not carried to Europe in British
• 34:23
  Speaker 1: bottoms were transported by Northern masters. In these ways, a
• 34:28
  Speaker 1: large part of the financial operations connected with the sale
• 34:32
  Speaker 1: of Southern produce and the purchase of goods in exchange
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: passed into the hands of Northern merchants and bankers, who
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: naturally made profits from their transactions. Finally, Southern planters, who
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: wanted to buy more land and more slaves on credit,
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: borrowed heavily in the North, where huge accumulations made the
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: rates of interest lower than the smaller banks in the
• 34:56
  Speaker 1: South could afford. The South reckon the cost of economic dependence.
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: As Southern dependents upon Northern capital became more and more marked,
• 35:08
  Speaker 1: Southern leaders began to chafe at what they regarded as
• 35:11
  Speaker 1: restraints laid upon their enterprise. In a word, they came
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: to look upon the planter as a tribute bearer to
• 35:18
  Speaker 1: the manufacturer and financier. The south. Expostulated debout stands in
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: the attitude of feeding a vast population of Northern merchants, shipowners, capitalists,
• 35:32
  Speaker 1: and others who, without claims on her progeny, drink up
• 35:36
  Speaker 1: the life blood of her trade. Where goes the value
• 35:39
  Speaker 1: of our labor? But to those who, taking advantage of
• 35:42
  Speaker 1: our folly, ship for us, buy for us, sell to us, and,
• 35:47
  Speaker 1: after turning our own capital to their profitable account, return
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: laden with our money to enjoy their easily earned opulence
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: at home. Southern statisticians, not satisfied with generalities, attempted to
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: figure out how great was this tribute. In dollars and cents.
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: They estimated that the planters annually lent to Northern merchants
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: the full value of their experts one hundred millions or more,
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: to be used in the manipulation of foreign imports. They
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: calculated that no less than forty millions all told, had
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: been paid to shipowners in profits. They reckoned that if
• 36:26
  Speaker 1: the South were to work up her own cotton, she
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: would realize from seventy to one hundred millions a year
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: that otherwise went north. Finally, to cap the climax, they
• 36:37
  Speaker 1: regretted that planters spent some fifteen millions a year pleasure
• 36:42
  Speaker 1: seeking in the alluring cities and summer resorts of the north.
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: Southern opposition to Northern policies proceeding From these premises, Southern
• 36:52
  Speaker 1: leaders drew the logical conclusion that the entire program of
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: economic measures demanded in the North was, without exception adverse
• 37:01
  Speaker 1: to Southern interests, and, by a similar chain of reasoning,
• 37:05
  Speaker 1: injurious to the corn and wheat producers of the West.
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: Cheap labor afforded by free immigration, a protective tariff raising
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: prices of manufactures for the tiller of the soil, ship's subsidies,
• 37:18
  Speaker 1: increasing the tonnage of carrying trade in northern hands. Internal
• 37:23
  Speaker 1: improvements forging new economic bonds between the East and the West.
• 37:28
  Speaker 1: A national banking system giving strict national control over the
• 37:33
  Speaker 1: currency as a safeguard against paper inflation. All these devices
• 37:38
  Speaker 1: were regarded in the South as contrary to the planting interest.
• 37:42
  Speaker 1: They were constantly compared with the restrictive measures by which
• 37:46
  Speaker 1: Great Britain, more than half a century before, had sought
• 37:50
  Speaker 1: to bind American interests. As oppression justified a war for independence,
• 37:55
  Speaker 1: wants statesmen argued, So it can justify it again. It
• 38:00
  Speaker 1: is curious as it is melancholy and distressing. Came a
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: broad hint from South Carolina to see how striking is
• 38:08
  Speaker 1: the analogy between the colonial vassalage to which the manufacturing
• 38:13
  Speaker 1: states have reduced the planting states, and that which formerly
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: bound the Anglo American colonies to the British Empire. England
• 38:20
  Speaker 1: said to her American colonies, you shall not trade with
• 38:24
  Speaker 1: the rest of the world for such manufactures as are
• 38:27
  Speaker 1: produced in the mother country. The manufacturing states say to
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: their southern colonies, you shall not trade with the rest
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: of the world for such manufactures as we produce. The
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: conclusion was inexorable. Either the South must control the national
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: government and its economic measures, or it must declare, as
• 38:48
  Speaker 1: America had done fourscore years before, its political and economic independence.
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: As northern mills multiplied, as railways spun their mighty web
• 38:59
  Speaker 1: over the face of the North, and as accumulated capital
• 39:02
  Speaker 1: rose into the hundreds of millions, the conviction of the
• 39:05
  Speaker 1: planters and their statesmen deepened into desperation. Efforts to start
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: Southern industries fail. A few of them, seeing the predominance
• 39:16
  Speaker 1: of the North, made determined efforts to introduce manufactures into
• 39:20
  Speaker 1: the South. To the leaders, who were averse to succession
• 39:25
  Speaker 1: and nullification, this seemed the only remedy for the growing
• 39:28
  Speaker 1: disparity in the power of the two sections. Societies for
• 39:32
  Speaker 1: the encouragement of mechanical industries were formed. The investment of
• 39:36
  Speaker 1: capital was sought, and indeed a few mills were built
• 39:39
  Speaker 1: on southern soil. The results were meager. The natural resources
• 39:45
  Speaker 1: coal and water power were abundant, but the enterprise for
• 39:49
  Speaker 1: direction and the skilled labor were wanting. The stream of
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: European immigration flowed north and west, not south. The Irish
• 39:57
  Speaker 1: or German laborer, even if he finally met, made his
• 40:00
  Speaker 1: home in his city had before him, while in the
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: North the alternative of a homestead on western land. To him,
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: slavery was a strange, if not a repelling institution. He
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: did not take to it kindly, nor cared to fix
• 40:14
  Speaker 1: his home where it flourished. While slavery lasted. The economy
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: of the South was inevitably agricultural. While agriculture predominated, leadership
• 40:25
  Speaker 1: with equal necessity fell to the planting interest. While the
• 40:29
  Speaker 1: planting interest ruled political opposition to northern economy was destined
• 40:34
  Speaker 1: to grow in strength the Southern theory of sectionalism. In
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: the opinion of the statesman, who frankly represented the planting interest,
• 40:45
  Speaker 1: the industrial system was its deadly enemy. Their entire philosophy
• 40:50
  Speaker 1: of American politics was summed up in a single paragraph
• 40:54
  Speaker 1: by McDuffie, a spokesman for South Carolina, Owing to the
• 40:58
  Speaker 1: federative caracter of our government, the great geographical extent of
• 41:03
  Speaker 1: our territory, and the diversity of the pursuits of our
• 41:07
  Speaker 1: citizens in different parts of the Union. It has so
• 41:11
  Speaker 1: happened that two great interests have sprung up, standing directly
• 41:15
  Speaker 1: opposed to each other. One of these consists of those
• 41:18
  Speaker 1: manufactures which the Northern and Middle States are capable of producing,
• 41:23
  Speaker 1: but which, owing to the high price of labor and
• 41:26
  Speaker 1: the high profits of capital in those states, cannot hold
• 41:30
  Speaker 1: competition with foreign manufactures without the aid of bounties directly
• 41:35
  Speaker 1: or indirectly, given either by the general government or by
• 41:38
  Speaker 1: the state governments. The other of these interests consists of
• 41:42
  Speaker 1: the great agricultural staples of the Southern States, which can
• 41:46
  Speaker 1: find a market only in foreign countries, and which can
• 41:49
  Speaker 1: be advantageously sold only in exchange for foreign manufactures which
• 41:54
  Speaker 1: come in competition with those of the Northern and Middle States.
• 41:59
  Speaker 1: These interests then stand diametrically and irreconcilably opposed to each other.
• 42:05
  Speaker 1: The interest, the pecuniary interest of the Northern manufacturer is
• 42:09
  Speaker 1: directly promoted at every increase of the taxes imposed upon
• 42:13
  Speaker 1: Southern commerce, And it is unnecessary to add that the
• 42:18
  Speaker 1: interest of the Southern planter is promoted by every diminution
• 42:22
  Speaker 1: of taxes imposed upon the productions of their industry. If
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: under these circumstances the manufacturers were clothed with the power
• 42:31
  Speaker 1: of imposing taxes at their pleasure upon the foreign imports
• 42:36
  Speaker 1: of the planter, no doubt would exist in the mind
• 42:39
  Speaker 1: of any man that it would have all the characteristics
• 42:42
  Speaker 1: of an absolute and unqualified despotism. The economic soundness of
• 42:48
  Speaker 1: this reasoning, a subject of interesting speculation for the economist,
• 42:53
  Speaker 1: is of little concern to the historian. The historical point
• 42:57
  Speaker 1: is that this opinion was widely held in the South,
• 43:00
  Speaker 1: and with the progress of time, became the prevailing doctrine
• 43:04
  Speaker 1: of the planting statesmen. Their antagonism was deepened because they
• 43:08
  Speaker 1: also became convinced on what grounds. It is not necessary
• 43:12
  Speaker 1: to inquire that the leaders of the industrial interest thus
• 43:16
  Speaker 1: opposed to planting, formed a consolidated aristocracy of wealth, bent
• 43:21
  Speaker 1: upon the pursuit and attainment of political power at Washington
• 43:26
  Speaker 1: by the aid of various associated interests. Continued McDuffie. The
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: manufacturing capitalists have obtained a complete and permanent control over
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: the legislation of Congress on this subject. The tariff men,
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: confederated together upon selfish and interested principles, whether in pursuit
• 43:47
  Speaker 1: of the offices or the bounties of the government, are
• 43:50
  Speaker 1: ever more active and vigilant than the great majority, who
• 43:54
  Speaker 1: act from disinterested and patriotic impulses. Have we not witnessed
• 43:58
  Speaker 1: it on this floor? Service? Who ever knew the tariff
• 44:01
  Speaker 1: men to divide on any question affecting their confederated interests.
• 44:06
  Speaker 1: The watchword is stick together, right or wrong, upon every
• 44:11
  Speaker 1: question affecting the common cause. Such, Sir, is the concert
• 44:16
  Speaker 1: and vigilance, and such the combinations by which the manufacturing party,
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: acting upon the interests of some and the prejudices of others,
• 44:25
  Speaker 1: have obtained a decided and permanent control over public opinion
• 44:30
  Speaker 1: in all the tariff states. Thus, as the Southern statesmen
• 44:34
  Speaker 1: would have it, the North, in matters affecting national policies,
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: was ruled by a confederated interest which menaced the planting
• 44:43
  Speaker 1: interest as the former grew in magnitude and attached to itself.
• 44:48
  Speaker 1: The free farmers of the West through channels of trade
• 44:51
  Speaker 1: and credit. It followed as night the day that in
• 44:54
  Speaker 1: time the planters would be overshadowed and at length overborne
• 44:59
  Speaker 1: in the struggle of giants. Whether the theory was sound
• 45:03
  Speaker 1: or not, Southern statesmen believed it and acted upon it.
• 45:09
  Speaker 1: References M. Beard Short History of the American Labor Movement. E. L.
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: Bogart Economic History of the United States, j. R. Commons
• 45:21
  Speaker 1: History of Labor in the United States, two volumes. E. R. Johnson,
• 45:27
  Speaker 1: American Railway Transportation. C. D. Wright Industrial Evolution of the
• 45:33
  Speaker 1: United States. Questions One What signs pointed to a complete
• 45:40
  Speaker 1: democratic triumph in eighteen fifty two? Two? What is the
• 45:45
  Speaker 1: explanation of the extraordinary industrial progress of America? Three? Compare
• 45:52
  Speaker 1: the planting system with the factory system? Four? In what
• 45:57
  Speaker 1: sections did industry flourish before the Civil War?
• 46:01
  Speaker 2: Why?
• 46:03
  Speaker 1: Five? Show why transportation is so vital to modern industry
• 46:08
  Speaker 1: and agriculture. Six. Explain how it was possible to secure
• 46:13
  Speaker 1: so many people to labor in American industries. Seven Trace
• 46:19
  Speaker 1: the steps in the rise of organized labour before eighteen
• 46:22
  Speaker 1: sixty eight. What political and economic reforms did labor demand? Nine?
• 46:30
  Speaker 1: Why did the East and the South seek closer ties
• 46:33
  Speaker 1: with the West. Ten describe the economic forces which were
• 46:38
  Speaker 1: drawing the East and the West together. Eleven in what
• 46:42
  Speaker 1: way was the South economically dependent upon the North? Twelve
• 46:48
  Speaker 1: state the national policies generally favored in the North and
• 46:52
  Speaker 1: condemned in the South. Thirteen show how economic conditions in
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: the South were unfavorable to industry. Fourteen give the Southern
• 47:03
  Speaker 1: explanation of the antagonism between the North and the South.
• 47:08
  Speaker 1: Research topics. The inventions assign one to each student. Satisfactory
• 47:14
  Speaker 1: accounts are to be found in any good encyclopedia, especially
• 47:18
  Speaker 1: the Britannica River and Lake Commerce Calendar. Economic History of
• 47:24
  Speaker 1: the United States, pages three thirteen through three twenty six.
• 47:30
  Speaker 1: Railways and Canals calendar, pages three twenty six through three
• 47:36
  Speaker 1: forty four, three fifty nine through three eighty seven. Coleman
• 47:42
  Speaker 1: Industrial History of the United States, Pages two sixteen through
• 47:47
  Speaker 1: two twenty five. The Growth of Industry eighteen fifteen through
• 47:53
  Speaker 1: eighteen forty calendar, pages four fifty nine through four seventy one.
• 48:00
  Speaker 1: From eighteen fifty to eighteen sixty calendar pages four seventy
• 48:05
  Speaker 1: one through four eighty six. Early labor Conditions calendar pages
• 48:11
  Speaker 1: seven oh one through seven eighteen. Early Immigration Calendar pages
• 48:17
  Speaker 1: seven nineteen through seven thirty two. Clay's Home Market Theory
• 48:23
  Speaker 1: of the Tariff Calendar, pages four ninety eight through five
• 48:28
  Speaker 1: zero three. The New England View of the Tariff Calendar
• 48:33
  Speaker 1: pages five zero three through five fourteen. End of section two.
• 48:45
  Speaker 2: Section three of History of the United States by Charles A.
• 48:49
  Speaker 2: Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five, Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction.
• 48:55
  Speaker 2: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 48:59
  Speaker 2: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 49:03
  Speaker 2: visit LibriVox dot org. History of the United States by
• 49:08
  Speaker 2: Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five, Sectional
• 49:13
  Speaker 2: Conflict in Reconstruction. Chapter fourteen, The Planting System and National Politics.
• 49:20
  Speaker 2: James Madison, the father of the Federal Constitution, after he
• 49:24
  Speaker 2: had watched for many days the Battle Royale in the
• 49:27
  Speaker 2: National Convention of seventeen eighty seven, exclaimed that the contest
• 49:31
  Speaker 2: was not between the large and small states, but between
• 49:34
  Speaker 2: the commercial North and the planting South. From the inauguration
• 49:38
  Speaker 2: of Washington to the election of Lincoln. The sectional conflict
• 49:42
  Speaker 2: discerned by this penetrating thinker exercised profound influence on the
• 49:46
  Speaker 2: course of American politics. It was latent during the era
• 49:50
  Speaker 2: of Good Feeling. When the Jeffersonian Republicans adopted federalist policies,
• 49:56
  Speaker 2: it flamed up again in the contest between the Democrats
• 49:59
  Speaker 2: and Whigs. Finally, it raged in the angry political quarrel
• 50:03
  Speaker 2: which culminated in the Civil War. Slavery North and South
• 50:08
  Speaker 2: the decline of slavery in the North. At the time
• 50:12
  Speaker 2: of the adoption of the Constitution, slavery was lawful in
• 50:15
  Speaker 2: all the Northern states except Massachusetts. There were almost as
• 50:20
  Speaker 2: many bondmen in New York as in Georgia. New Jersey
• 50:23
  Speaker 2: had more than Delaware or Tennessee, indeed, nearly as many
• 50:27
  Speaker 2: as both combined. All told, however, there were only about
• 50:31
  Speaker 2: forty thousand in the North, as against nearly seven hundred
• 50:34
  Speaker 2: thousand in the South. Moreover, most of the Northern slaves
• 50:38
  Speaker 2: were domestic servants, not laborers necessary to keep mills going
• 50:42
  Speaker 2: or fields under cultivation. There was in the North a
• 50:47
  Speaker 2: steadily growing moral sentiment against the system. Massachusetts abandoned it
• 50:52
  Speaker 2: in seventeen eighty. In the same year, Pennsylvania provided for
• 50:56
  Speaker 2: gradual emancipation New Hampshire, where there had had been only
• 51:00
  Speaker 2: a handful. Connecticut with a few thousand domestics, and New
• 51:04
  Speaker 2: Jersey early followed these examples. New York in seventeen ninety
• 51:09
  Speaker 2: nine declared that all children born of slaves after July
• 51:12
  Speaker 2: four of that year should be free, though held for
• 51:15
  Speaker 2: a term as apprentices, and in eighteen twenty seven it
• 51:19
  Speaker 2: swept away the last vestiges of slavery. So with the
• 51:23
  Speaker 2: passing of the generation that had framed the Constitution, chattel
• 51:27
  Speaker 2: servitude disappeared in the commercial States, leaving behind only such
• 51:31
  Speaker 2: discriminations as disenfranchisement or high property qualifications on colored voters.
• 51:38
  Speaker 2: The growth of northern sentiment against slavery in both sections
• 51:42
  Speaker 2: of the country there early existed among those more or
• 51:45
  Speaker 2: less philosophically inclined a strong opposition to slavery on moral
• 51:50
  Speaker 2: as well as economic grounds. In the Constitutional Convention of
• 51:54
  Speaker 2: seventeen eighty seven, Governor Morris had vigorously condemned it and
• 51:58
  Speaker 2: proposed that the whole country should bear the cost of
• 52:01
  Speaker 2: abolishing it. About the same time, a Society for Promoting
• 52:05
  Speaker 2: the Abolition of Slavery, under the presidency of Benjamin Franklin,
• 52:09
  Speaker 2: laid before Congress a petition that serious attention be given
• 52:13
  Speaker 2: to the emancipation of those unhappy men who, alone in
• 52:16
  Speaker 2: this land of freedom, are degraded into perpetual bondage. When Congress,
• 52:21
  Speaker 2: acting on the recommendations of President Jefferson, provided for the
• 52:25
  Speaker 2: abolition of the foreign slave trade on January first, eighteen
• 52:29
  Speaker 2: o eight, several Northern members joined with Southern members in
• 52:32
  Speaker 2: condemning the system as well as the trade. Later, colonialization
• 52:37
  Speaker 2: societies were formed to encourage the emancipation of slaves and
• 52:41
  Speaker 2: their return to Africa. James Madison was president and Henry
• 52:45
  Speaker 2: Clay vice president of such an organization. The anti slavery
• 52:50
  Speaker 2: sentiment of which these were the sides, was nevertheless confined
• 52:53
  Speaker 2: to narrow circles and bore no trace of bitterness. We
• 52:57
  Speaker 2: consider slavery your calamity, not crime, wrote a distinguished Boston
• 53:02
  Speaker 2: clergyman to his Southern brethren. And we will share with
• 53:05
  Speaker 2: you the burden of putting an end to it. We
• 53:07
  Speaker 2: will consent that the public land shall be appropriated to
• 53:10
  Speaker 2: this object. I deprecate everything which sows discord and exasperating
• 53:15
  Speaker 2: sectional animosities, uncompromising abolition. In a little while the spirit
• 53:21
  Speaker 2: of generosity was gone just as Jacksonian democracy rose to power,
• 53:26
  Speaker 2: there appeared a new kind of anti slavery doctrine. The
• 53:30
  Speaker 2: dogmatism of the abolition agitator for mild speculation on the
• 53:34
  Speaker 2: evils of the system was substituted an imperious and belligerent
• 53:38
  Speaker 2: demand for instant emancipation. If a date must be fixed
• 53:43
  Speaker 2: for its appearance, the year eighteen thirty one may be
• 53:46
  Speaker 2: taken when William Lloyd Garrison founded in Boston his anti
• 53:50
  Speaker 2: slavery paper The Liberator. With singleness of purpose and utter
• 53:55
  Speaker 2: contempt for all opposing opinions and arguments, he pursued his
• 53:59
  Speaker 2: course of pass denunciation. He apologized for having ever assented
• 54:04
  Speaker 2: to the popular but pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition. He
• 54:08
  Speaker 2: chose for his motto immediate and unconditional emancipation. He promised
• 54:14
  Speaker 2: his readers that he would be harsh as truth and
• 54:17
  Speaker 2: uncompromising as justice, that he would not think, or speak
• 54:21
  Speaker 2: or write with moderation. Then he flung out his defiant call,
• 54:25
  Speaker 2: I am in earnest I will not equivocate, I will
• 54:28
  Speaker 2: not excuse, I will not retreat a single inch, and
• 54:31
  Speaker 2: I will be heard. Such is the vow I take
• 54:34
  Speaker 2: so help me God. Though Garrison complained that the apathy
• 54:39
  Speaker 2: of the people is enough to make every statue leap
• 54:41
  Speaker 2: from its pedestal, he soon learned how alive the masses
• 54:45
  Speaker 2: were to the meaning of his propaganda. Abolition orators were
• 54:49
  Speaker 2: stoned in the street and hissed from the platform. Their
• 54:52
  Speaker 2: meeting places were often attacked and sometimes burned to the ground.
• 54:57
  Speaker 2: Garrison himself was assaulted in the streets of Boston, finding
• 55:00
  Speaker 2: refuge from the angry mob behind prison bars. Lovejoy, a
• 55:05
  Speaker 2: publisher in Alton, Illinois, for his willingness to give abolition
• 55:09
  Speaker 2: a fair hearing, was brutally murdered. His printing press was
• 55:12
  Speaker 2: broken to pieces as a warning to all those who
• 55:15
  Speaker 2: disturbed the nation's peace of mind. The South, doubly frightened
• 55:20
  Speaker 2: by a slaver vault in eighteen thirty one, which ended
• 55:23
  Speaker 2: in the murder of a number of men, women, and children,
• 55:26
  Speaker 2: closed all discussion of slavery in that section, now exclaimed Calhoun.
• 55:31
  Speaker 2: It is a question which admits of neither concession nor compromise.
• 55:36
  Speaker 2: As the opposition hardened, the anti slavery agitation gathered in
• 55:40
  Speaker 2: force and intensity. Whittier blew his blast from the new
• 55:44
  Speaker 2: England Hills. No slave hunt in our borders, no pirate
• 55:48
  Speaker 2: on our strand, no fetters in the Bay State, no
• 55:51
  Speaker 2: slave upon our land. Lowell, looking upon the espousal of
• 55:56
  Speaker 2: a great cause as the noblest aim of his art, ridiculed, dueled,
• 56:00
  Speaker 2: and excoriated bondage. In the South, those abolitionists not gifted
• 56:05
  Speaker 2: as speakers or writers signed petitions against slavery and poured
• 56:10
  Speaker 2: them in upon Congress. The flood of them was so
• 56:13
  Speaker 2: continuous that the House of Representatives, forgetting its traditions, adopted
• 56:18
  Speaker 2: in eighteen thirty six a gag rule which prevented the
• 56:21
  Speaker 2: reading of appeals and consigned them to the wastebasket. Not
• 56:25
  Speaker 2: until the Whigs were in power nearly ten years later
• 56:28
  Speaker 2: was John Quincy Adams able after a relentless campaign to
• 56:32
  Speaker 2: carry a motion rescinding the rule. How deep was the
• 56:36
  Speaker 2: impression made upon the country by this agitation for immediate
• 56:40
  Speaker 2: and unconditional emancipation cannot be measured. If the popular vote
• 56:45
  Speaker 2: for those candidates who opposed not only slavery but also
• 56:49
  Speaker 2: its extension to the territories be taken as a standard,
• 56:53
  Speaker 2: it was slight. Indeed, in eighteen forty four, the Free
• 56:57
  Speaker 2: soil candidate Bernie pulled six xty two thousand votes out
• 57:01
  Speaker 2: of over a million and a half. The free soil
• 57:04
  Speaker 2: vote of the next campaign went beyond a quarter of
• 57:06
  Speaker 2: a million, but the increase was due to the strength
• 57:09
  Speaker 2: of the leader, Martin van Buren. Four years afterward it
• 57:12
  Speaker 2: receded to one hundred and fifty six thousand, affording all
• 57:16
  Speaker 2: the outward signs for the belief that the pleas of
• 57:18
  Speaker 2: the abolitionists found no widespread response among the people. Yet
• 57:23
  Speaker 2: the agitation undoubtedly ran deeper than the ballot box. Young
• 57:27
  Speaker 2: statesmen of the North in whose hands the destiny of
• 57:30
  Speaker 2: frightful years was to lie, found their indifference to slavery
• 57:34
  Speaker 2: broken and their consciences stirred by the unending appeal and
• 57:38
  Speaker 2: the tireless reiteration. Charles Sumner afterward boasted that he read
• 57:43
  Speaker 2: The Liberator two years before Wendell Phillips, the young Boston
• 57:47
  Speaker 2: lawyer who cast aside his profession to take up the
• 57:49
  Speaker 2: dangerous cause early Southern opposition to slavery. In the South,
• 57:56
  Speaker 2: the sentiment against slavery was strong. It led some to
• 57:59
  Speaker 2: believe that it would also come to an end there
• 58:01
  Speaker 2: in due time. Washington disliked it and directed in his
• 58:06
  Speaker 2: will that his own slaves should be set free. After
• 58:09
  Speaker 2: the death of his wife, Jefferson, looking into the future,
• 58:13
  Speaker 2: condemned the system by which he also lived, saying, can
• 58:16
  Speaker 2: the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we
• 58:19
  Speaker 2: have removed their only firm bases a conviction in the
• 58:23
  Speaker 2: minds of the people that their liberties are the gift
• 58:25
  Speaker 2: of God? Are they not to be violated but with
• 58:28
  Speaker 2: his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I
• 58:31
  Speaker 2: reflect that God is just, that his justice cannot sleep forever.
• 58:37
  Speaker 2: Nor did Southern men confine their sentiments to expressions of
• 58:40
  Speaker 2: academic opinion. They accepted in seventeen eighty seven the Ordinance
• 58:44
  Speaker 2: which excluded slavery from the Northwest Territory forever, and also
• 58:49
  Speaker 2: the Missouri Compromise, which shut it out of a vast
• 58:52
  Speaker 2: section of the Louisiana territory. The revolution in the slave system.
• 58:58
  Speaker 2: Among the representatives of St South Carolina and Georgia. However,
• 59:02
  Speaker 2: the anti slavery views of Washington and Jefferson were by
• 59:05
  Speaker 2: no means approved, and the drift of Southern economy was
• 59:08
  Speaker 2: decidedly in favor of extending and perpetuating rather than abolishing
• 59:13
  Speaker 2: the system of chattel servitude. The invention of the cotton
• 59:17
  Speaker 2: gin and textile machinery created a market for cotton which
• 59:20
  Speaker 2: the planters, with all their skill and energy, could hardly supply.
• 59:25
  Speaker 2: Almost every available acre was brought under cotton culture. As
• 59:29
  Speaker 2: the small farmers were driven steadily from the seaboard into
• 59:32
  Speaker 2: the uplands or to the northwest, the demand for slaves
• 59:36
  Speaker 2: to till the swiftly expanding fields was enormous. The number
• 59:40
  Speaker 2: of bondsmen rose from seven hundred thousand in Washington's day
• 59:44
  Speaker 2: to more than three millions in eighteen fifty. At the
• 59:48
  Speaker 2: same time, slavery itself was transformed. Instead of the homestead,
• 59:52
  Speaker 2: where the same family of masters kept the same families
• 59:55
  Speaker 2: of slaves from generation to generation, came the plantation system
• 1:00:00
  Speaker 2: of the far South and Southwest, where masters were ever
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 2: moving and ever extending their holdings of land and slaves.
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 2: This in turn reacted on the older South, where the
• 1:00:10
  Speaker 2: raising of slaves for the market became a regular and
• 1:00:12
  Speaker 2: highly profitable business. Slavery defended as a positive good as
• 1:00:19
  Speaker 2: the abolition agitation increased and the planting system expanded. Apologies
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 2: for slavery became fainter and fainter in the South. Then
• 1:00:27
  Speaker 2: apologies were superseded by claims that slavery was a beneficial
• 1:00:31
  Speaker 2: scheme of labour control. Calhoun, in a famous speech in
• 1:00:35
  Speaker 2: the Senate in eighteen thirty seven, sounded the new note
• 1:00:38
  Speaker 2: by declaring slavery, instead of an evil a good, a
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 2: positive good. His reasoning was as follows. In every civilized society,
• 1:00:47
  Speaker 2: one portion of the community must live on the labor
• 1:00:50
  Speaker 2: of another. Learning science and the arts are built upon leisure.
• 1:00:54
  Speaker 2: The African slave, kindly treated by his master and mistress
• 1:00:58
  Speaker 2: and looked after in his old aig, is better off
• 1:01:01
  Speaker 2: than the free laborers of Europe, and under the slave system,
• 1:01:05
  Speaker 2: conflicts between capital and labor are avoided. The advantages of
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 2: slavery in this respect, he concluded, will become more and
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 2: more manifest if left undisturbed by interference from without. As
• 1:01:17
  Speaker 2: the country advances in wealth and numbers, slave owners dominate politics.
• 1:01:23
  Speaker 2: The new doctrine of Calhoun was eagerly seized by the
• 1:01:26
  Speaker 2: planters as they came more and more to overshadow the
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 2: small farmers of the South, and as they beheld the
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 2: menace of abolition growing upon the horizon. It formed, as
• 1:01:35
  Speaker 2: they viewed matters, a moral defense for their labor system,
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 2: sound logical, invincible. It warranted them in drawing together for
• 1:01:44
  Speaker 2: the protection of an institution so necessary, so inevitable, so beneficent.
• 1:01:50
  Speaker 2: Though in eighteen fifty the slave owners were only about
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 2: three hundred and fifty thousand in a national population of
• 1:01:56
  Speaker 2: nearly twenty million whites, they had an influence all out
• 1:01:59
  Speaker 2: of proportion to their numbers. They were knit together by
• 1:02:03
  Speaker 2: the bonds of a common interest. They had leisure and wealth.
• 1:02:07
  Speaker 2: They could travel and attend conferences and conventions throughout the South,
• 1:02:11
  Speaker 2: and largely in the North. They had the press, the schools,
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 2: and the pulpits on their side. They formed, as it were,
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 2: a mighty union for the protection and advancement of their
• 1:02:21
  Speaker 2: common cause. Aided by those mechanics and farmers of the
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 2: North who stuck by Jacksonian democracy through thick and thin,
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 2: the planters became a power in the federal government. We
• 1:02:32
  Speaker 2: nominate presidents, exultantly, boasted a Richmond newspaper, The North elects them.
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 2: This jubulant Southern claim was conceded by William H. Seward,
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 2: a Republican senator from New York, in a speech describing
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 2: the power of slavery in the national government. A party,
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 2: he said, is in one sense a joint stock association,
• 1:02:53
  Speaker 2: in which those who contribute the most direct the action
• 1:02:56
  Speaker 2: and management of the concern the slaveholders, contributing in an
• 1:03:01
  Speaker 2: overwhelming proportion to the strength of the democratic party, necessarily
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 2: dictate and prescribe its policy. He went on, the slaveholding
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 2: class has become the governing power in each of the
• 1:03:12
  Speaker 2: slaveholding states, and it practically chooses thirty of the sixty
• 1:03:16
  Speaker 2: two members of the Senate, ninety of the two hundred
• 1:03:19
  Speaker 2: thirty three members of the House of Representatives, and one
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 2: hundred five of the two hundred ninety five electors of
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 2: President and Vice President of the United States. Then he
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 2: considered the slave power in the Supreme Court. That tribunal,
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 2: he exclaimed, consists of a Chief Justice and eight associate justices.
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 2: Of these, five were called from slave states and four
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 2: from free states. The opinions and bias of each of
• 1:03:45
  Speaker 2: them were carefully considered by the President and Senate when
• 1:03:48
  Speaker 2: he was appointed. Not one of them was found wanting
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 2: in soundness of politics. According to the slaveholder's exposition of
• 1:03:55
  Speaker 2: the Constitution, such was the northern view of the planting
• 1:03:59
  Speaker 2: interest that from the arena of national politics challenged the
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 2: whole country in eighteen sixty. End of section three, Section
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 2: four of History of the United States by Charles A.
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 2: Beard and Mary Rbeard, Part five, Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction.
• 1:04:24
  Speaker 2: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 1:04:27
  Speaker 2: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 2: visit LibriVox dot org. History of the United States by
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 2: Charles A. Beard and Mary Rbeard, Part five, Sectional Conflict
• 1:04:41
  Speaker 2: and Reconstruction. Chapter fourteen, The planting system and national politics
• 1:04:47
  Speaker 2: Continued slavery in national politics national aspects of slavery. It
• 1:04:54
  Speaker 2: may be asked why it was that slavery, founded originally
• 1:04:57
  Speaker 2: on state law and subject to state government, was drawn
• 1:05:01
  Speaker 2: into the current of national affairs. The answer is simple.
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 2: There were, in the first place, constitutional reasons. The Congress
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 2: of the United States had to make all needful rules
• 1:05:12
  Speaker 2: for the government of the territories, the District of Columbia,
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 2: the forts and other property under national authority, so it
• 1:05:19
  Speaker 2: was compelled to determine whether slavery should exist in the
• 1:05:22
  Speaker 2: places subject to its jurisdiction. Upon Congress was also conferred
• 1:05:27
  Speaker 2: the power of admitting new states. Whenever a territory asked
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 2: for admission, the issue could be raised as to whether
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 2: slavery should be sanctioned or excluded. Under the Constitution, provision
• 1:05:40
  Speaker 2: was made for the return of runaway slaves. Congress had
• 1:05:43
  Speaker 2: the power to enforce this clause by appropriate legislation. Since
• 1:05:47
  Speaker 2: the control of the post Office was vested in the
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 2: federal government, it had to face the problem raised by
• 1:05:53
  Speaker 2: the transmission of abolition literature through the mails. Finally, citizens
• 1:05:57
  Speaker 2: had the right of petition in all free government, and
• 1:06:01
  Speaker 2: it is expressly guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution.
• 1:06:06
  Speaker 2: It was therefore legal for abolitionists to present to Congress
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 2: their petitions, even if they asked for something which it
• 1:06:13
  Speaker 2: had no right to grant. It was thus impossible constitutionally
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 2: to draw a cordon around the slavery issue and confine
• 1:06:20
  Speaker 2: the discussion of it to state politics. There were, in
• 1:06:24
  Speaker 2: the second place, economic reasons why slavery was inevitably drawn
• 1:06:28
  Speaker 2: into the national sphere. It was the basis of the
• 1:06:31
  Speaker 2: planting system, which had direct commercial relations with the North
• 1:06:35
  Speaker 2: and European countries. It was affected by federal laws respecting tariffs, bounties, ships, subsidies, banking,
• 1:06:43
  Speaker 2: and kindred matters. The planters of the South, almost without exception,
• 1:06:47
  Speaker 2: looked upon the protective tariff as a tribute laid upon
• 1:06:50
  Speaker 2: them for the benefit of northern industries. As heavy borrowers
• 1:06:54
  Speaker 2: of money in the North, they were generally in favor
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 2: of easy money, if not paper current currency, as an
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 2: aid in the repayment of their debts. This threw most
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 2: of them into opposition to the Whig program for a
• 1:07:07
  Speaker 2: United States Bank. All financial aids to American shipping they
• 1:07:11
  Speaker 2: stoutly resisted, preferring to rely upon the cheaper service rendered
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 2: by English shippers. International improvements, those substantial ties that were
• 1:07:21
  Speaker 2: binding the West to the East and turning the traffic
• 1:07:24
  Speaker 2: from New Orleans to Philadelphia and New York, they viewed
• 1:07:27
  Speaker 2: with alarm. Free homesteads from the public lands, which tended
• 1:07:31
  Speaker 2: to overbalance the South by building free states, became to
• 1:07:35
  Speaker 2: them a measure dangerous to their interests. Thus, national economic policies,
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 2: which could not, by any twist or turn be confined
• 1:07:43
  Speaker 2: to state control, drew the slave system and its defenders
• 1:07:46
  Speaker 2: into the political conflict that centered at Washington. Slavery and
• 1:07:52
  Speaker 2: the territories the Missouri Compromise eighteen twenty. Though men continually
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 2: talked about taking slavery out of politics, it could not
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 2: be done. By eighteen eighteen, slavery had become so entrenched
• 1:08:05
  Speaker 2: and the anti slavery movement so strong that Missouri's quest
• 1:08:08
  Speaker 2: for admission brought out both houses of Congress into a
• 1:08:12
  Speaker 2: deadlock that was broken only by compromise. The South, having
• 1:08:17
  Speaker 2: half the senators, could prevent the admission of Missouri stripped
• 1:08:20
  Speaker 2: of slavery, and the North, powerful in the House of Representatives,
• 1:08:24
  Speaker 2: could keep Missouri without slavery, out of the Union indefinitely.
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 2: An adjustment of pretensions was the last resort. Maine, separated
• 1:08:33
  Speaker 2: from the parent state of Massachusetts, was brought into the
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 2: Union with freedom and Missouri with bondage. At the same time.
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 2: It was agreed that the remainder of the vast Louisiana
• 1:08:43
  Speaker 2: territory north of the parallel of thirty six degrees thirty
• 1:08:47
  Speaker 2: minutes should be like the old Northwest, forever free, while
• 1:08:51
  Speaker 2: the southern portion was left to slavery. In reality, this
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 2: was an immense gain for liberty. The area dedicated to
• 1:08:58
  Speaker 2: free farmers was many times greater than that left to
• 1:09:01
  Speaker 2: the planters. The principle was once more asserted that Congress
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 2: had full power to prevent slavery in the territories. The
• 1:09:10
  Speaker 2: territorial question reopened by the Wilmot Proviso to the Southern leaders.
• 1:09:15
  Speaker 2: The annexation of Texas and the conquest of Mexico meant
• 1:09:18
  Speaker 2: renewed security to the planting interests against the increasing wealth
• 1:09:22
  Speaker 2: and population of the North. Texas, it was said, could
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 2: be divided into four slave states. The new territories secured
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 2: by the Treaty of Peace with Mexico contained the promise
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 2: of at least three more. Thus, as each new free
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 2: soil state knocked for admission into the Union, the South
• 1:09:40
  Speaker 2: could demand as the price of its consent a new
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 2: slave state. No wonder Southern statesmen saw in the annexation
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 2: of Texas and the conquest of Mexico, slavery and king
• 1:09:51
  Speaker 2: Cotton triumphant secure for all time against adverse legislation. Northern
• 1:09:57
  Speaker 2: leaders were equally convinced that the Southern prophecy was Abolitionists
• 1:10:01
  Speaker 2: and moderate opponents of slavery alike were in despair. Texas,
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 2: they lamented, would fasten slavery upon the country forevermore. No
• 1:10:10
  Speaker 2: living man, cried, one will see the end of slavery
• 1:10:12
  Speaker 2: in the United States. It so happened, however, that the
• 1:10:16
  Speaker 2: events which it was thought would secure slavery, let loose
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 2: a storm against it. A sign appeared first on August sixth,
• 1:10:23
  Speaker 2: eighteen forty six, only a few months after war was
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 2: declared on Mexico. On that day, David Wilmot, a Democrat
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 2: from Pennsylvania, introduced into the House of Representatives a resolution
• 1:10:35
  Speaker 2: to the effect that, as an express and fundamental condition
• 1:10:39
  Speaker 2: to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico,
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 2: slavery should be forever excluded from every part of it.
• 1:10:47
  Speaker 2: The Wilmot Proviso, as the resolution was popularly called, though
• 1:10:51
  Speaker 2: defeated on that occasion, was a challenge to the South.
• 1:10:56
  Speaker 2: The South answered the challenge. Speaking in the House of Representative,
• 1:11:00
  Speaker 2: Robert Tombs of Georgia boldly declared, in the presence of
• 1:11:03
  Speaker 2: the Living God, if by your legislation you seek to
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 2: drive us from the territories of California and New Mexico,
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 2: I am for disunion. South Carolina announced that the day
• 1:11:15
  Speaker 2: for talk had passed and the time had come to
• 1:11:17
  Speaker 2: join her sister states. In resisting the application of the
• 1:11:20
  Speaker 2: Wilmot Proviso at any and all hazards. A conference assembled
• 1:11:26
  Speaker 2: at Jackson, Mississippi, in the autumn of eighteen forty nine
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 2: called a General Convention of Southern States to meet at
• 1:11:32
  Speaker 2: Nashville the following summer. The avowed purpose was to arrest
• 1:11:36
  Speaker 2: the course of aggression, and, if that was not possible,
• 1:11:40
  Speaker 2: to provide in the last resort for their separate welfare
• 1:11:43
  Speaker 2: by the formation of a compact and union that will
• 1:11:46
  Speaker 2: afford protection to their liberties and rights. States that had
• 1:11:51
  Speaker 2: spurned South Carolina's plea for nullification in eighteen thirty two
• 1:11:55
  Speaker 2: responded to this new appeal with alacrity and augury of
• 1:11:58
  Speaker 2: the secession to come the Great Debate of eighteen fifty.
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 2: The temper of the country was quite hot when Congress
• 1:12:06
  Speaker 2: convened in December eighteen forty nine. It was a memorable session,
• 1:12:11
  Speaker 2: memorable for the great men who took part in the debates,
• 1:12:14
  Speaker 2: and memorable for the Grand Compromise of eighteen fifty which
• 1:12:17
  Speaker 2: it produced. In the Senate sat for the last time
• 1:12:21
  Speaker 2: three heroic figures, Webster from the North, Calhoun from the South,
• 1:12:25
  Speaker 2: and Clay from a border state, for nearly forty years
• 1:12:29
  Speaker 2: these three had been leaders of men, all had grown
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 2: old and gray in service. Calhoun was already broken in health,
• 1:12:37
  Speaker 2: and in a few months was to be born from
• 1:12:39
  Speaker 2: the political arena forever. Clay and Webster had but two
• 1:12:43
  Speaker 2: more years in their allotted span experience learning state craft.
• 1:12:48
  Speaker 2: All these things they now marshaled in a mighty effort
• 1:12:51
  Speaker 2: to solve the slavery problem. On January twenty ninth, eighteen fifty,
• 1:12:56
  Speaker 2: Clay offered to the Senate a compromise granting concessions to
• 1:12:59
  Speaker 2: both sides, and a few days later, in a powerful oration,
• 1:13:03
  Speaker 2: he made a passionate appeal for a union of hearts
• 1:13:06
  Speaker 2: through mutual sacrifices. Calhoun relentlessly demanded the full measure of
• 1:13:11
  Speaker 2: justice for the South, equal rights in the territories bought
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 2: by common blood, the return of runaway slaves as required
• 1:13:18
  Speaker 2: by the Constitution, the suppression of the abolitionists, and the
• 1:13:22
  Speaker 2: restoration of the balance of power between the North and
• 1:13:25
  Speaker 2: the South. Webster, in his notable seventh of March speech,
• 1:13:30
  Speaker 2: condemned the Wilmot Proviso, advocated a strict enforcement of the
• 1:13:33
  Speaker 2: Fugitive Slave law, denounced the abolitionists, and made a final
• 1:13:38
  Speaker 2: plea for the Constitution, union, and liberty. This was the
• 1:13:42
  Speaker 2: address which called forth from Whittier the poem Ikabad deploring
• 1:13:46
  Speaker 2: the fall of the Mighty One, whom he thought lost
• 1:13:48
  Speaker 2: to all sense of faith and honor the terms of
• 1:13:52
  Speaker 2: the Compromise of eighteen fifty. When the debates were closed,
• 1:13:56
  Speaker 2: the results were totaled in a series of compromised measures,
• 1:14:00
  Speaker 2: all of which were signed in September eighteen fifty by
• 1:14:03
  Speaker 2: the new President, Millard Fillmore, who had taken office two
• 1:14:06
  Speaker 2: months before on the death of Zachary Taylor. By these acts,
• 1:14:11
  Speaker 2: the boundaries of Texas were adjusted, and the Territory of
• 1:14:14
  Speaker 2: New Mexico created, subject to the provision that all or
• 1:14:17
  Speaker 2: any part of it might be admitted to the Union,
• 1:14:20
  Speaker 2: with or without slavery, as their constitution may provide at
• 1:14:23
  Speaker 2: the time of their admission. The Territory of Utah was
• 1:14:26
  Speaker 2: similarly organized, with the same conditions as to slavery, thus
• 1:14:31
  Speaker 2: repudiating the Wilmot Proviso without guaranteeing slavery to the planters.
• 1:14:36
  Speaker 2: California was admitted as a free state under a constitution
• 1:14:39
  Speaker 2: in which the people of the territory had themselves prohibited slavery.
• 1:14:44
  Speaker 2: The slave trade was abolished in the district of Columbia,
• 1:14:47
  Speaker 2: but slavery itself existed as before at the capital of
• 1:14:50
  Speaker 2: the nation. This concession to anti slavery sentiment was more
• 1:14:54
  Speaker 2: than offset by a new Fugitive Slave law drastic in
• 1:14:58
  Speaker 2: spirit and in letter. It placed the enforcement of its
• 1:15:02
  Speaker 2: terms in the hands of federal officers appointed from Washington,
• 1:15:06
  Speaker 2: and so removed it from the control of authorities locally elected.
• 1:15:10
  Speaker 2: It provided that masters or their agents, on filing claims
• 1:15:13
  Speaker 2: in due form, might summarily remove their escaped slaves, without
• 1:15:17
  Speaker 2: affording their alleged fugitives the right of trial by jury,
• 1:15:21
  Speaker 2: the right to witness, the right to offer any testimony
• 1:15:24
  Speaker 2: in evidence. Finally, to put teeth into the act, heavy
• 1:15:28
  Speaker 2: penalties were prescribed for all who obstructed or assisted in
• 1:15:31
  Speaker 2: obstructing the enforcement of the law. Such was the Great
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 2: Compromise of eighteen fifty the pro slavery triumph in the
• 1:15:40
  Speaker 2: election of eighteen fifty two. The results of the election
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 2: of eighteen fifty two seemed to show conclusively that the
• 1:15:48
  Speaker 2: nation was weary of slavery agitation and wanted peace. Both parties,
• 1:15:53
  Speaker 2: Whigs and Democrats, endorsed the Fugitive Slave Law and approved
• 1:15:57
  Speaker 2: the Great Compromise. The Democrats, with Franklin Pierce as their leader,
• 1:16:02
  Speaker 2: swept the country against the war hero General Winfield Scott,
• 1:16:06
  Speaker 2: on whom the Whigs had staked their hopes. Even Webster,
• 1:16:10
  Speaker 2: broken with grief at his failure to receive the nomination,
• 1:16:13
  Speaker 2: advised his friends to vote for Pierce, and turned away
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 2: from politics to meditate upon approaching death. The verdict of
• 1:16:20
  Speaker 2: the voters would seem to indicate that for the time, everybody,
• 1:16:24
  Speaker 2: save a handful of disgruntled agitators, looked upon Clay's settlement
• 1:16:28
  Speaker 2: as the last word. The people, especially the business men
• 1:16:31
  Speaker 2: of the country, says Elson, were utterly weary of the agitation,
• 1:16:35
  Speaker 2: and they gave their suffrages to the party that promised
• 1:16:38
  Speaker 2: them rest. The Free Soil Party, condemning slavery as a
• 1:16:42
  Speaker 2: sin against God and a crime against man, and advocating
• 1:16:46
  Speaker 2: freedom for the territories, failed to carry a single state.
• 1:16:50
  Speaker 2: In fact, it polled fewer voters than it had four
• 1:16:53
  Speaker 2: years earlier, one hundred and fifty six thousand as against
• 1:16:56
  Speaker 2: nearly three million the combined vote of the Whigs and
• 1:16:59
  Speaker 2: Demas Democrats, it is not surprising, therefore, that President Pierce,
• 1:17:04
  Speaker 2: surrounded in his cabinet by strong Southern sympathizers, could promise
• 1:17:08
  Speaker 2: to put an end to slavery agitation and to crush
• 1:17:11
  Speaker 2: the abolition movement in the bud Anti slavery agitation continued.
• 1:17:18
  Speaker 2: The promise was more difficult to fulfill than to utter.
• 1:17:21
  Speaker 2: In fact, the vigorous execution of one measure included in
• 1:17:24
  Speaker 2: the compromise, the fugitive slave law, only made matters worse.
• 1:17:29
  Speaker 2: Designed as a security for the planters, it proved a
• 1:17:32
  Speaker 2: powerful instrument in their undoing. Slavery. Five hundred miles away
• 1:17:36
  Speaker 2: on a Louisiana plantation was so remote from the North
• 1:17:40
  Speaker 2: that only the strongest imagination could maintain a constant rage
• 1:17:43
  Speaker 2: against it. Slave catching man hunting by federal officers on
• 1:17:48
  Speaker 2: the streets of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Chicago, or Milwaukee,
• 1:17:53
  Speaker 2: and in the hamlets and villages of the wide stretching
• 1:17:56
  Speaker 2: farmlands of the North was another matter. It brought the
• 1:17:59
  Speaker 2: most most odious aspects of slavery home to thousands of
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 2: men and women who would otherwise have been indifferent to
• 1:18:05
  Speaker 2: the system. Law abiding businessmen, mechanics, farmers, and women. When
• 1:18:11
  Speaker 2: they saw peaceful negroes who had resided in their neighborhoods
• 1:18:14
  Speaker 2: for perhaps years torn away by federal officers and carried
• 1:18:18
  Speaker 2: back to bondage, were transformed into enemies of the law.
• 1:18:22
  Speaker 2: They helped slaves to escape. They snatched them away from
• 1:18:26
  Speaker 2: officers who had captured them. They broke open jails and
• 1:18:29
  Speaker 2: carried fugitives off to Canada. Assistance to runaway slaves, always
• 1:18:34
  Speaker 2: more or less common in the North, was by this
• 1:18:37
  Speaker 2: time organized into a system. Regular routes known as underground
• 1:18:41
  Speaker 2: railroads were laid out across the Free States into Canada,
• 1:18:45
  Speaker 2: and trusted friends of Freedom maintained underground stations where fugitives
• 1:18:49
  Speaker 2: were concealed in the daytime between their long night journeys.
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 2: Funds were raised and secret agents sent into the South
• 1:18:57
  Speaker 2: to help negroes to flee. One Negro woman, Harriet Tubman,
• 1:19:01
  Speaker 2: the Moses of her People, with headquarters at Philadelphia, is
• 1:19:05
  Speaker 2: accredited with nineteen invasions into slave territory and the emancipation
• 1:19:09
  Speaker 2: of three hundred Negroes. Those who worked at this business
• 1:19:12
  Speaker 2: were in constant peril. One underground operator, Calvin Fairbank, spent
• 1:19:17
  Speaker 2: nearly twenty years in prison for aiding fugitives from justice.
• 1:19:21
  Speaker 2: Yet perils and prisons did not stay those determined men
• 1:19:25
  Speaker 2: and women who, in obedience to their consciences, set themselves
• 1:19:29
  Speaker 2: to this lawless work. From thrilling stories of adventure along
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 2: the underground railways came some of the scenes and themes
• 1:19:36
  Speaker 2: of the novel by Harriet beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin,
• 1:19:40
  Speaker 2: published two years after the Compromise of eighteen fifty, her
• 1:19:44
  Speaker 2: stirring tale set forth the worst features of slavery in
• 1:19:48
  Speaker 2: vivid word pictures that caught and held the attention of
• 1:19:51
  Speaker 2: millions of readers. Though the book was unfair to the
• 1:19:54
  Speaker 2: South and was denounced as a hideous distortion of the truth,
• 1:19:58
  Speaker 2: it was quickly dramatized and played in every city in
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 2: town throughout the North. Topsy Little Eva, Uncle Tom, the
• 1:20:05
  Speaker 2: fleeing slave Eliza Harris, and the cruel slave driver Simon
• 1:20:10
  Speaker 2: the Gree with his baying bloodhounds became living specters in
• 1:20:14
  Speaker 2: many a home that sought to bar the door to
• 1:20:17
  Speaker 2: the unpleasant and irritating business of slavery agitation. End of
• 1:20:22
  Speaker 2: section four, Section five of History of the United States
• 1:20:32
  Speaker 2: by Charles A. Beard and Mary Rbeard. Part five, Sectional
• 1:20:36
  Speaker 2: Conflict in Reconstruction. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:20:42
  Speaker 2: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 2: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. History of the
• 1:20:50
  Speaker 2: United States by Charles A. Beard and Mary Arbeard, Part five,
• 1:20:55
  Speaker 2: Sectional Conflict in Reconstruction. Chapter fourteen, The plant system and
• 1:21:00
  Speaker 2: National politics concluded the drift of events toward the irrepressible
• 1:21:05
  Speaker 2: conflict repeal of the Missouri Compromise. To practical men, after all,
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 2: the rubbodobe agitation of a few abolitionists, an occasional riot
• 1:21:16
  Speaker 2: over fugitive slaves, and the vogue of a popular novel
• 1:21:19
  Speaker 2: seemed of slight or transient importance. They could point with
• 1:21:23
  Speaker 2: satisfaction to the election returns of eighteen fifty two. But
• 1:21:26
  Speaker 2: their very security was founded upon shifting sands. The magnificent
• 1:21:31
  Speaker 2: triumph of the pro slavery Democrats in eighteen fifty two
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 2: brought a turn of affairs that destroyed the foundations under
• 1:21:37
  Speaker 2: their feet. Emboldened by their own strength and the weakness
• 1:21:41
  Speaker 2: of their opponents, they now dared to repeal the Missouri Compromise.
• 1:21:45
  Speaker 2: The leader in this fateful enterprise was Stephen A. Douglas,
• 1:21:48
  Speaker 2: Senator from Illinois, and the occasion for the deed was
• 1:21:51
  Speaker 2: the demand for the organization of territorial government in the
• 1:21:54
  Speaker 2: regions west of Iowa and Missouri. Douglas, like Clay and
• 1:21:59
  Speaker 2: Webster b Before him, was consumed by a strong passion
• 1:22:02
  Speaker 2: for the presidency, and to reach his goal, it was
• 1:22:05
  Speaker 2: necessary to win the support of the South. This he
• 1:22:08
  Speaker 2: undoubtedly sought to do when he introduced on January fourth,
• 1:22:12
  Speaker 2: eighteen fifty four, a bill organizing the Nebraska Territory on
• 1:22:16
  Speaker 2: the principle of the Compromise of eighteen fifty namely, that
• 1:22:19
  Speaker 2: the people in the territory might themselves decide whether they
• 1:22:22
  Speaker 2: would have slavery or not. Unwittingly, the avalanche was started.
• 1:22:27
  Speaker 2: After a stormy debate in which important amendments were forced
• 1:22:31
  Speaker 2: on Douglas, the Kansas Nebraska Bill became a law on
• 1:22:34
  Speaker 2: May thirtieth, eighteen fifty four. The measure created two territories,
• 1:22:39
  Speaker 2: Kansas and Nebraska, and provided that they, or territories organized
• 1:22:43
  Speaker 2: out of them, would come into the Union as states
• 1:22:46
  Speaker 2: with or without slavery, as their constitutions may prescribe at
• 1:22:49
  Speaker 2: the time of their admission. Not content with this, the
• 1:22:53
  Speaker 2: Law went on to declare the Missouri Compromise null and
• 1:22:56
  Speaker 2: void as being inconsistent with the principle of non intervention
• 1:23:00
  Speaker 2: by Congress with slavery in states and territories. Thus, by
• 1:23:04
  Speaker 2: a single blow, the very heart of the continent, dedicated
• 1:23:08
  Speaker 2: to freedom by solemn agreement, was thrown open to slavery.
• 1:23:12
  Speaker 2: A desperate struggle between slave owners and the advocates of
• 1:23:15
  Speaker 2: freedom was the outcome in Kansas. If Douglas fancied that
• 1:23:19
  Speaker 2: the North would receive the overthrow of the Missouri Compromise
• 1:23:22
  Speaker 2: in the same temper that it greeted Clay's settlement, he
• 1:23:25
  Speaker 2: was rapidly disillusioned. A blast of rage, terrific in its fury,
• 1:23:30
  Speaker 2: swept from Maine to Iowa. Staid Old Boston hanged him
• 1:23:34
  Speaker 2: in effigy with an inscription Stephen A. Douglas, author of
• 1:23:37
  Speaker 2: the infamous Nebraska Bill, the Benedict Arnold of eighteen fifty four.
• 1:23:43
  Speaker 2: City after city burned him in effigy until, as he
• 1:23:46
  Speaker 2: himself said, he could travel from the Atlantic coast to Chicago.
• 1:23:50
  Speaker 2: In the light of the fires. Thousands of Whigs and
• 1:23:53
  Speaker 2: free soil democrats deserted their parties, which had sanctioned or
• 1:23:56
  Speaker 2: at least tolerated. The Kansas Nebraska Bill, laring that the
• 1:24:00
  Speaker 2: startling measure showed an evident resolve on the part of
• 1:24:03
  Speaker 2: the planters to rule the whole country, a gauge of
• 1:24:06
  Speaker 2: defiance was thrown down to the abolitionists. An issue was
• 1:24:10
  Speaker 2: set even for the moderate and timid who had been
• 1:24:12
  Speaker 2: unmoved by the agitation over slavery in the far South.
• 1:24:16
  Speaker 2: That issue was whether slavery was to be confined within
• 1:24:19
  Speaker 2: its existing boundaries or be allowed to spread without interference,
• 1:24:23
  Speaker 2: thereby placing the Free States in the minority and surrendering
• 1:24:27
  Speaker 2: the federal government wholly to the slave power. The rise
• 1:24:32
  Speaker 2: of the Republican Party, events of terrible significance swiftly following,
• 1:24:37
  Speaker 2: drove the country like a ship before a gale, straight
• 1:24:40
  Speaker 2: into Civil war. The Kansas Nebraska Bill rent the old
• 1:24:44
  Speaker 2: parties asunder and called into being the Republican Party. While
• 1:24:49
  Speaker 2: that bill was pending in Congress, many Northern Whigs and
• 1:24:52
  Speaker 2: Democrats had come to the conclusion that a new party
• 1:24:55
  Speaker 2: dedicated to freedom in the territories must follow the repeal
• 1:24:58
  Speaker 2: of the Missouri Compromise. Several places claimed to be the
• 1:25:02
  Speaker 2: original home of the Republican Party, but historians generally yielded
• 1:25:06
  Speaker 2: to Wisconsin at Rippon. In that state, a mass meeting
• 1:25:11
  Speaker 2: of Whigs and Democrats assembled in February eighteen fifty four
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 2: and resolved to form a new party if the Kansas
• 1:25:17
  Speaker 2: Nebraska Bill should pass. At a second meeting in a
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 2: fusion committee representing Whigs, Free Soilers, and Democrats was formed
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 2: and the name Republican, the name of Jefferson's old party,
• 1:25:28
  Speaker 2: was selected. All over the country, similar meetings were held
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 2: and political committees were organized. When the presidential campaign of
• 1:25:37
  Speaker 2: eighteen fifty six began, the Republicans entered the contest. After
• 1:25:41
  Speaker 2: a preliminary conference in Pittsburgh in February, they held a
• 1:25:45
  Speaker 2: convention in Philadelphia, at which was drawn up a platform
• 1:25:49
  Speaker 2: opposing the extension of slavery to the territories. John C. Fremont,
• 1:25:53
  Speaker 2: the Distinguished Explorer, was named for the presidency. The results
• 1:25:57
  Speaker 2: of the election were astounding, as compared with the free
• 1:26:00
  Speaker 2: soil failure of the preceding election. Prominent men like Longfellow Washington,
• 1:26:05
  Speaker 2: Irving William Cullen, Bryant, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and George William
• 1:26:11
  Speaker 2: Curtis went over to the new Party, and one million,
• 1:26:14
  Speaker 2: three hundred forty one thousand, two hundred sixty four votes
• 1:26:17
  Speaker 2: were rolled up for free labor, free speech, freemen, free Kansas,
• 1:26:21
  Speaker 2: and Fremont. Nevertheless, the victory of the Democrats was decisive.
• 1:26:26
  Speaker 2: Their candidate, James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, was elected by a
• 1:26:30
  Speaker 2: majority of one hundred seventy four to one hundred forty
• 1:26:33
  Speaker 2: electoral votes the dread Scott decision eighteen fifty seven. In
• 1:26:38
  Speaker 2: his inaugural Buchanan vaguely hinted that in a forthcoming decision,
• 1:26:42
  Speaker 2: the Supreme Court would settle one of the vital questions
• 1:26:45
  Speaker 2: of the day. This was a reference to the dread
• 1:26:48
  Speaker 2: Scott case. Then pending. Scott was a slave who had
• 1:26:51
  Speaker 2: been taken by his master into the Upper Louisiana territory,
• 1:26:54
  Speaker 2: where freedom had been established by the Missouri Compromise, and
• 1:26:58
  Speaker 2: then carried back into his old state of Missus. He brought
• 1:27:01
  Speaker 2: suit for his liberty on the ground that his residence
• 1:27:03
  Speaker 2: in the free territory made him free. This raised the
• 1:27:07
  Speaker 2: question whether the law of Congress prohibiting slavery north of
• 1:27:10
  Speaker 2: thirty six degrees thirty minutes was authorized by the federal
• 1:27:14
  Speaker 2: Constitution or not. The Court might have avoided answering it
• 1:27:18
  Speaker 2: by saying that even though Scott was free in the territory,
• 1:27:21
  Speaker 2: he became a slave again in Missouri by virtue of
• 1:27:24
  Speaker 2: the law of that state. The Court, however, faced the
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 2: issue squarely. It held that Scott had not been free anywhere,
• 1:27:31
  Speaker 2: and that, besides, the Missouri Compromise violated the Constitution and
• 1:27:35
  Speaker 2: was null and void. The decision was a triumph for
• 1:27:38
  Speaker 2: the South. It meant that Congress, after all, had no
• 1:27:41
  Speaker 2: power to abolish slavery in the territories under the decree
• 1:27:45
  Speaker 2: of the highest court in the land. That could be
• 1:27:47
  Speaker 2: done only by an amendment to the Constitution, which required
• 1:27:51
  Speaker 2: a two thirds vote in Congress and the approval of
• 1:27:53
  Speaker 2: three fourths of the states. Such an amendment was obviously
• 1:27:57
  Speaker 2: impossible the Southern states were too numerous, But the Republicans
• 1:28:01
  Speaker 2: were not daunted. We know, said Lincoln, the court that
• 1:28:04
  Speaker 2: made it has often overruled its own decisions, and we
• 1:28:07
  Speaker 2: shall do what we can to have it overruled this.
• 1:28:11
  Speaker 2: Legislatures of northern states passed resolutions condemning the decision, and
• 1:28:15
  Speaker 2: the Republican platform of eighteen sixty characterized the dogma that
• 1:28:19
  Speaker 2: the Constitution carried slavery into the territories as a dangerous
• 1:28:22
  Speaker 2: political heresy at variance with the explicit provisions of that
• 1:28:26
  Speaker 2: instrument itself, with legislative and judicial president revolutionary in tendency
• 1:28:32
  Speaker 2: and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country.
• 1:28:36
  Speaker 2: The Panic of eighteen fifty seven, in the midst of
• 1:28:39
  Speaker 2: the acrimonious dispute over the dread Scott Decision, came one
• 1:28:43
  Speaker 2: of the worst business panics which ever afflicted the country.
• 1:28:46
  Speaker 2: In the spring and summer of eighteen fifty seven, fourteen
• 1:28:49
  Speaker 2: railroad corporations, including the Erie, Michigan Central, and the Illinois Central,
• 1:28:54
  Speaker 2: failed to meet their obligations. Banks and insurance companies, some
• 1:28:59
  Speaker 2: of them the largest and strongest institutions in the North,
• 1:29:01
  Speaker 2: closed their doors. Stocks and bonds came down in a
• 1:29:05
  Speaker 2: crash on the markets. Manufacturing was paralyzed. Tens of thousands
• 1:29:09
  Speaker 2: of working people were thrown out of employment. Hunger meetings
• 1:29:13
  Speaker 2: of idle men were held in the cities, and banners
• 1:29:16
  Speaker 2: bearing the inscription we want bread were flung out. In
• 1:29:20
  Speaker 2: New York, workingmen threatened to invade the council chamber to
• 1:29:23
  Speaker 2: demand work or bread, and the frightened mayor called for
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 2: the police and soldiers for this distressing state of affairs.
• 1:29:30
  Speaker 2: Many remedies were offered, none with more zeal and persistence
• 1:29:34
  Speaker 2: than the proposal for a higher tariff to take the
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 2: place of the Law of March eighteen fifty seven, a
• 1:29:40
  Speaker 2: Democratic measure making drastic reductions in the rates of duty
• 1:29:44
  Speaker 2: in the manufacturing districts of the North. The panic was
• 1:29:47
  Speaker 2: ascribed to the Democratic assault on business, so an old
• 1:29:50
  Speaker 2: issue was again vigorously advanced preparatory to the next presidential
• 1:29:55
  Speaker 2: campaign the Lincoln Douglas Debates the following year, a year
• 1:30:00
  Speaker 2: the interest of the whole country was drawn to a
• 1:30:02
  Speaker 2: series of debates held in Illinois by Lincoln and Douglas,
• 1:30:05
  Speaker 2: both candidates for the United States Senate. In the course
• 1:30:09
  Speaker 2: of his campaign, Lincoln had uttered his trenchant saying that
• 1:30:12
  Speaker 2: a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this
• 1:30:16
  Speaker 2: government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. At
• 1:30:20
  Speaker 2: the same time, he had accused Douglas, Buchanan, and the
• 1:30:23
  Speaker 2: Supreme Court of acting in concert to make slavery national.
• 1:30:28
  Speaker 2: This daring statement arrested the attention of Douglas, who was
• 1:30:31
  Speaker 2: making his campaign on the doctrine of squatter sovereignty, that is,
• 1:30:35
  Speaker 2: the right of the people of each territory to vote
• 1:30:37
  Speaker 2: slavery up or down. After a few long distance shots
• 1:30:41
  Speaker 2: at each other, the candidates agreed to meet face to
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 2: face and discuss the issues of the day. Never had
• 1:30:47
  Speaker 2: such crowds been seen at political meetings in Illinois. Farmers
• 1:30:50
  Speaker 2: deserted their plows, smithed their forges, and housewives their baking
• 1:30:54
  Speaker 2: to hear Honest Abe and the Little Giant. The results
• 1:30:58
  Speaker 2: of the series of debates were momentous. Lincoln clearly defined
• 1:31:02
  Speaker 2: his position. The South, he admitted, was entitled under the
• 1:31:05
  Speaker 2: Constitution to a fair fugitive slave law. He hoped that
• 1:31:09
  Speaker 2: there might be no new slave states, but he did
• 1:31:12
  Speaker 2: not see how Congress could exclude the people of a
• 1:31:14
  Speaker 2: territory from admission as a state if they saw fit
• 1:31:17
  Speaker 2: to adopt a constitution legalizing the ownership of slaves. He
• 1:31:22
  Speaker 2: favored the gradual abolition of slavery in the District of
• 1:31:24
  Speaker 2: Columbia and the total exclusion of it from the territories
• 1:31:27
  Speaker 2: of the United States by act of Congress. Moreover, he
• 1:31:32
  Speaker 2: drove Douglas into a whole by asking how he squared
• 1:31:35
  Speaker 2: squad or sovereignty. With the dread Scott decision, How, in
• 1:31:38
  Speaker 2: other words, the people of a territory could abolish slavery
• 1:31:41
  Speaker 2: when the Court had declared that Congress, the superior power,
• 1:31:45
  Speaker 2: could not do it under the Constitution. To this baffling question,
• 1:31:49
  Speaker 2: Douglas lamely replied that the inhabitants of a territory, by
• 1:31:53
  Speaker 2: unfriendly legislation, might make property in slaves insecure and thus
• 1:31:57
  Speaker 2: destroy the institution. This answer to Lincoln's query alienated many
• 1:32:02
  Speaker 2: Southern Democrats, who believed that the dread Scott decision settled
• 1:32:06
  Speaker 2: the question of slavery in the territories for all times.
• 1:32:09
  Speaker 2: Douglas won the election to the Senate, lifted into national
• 1:32:12
  Speaker 2: fame by the debates, beat him in the campaign for
• 1:32:15
  Speaker 2: president two years later, John Brown's raid to the abolitionist
• 1:32:21
  Speaker 2: The line of argument pursued by Lincoln, including his proposal
• 1:32:24
  Speaker 2: to leave slavery untouched in the states where it existed,
• 1:32:28
  Speaker 2: was wholly unsatisfactory. One of them, a grim and resolute man,
• 1:32:33
  Speaker 2: inflamed by a hatred for slavery in itself, turned from
• 1:32:36
  Speaker 2: agitation to violence. These men are all tak What is
• 1:32:40
  Speaker 2: needed is action, action, so spoke John Brown of New York.
• 1:32:45
  Speaker 2: During the Sanguinary Struggle in Kansas, he hurried to the frontier,
• 1:32:49
  Speaker 2: gun and dagger in hand, to help drive slave owners
• 1:32:52
  Speaker 2: from the free soil of the West. There he committed
• 1:32:55
  Speaker 2: deeds of such daring and cruelty that he was outlawed
• 1:32:58
  Speaker 2: and a prize put upon him head Still, he kept
• 1:33:02
  Speaker 2: on the path of action. Aided by funds from his
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 2: northern friends. He gathered a small band of his followers
• 1:33:08
  Speaker 2: around him, saying to them, if God be for us,
• 1:33:11
  Speaker 2: who can be against us? He went into Virginia in
• 1:33:15
  Speaker 2: the autumn of eighteen fifty nine, hoping, as he explained,
• 1:33:18
  Speaker 2: to effect a mighty conquest, even though it be like
• 1:33:21
  Speaker 2: the last victory of Samson. He seized the government armory
• 1:33:24
  Speaker 2: at Harper's Ferry, declared free the slaves whom he found,
• 1:33:28
  Speaker 2: and called upon them to take up arms in defense
• 1:33:30
  Speaker 2: of their liberty. This was a hope, as forlorn as
• 1:33:33
  Speaker 2: it was. Desperate. Armed forces came down upon him, and
• 1:33:37
  Speaker 2: after a hard battle, captured him. Tried for treason, Brown
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 2: was condemned to death. The governor of Virginia turned a
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 2: deaf ear to please for clemency. Based on the ground
• 1:33:46
  Speaker 2: that the prisoner was simply a lunatic. This is a
• 1:33:50
  Speaker 2: beautiful country, said the stern old Brown, glancing upward to
• 1:33:53
  Speaker 2: the eternal hills on his way to the gallows, as
• 1:33:55
  Speaker 2: calmly as if he were returning home from a long journey.
• 1:33:59
  Speaker 2: So perish all such enemies of Virginia, all such enemies
• 1:34:02
  Speaker 2: of the Union, all such foes of the human race,
• 1:34:06
  Speaker 2: solemnly announced the executioner, as he fulfilled the judgment of
• 1:34:09
  Speaker 2: the law. The raid and its grim ending deeply moved
• 1:34:13
  Speaker 2: the country. Abolitionists looked upon Brown as a martyr and
• 1:34:17
  Speaker 2: told funeral bells. On the day of his execution, Longfellow
• 1:34:21
  Speaker 2: wrote in his diary, this will be a great day
• 1:34:23
  Speaker 2: in our history, the date of a new revolution as
• 1:34:26
  Speaker 2: much needed as the old one. Jefferson Davis saw in
• 1:34:29
  Speaker 2: the affair the invasion of a state by a murderous
• 1:34:32
  Speaker 2: gang of abolitionists bent on inciting slaves to murder helpless
• 1:34:35
  Speaker 2: women and children, a crime for which the leader had
• 1:34:38
  Speaker 2: met a felon's death. Lincoln spoke of the raid as absurd,
• 1:34:42
  Speaker 2: the deed of an enthusiast who had brooded over the
• 1:34:44
  Speaker 2: oppression of a people until he fancied himself commissioned by
• 1:34:48
  Speaker 2: Heaven to liberate them, an attempt which ended in little
• 1:34:51
  Speaker 2: else than his own execution. To Republican leaders as a whole,
• 1:34:55
  Speaker 2: the event was very embarrassing. They were taunted by the
• 1:34:59
  Speaker 2: Democrats with respons fonsibility for the deed. Douglas declared his
• 1:35:02
  Speaker 2: firm and deliberate conviction that the Harper's fery crime was
• 1:35:05
  Speaker 2: the natural, logical, inevitable result of the doctrines and teachings
• 1:35:09
  Speaker 2: of the Republican Party. So persistent were such attacks that
• 1:35:13
  Speaker 2: the Republicans felt called upon in eighteen sixty to denounce
• 1:35:17
  Speaker 2: Brown's raid as among the gravest of crimes. The Democrats
• 1:35:21
  Speaker 2: divided when Democratic Convention met at Charleston in the spring
• 1:35:25
  Speaker 2: of eighteen sixty, a few months after Brown's execution. It
• 1:35:29
  Speaker 2: soon became clear that there was danger ahead between the
• 1:35:32
  Speaker 2: extreme slavery advocates of the far South and the so
• 1:35:35
  Speaker 2: called pro slavery Democrats of the Douglas type. There was
• 1:35:38
  Speaker 2: a chasm which no appeals to party loyalty could bridge.
• 1:35:42
  Speaker 2: As the spokesman of the West, Douglas knew that while
• 1:35:45
  Speaker 2: the North was not abolitionist, it was passionately set against
• 1:35:49
  Speaker 2: an extension of slavery into the territories by act of Congress,
• 1:35:53
  Speaker 2: that squat or sovereignty was the mildest kind of compromise
• 1:35:56
  Speaker 2: acceptable to the farmers whose votes would determine the fate
• 1:35:58
  Speaker 2: of the election. Southern leaders would not accept his opinion. Yancey,
• 1:36:03
  Speaker 2: speaking for Alabama, refused to palter with any plan not
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 2: built upon the proposition that slavery was in itself right.
• 1:36:11
  Speaker 2: He taunted the Northern Democrats with taking the view that
• 1:36:14
  Speaker 2: slavery was wrong, but that they could not do anything
• 1:36:17
  Speaker 2: about it. That, he said, was the fatal error, the
• 1:36:20
  Speaker 2: cause of all discord, the source of Black republicanism, as
• 1:36:24
  Speaker 2: well as squatter sovereignty. The gauntlet was thus thrown down
• 1:36:28
  Speaker 2: at the feet of the Northern delegates. You must not
• 1:36:30
  Speaker 2: apologize for slavery. You must declare it right. You must
• 1:36:34
  Speaker 2: advocate its extension. The challenge, so bluntly put was bluntly answered.
• 1:36:40
  Speaker 2: Gentlemen of the South responded a delicate from Ohio. You
• 1:36:43
  Speaker 2: mistake us, you mistake us. We will not do it.
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 2: For ten days, the Charleston Convention wrangled over the platform
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 2: and balloted for the nomination of a candidate Douglas, though
• 1:36:54
  Speaker 2: in the lead, could not get the two thirds vote
• 1:36:56
  Speaker 2: required for victory. For more than fifty times, the role
• 1:37:00
  Speaker 2: of the convention was called without a decision. Then, in
• 1:37:03
  Speaker 2: sheer desperation, the convention adjourned to meet later at Baltimore.
• 1:37:07
  Speaker 2: When the delegates again assembled, their passions ran as high
• 1:37:10
  Speaker 2: as ever. The division into two irreconcilable factions was unchanged.
• 1:37:16
  Speaker 2: Uncompromising delegates from the South withdrew to Richmond, nominating John C.
• 1:37:21
  Speaker 2: Breckinridge of Kentucky for president, and put forth a platform
• 1:37:25
  Speaker 2: asserting the rights of slave owners in the territories and
• 1:37:27
  Speaker 2: the duty of the federal government to protect them. The
• 1:37:30
  Speaker 2: delegates who remained at Baltimore nominated Douglas and endorsed his
• 1:37:34
  Speaker 2: doctrine of squatter sovereignty the Constitutional union Party. While the
• 1:37:40
  Speaker 2: Democratic Party was being disrupted, a fragment of the former
• 1:37:44
  Speaker 2: Whig Party known as the Constitutional Unionists, held a convention
• 1:37:48
  Speaker 2: at Baltimore and selected national candidates John Bell from Tennessee
• 1:37:52
  Speaker 2: and Edward Everett from Massachusetts. A melancholy interest attached to
• 1:37:57
  Speaker 2: this assembly. It was mainly composed of of men whose
• 1:38:00
  Speaker 2: political views were those of Clay and Webster cherished leaders
• 1:38:04
  Speaker 2: now dead and gone. In their platform, they sought to
• 1:38:07
  Speaker 2: exercise the evil spirit of partisanship by inviting their fellow
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 2: citizens to support the constitution of the country, the union
• 1:38:14
  Speaker 2: of the States, and the enforcement of the laws. The
• 1:38:18
  Speaker 2: party that campaigned on this grand sentiment only drew laughter
• 1:38:21
  Speaker 2: from the Democrats and derision from the Republicans, and polled
• 1:38:24
  Speaker 2: less than one fourth the votes the Republican Convention. With
• 1:38:30
  Speaker 2: the Whigs definitely forced into a separate group, the Republican
• 1:38:33
  Speaker 2: Convention at Chicago was fated to be sectional in character,
• 1:38:37
  Speaker 2: although five states did send delegates. As the Democrats were split,
• 1:38:41
  Speaker 2: the party that had led a forlorn hope four years
• 1:38:45
  Speaker 2: before was on the high road to success. At last,
• 1:38:48
  Speaker 2: new and powerful recruits were found. The advocates of a
• 1:38:51
  Speaker 2: high protective tariff and the friends of free homesteads for
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 2: farmers and workingmen, mingled with enthusiastic foes of slavery. While
• 1:38:59
  Speaker 2: still firm in their opposition to slavery in the territories,
• 1:39:02
  Speaker 2: the Republicans went on record in favor of a homestead
• 1:39:05
  Speaker 2: law granting free lands to settlers, and approved customs duties
• 1:39:09
  Speaker 2: designed to encourage the development of the industrial interests of
• 1:39:12
  Speaker 2: the whole country. The platform was greeted with cheers, which,
• 1:39:17
  Speaker 2: according to the stenographic report of the Convention, became loud
• 1:39:21
  Speaker 2: and prolonged as the protective tariff and homestead planks were read.
• 1:39:25
  Speaker 2: Having skillfully drawn a platform to unite the North in
• 1:39:28
  Speaker 2: opposition to slavery and the planting system, the Republicans were
• 1:39:32
  Speaker 2: also adroit in their selection of a candidate. The tariff
• 1:39:35
  Speaker 2: plank might carry Pennsylvania, a Democratic state, but Ohio, Indiana,
• 1:39:40
  Speaker 2: and Illinois were equally essential to success at the polls.
• 1:39:44
  Speaker 2: The southern counties of these states were filled with settlers
• 1:39:46
  Speaker 2: from Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky, who, even if they
• 1:39:50
  Speaker 2: had no love for slavery, were no friends of abolition. Moreover,
• 1:39:54
  Speaker 2: remembering the old fight on the United States Bank in
• 1:39:57
  Speaker 2: Andrew Jackson's day, they were suspicion of men from the East. Accordingly,
• 1:40:02
  Speaker 2: they did not favor the candidacy of Seward, the leading
• 1:40:05
  Speaker 2: Republican statesman and favorite son of New York. After much
• 1:40:09
  Speaker 2: trading and discussion, the Convention came to the conclusion that
• 1:40:12
  Speaker 2: Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the most available candidate.
• 1:40:16
  Speaker 1: He was of.
• 1:40:17
  Speaker 2: Southern origin, born in Kentucky in eighteen o nine, a
• 1:40:20
  Speaker 2: fact that told heavily in the campaign in the Ohio Valley.
• 1:40:24
  Speaker 2: He was a man of the soil, the son of
• 1:40:26
  Speaker 2: poor frontier parents, a pioneer who in his youth had
• 1:40:29
  Speaker 2: laboured in the fields and forests. Celebrated far and wide
• 1:40:33
  Speaker 2: as honest Abe, the rail splitter. It was well known
• 1:40:37
  Speaker 2: that he disliked slavery, but was no abolitionist. He had
• 1:40:41
  Speaker 2: come dangerously near to Seward's radicalism in his house divided
• 1:40:44
  Speaker 2: against its self speech, but he had never committed himself
• 1:40:47
  Speaker 2: to the reckless doctrine that there was a higher law
• 1:40:49
  Speaker 2: than the constitution. Slavery in the South he tolerated as
• 1:40:53
  Speaker 2: a bitter fact. Slavery in the territories he opposed with
• 1:40:57
  Speaker 2: all his strength. Of his sincerity, they could be no doubt.
• 1:41:01
  Speaker 2: He was a speaker and a writer of singular power,
• 1:41:04
  Speaker 2: commanding by the use of simple and homely language the
• 1:41:07
  Speaker 2: hearts and minds of those who heard him speak or
• 1:41:09
  Speaker 2: read his printed words. He had gone far enough in
• 1:41:12
  Speaker 2: his opposition to slavery, but not too far. He was
• 1:41:15
  Speaker 2: the man of the hour. Amid lusty cheers from ten
• 1:41:19
  Speaker 2: thousand throats Lincoln was nominated for the presidency by the Republicans.
• 1:41:23
  Speaker 2: In the ensuing election, he carried all the Free States
• 1:41:26
  Speaker 2: except New Jersey. References P. E. Chadwick Causes of the
• 1:41:32
  Speaker 2: Civil War, American Nation Series. W. E. Dodd Statesman of
• 1:41:36
  Speaker 2: the Old South. E. Engele Southern Side Lights, Sympathetic Account
• 1:41:40
  Speaker 2: of the Old South. A. B. Hart Slavery and Abolition
• 1:41:44
  Speaker 2: American Nation Series. JF. Rhads History of the United States,
• 1:41:49
  Speaker 2: Volumes one and two. T. C. Smith Parties and Slavery
• 1:41:53
  Speaker 2: American Nation Series. Questions. Number one traced the decline of
• 1:41:58
  Speaker 2: slavery in the North and explained it. Number two describe
• 1:42:02
  Speaker 2: the character of early opposition to slavery. Number three, What
• 1:42:06
  Speaker 2: was the effect of abolition agitation? Number four? Why did
• 1:42:10
  Speaker 2: anti slavery sentiment practically disappear in the South? Number five?
• 1:42:15
  Speaker 2: On what grounds did Calhoun defend slavery? Number six explain
• 1:42:19
  Speaker 2: how slave owners became powerful in politics? Number seven why
• 1:42:23
  Speaker 2: was it impossible to keep the slavery issue out of
• 1:42:25
  Speaker 2: national politics? Number eight Give the leading steps in the
• 1:42:29
  Speaker 2: long controversy over slavery in the territories. Number nine state
• 1:42:34
  Speaker 2: the terms of the compromise of eighteen fifty and explain
• 1:42:36
  Speaker 2: its failure? Number ten. What were the startling events between
• 1:42:40
  Speaker 2: eighteen fifty and eighteen sixty? Number eleven account for the
• 1:42:44
  Speaker 2: rise of the Republican Party? What party had used the
• 1:42:47
  Speaker 2: title before? Number twelve. How did the dread Scott decision
• 1:42:51
  Speaker 2: become a political issue? Number thirteen. What were some of
• 1:42:55
  Speaker 2: the points brought out in the Lincoln Douglas debates? Number fourteen?
• 1:42:59
  Speaker 2: Describe the party division in eighteen sixty. Number fifteen. What
• 1:43:03
  Speaker 2: were the main planks of the Republican platform? Research topics?
• 1:43:07
  Speaker 2: The extension of cotton planting Calendar, Economic History of the
• 1:43:11
  Speaker 2: United States, pages seven sixty to seven sixty eight. Abolition
• 1:43:15
  Speaker 2: agitation McMaster History of the People of the United States,
• 1:43:19
  Speaker 2: Volume six, pages two seventy one to two ninety eight.
• 1:43:23
  Speaker 2: Calhoun's defensive slavery Harding select Orations, Illustrating American History, pages
• 1:43:29
  Speaker 2: two forty seven to two fifty seven. The Compromise of
• 1:43:33
  Speaker 2: eighteen fifty Clay's speech in Herding select Orations, pages two
• 1:43:38
  Speaker 2: sixty seven to two eighty nine. The Compromise Laws in
• 1:43:41
  Speaker 2: MacDonald Documentary source Book of American History, pages three eighty
• 1:43:46
  Speaker 2: three to three ninety four. Narrative account in McMaster Volume eight,
• 1:43:51
  Speaker 2: pages one through fifty five. Elson. History of the United States,
• 1:43:55
  Speaker 2: pages five forty to five forty eight. The Repeal of
• 1:43:59
  Speaker 2: the Missouri comp McMaster Volume EATE, pages one ninety two
• 1:44:03
  Speaker 2: to two thirty one. Elson, pages five seventy one to
• 1:44:06
  Speaker 2: five eighty two. The dred Scott Case McMaster Volume ET,
• 1:44:11
  Speaker 2: pages two seventy eight to two eighty two. Compare the
• 1:44:14
  Speaker 2: opinion of Tainey and the descent of Curtis in MacDonald
• 1:44:17
  Speaker 2: Documentary source Book, pages four oh five to four twenty Elson,
• 1:44:22
  Speaker 2: pages five ninety five to five ninety eight. The Lincoln
• 1:44:25
  Speaker 2: Douglas Debates Analysis of original speeches in Harding select Orations
• 1:44:30
  Speaker 2: pages three oh nine to three forty one. Elson, pages
• 1:44:34
  Speaker 2: five ninety eight to six o four. Biographical studies Calhoun,
• 1:44:38
  Speaker 2: Clay Webster, A. H. Stephens, Douglas, W. H. Seward, William
• 1:44:43
  Speaker 2: Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. End of
• 1:44:49
  Speaker 2: section five. Section six of History of the United States
• 1:45:03
  Speaker 2: by Charles A. Beard and Mary Rbeard, Part five Sectional
• 1:45:08
  Speaker 2: Conflict and Reconstruction. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:45:13
  Speaker 2: recordings are in the public domain. For more information, or
• 1:45:16
  Speaker 2: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. History of the
• 1:45:21
  Speaker 2: United States by Charles A. Beard and Mary Rbeard, Part five,
• 1:45:26
  Speaker 2: Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction. Chapter fifteen, The Civil War and Reconstruction,
• 1:45:32
  Speaker 2: Part one. The irrepressible conflict is about to be visited
• 1:45:36
  Speaker 2: upon us through the Black Republican nominee and his fanatical,
• 1:45:40
  Speaker 2: diabolical Republican Party ran an appeal to the voters of
• 1:45:44
  Speaker 2: South Carolina during the campaign of eighteen sixty. If that
• 1:45:48
  Speaker 2: calamity comes to pass, responded the governor of the state,
• 1:45:51
  Speaker 2: the answer should be a declaration of independence. In a
• 1:45:55
  Speaker 2: few days, the suspense was over. The news of Lincoln's
• 1:45:58
  Speaker 2: election came speeding along the wire. Prepared for the event,
• 1:46:01
  Speaker 2: the editor of the Charleston Mercury unfurled the flag of
• 1:46:04
  Speaker 2: his state amid wild cheers from an excited throng in
• 1:46:08
  Speaker 2: the streets. Then he seized his pen and wrote, the
• 1:46:11
  Speaker 2: tea has been thrown overboard. The Revolution of eighteen sixty
• 1:46:15
  Speaker 2: has been initiated. The issue was submitted to the voters
• 1:46:18
  Speaker 2: in the choice of delegates to a state convention called
• 1:46:21
  Speaker 2: to cast off the yoke of the Constitution. The Southern
• 1:46:25
  Speaker 2: Confederacy secession as arranged, The Convention of South Carolina assembled
• 1:46:30
  Speaker 2: in December, and without a dissenting voice, passed the ordinance
• 1:46:34
  Speaker 2: of secession withdrawing from the Union. Bells were rung exultantly,
• 1:46:38
  Speaker 2: The roar of cannon carried the news to outlying counties.
• 1:46:42
  Speaker 2: Fireworks lighted up the heavens, and champagne flowed. The crisis
• 1:46:46
  Speaker 2: so long expected had come at last. Even the Conservatives,
• 1:46:50
  Speaker 2: who had prayed that they might escape the dreadful crash,
• 1:46:52
  Speaker 2: greeted it with a sigh of relief. South Carolina now
• 1:46:56
  Speaker 2: sent forth an appeal to her sister's states, states that
• 1:46:59
  Speaker 2: had in Jack's day repudiated nullification as leading to the
• 1:47:02
  Speaker 2: dissolution of the Union. The answer that came this time
• 1:47:06
  Speaker 2: was in a different Vein a month had hardly elapsed
• 1:47:09
  Speaker 2: before five other states, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana,
• 1:47:15
  Speaker 2: had withdrawn from the Union in February. Texas followed Virginia,
• 1:47:21
  Speaker 2: hesitating until the bombardment of Fort Sumter forced a conclusion.
• 1:47:24
  Speaker 2: Seceded in April, but fifty five of the one hundred
• 1:47:28
  Speaker 2: and forty three delegates dissented, foreshadowing the creation of the
• 1:47:31
  Speaker 2: new state of West Virginia, which Congress admitted to the
• 1:47:34
  Speaker 2: Union in eighteen sixty three. In May, North Carolina, Arkansas,
• 1:47:39
  Speaker 2: and Tennessee announced their independence, secession, and the theories of
• 1:47:43
  Speaker 2: the Union. In severing their relations with the Union. The
• 1:47:47
  Speaker 2: seceding states denied every point in the Northern theory of
• 1:47:50
  Speaker 2: the Constitution. That theory, as everyone knows, was carefully formulated
• 1:47:55
  Speaker 2: by Webster and elaborated by Lincoln. According to it, the
• 1:47:59
  Speaker 2: Union was older than the states. It was created before
• 1:48:02
  Speaker 2: the Declaration of Independence for the purpose of common defense.
• 1:48:06
  Speaker 2: The Articles of Confederation did but strengthen this national bond,
• 1:48:10
  Speaker 2: and the Constitution sealed it forever. The Federal government was
• 1:48:14
  Speaker 2: not a creature of state governments. It was erected by
• 1:48:17
  Speaker 2: the people and derived its powers directly from them. It
• 1:48:20
  Speaker 2: is said Webster, the People's Constitution, the people's government made
• 1:48:25
  Speaker 2: for the people, made by the people, and answerable to
• 1:48:28
  Speaker 2: the people. The people of the United States have declared
• 1:48:31
  Speaker 2: that this Constitution shall be the supreme law. When a
• 1:48:35
  Speaker 2: state questions the lawfulness of any act of the Federal government,
• 1:48:39
  Speaker 2: it cannot nullify that act or withdraw from the Union.
• 1:48:42
  Speaker 2: It must abide by the decision of the Supreme Court
• 1:48:45
  Speaker 2: of the United States. The union of these states is perpetual,
• 1:48:49
  Speaker 2: ran Lincoln's simple argument in the first Inaugural. The Federal
• 1:48:53
  Speaker 2: Constitution has no provision for its own termination. It can
• 1:48:56
  Speaker 2: be destroyed only by some action not provided for in
• 1:48:59
  Speaker 2: the instrument itself. Even if it is a compact among
• 1:49:03
  Speaker 2: all the states, the consent of all must be necessary
• 1:49:05
  Speaker 2: to its dissolution. Therefore, no state can lawfully get out
• 1:49:09
  Speaker 2: of the Union, and acts of violence against the United
• 1:49:12
  Speaker 2: States are insurrectionary or revolutionary. This was the system which
• 1:49:16
  Speaker 2: he believed himself bound to defend by his oath of
• 1:49:19
  Speaker 2: office registered in Heaven. All this reasoning Southern statesmen utterly rejected.
• 1:49:25
  Speaker 2: In their opinion. The thirteen original states won their independence
• 1:49:28
  Speaker 2: as separate and sovereign powers. The Treaty of Peace with
• 1:49:32
  Speaker 2: Great Britain named them all and acknowledged them to be free, sovereign,
• 1:49:36
  Speaker 2: and independent states. The Articles of Confederation very explicitly declared
• 1:49:41
  Speaker 2: that each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence. The
• 1:49:46
  Speaker 2: Constitution was a league of nations formed by an alliance
• 1:49:49
  Speaker 2: of thirteen separate powers, each one of which ratified the
• 1:49:53
  Speaker 2: instrument before it was put into effect. They voluntarily entered
• 1:49:57
  Speaker 2: the union under the Constitution, and voluntarily they could leave it.
• 1:50:01
  Speaker 2: Such was the constitutional doctrine of Haine Calhoun and Jefferson Davis.
• 1:50:06
  Speaker 2: In seceding. The Southern States had only to follow legal methods,
• 1:50:10
  Speaker 2: and the transaction would be correct in every particular. So
• 1:50:14
  Speaker 2: conventions were summoned, elections were held, and sovereign assemblies of
• 1:50:17
  Speaker 2: the people set aside the Constitution in the same manner
• 1:50:21
  Speaker 2: as it had been ratified nearly fourscore years before. Thus
• 1:50:25
  Speaker 2: said the Southern people, the moral judgment was fulfilled, and
• 1:50:28
  Speaker 2: the letter of the law carried into effect the formation
• 1:50:32
  Speaker 2: of the Confederacy. Acting on the call of Mississippi, a
• 1:50:36
  Speaker 2: Congress of delegates from the seceded states met at Montgomery, Alabama,
• 1:50:40
  Speaker 2: and on February eighth, eighteen sixty one, adopted a temporary
• 1:50:44
  Speaker 2: plan of union. It selected as provisional president Jefferson Davis
• 1:50:49
  Speaker 2: of Mississippi, a man well fitted by experience and moderation
• 1:50:53
  Speaker 2: for leadership, a graduate of West Point who had rendered
• 1:50:56
  Speaker 2: distinguished service on the field of battle in the Mexican War,
• 1:51:00
  Speaker 2: in public office, and as a member of Congress. In March,
• 1:51:04
  Speaker 2: a permanent constitution of the Confederate States was drafted. It
• 1:51:08
  Speaker 2: was quickly ratified by the states. Elections were held in November,
• 1:51:12
  Speaker 2: and the government under it went into effect the next year.
• 1:51:16
  Speaker 2: This new constitution in form was very much like the
• 1:51:19
  Speaker 2: famous instrument drafted at Philadelphia in seventeen eighty seven. It
• 1:51:24
  Speaker 2: provided for a president, a Senate, and a House of
• 1:51:26
  Speaker 2: Representatives along almost identical lines in the powers conferred upon them. However,
• 1:51:32
  Speaker 2: there were striking differences. The right to appropriate money for
• 1:51:36
  Speaker 2: internal improvements was expressly withheld. Bounties were not to be
• 1:51:40
  Speaker 2: granted from the treasury, nor import duties so late as
• 1:51:43
  Speaker 2: to promote or foster any branch of industry. The dignity
• 1:51:47
  Speaker 2: of the state, if any might be bold enough to
• 1:51:49
  Speaker 2: question it, was safeguarded in the opening line by the
• 1:51:52
  Speaker 2: declaration that each acted in its sovereign and independent character
• 1:51:56
  Speaker 2: in forming the Southern Union financing the Confederacy. No government
• 1:52:02
  Speaker 2: ever set out upon its career with more perplexing tasks
• 1:52:05
  Speaker 2: in front of it. The North had a monetary system,
• 1:52:08
  Speaker 2: the South had to create one. The North had a
• 1:52:11
  Speaker 2: scheme of taxation that produced large revenues from numerous sources.
• 1:52:15
  Speaker 2: The South had to formulate and carry out a financial plan.
• 1:52:19
  Speaker 2: Like the North, the Confederacy expected to secure a large
• 1:52:22
  Speaker 2: revenue from customs, duties easily collected and little felt among
• 1:52:26
  Speaker 2: the masses. To this expectation, the blockade of Southern ports,
• 1:52:30
  Speaker 2: inaugurated by Lincoln in April eighteen sixty one, soon put
• 1:52:33
  Speaker 2: an end. Following the precedent set by Congress under the
• 1:52:37
  Speaker 2: Articles of Confederation, the Southern Congress resorted to a direct
• 1:52:41
  Speaker 2: property tax apportioned among the states. Only to meet the
• 1:52:44
  Speaker 2: failure that might have been foretold, the Confederacy also sold bonds,
• 1:52:49
  Speaker 2: the first issue, bringing into the treasury nearly all the
• 1:52:52
  Speaker 2: specie available in the Southern banks. This specie, by unhappy management,
• 1:52:57
  Speaker 2: was early sent abroad to pay for supplies, sapping the
• 1:53:00
  Speaker 2: foundations of a sound currency system. Large amounts of bonds
• 1:53:04
  Speaker 2: were sold overseas, commanding at first better terms than those
• 1:53:08
  Speaker 2: of the North, in the markets of London, Paris, and Amsterdam.
• 1:53:11
  Speaker 2: Many an English lord and statesman, buying with enthusiasm and confidence,
• 1:53:15
  Speaker 2: to lament within a few years. The proofs of his folly.
• 1:53:18
  Speaker 2: The difficulties of bringing through the blockade any supplies purchased
• 1:53:22
  Speaker 2: by foreign bond issues, however, nullified the effect of foreign
• 1:53:26
  Speaker 2: credit and forced the Confederacy back upon the device of
• 1:53:29
  Speaker 2: paper money. In all, approximately one billion dollars streamed from
• 1:53:33
  Speaker 2: the printing presses to fall in value at an alarming rate,
• 1:53:37
  Speaker 2: reaching in January eighteen sixty three, the astounding figure of
• 1:53:41
  Speaker 2: fifty dollars in paper money for one in gold. Every
• 1:53:45
  Speaker 2: known device was used to prevent its depreciation without result.
• 1:53:49
  Speaker 2: To the issues of the Confederate Congress were added untold
• 1:53:53
  Speaker 2: millions poured out by states and by private banks, human
• 1:53:57
  Speaker 2: and material resources. When we measure strength for strength in
• 1:54:01
  Speaker 2: those signs of power, men, money, and supplies, it is
• 1:54:05
  Speaker 2: difficult to see how the South was able to embark
• 1:54:07
  Speaker 2: on secession and war with such confidence in the outcome.
• 1:54:11
  Speaker 2: In the Confederacy. At the final reckoning, there were eleven
• 1:54:14
  Speaker 2: states in all to be pitted against twenty two a
• 1:54:17
  Speaker 2: population of nine millions, nearly one half servile, to be
• 1:54:21
  Speaker 2: pitted against twenty two millions, a land without great industries
• 1:54:25
  Speaker 2: to produce war supplies, and without vast capital to furnish
• 1:54:28
  Speaker 2: war finances, joined in battle with the nation already industrial
• 1:54:32
  Speaker 2: and fortified by property worth eleven billion dollars. Even after
• 1:54:36
  Speaker 2: the Confederate Congress authorized conscription in eighteen sixty two. Southern
• 1:54:41
  Speaker 2: man power, measured in numbers, was wholly inadequate to uphold
• 1:54:44
  Speaker 2: the independence which had been declared. How therefore, could the
• 1:54:48
  Speaker 2: Confederacy hope to sustain itself against such a combination of men, money,
• 1:54:52
  Speaker 2: and materials as the North could marshal Southern expectations. The
• 1:54:59
  Speaker 2: answer to this question is to be found in the
• 1:55:01
  Speaker 2: ideas that prevailed among Southern leaders. First of all, they
• 1:55:05
  Speaker 2: hoped in vain to carry the Confederacy up to the
• 1:55:07
  Speaker 2: Ohio River, and, with the aid of Missouri, to gain
• 1:55:10
  Speaker 2: possession of the Mississippi Valley, the granary of the nation.
• 1:55:14
  Speaker 2: In the second place, they reckoned upon a large and
• 1:55:17
  Speaker 2: continuous trade with Great Britain, the exchange of cotton for
• 1:55:20
  Speaker 2: war materials. They likewise expected to receive recognition and open
• 1:55:25
  Speaker 2: aid from European powers that looked with satisfaction upon the
• 1:55:28
  Speaker 2: break up of the Great American Republic. In the third place,
• 1:55:32
  Speaker 2: they believed that their control over several staples so essential
• 1:55:35
  Speaker 2: to Northern industry would enable them to bring on an
• 1:55:38
  Speaker 2: industrial crisis in the manufacturing states. I firmly believe, wrote
• 1:55:43
  Speaker 2: Senator Hammond of South Carolina in eighteen sixty, that the
• 1:55:46
  Speaker 2: slave holding South is now the controlling power of the world,
• 1:55:50
  Speaker 2: that no other power would face us in hostility. Cotton rise, tobacco,
• 1:55:55
  Speaker 2: and naval stores command the world, and we have the
• 1:55:58
  Speaker 2: sense to know it, and are sufficiently too tonic to
• 1:56:00
  Speaker 2: carry it out successfully. The North without us would be
• 1:56:04
  Speaker 2: a motherless calf bleeding about and die of mange and starvation.
• 1:56:09
  Speaker 2: There were other grounds for confidence. Having seized all of
• 1:56:12
  Speaker 2: the federal military and naval supplies in the South, and
• 1:56:15
  Speaker 2: having left the national government weak in armed power during
• 1:56:18
  Speaker 2: their possession of the presidency, Southern leaders looked to a
• 1:56:22
  Speaker 2: swift war, if it came at all, to put the
• 1:56:24
  Speaker 2: finishing stroke to independence. The greasy mechanics of the North,
• 1:56:28
  Speaker 2: it was repeatedly said, will not fight as to disparity
• 1:56:32
  Speaker 2: in numbers, they drew historic parallels our fathers. A mere
• 1:56:36
  Speaker 2: handful overcame the enormous power of Great Britain, a saying
• 1:56:40
  Speaker 2: of ex President Tyler ran current to reassure the doubtful. Finally,
• 1:56:44
  Speaker 2: and this point cannot be too strongly emphasized, the South
• 1:56:48
  Speaker 2: expected to see a weakened and divided North. It knew
• 1:56:51
  Speaker 2: that the abolitionists and the Southern sympathizers were ready to
• 1:56:54
  Speaker 2: let the Confederate States go in peace, that Lincoln represented
• 1:56:58
  Speaker 2: only a little more than one third the voters of
• 1:57:00
  Speaker 2: the country, and that the vote for Douglas Bell and
• 1:57:03
  Speaker 2: Breckinridge meant a decided opposition to the Republicans and their
• 1:57:06
  Speaker 2: policies efforts at compromise. Republican leaders, on reviewing the same facts,
• 1:57:13
  Speaker 2: were themselves uncertain as to the outcome of a civil
• 1:57:16
  Speaker 2: war and made many efforts to avoid crises. Thurlow Weed,
• 1:57:20
  Speaker 2: an Albany journalist and politician who had done much to
• 1:57:23
  Speaker 2: carry New York for Lincoln, proposed a plan for extending
• 1:57:26
  Speaker 2: the Missouri compromise line to the Pacific. Jefferson Davis, warning
• 1:57:30
  Speaker 2: his followers that a war, if it came, would be terrible,
• 1:57:35
  Speaker 2: was prepared to accept the offer, but Lincoln, remembering his
• 1:57:38
  Speaker 2: campaign pledges, stood firm as a rock against it. His
• 1:57:42
  Speaker 2: followers in Congress took the same position with regard to
• 1:57:45
  Speaker 2: a similar settlement suggested by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky. Though
• 1:57:50
  Speaker 2: unwilling to surrender his solemn promises respecting slavery in the territories,
• 1:57:54
  Speaker 2: Lincoln was prepared to give Southern leaders a strong guarantee
• 1:57:57
  Speaker 2: that his administration would not interfere directly or indirectly with
• 1:58:01
  Speaker 2: slavery in the states. Anxious to reassure the South on
• 1:58:04
  Speaker 2: this point, the Republicans in Congress proposed to write into
• 1:58:08
  Speaker 2: the Constitution a declaration that no amendment should ever be
• 1:58:12
  Speaker 2: made authorizing the abolition of or interference with slavery in
• 1:58:15
  Speaker 2: any state. The resolution duly passed was sent forth on
• 1:58:19
  Speaker 2: March fourth, eighteen sixty one, with the approval of Lincoln.
• 1:58:23
  Speaker 2: It was actually ratified by three states before the Storm
• 1:58:27
  Speaker 2: of War destroyed it by the irony of fate. The
• 1:58:30
  Speaker 2: thirteenth Amendment was to abolish, not guarantee slavery. End of
• 1:58:34
  Speaker 2: section six, Section seven of History of the United States
• 1:58:45
  Speaker 2: by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five,
• 1:58:49
  Speaker 2: Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:58:54
  Speaker 2: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:58:58
  Speaker 2: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. History of
• 1:59:03
  Speaker 2: the United States by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard,
• 1:59:07
  Speaker 2: Part five, Sectional Conflict in Reconstruction. Chapter fifteen. The Civil
• 1:59:12
  Speaker 2: War and reconstruction continued the war measures of the federal
• 1:59:16
  Speaker 2: government raising the armies. The crisis at Fort Sumter on
• 1:59:22
  Speaker 2: April twelfth through fourteenth, eighteen sixty one, forced the President
• 1:59:25
  Speaker 2: and Congress to turn from negotiations to problems of warfare.
• 1:59:30
  Speaker 2: Little did they realize the magnitude of the task before them.
• 1:59:33
  Speaker 2: Lincoln's first call for volunteers, issued on April fifteenth, eighteen
• 1:59:37
  Speaker 2: sixty one, limited the number to seventy five thousand, put
• 1:59:41
  Speaker 2: their term of service at three months, and prescribed their
• 1:59:44
  Speaker 2: duty as the enforcement of the law against combinations too
• 1:59:47
  Speaker 2: powerful to be overcome by ordinary judicial process. Disillusionment swiftly followed.
• 1:59:54
  Speaker 2: The terrible defeat of the Federals at bull Run on
• 1:59:56
  Speaker 2: July twenty first, revealed the serious character of the task
• 1:59:59
  Speaker 2: before them, and by a series of measures, Congress put
• 2:00:02
  Speaker 2: the entire manpower of the country at the president's command.
• 2:00:07
  Speaker 2: Under these acts, he issued new calls for volunteers early
• 2:00:11
  Speaker 2: in August eighteen sixty two. He ordered a draft of
• 2:00:14
  Speaker 2: militiamen numbering three hundred thousand for nine months service. The
• 2:00:18
  Speaker 2: results were disappointing ominous, for only about eighty seven thousand
• 2:00:22
  Speaker 2: soldiers were added to the army. Something more drastic was
• 2:00:25
  Speaker 2: clearly necessary. In March eighteen sixty three, Lincoln signed the
• 2:00:30
  Speaker 2: Inevitable Draft Law. It enrolled in the National Forces liable
• 2:00:34
  Speaker 2: to military duty all able bodied male citizens and persons
• 2:00:38
  Speaker 2: of foreign birth who had declared their intention to become
• 2:00:40
  Speaker 2: citizens between the ages of twenty and forty five years,
• 2:00:44
  Speaker 2: with exemptions on grounds of physical weakness and dependency. From
• 2:00:48
  Speaker 2: the men enrolled were drawn by law those destined to
• 2:00:51
  Speaker 2: active service. Unhappily, the measure struck a mortal blow at
• 2:00:55
  Speaker 2: the principle of universal liability by excusing any person who
• 2:00:59
  Speaker 2: found a substitute for himself or paid into the War
• 2:01:02
  Speaker 2: Office a sum not exceeding three hundred dollars to be
• 2:01:05
  Speaker 2: fixed by general order. This provision, so crass and so
• 2:01:09
  Speaker 2: obviously favoring the well to do, swed seeds of bitterness,
• 2:01:12
  Speaker 2: which sprang up a hundredfold in the North. The beginning
• 2:01:17
  Speaker 2: of the drawing under the Draft Act in New York
• 2:01:19
  Speaker 2: City on Monday, July thirteenth, eighteen sixty three, was the
• 2:01:23
  Speaker 2: signal for four days of riding. In the course of
• 2:01:26
  Speaker 2: this uprising, draft headquarters were destroyed, the Office of the
• 2:01:30
  Speaker 2: Tribune was gutted, Negroes were seized, hanged, and shot, the
• 2:01:34
  Speaker 2: homes of obnoxious unionists were burned down, the residence of
• 2:01:38
  Speaker 2: the mayor of the city was attacked, and regular battles
• 2:01:41
  Speaker 2: were fought in the streets between the riders and the police.
• 2:01:44
  Speaker 2: Business stopped and a large part of the city passed
• 2:01:47
  Speaker 2: absolutely into the control of the mob. Not until late
• 2:01:51
  Speaker 2: the following Wednesday did enough troops arrive to restore order
• 2:01:54
  Speaker 2: and enable the residents of the city to resume their
• 2:01:56
  Speaker 2: daily activities. At least a thousand people had been killed
• 2:02:00
  Speaker 2: or wounded, and more than a million dollars worth of
• 2:02:02
  Speaker 2: damage done to property. The draft, temporarily interrupted by this outbreak,
• 2:02:07
  Speaker 2: was then resumed and carried out without further trouble. The
• 2:02:11
  Speaker 2: results of the draft were, in the end distinctly disappointing
• 2:02:14
  Speaker 2: to the government. The exemptions were numerous, and the number
• 2:02:17
  Speaker 2: who preferred and were able to pay three hundred dollars
• 2:02:20
  Speaker 2: rather than serve exceeded all expectations. Volunteering, it is true,
• 2:02:24
  Speaker 2: was stimulated, but even that resource could hardly keep the
• 2:02:28
  Speaker 2: thinning ranks of the army filled with reluctance. Congress struck
• 2:02:32
  Speaker 2: out the three hundred dollars exemption clause, but still favored
• 2:02:35
  Speaker 2: the well to do by allowing them to hire substitutes
• 2:02:37
  Speaker 2: if they could find them. With all this power in
• 2:02:40
  Speaker 2: its hands, the administration was able by January eighteen sixty
• 2:02:44
  Speaker 2: five to construct a Union army that outnumbered the Confederates
• 2:02:48
  Speaker 2: two to one. War finance, in the financial sphere, the
• 2:02:53
  Speaker 2: North faced immense difficulties. The surplus in the treasury had
• 2:02:57
  Speaker 2: been dissipated by eighteen sixty one, and the t earoff
• 2:03:00
  Speaker 2: of eighteen fifty seven had failed to produce an income
• 2:03:02
  Speaker 2: sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the government. Confronted
• 2:03:06
  Speaker 2: by military and naval expenditures of appalling magnitude, rising from
• 2:03:11
  Speaker 2: thirty five million in the first year of the war
• 2:03:13
  Speaker 2: to one billion, one hundred and fifty three million in
• 2:03:16
  Speaker 2: the last year, the administration had to tap every available
• 2:03:20
  Speaker 2: source of income. The duties on imports were increased not once,
• 2:03:25
  Speaker 2: but many times, producing huge revenues and also meeting the
• 2:03:29
  Speaker 2: most extravagant demands of the manufacturers for protection. Direct taxes
• 2:03:34
  Speaker 2: were imposed on the states according to their respective population,
• 2:03:37
  Speaker 2: but their returns were meager, all out of proportion to
• 2:03:40
  Speaker 2: the irritation involved. Stamp taxes and taxes and luxuries, occupations,
• 2:03:46
  Speaker 2: and the earnings of corporations were laid with a weight
• 2:03:48
  Speaker 2: that in ordinary times would have drawn forth opposition of
• 2:03:52
  Speaker 2: ominous strength. The whole gamut of taxation was run, even
• 2:03:56
  Speaker 2: a tax on incomes and gains. By the year the
• 2:03:59
  Speaker 2: first in the Hill, My History of the Federal Government
• 2:04:01
  Speaker 2: was included in the long list. Revenues were supplemented by
• 2:04:05
  Speaker 2: bond issues, mounting in size and interest rate until in October,
• 2:04:10
  Speaker 2: at the end of the war, the debt stood at
• 2:04:12
  Speaker 2: two billion, two hundred and eight million dollars. The total
• 2:04:15
  Speaker 2: cost of the war was many times the money value
• 2:04:18
  Speaker 2: of all the slaves in the Southern States. To the
• 2:04:21
  Speaker 2: debt must be added nearly half a billion dollars in
• 2:04:24
  Speaker 2: green backs, paper money issued by Congress in desperation as
• 2:04:28
  Speaker 2: bond sales and revenues from taxes failed to meet the
• 2:04:31
  Speaker 2: rising expenditures. This currency, issued at par on questionable warrant
• 2:04:36
  Speaker 2: from the Constitution, like all such paper, quickly began to
• 2:04:39
  Speaker 2: decline until, in the worst fortunes of eighteen sixty four,
• 2:04:43
  Speaker 2: one dollar in gold was worth nearly three in green backs.
• 2:04:47
  Speaker 2: The blockade of Southern ports four days after his call
• 2:04:51
  Speaker 2: for volunteers April nineteenth, eighteen sixty one, President Lincoln issued
• 2:04:56
  Speaker 2: a proclamation blockading the ports of the Southern Confederacy. Later,
• 2:05:00
  Speaker 2: the blockade was extended to Virginia and North Carolina, as
• 2:05:03
  Speaker 2: they withdrew from the Union vessels attempting to enter or
• 2:05:07
  Speaker 2: leave these ports. If they disregarded the warnings of a
• 2:05:10
  Speaker 2: blockading ship were to be captured and brought as prizes
• 2:05:14
  Speaker 2: to the nearest convenient port. To make the order effective,
• 2:05:17
  Speaker 2: Immediate steps were taken to increase the naval forces depleted
• 2:05:21
  Speaker 2: by neglect, until the entire coast line was patrolled with
• 2:05:24
  Speaker 2: such a number of ships that it was a rare
• 2:05:27
  Speaker 2: captain who ventured to run the gauntlet. The collision between
• 2:05:31
  Speaker 2: the Merrimac and the Monitor in March eighteen sixty two
• 2:05:34
  Speaker 2: sealed the fate of the Confederacy. The exploits of the
• 2:05:38
  Speaker 2: Union navy are recorded in the following export of cotton
• 2:05:41
  Speaker 2: two hundred and two million dollars in eighteen sixty, forty
• 2:05:44
  Speaker 2: two million in eighteen sixty one, and four million in
• 2:05:47
  Speaker 2: eighteen sixty two. The deadly effect of this paralysis of
• 2:05:51
  Speaker 2: trade upon Southern war power may be readily imagined. Foreign
• 2:05:55
  Speaker 2: loans payable in cotton could be negotiated but not paid off.
• 2:06:00
  Speaker 2: Supplies could be purchased on credit, but not brought through
• 2:06:02
  Speaker 2: the dragnet. With extreme difficulty, could the Confederate government secure
• 2:06:07
  Speaker 2: even paper for the issue of money and bonds. Publishers,
• 2:06:10
  Speaker 2: in despair at the loss of supplies, were finally driven
• 2:06:13
  Speaker 2: to the use of brown wrapping paper and wall paper.
• 2:06:17
  Speaker 2: As the railways and rolling stock wore out, it became
• 2:06:20
  Speaker 2: impossible to renew them from England or France. Unable to
• 2:06:24
  Speaker 2: export their cotton, planters on the sea board burned it
• 2:06:26
  Speaker 2: in what were called fires of patriotism. In their lurid light,
• 2:06:30
  Speaker 2: the fatal weakness of the Southern economy stood revealed diplomacy.
• 2:06:36
  Speaker 2: The war had not advanced far before the federal government
• 2:06:39
  Speaker 2: became involved in many perplexing problems of diplomacy in Europe.
• 2:06:43
  Speaker 2: The Confederacy early turned to England and France for financial
• 2:06:46
  Speaker 2: aid and for recognition as an independent power. Davis believed
• 2:06:51
  Speaker 2: that the industrial crisis created by the cotton blockade would
• 2:06:54
  Speaker 2: in time literally compel Europe to intervene in order to
• 2:06:58
  Speaker 2: get this essential staple. The crisis came as he expected,
• 2:07:02
  Speaker 2: but not the result. Thousands of English textile workers were
• 2:07:06
  Speaker 2: thrown out of employment, and yet while on the point
• 2:07:09
  Speaker 2: of starvation, they adopted resolutions favoring the North instead of
• 2:07:13
  Speaker 2: petitioning their government to aid the South by breaking the blockade.
• 2:07:17
  Speaker 2: With the ruling classes, it was far otherwise. Napoleon the Third,
• 2:07:21
  Speaker 2: the Emperor of the French, was eager to help in
• 2:07:24
  Speaker 2: disrupting the American Republic. If he could have won England support,
• 2:07:28
  Speaker 2: he would have carried out his designs. As it turned out,
• 2:07:31
  Speaker 2: he found plenty of sympathy across the Channel, but not
• 2:07:34
  Speaker 2: open and official co operation. According to the eminent historian Roads,
• 2:07:40
  Speaker 2: four fifths of the British House of Lords and most
• 2:07:42
  Speaker 2: members of the House of Commons were favorable to the
• 2:07:44
  Speaker 2: Confederacy and anxious for its triumph. Late in eighteen sixty two.
• 2:07:49
  Speaker 2: The British ministers, thus sustained, were on the point of
• 2:07:52
  Speaker 2: recognizing the independence of the Confederacy. Had it not been
• 2:07:56
  Speaker 2: for their extreme caution, for the constant and harassing criticians
• 2:08:00
  Speaker 2: by English friends of the United States like John Bright,
• 2:08:03
  Speaker 2: and for the victories of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, both England
• 2:08:07
  Speaker 2: and France would have doubtless declared the Confederacy to be
• 2:08:10
  Speaker 2: one of the independent powers of the Earth, while stopping
• 2:08:14
  Speaker 2: short of recognizing its independence. England and France took several
• 2:08:17
  Speaker 2: steps that were in favor of the South in proclaiming neutrality.
• 2:08:21
  Speaker 2: They early accepted the Confederates as belligerents and accorded them
• 2:08:25
  Speaker 2: the rights of people at war, a measure which aroused
• 2:08:29
  Speaker 2: anger in the North at first, but was later admitted
• 2:08:31
  Speaker 2: to be sound. Otherwise, confederates taken in battle would have
• 2:08:35
  Speaker 2: been regarded as rebels or traitors to be hanged or shot.
• 2:08:39
  Speaker 2: Napoleon the Third proposed to Russia in eighteen sixty one
• 2:08:42
  Speaker 2: a coalition of powers against the North, only to meet
• 2:08:45
  Speaker 2: a firm refusal. The next year, he suggested intervention to
• 2:08:49
  Speaker 2: Great Britain, encountering this time a conditional rejection of his plans.
• 2:08:53
  Speaker 2: In eighteen sixty three, not daunted by rebuffs, he offered
• 2:08:57
  Speaker 2: his services to Lincoln as a mediator, received in reply
• 2:09:00
  Speaker 2: a polite letter declining his proposal and a sharp resolution
• 2:09:04
  Speaker 2: from Congress suggesting that he attended to his own affairs.
• 2:09:08
  Speaker 2: In both England and France, the governments pursued a policy
• 2:09:10
  Speaker 2: of friendliness to the Confederate agents. The British ministry with
• 2:09:14
  Speaker 2: indifference if not confivance, permitted rams and ships to be
• 2:09:18
  Speaker 2: built in British stocks and allowed them to escape to
• 2:09:21
  Speaker 2: play havoc under the Confederate flag with American commerce. One
• 2:09:25
  Speaker 2: of them, the Alabama, built in Liverpool by a British
• 2:09:28
  Speaker 2: firm and paid for by bonds sold in England, ran
• 2:09:31
  Speaker 2: an extraordinary career and threatened to break the blockade. The
• 2:09:35
  Speaker 2: course followed by the British government against the protests of
• 2:09:38
  Speaker 2: the American minister in London was later regretted by an
• 2:09:41
  Speaker 2: award of a Tribunal of arbitration at Geneva. In eighteen
• 2:09:44
  Speaker 2: seventy two. Great Britain was required to pay the huge
• 2:09:48
  Speaker 2: sum of fifteen million, five hundred thousand dollars to cover
• 2:09:52
  Speaker 2: the damages wrought by Confederate cruisers fitted out in England.
• 2:09:56
  Speaker 2: In all fairness, it should be said that the conduct
• 2:09:59
  Speaker 2: of the North contributed to to the irritation between the
• 2:10:01
  Speaker 2: two countries. Seward, the Secretary of State was vindictive in
• 2:10:05
  Speaker 2: dealing with Great Britain. Had it not been for the
• 2:10:08
  Speaker 2: moderation of Lincoln, he would have pursued a course verging
• 2:10:11
  Speaker 2: in the direction of open war. The New York and
• 2:10:14
  Speaker 2: Boston papers were severe in their attacks on England. Words
• 2:10:18
  Speaker 2: were on one occasion at least accompanied by an act's
• 2:10:21
  Speaker 2: savoring of open hostility. In November eighteen sixty one, Captain Wilts,
• 2:10:26
  Speaker 2: commanding a Union vessel, overhauled the British steamer Trent and
• 2:10:30
  Speaker 2: carried off by force two Confederate agents, Mason and Slidel,
• 2:10:34
  Speaker 2: sent by President Davis to represent the Confederacy at London
• 2:10:37
  Speaker 2: and Paris, respectively. This was a clear violation of the
• 2:10:41
  Speaker 2: right of merchant vessels to be immune from search and impressment,
• 2:10:44
  Speaker 2: and in answer to the demand of Great Britain for
• 2:10:47
  Speaker 2: the release of the two men, the United States conceded
• 2:10:50
  Speaker 2: that it was in the wrong. It surrendered the two
• 2:10:53
  Speaker 2: Confederate agents to a British vessel for safe conduct abroad,
• 2:10:56
  Speaker 2: and made appropriate apologies. Emancipation, among the extreme war measures
• 2:11:02
  Speaker 2: adopted by the northern governments, must be counted in the
• 2:11:05
  Speaker 2: emancipation of the slaves in the States and arms against
• 2:11:08
  Speaker 2: the Union. This step was early and repeatedly suggested to
• 2:11:12
  Speaker 2: Lincoln by the abolitionists, but was steadily put aside. He
• 2:11:16
  Speaker 2: knew that the abolitionists were a mere handful that emancipation
• 2:11:20
  Speaker 2: might drive the border states into secession, and that the
• 2:11:23
  Speaker 2: Northern soldiers had enlisted to save the Union. Moreover, he
• 2:11:27
  Speaker 2: had before him a solemn resolution passed by Congress on
• 2:11:30
  Speaker 2: July twenty second, eighteen sixty one, declaring the sole purpose
• 2:11:34
  Speaker 2: of the war to be the salvation of the Union,
• 2:11:37
  Speaker 2: and disavowing any intention of interfering with slavery. The federal government,
• 2:11:42
  Speaker 2: though pledged to the preservation of slavery, soon found itself
• 2:11:45
  Speaker 2: beaten back upon its course and out upon a new tack.
• 2:11:49
  Speaker 2: Before a year had elapsed, Namely, on April tenth, eighteen
• 2:11:53
  Speaker 2: sixty two, Congress resolved that financial aid should be given
• 2:11:56
  Speaker 2: to any state that might adopt gradual emancipation. Six days later,
• 2:12:01
  Speaker 2: it abolished slavery in the District of Columbia. Two short
• 2:12:04
  Speaker 2: months elapsed, on June nineteenth, eighteen sixty two, it swept
• 2:12:09
  Speaker 2: slavery forever from the territories of the United States. Chief
• 2:12:13
  Speaker 2: Justice Tainey still lived. The dread Scott decision stood as
• 2:12:16
  Speaker 2: written in the book, but the Constitution had been re
• 2:12:20
  Speaker 2: read in the light of the Civil War. The drift
• 2:12:23
  Speaker 2: of public sentiment in the North was being revealed. While
• 2:12:26
  Speaker 2: these measures were pending in Congress, Lincoln was slowly making
• 2:12:30
  Speaker 2: up his mind. By July of that year he had
• 2:12:32
  Speaker 2: come to his great decision. Near the end of that month,
• 2:12:35
  Speaker 2: he read to his cabinet the draft of a proclamation
• 2:12:38
  Speaker 2: of emancipation, but he laid it aside until a military
• 2:12:41
  Speaker 2: achievement would make it something more than an idle gesture.
• 2:12:45
  Speaker 2: In September, the severe Czech administered to Lee at Antietam
• 2:12:49
  Speaker 2: seemed to offer the golden opportunity. On the twenty second,
• 2:12:52
  Speaker 2: the Immortal Document was given to the world announcing that
• 2:12:56
  Speaker 2: unless the States and Arms returned to the Union by
• 2:12:58
  Speaker 2: January one, eighteen shi sixty three, the fatal blow at
• 2:13:02
  Speaker 2: their peculiar institution would be delivered. Southern leaders treated it
• 2:13:06
  Speaker 2: with slight regard, and so on the date set the
• 2:13:09
  Speaker 2: promise was fulfilled. The proclamation was issued as a war measure,
• 2:13:13
  Speaker 2: adopted by the President as Commander in chief of the
• 2:13:16
  Speaker 2: armed forces on grounds of military necessity. It did not
• 2:13:20
  Speaker 2: abolish slavery. It simply emancipated slaves in places than in
• 2:13:24
  Speaker 2: arms against federal authority. Everywhere else, slavery, as far as
• 2:13:28
  Speaker 2: the proclamation was concerned, remained lawful to seal forever. The
• 2:13:33
  Speaker 2: Proclamation of emancipation and to extend freedom to the whole country. Congress,
• 2:13:38
  Speaker 2: in January eighteen sixty five, on the urgent recommendation of Lincoln,
• 2:13:42
  Speaker 2: transmitted to the States the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery throughout
• 2:13:46
  Speaker 2: the Union. By the end of eighteen sixty five, the
• 2:13:49
  Speaker 2: Amendment was ratified. The House was not divided against itself.
• 2:13:53
  Speaker 2: It did not fall. It was all free the restraint
• 2:13:58
  Speaker 2: of civil liberty. As in all great wars, particularly those
• 2:14:03
  Speaker 2: in the nature of a civil strife, it was found
• 2:14:05
  Speaker 2: necessary to use strong measures to sustain opinion favorable to
• 2:14:09
  Speaker 2: the administration's military policies, and to frustrate the designs of
• 2:14:13
  Speaker 2: those who sought to hamper its action. Within two weeks
• 2:14:16
  Speaker 2: of his first call for volunteers, Lincoln empowered General Scott
• 2:14:20
  Speaker 2: to suspend the writ of habeas corpus along the line
• 2:14:23
  Speaker 2: of March between Philadelphia and Washington, and thus to arrest
• 2:14:27
  Speaker 2: and hold, without interference from civil courts any one whom
• 2:14:30
  Speaker 2: he deemed a menace to the Union. At a later date,
• 2:14:34
  Speaker 2: the area thus ruled by military officers was extended by
• 2:14:37
  Speaker 2: executive proclamation. By an Act of March three, eighteen sixty three,
• 2:14:42
  Speaker 2: Congress desiring to lay all doubts about the President's power,
• 2:14:46
  Speaker 2: authorized him to suspend the writ throughout the United States
• 2:14:49
  Speaker 2: or in any part thereof. It also freed military officers
• 2:14:53
  Speaker 2: from the necessity of surrendering to civil courts, persons arrested
• 2:14:57
  Speaker 2: under their orders, or even making answers to rits issued
• 2:15:00
  Speaker 2: from such courts. In the autumn of that year, the President,
• 2:15:04
  Speaker 2: acting under the terms of this law, declared this ancient
• 2:15:07
  Speaker 2: and honorable instrument for the protection of civil liberties, the
• 2:15:10
  Speaker 2: Habeas corpus suspended throughout the length and breadth of the land.
• 2:15:15
  Speaker 2: The power of the government was also strengthened by an
• 2:15:18
  Speaker 2: Act of Fining and Punishing certain conspiracies passed on July
• 2:15:21
  Speaker 2: thirty first, eighteen sixty one, a measure which imposed heavy
• 2:15:25
  Speaker 2: penalties on those who, by force, intimidation, or threat interfered
• 2:15:29
  Speaker 2: with the execution of the law. Thus doubly armed, the
• 2:15:34
  Speaker 2: military authorities spared no one suspected of active sympathy with
• 2:15:37
  Speaker 2: the Southern cause. Editors were arrested and imprisoned, their papers suspended,
• 2:15:43
  Speaker 2: and their newsboys locked up. Those who organized peace meetings
• 2:15:47
  Speaker 2: soon found themselves in the toils of the law. Members
• 2:15:51
  Speaker 2: of the Maryland legislature, the Mayor of Baltimore, and local
• 2:15:54
  Speaker 2: editors suspected of entertaining secessionist opinions were imprisoned on military orders,
• 2:15:59
  Speaker 2: although charged with no offense, and were denied the privilege
• 2:16:02
  Speaker 2: of examination before a civil magistrate. A Vermont farmer, too
• 2:16:07
  Speaker 2: outspoken in his criticism of the government, found himself behind
• 2:16:10
  Speaker 2: the bars until the government, in its good pleasure, sought
• 2:16:14
  Speaker 2: fit to release him. These measures were not confined to
• 2:16:17
  Speaker 2: the theater of war, nor to the border states, where
• 2:16:20
  Speaker 2: the spirit of secession was strong enough to endanger the
• 2:16:23
  Speaker 2: cause of Union. They were applied all through the northern
• 2:16:27
  Speaker 2: States up to the very boundaries of Canada. Zeal for
• 2:16:30
  Speaker 2: the national cause, too often supplemented by a zeal for persecution,
• 2:16:35
  Speaker 2: spread terror among those who wavered in the singleness of
• 2:16:38
  Speaker 2: their devotion to the Union. These drastic operations on the
• 2:16:41
  Speaker 2: part of military authorities, so foreign to the normal course
• 2:16:45
  Speaker 2: of civilized life, naturally aroused intense and bitter hostility. Meetings
• 2:16:50
  Speaker 2: of protest were held throughout the country. Thirty six members
• 2:16:53
  Speaker 2: of the House of Representatives sought to put on record
• 2:16:56
  Speaker 2: their condemnation of the suspension of the Habeas corpus Act,
• 2:17:00
  Speaker 2: only to meet affirm denial by the supporters of the Act,
• 2:17:03
  Speaker 2: Chief Justice Tainey, before whom the case of a man
• 2:17:06
  Speaker 2: arrested under the president's military authority was brought emphatically declared
• 2:17:11
  Speaker 2: in a long and learned opinion bristling with historical examples,
• 2:17:15
  Speaker 2: that the president had no power to suspend the rid
• 2:17:17
  Speaker 2: of habeas corpus. In Congress and out, Democrats, abolitionists, and
• 2:17:22
  Speaker 2: champions of civil liberty denounced Lincoln and his cabinet in
• 2:17:25
  Speaker 2: unsparing terms. Valendigham, a Democratic leader of Ohio, afterwards banished
• 2:17:31
  Speaker 2: to the South for his opposition to the war, constantly
• 2:17:34
  Speaker 2: applied to Lincoln the epithet of Caesar. Wendell Phillips saw
• 2:17:38
  Speaker 2: in him a more unlimited despot than the world knows
• 2:17:41
  Speaker 2: this side of China. Sensitive to such stinging thrusts, and
• 2:17:46
  Speaker 2: no friend of wanton persecution, Lincoln attempted to mitigate the
• 2:17:50
  Speaker 2: rigors of the law by parolling many political prisoners. The
• 2:17:54
  Speaker 2: general policy, however, he defended in homely language very different
• 2:17:58
  Speaker 2: in tone and meeting from the involved reasoning of the lawyers.
• 2:18:02
  Speaker 2: Must I sheot a simple minded soldier boy who deserts,
• 2:18:05
  Speaker 2: while I must not touch a hair of the wily
• 2:18:07
  Speaker 2: agitator who induces him to desert, he asked, in a
• 2:18:11
  Speaker 2: quiet way of some spokesman for those who protested against
• 2:18:14
  Speaker 2: arresting people for talking against the war. This summed up
• 2:18:18
  Speaker 2: his philosophy. He was engaged in a war to save
• 2:18:21
  Speaker 2: the Union, and all measures necessary and proper to accomplish
• 2:18:24
  Speaker 2: that purpose were warranted by the Constitution, which he had
• 2:18:27
  Speaker 2: sworn to uphold. Military strategy north and South, the broad
• 2:18:33
  Speaker 2: outlines of military strategy followed by the commanders of the
• 2:18:37
  Speaker 2: opposing forces are clear even to the laymen, who cannot
• 2:18:40
  Speaker 2: be expected to master the details of a campaign, or,
• 2:18:43
  Speaker 2: for that matter, the maneuvers of a single great battle.
• 2:18:46
  Speaker 2: The problem for the South was one of defense mainly,
• 2:18:49
  Speaker 2: though even for defense, swift and paralyzing strokes at the
• 2:18:52
  Speaker 2: North were later deemed imperative measures. The problem of the
• 2:18:56
  Speaker 2: North was, to put it baldly, one of invasion and conquest.
• 2:19:00
  Speaker 2: Othern territory had to be invaded and Southern armies beaten
• 2:19:03
  Speaker 2: on their own ground or worn down to exhaustion. There
• 2:19:07
  Speaker 2: In the execution of this undertaking, geography, as usual, played
• 2:19:11
  Speaker 2: a significant part in the disposition of forces. The Appalachian Ranges,
• 2:19:15
  Speaker 2: stretching through the Confederacy to northern Alabama, divided the campaigns
• 2:19:19
  Speaker 2: into eastern and western enterprises. Both were of signal importance.
• 2:19:24
  Speaker 2: Victory in the East promised the capture of the Confederate
• 2:19:27
  Speaker 2: capital of Richmond, a stroke of moral worth hardly to
• 2:19:30
  Speaker 2: be overestimated. Victory in the West meant severing the Confederacy
• 2:19:34
  Speaker 2: and opening the Mississippi Valley down to the Gulf. As
• 2:19:38
  Speaker 2: it turned out, the Western forces accomplished their task, first
• 2:19:42
  Speaker 2: vindicating the military powers of Union soldiers and shaking the
• 2:19:45
  Speaker 2: confidence of opposing commanders. In February eighteen sixty two, Grant
• 2:19:51
  Speaker 2: captured Fort Donaldson on the Tennessee River, rallied wavering Unionists
• 2:19:55
  Speaker 2: in Kentucky, forced the evacuation of Nashville, and opened the
• 2:19:59
  Speaker 2: way for two hundred miles into the Confederacy at Shiloh, Murphysboro, Vicksburg, Chickamauga, Chattanooga.
• 2:20:07
  Speaker 2: Desperate fighting followed, and, in spite of varying fortunes, it
• 2:20:10
  Speaker 2: resulted in the discomfiture and retirement of the Confederate forces
• 2:20:14
  Speaker 2: to the southeast into Georgia. By the middle of eighteen
• 2:20:17
  Speaker 2: sixty three, the Mississippi Valley was open to the Gulf,
• 2:20:20
  Speaker 2: the initiative taken out of the hands of Southern commanders
• 2:20:23
  Speaker 2: in the west, and the way prepared for Sherman's final
• 2:20:26
  Speaker 2: stroke the march from Atlanta to the Sea, a maneuver
• 2:20:30
  Speaker 2: executed with needless severity in the autumn of eighteen sixty four.
• 2:20:35
  Speaker 2: For the almost unbroken succession of achievements in the West
• 2:20:38
  Speaker 2: by Generals Grant, Sherman, Thomas, and Hooker against Albert Sidney, Johnson, Bragg, Pemberton,
• 2:20:44
  Speaker 2: and Hood, the Union forces in the East offered at
• 2:20:47
  Speaker 2: first an almost equally unbroken series of misfortunes and disasters.
• 2:20:51
  Speaker 2: Far from capturing Richmond, they had been thrown on the defensive.
• 2:20:56
  Speaker 2: General after General mc clellan, Pope, Burnside, Hooker, and Mead
• 2:21:00
  Speaker 2: was tried and found wanting. None of them could administer
• 2:21:04
  Speaker 2: a crushing defeat to the Confederate troops, and more than
• 2:21:07
  Speaker 2: once the Union soldiers were beaten in a fair battle.
• 2:21:10
  Speaker 2: They did succeed, however, in delivering a severe check to
• 2:21:13
  Speaker 2: advancing Confederates under General Robert E. Lee, first at Antietam
• 2:21:17
  Speaker 2: in September eighteen sixty two, and then at Gettysburg in
• 2:21:21
  Speaker 2: July eighteen sixty three, Czechs reckoned as victories, though in
• 2:21:25
  Speaker 2: each instance the Confederates escaped without demoralization. Not until the
• 2:21:30
  Speaker 2: beginning of the next year, when General Grant, supplied with
• 2:21:33
  Speaker 2: almost unlimited men and munitions, began his irresistible hammering at
• 2:21:37
  Speaker 2: least army, did the final phase of the war commence
• 2:21:41
  Speaker 2: the pitiless drive told at last, General Lee, on April ninth,
• 2:21:45
  Speaker 2: eighteen sixty five, seeing the futility of further conflict, surrendered
• 2:21:49
  Speaker 2: an army still capable of hard fighting at Appomattox, not
• 2:21:53
  Speaker 2: far from the capital of the Confederacy. Abraham Lincoln. The
• 2:21:58
  Speaker 2: services of Lincoln to the the cause of Union defy description.
• 2:22:02
  Speaker 2: A judicial scrutiny of the war reveals his thought and
• 2:22:05
  Speaker 2: planning in every part of the varied activity that finally
• 2:22:09
  Speaker 2: crowned Northern Arms with victory. Is it in the field
• 2:22:12
  Speaker 2: of diplomacy? Does Seward the Secretary of State propose harsh
• 2:22:16
  Speaker 2: and caustic measures likely to draw England's sword into the
• 2:22:19
  Speaker 2: scale lincoln Counsel's moderation. He takes the irritating message and
• 2:22:24
  Speaker 2: with his own hands strikes out, erases, tones down, and interlines,
• 2:22:29
  Speaker 2: exchanging for words that sting and burn the language of
• 2:22:31
  Speaker 2: prudence and caution. Is it a matter of compromise with
• 2:22:35
  Speaker 2: the South, so often proposed by men on both sides
• 2:22:38
  Speaker 2: sick of carnage? Lincoln is always ready to listen, and
• 2:22:41
  Speaker 2: turns away only when he is invited to surrender principles
• 2:22:44
  Speaker 2: essential to the safety of the Union. Is it high
• 2:22:48
  Speaker 2: strategy of war a question of the general best fitted
• 2:22:51
  Speaker 2: to win Gettysburg, Hooker, Sedgwick or Meade. Lincoln goes in
• 2:22:55
  Speaker 2: person to the War Department in the dead of night
• 2:22:57
  Speaker 2: to take counsel with his secretary and to make the
• 2:23:00
  Speaker 2: fateful choice. Is it a complaint from a citizen deprived,
• 2:23:04
  Speaker 2: as he believes, of his civil liberties unjustly or in
• 2:23:07
  Speaker 2: violation of the Constitution. Lincoln is ready to hear it,
• 2:23:10
  Speaker 2: and anxious to afford relief if warrant can be found.
• 2:23:14
  Speaker 2: For it is a mother begging for the life of
• 2:23:16
  Speaker 2: a son sentenced to be shot as a deserter. Lincoln
• 2:23:20
  Speaker 2: hears her petition and grants it, even against the protests
• 2:23:23
  Speaker 2: made by his generals. In the name of military discipline.
• 2:23:26
  Speaker 2: Do politicians sow dissensions in the army and among civilians?
• 2:23:30
  Speaker 2: Lincoln grandly waives aside their petty personalities and invites them
• 2:23:34
  Speaker 2: to think of the greater cause. Is it a question
• 2:23:37
  Speaker 2: of securing votes to ratify the thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery?
• 2:23:42
  Speaker 2: Lincoln thinks it not beneath his dignity to traffic and
• 2:23:45
  Speaker 2: huckster with politicians over the trifling jobs asked in return
• 2:23:49
  Speaker 2: by the members who hold out against him. Does a
• 2:23:52
  Speaker 2: New York newspaper call him an ignorant Western boer? Lincoln's
• 2:23:55
  Speaker 2: reply is a letter to a mother who has given
• 2:23:57
  Speaker 2: her all her sons on the field battle, and an
• 2:24:01
  Speaker 2: address at Gettysburg, both of which will live as long
• 2:24:04
  Speaker 2: as the tongue in which they were written. These are
• 2:24:07
  Speaker 2: tributes not only to his mastery of the English language,
• 2:24:10
  Speaker 2: but also to his mastery of all those sentiments of
• 2:24:13
  Speaker 2: sweetness and strength, which are the finest flowers of culture.
• 2:24:17
  Speaker 2: Throughout the entire span of service, however, Lincoln was beset
• 2:24:21
  Speaker 2: by merciless critics. The fiery apostles of abolition accused him
• 2:24:25
  Speaker 2: of cowardice when he delayed the bold stroke at slavery.
• 2:24:29
  Speaker 2: Anti war democrats lashed out at every step he took.
• 2:24:32
  Speaker 2: Even in his own party. He found no peace. Charles
• 2:24:36
  Speaker 2: Sumner complained, our president is now dictator, imperator, whichever you like.
• 2:24:41
  Speaker 2: But how vain to have the powers of a god
• 2:24:44
  Speaker 2: and not to use it. Godlike leaders among the Republicans
• 2:24:48
  Speaker 2: sought to put him aside in eighteen sixty four and
• 2:24:50
  Speaker 2: placed Chase in his chair. I hope we may never
• 2:24:53
  Speaker 2: have a worse man, was Lincoln's quiet answer. Wide were
• 2:24:57
  Speaker 2: the dissensions in the North during that year, and the Republicans,
• 2:25:01
  Speaker 2: while selecting Lincoln as their candidate, again cast off their
• 2:25:04
  Speaker 2: old name and chose the simple title of the Union Party. Moreover,
• 2:25:09
  Speaker 2: they selected a Southern man, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, to
• 2:25:12
  Speaker 2: be associated with him as a candidate for vice president.
• 2:25:16
  Speaker 2: This combination the Northern Democrats boldly confronted with a platform
• 2:25:20
  Speaker 2: declaring that after four years of failure to restore the
• 2:25:23
  Speaker 2: Union by the experiment of war, during which, under the
• 2:25:26
  Speaker 2: pretense of military necessity or war power higher than the Constitution,
• 2:25:30
  Speaker 2: the Constitution itself has been disregarded in every part, and
• 2:25:34
  Speaker 2: public liberty and private right alike trodden down, justice, humanity, liberty,
• 2:25:39
  Speaker 2: and public welfare. Demand that immediate efforts be made for
• 2:25:42
  Speaker 2: a secession of hostilities to the end that peace may
• 2:25:46
  Speaker 2: be restored on the basis of the federal Union of
• 2:25:48
  Speaker 2: the States. It is true that the Democratic candidate, General
• 2:25:52
  Speaker 2: mc clellan sought to break the yoke imposed upon him
• 2:25:55
  Speaker 2: by the platform, saying that he could not look his
• 2:25:58
  Speaker 2: old comrades in the face, and pronounced their efforts vain.
• 2:26:01
  Speaker 2: But the party call to the nation to repudiate Lincoln
• 2:26:04
  Speaker 2: and his works had gone forth. The response came, giving
• 2:26:08
  Speaker 2: Lincoln two million, two hundred thousand votes against one million,
• 2:26:11
  Speaker 2: eight hundred thousand for his opponent. The bitter things said
• 2:26:14
  Speaker 2: about him during the campaign, he forgot and forgave. When
• 2:26:18
  Speaker 2: in April eighteen sixty five he was struck down by
• 2:26:21
  Speaker 2: the assassin's hand, he, above all others in Washington was
• 2:26:25
  Speaker 2: planning measures of moderation and healing. End of Section seven
• 2:26:35
  Speaker 2: Section eight of History of the United States by Charles A.
• 2:26:38
  Speaker 2: Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction.
• 2:26:44
  Speaker 2: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 2:26:48
  Speaker 2: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 2:26:51
  Speaker 2: visit LibriVox dot org. History of the United States by
• 2:26:56
  Speaker 2: Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, Part five Section
• 2:26:59
  Speaker 2: Fier Conflict and Reconstruction, Chapter fifteen, The Civil War and
• 2:27:04
  Speaker 2: Reconstruction concluded the results of the Civil War. There is
• 2:27:08
  Speaker 2: a strong and natural tendency on the part of writers
• 2:27:11
  Speaker 2: to stress the dramatic and heroic aspects of the war,
• 2:27:14
  Speaker 2: but the long judgment of history requires us to include
• 2:27:17
  Speaker 2: all other significant phases as well. Like every great armed conflict,
• 2:27:22
  Speaker 2: the Civil War outran the purposes of those who took
• 2:27:24
  Speaker 2: part in it waged over the nature of the Union.
• 2:27:27
  Speaker 2: It made a revolution in the Union, changing public policies
• 2:27:31
  Speaker 2: and constitutional principles, and giving a new direction to agriculture
• 2:27:35
  Speaker 2: and industry. The supremacy of the Union first and foremost.
• 2:27:40
  Speaker 2: The war settled for all time the long dispute as
• 2:27:43
  Speaker 2: to the nature of the federal system. The doctrine of
• 2:27:46
  Speaker 2: state sovereignty was laid to rest. Men might still speak
• 2:27:49
  Speaker 2: of the rights of states and think of their commonwealths
• 2:27:52
  Speaker 2: with affection, but nullification and secession were destroyed. The nation
• 2:27:56
  Speaker 2: was supreme. The destruction of the slave power. Next to
• 2:28:01
  Speaker 2: the vindication of national supremacy was the destruction of the
• 2:28:04
  Speaker 2: planting aristocracy of the South, that great power which had
• 2:28:08
  Speaker 2: furnished leadership of undoubted ability, and had so long contested
• 2:28:12
  Speaker 2: with the industrial and commercial interests of the North. The
• 2:28:15
  Speaker 2: first paralyzing blow at the planters was struck by the
• 2:28:18
  Speaker 2: abolition of slavery. The second and third came with the
• 2:28:21
  Speaker 2: fourteenth eighteen sixty eight and fifteenth eighteen seventy Amendments, giving
• 2:28:27
  Speaker 2: the ballot to freedmen and excluding from public office the
• 2:28:29
  Speaker 2: Confederate leaders, driving from the work of reconstruction the finest
• 2:28:33
  Speaker 2: talents of the South. As if to add bitterness to
• 2:28:37
  Speaker 2: Gaul and Wormwood, the fourteenth Amendment for bad the United
• 2:28:40
  Speaker 2: States or any state to pay any debts incurred in
• 2:28:43
  Speaker 2: age of the Confederacy or in the emancipation of the slaves,
• 2:28:47
  Speaker 2: plunging into utter bankruptcy the Southern financiers, who had stripped
• 2:28:51
  Speaker 2: their section of capital to support their cause. So the
• 2:28:55
  Speaker 2: Southern planters found themselves excluded from public office and ruled
• 2:28:59
  Speaker 2: over by their former life bondman under the tutelage of
• 2:29:01
  Speaker 2: Republican leaders. Their labour system was wrecked, and their money
• 2:29:05
  Speaker 2: and bonds were as worthless as waste paper. The South
• 2:29:09
  Speaker 2: was subject to the North, that which neither the Federalists
• 2:29:12
  Speaker 2: nor the Whigs had been able to accomplish in the
• 2:29:14
  Speaker 2: realm of state craft was accomplished on the field of battle.
• 2:29:19
  Speaker 2: The triumph of industry. The wreck of the planting system
• 2:29:22
  Speaker 2: was accompanied by a mighty upswing of northern industry, which
• 2:29:26
  Speaker 2: made the old whigs of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania stare in wonderment.
• 2:29:31
  Speaker 2: The demands of the federal government for manufactured goods at
• 2:29:34
  Speaker 2: unrestricted prices gave a stimulus to business, which more than
• 2:29:38
  Speaker 2: replaced the lost markets of the South. Between eighteen sixty
• 2:29:42
  Speaker 2: and eighteen seventy, the number of manufacturing establishments increased seventy
• 2:29:46
  Speaker 2: nine point six per cent as against fourteen point two
• 2:29:49
  Speaker 2: for the previous decade, while the number of persons employed
• 2:29:52
  Speaker 2: almost doubled. There was no doubt about the future of
• 2:29:55
  Speaker 2: American industry. The victory for the protective terraff. Moreover, it
• 2:30:01
  Speaker 2: was henceforth to be well protected. For many years before
• 2:30:05
  Speaker 2: the war, the friends of protection had been on the defensive.
• 2:30:08
  Speaker 2: The Terriff Act of eighteen fifty seven imposed duties so
• 2:30:11
  Speaker 2: low as to presage a tariff for revenue. Only the
• 2:30:15
  Speaker 2: war changed all that. The extraordinary military expenditures, requiring heavy
• 2:30:20
  Speaker 2: taxes on all sources, justified tariffs so high that a
• 2:30:24
  Speaker 2: follower of Clay or Webster might well have gasped with astonishment.
• 2:30:29
  Speaker 2: After the war was over, the debt remained, and both
• 2:30:31
  Speaker 2: interest and principle had to be paid. Protective arguments based
• 2:30:35
  Speaker 2: on economic reasoning were supported by a plain necessity for revenue,
• 2:30:39
  Speaker 2: which admitted no dispute. A liberal immigration policy linked with
• 2:30:46
  Speaker 2: industry was the labor supply. The problem of manning industries
• 2:30:50
  Speaker 2: became a pressing matter, and Republican leaders grappled with it.
• 2:30:54
  Speaker 2: In the Platform of the Union Party, adopted in eighteen
• 2:30:57
  Speaker 2: sixty four, it was declared that for or immigration, which
• 2:31:01
  Speaker 2: in the past has added so much to the wealth,
• 2:31:04
  Speaker 2: the development of resources, and the increase of power to
• 2:31:07
  Speaker 2: this nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations,
• 2:31:10
  Speaker 2: should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.
• 2:31:15
  Speaker 2: In that very year, Congress, recognizing the importance of the problem,
• 2:31:19
  Speaker 2: passed a measure of high significance, creating a Bureau of
• 2:31:22
  Speaker 2: Immigration and authorizing a modified form of indentured labor by
• 2:31:26
  Speaker 2: making it legal for immigrants to pledge their wages in
• 2:31:29
  Speaker 2: advance to pay their passage over. Though the bill was
• 2:31:33
  Speaker 2: soon repealed, the practice authorized by it was long continued.
• 2:31:37
  Speaker 2: The cheapness of the passage shortened the term of service,
• 2:31:40
  Speaker 2: but the principle was older than the days of William
• 2:31:43
  Speaker 2: Penn the Homestead Act of eighteen sixty two. In the
• 2:31:48
  Speaker 2: immigration measure guaranteeing a continuous and adequate labor supply, the
• 2:31:52
  Speaker 2: manufacturers saw an offset to the Homestead Act of eighteen
• 2:31:55
  Speaker 2: sixty two, granting free lands to settlers. The Homestead law
• 2:32:00
  Speaker 2: they had resisted in a long and bitter congressional battle. Naturally,
• 2:32:04
  Speaker 2: they had not taken kindly to a scheme which lured
• 2:32:06
  Speaker 2: men away from the factories or enabled them to make
• 2:32:09
  Speaker 2: unlimited demands for higher wages as the price of remaining.
• 2:32:13
  Speaker 2: Southern planters likewise, had feared free homesteads for the good
• 2:32:17
  Speaker 2: reason that they only promised to add to the overbalancing
• 2:32:20
  Speaker 2: power of the North. In spite of the opposition, supporters
• 2:32:24
  Speaker 2: of a liberal land policy made steady gains free soil democrats,
• 2:32:29
  Speaker 2: Jacksonian farmers and mechanics, Labor reformers, and political leaders like
• 2:32:33
  Speaker 2: Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee
• 2:32:37
  Speaker 2: kept up the agitation in season and out. More than
• 2:32:41
  Speaker 2: once were they able to force a homestead bill through
• 2:32:43
  Speaker 2: the House of Representatives, only to have it blocked in
• 2:32:46
  Speaker 2: the Senate, where Southern interests were entrenched. Then, after the
• 2:32:51
  Speaker 2: Senate was won over a Democratic president, James Buchanan, vetoed
• 2:32:55
  Speaker 2: the bill. Still the issue lived. The Republicans, strong among
• 2:33:00
  Speaker 2: the farmers of the Northwest, favored it from the beginning,
• 2:33:03
  Speaker 2: and pressed it upon the attention of the country. Finally,
• 2:33:06
  Speaker 2: the manufacturers yielded. They received their compensation in the Contract
• 2:33:10
  Speaker 2: Labor Law. In eighteen sixty two, Congress provided for the
• 2:33:14
  Speaker 2: free distribution of land in one hundred and sixty acre
• 2:33:17
  Speaker 2: lots among men and women of strong arms and willing hearts,
• 2:33:22
  Speaker 2: ready to build their serried lines of homesteads to the
• 2:33:24
  Speaker 2: rockies and beyond internal improvements. If farmers and manufacturers were
• 2:33:31
  Speaker 2: early divided on the matter of free homesteads, the same
• 2:33:34
  Speaker 2: could hardly be said of internal improvements. The western tiller
• 2:33:37
  Speaker 2: of the soil was as eager for some easy way
• 2:33:40
  Speaker 2: of sending his produce to market as the manufacturer was
• 2:33:43
  Speaker 2: for the same means to transport his goods to the
• 2:33:45
  Speaker 2: consumer on the farm. While the Confederate leaders were riding
• 2:33:49
  Speaker 2: to their constitution, a clause forbidding all appropriations for internal improvements.
• 2:33:53
  Speaker 2: The Republican leaders at Washington were planning such expenditures from
• 2:33:57
  Speaker 2: the treasury in the form of public land grand to railways,
• 2:34:01
  Speaker 2: as would have dazed the authors of the National Road
• 2:34:03
  Speaker 2: Bill half a century earlier. Sound finance national banking from
• 2:34:10
  Speaker 2: Hamilton's state to Lincoln's businessmen in the East had contended
• 2:34:13
  Speaker 2: for a sound system of national currency. The experience of
• 2:34:17
  Speaker 2: the States with paper money, painfully impressive in the years
• 2:34:21
  Speaker 2: before the framing of the Constitution, had been convincing to
• 2:34:24
  Speaker 2: those who understood the economy of business. The Constitution, as
• 2:34:28
  Speaker 2: we have seen, bore the signs of this experience. States
• 2:34:31
  Speaker 2: were forbidden to omit bills of credit paper money. In short,
• 2:34:35
  Speaker 2: this provision stood clear in the document, but judicial ingenuity
• 2:34:39
  Speaker 2: had circumvented it. In the age of Jacksonian democracy, the
• 2:34:43
  Speaker 2: States had enacted and the Supreme Court, after the death
• 2:34:46
  Speaker 2: of John Marshall, had sustained laws chartering banking companies and
• 2:34:50
  Speaker 2: authorizing them to issue paper money. So the country was
• 2:34:54
  Speaker 2: beset by the old curse. The banks of Western and
• 2:34:57
  Speaker 2: Southern states issuing reams of paper notes to help borrowers
• 2:35:00
  Speaker 2: pay their debts in dealing with war finances. The Republicans
• 2:35:05
  Speaker 2: attacked this ancient evil by Act of Congress. In eighteen
• 2:35:08
  Speaker 2: sixty four, they authorized a series of national banks founded
• 2:35:11
  Speaker 2: on the credit of government bonds and empowered to issue notes.
• 2:35:16
  Speaker 2: The next year, they stopped all bank paper sent forth
• 2:35:19
  Speaker 2: under the authority of the States by means of a
• 2:35:22
  Speaker 2: prohibitive tax. In this way, by two measures, Congress restored
• 2:35:26
  Speaker 2: federal control over the monetary system, although it did not
• 2:35:29
  Speaker 2: re establish the United States Bank, so hated by Jacksonian
• 2:35:33
  Speaker 2: democracy destruction of States rights by fourteenth Amendment. These acts
• 2:35:39
  Speaker 2: and others not cited here, were measures of centralization and
• 2:35:42
  Speaker 2: consolidation at the expense of the powers and dignity of
• 2:35:45
  Speaker 2: the States. They were all of high import, But the
• 2:35:48
  Speaker 2: crowning act of nationalism was the fourteenth Amendment, which, among
• 2:35:52
  Speaker 2: other things, forbad the States to deprive any person of life, liberty,
• 2:35:56
  Speaker 2: or property without due process of law. The media occasion,
• 2:36:01
  Speaker 2: though not the actual cause, of this provision, was the
• 2:36:04
  Speaker 2: need for protecting the rights of freedmen against hostile legislatures
• 2:36:07
  Speaker 2: in the South. The result of the Amendment, as was
• 2:36:10
  Speaker 2: prophesied in protests loud and long from every quarter of
• 2:36:13
  Speaker 2: the Democratic Party was the subjection of every act of state,
• 2:36:17
  Speaker 2: municipal and county authorities to possible annulment by the Supreme
• 2:36:21
  Speaker 2: Court at Washington. The expected happened. Few negroes ever, brought
• 2:36:26
  Speaker 2: cases under the Fourteenth Amendment to the attention of the courts,
• 2:36:29
  Speaker 2: but thousands of state laws, municipal ordinances, and acts of
• 2:36:33
  Speaker 2: local authorities were set aside as null and void under it.
• 2:36:36
  Speaker 2: Laws of states regulating railway rates, fixing hours of labor
• 2:36:40
  Speaker 2: in bake shops, and taxing corporations were in due time
• 2:36:43
  Speaker 2: to be annulled as conflicting with an amendment airnestly supposed
• 2:36:46
  Speaker 2: to be designed solely for the protection of degros. As
• 2:36:49
  Speaker 2: centralized power over tariffs, railways, public lands, and other national
• 2:36:53
  Speaker 2: concerns went to Congress, so centralized power over the acts
• 2:36:57
  Speaker 2: of state and local authorities involved an infringement of personal
• 2:37:01
  Speaker 2: and property rights was conferred on the federal judiciary, the
• 2:37:05
  Speaker 2: apex of which was the Supreme Court at Washington. Thus,
• 2:37:09
  Speaker 2: the old Federation of independent states, all equal in rights
• 2:37:12
  Speaker 2: and dignity, each wearing the jewel of sovereignty so celebrated
• 2:37:16
  Speaker 2: in Southern oratory, had gone the way of all flesh
• 2:37:19
  Speaker 2: under the withering blasts of Civil War reconstruction in the South.
• 2:37:25
  Speaker 2: Theories about the position of the seceding states on the
• 2:37:29
  Speaker 2: morning of April ninth, eighteen sixty five, when General Lee
• 2:37:32
  Speaker 2: surrendered his army to General Grant, eleven states stood in
• 2:37:35
  Speaker 2: a peculiar relation to the Union now declared. Perpetual lawyers
• 2:37:40
  Speaker 2: and political philosophers were much perturbed, and had been for
• 2:37:43
  Speaker 2: some time, as to what should be done with the
• 2:37:45
  Speaker 2: members of the former Confederacy. Radical Republicans held that they
• 2:37:49
  Speaker 2: were conquered provinces at the mercy of Congress, to be
• 2:37:53
  Speaker 2: governed under such laws as it saw fit to enact,
• 2:37:56
  Speaker 2: and until, in its wisdom it decided to readmit any
• 2:37:59
  Speaker 2: or all of them to the U. S. Union. Men
• 2:38:01
  Speaker 2: of more conservative views held that as the war had
• 2:38:04
  Speaker 2: been waged by the North on the theory that no
• 2:38:06
  Speaker 2: state could succeed from the Union, the Confederate States had
• 2:38:09
  Speaker 2: merely attempted to withdraw and failed. The corollary of this
• 2:38:13
  Speaker 2: latter line of argument was simple, the Southern states are
• 2:38:17
  Speaker 2: still in the Union, and it is the duty of
• 2:38:19
  Speaker 2: the President, as commander in chief, to remove the federal
• 2:38:22
  Speaker 2: troops as soon as order is restored, and the state
• 2:38:24
  Speaker 2: governments are ready to function once more as usual. Lincoln's proposal.
• 2:38:30
  Speaker 2: Some such simple and conservative form of reconstruction had been
• 2:38:33
  Speaker 2: suggested by Lincoln in a proclamation of December eighth, eighteen
• 2:38:37
  Speaker 2: sixty three. He proposed a pardon and a restoration of
• 2:38:40
  Speaker 2: property except in slaves, to nearly all who had directly
• 2:38:44
  Speaker 2: or by implication, participated in the existing rebellion, on condition
• 2:38:48
  Speaker 2: that they take an oath of loyalty to the Union.
• 2:38:50
  Speaker 2: He then announced that when in any of the states named,
• 2:38:53
  Speaker 2: a body of voters qualified under the law as it
• 2:38:56
  Speaker 2: stood before secession and equal in number to one tenth
• 2:38:59
  Speaker 2: the votes cast in eighteen sixty took the oath of allegiance,
• 2:39:03
  Speaker 2: they should be permitted to re establish a state government.
• 2:39:06
  Speaker 2: Such a government, he added, should be recognized as a
• 2:39:09
  Speaker 2: lawful authority and entitled to protection under the Federal Constitution.
• 2:39:13
  Speaker 2: With reference to the status of the former slaves, Lincoln
• 2:39:15
  Speaker 2: made it clear that while their freedom must be recognized,
• 2:39:19
  Speaker 2: he would object to any legislation which may yet be
• 2:39:22
  Speaker 2: consistent as a temporary arrangement with their present condition as
• 2:39:26
  Speaker 2: a laboring, landless, and homeless class. Andrew Johnson's plan his impeachment.
• 2:39:33
  Speaker 2: Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson, the Vice President, soon after taking office,
• 2:39:37
  Speaker 2: proposed to pursue a somewhat similar course in a number
• 2:39:41
  Speaker 2: of states. He appointed military governors, instructing them, at the
• 2:39:44
  Speaker 2: earliest possible moment to assemble conventions chosen by that portion
• 2:39:48
  Speaker 2: of the people of the said states who are loyal
• 2:39:51
  Speaker 2: to the United States, and proceed to the organization of
• 2:39:54
  Speaker 2: regular civil government. Johnson, a Southern man and a Democrat,
• 2:39:59
  Speaker 2: was immediately ch charged by the Republicans with being too
• 2:40:01
  Speaker 2: ready to restore the Southern States. As the months went by,
• 2:40:06
  Speaker 2: the opposition to his measures and policies in Congress grew
• 2:40:09
  Speaker 2: in size and bitterness. The contest resulted in the impeachment
• 2:40:13
  Speaker 2: of Johnson by the House of Representatives in March eighteen
• 2:40:16
  Speaker 2: sixty eight, and his acquittal by the Senate merely because
• 2:40:19
  Speaker 2: his opponents lacked one vote of the two thirds required
• 2:40:22
  Speaker 2: for conviction. Congress enacts reconstruction laws. In fact, Congress was
• 2:40:29
  Speaker 2: in a strategic position. It was the law making body,
• 2:40:32
  Speaker 2: and it could, moreover determine the conditions under which senators
• 2:40:36
  Speaker 2: and representatives from the South were to be readmitted. It
• 2:40:39
  Speaker 2: therefore proceeded to pass a series of reconstruction acts, carrying
• 2:40:43
  Speaker 2: all of them over Johnson's veto. These measures, the first
• 2:40:47
  Speaker 2: of which became a law on March second, eighteen sixty seven,
• 2:40:51
  Speaker 2: betrayed an animus not found anywhere in Lincoln's plans or
• 2:40:54
  Speaker 2: Johnson's proclamations. They laid off the ten States the whole Confederacy,
• 2:40:59
  Speaker 2: within the exception of Tennessee, still outside the pale, into
• 2:41:03
  Speaker 2: five military districts, each commanded by a military officer appointed
• 2:41:07
  Speaker 2: by the President. They ordered the commanding general to prepare
• 2:41:11
  Speaker 2: a register of voters for the election of delegates to
• 2:41:14
  Speaker 2: conventions chosen for the purpose of drafting new constitutions. Such voters, however,
• 2:41:19
  Speaker 2: were not to be, as Lincoln had suggested, loyal persons
• 2:41:22
  Speaker 2: duly qualified under the law existing before secession, but the
• 2:41:26
  Speaker 2: male citizens of said state twenty one years old and upward,
• 2:41:30
  Speaker 2: of whatever race, color, or previous condition, except such as
• 2:41:34
  Speaker 2: may be disenfranchised for participation in the rebellion or for
• 2:41:38
  Speaker 2: felony at common law. This was the death knell to
• 2:41:41
  Speaker 2: the idea that the leaders of the Confederacy and their
• 2:41:44
  Speaker 2: white supporters might be permitted to share in the establishment
• 2:41:47
  Speaker 2: of the new order. Power was thus arbitrarily thrust into
• 2:41:51
  Speaker 2: the hands of the newly emancipated male negroes and the
• 2:41:54
  Speaker 2: handful of whites who could show a record of loyalty.
• 2:41:57
  Speaker 2: That was not all. Each state was, under the Reconstruction Acts,
• 2:42:01
  Speaker 2: compelled to ratify the fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution
• 2:42:05
  Speaker 2: as a price of restoration to the Union. The composition
• 2:42:09
  Speaker 2: of the conventions thus authorized may be imagined bondmen without
• 2:42:13
  Speaker 2: the asking, without preparation, found themselves the governing power. An
• 2:42:17
  Speaker 2: army of adventurers from the north, carpetbaggers, as they were called,
• 2:42:21
  Speaker 2: poured in upon the scene to aid in reconstruction. Undoubtedly
• 2:42:26
  Speaker 2: many men of honor and fine intentions gave unstinted service,
• 2:42:29
  Speaker 2: but the results of their deliberations only aggravated the open
• 2:42:32
  Speaker 2: wound left by the war. Any number of political doctors
• 2:42:36
  Speaker 2: offered their prescriptions, but no effective remedy could be found
• 2:42:41
  Speaker 2: under measures admittedly open to grave objections. The Southern states
• 2:42:44
  Speaker 2: were one after another restored to the Union by the
• 2:42:47
  Speaker 2: grace of Congress, the last one in eighteen seventy. Even
• 2:42:51
  Speaker 2: this grudging concession of the formalities of statehood did not
• 2:42:54
  Speaker 2: mean a full restoration of honors and privileges. The last
• 2:42:58
  Speaker 2: soldier was not withdrawn from the Lafs vast southern capital
• 2:43:01
  Speaker 2: until eighteen seventy seven, and federal control over elections long
• 2:43:05
  Speaker 2: remained as a sign of Congressional supremacy the status of
• 2:43:09
  Speaker 2: the freedmen. Even more intricate than the issues involved in
• 2:43:13
  Speaker 2: restoring the seceded states to the Union was the question
• 2:43:16
  Speaker 2: of what to do with the newly emancipated slaves. That problem,
• 2:43:20
  Speaker 2: often put to abolitionists before the war, had become at
• 2:43:24
  Speaker 2: last a real concern. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery had
• 2:43:28
  Speaker 2: not touched it at all. It declared bondman free, but
• 2:43:31
  Speaker 2: did nothing to provide them with work or homes, and
• 2:43:35
  Speaker 2: did not mention the subject of political rights. All these
• 2:43:38
  Speaker 2: matters were left to the states, and the legislatures of
• 2:43:41
  Speaker 2: some of them, by their famous Black Codes, restored a
• 2:43:44
  Speaker 2: form of servitude under the guise of vagrancy and apprentice laws.
• 2:43:48
  Speaker 2: Such methods were in fact partly responsible for the reaction
• 2:43:52
  Speaker 2: that led Congress to abandon Lincoln's policies and undertake its
• 2:43:55
  Speaker 2: own program of reconstruction. Still, no extense of effort was
• 2:44:00
  Speaker 2: made to solve by law the economic problems of the bondman.
• 2:44:04
  Speaker 2: Radical abolitionists had advocated that the slaves, when emancipated, should
• 2:44:09
  Speaker 2: be given outright the fields of their former masters, but
• 2:44:12
  Speaker 2: Congress steadily rejected the very idea of confiscation. The necessity
• 2:44:16
  Speaker 2: of immediate assistance it recognized by creating in eighteen sixty
• 2:44:20
  Speaker 2: five the Freedmen's Bureau to take care of refugees. It
• 2:44:24
  Speaker 2: authorized the issue of food and clothing to the destitute,
• 2:44:28
  Speaker 2: and the renting of abandoned and certain other lands under
• 2:44:31
  Speaker 2: federal control to former slaves at reasonable rates. But the
• 2:44:34
  Speaker 2: larger problem of the relation of the freedmen to the
• 2:44:37
  Speaker 2: land it left to the slow working of time. Against
• 2:44:41
  Speaker 2: sharp protests from conservative men, particularly among the Democrats, Congress
• 2:44:46
  Speaker 2: did insist, however, on conferring upon the freedmen certain rights
• 2:44:49
  Speaker 2: by national law. These rights fell into broad divisions, civil
• 2:44:53
  Speaker 2: and political. By an act passed in eighteen sixty six,
• 2:44:57
  Speaker 2: Congress gave to former slaves the rights of white citizens
• 2:45:00
  Speaker 2: and the matter of making contracts, giving testimony in courts,
• 2:45:04
  Speaker 2: and purchasing, selling, and leasing property. As it was doubtful
• 2:45:08
  Speaker 2: whether Congress had the power to enact this law, there
• 2:45:11
  Speaker 2: was passed and submitted to the States. The Fourteenth Amendment,
• 2:45:14
  Speaker 2: which gave citizenship to the freedmen, assured them of the
• 2:45:17
  Speaker 2: privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, and
• 2:45:20
  Speaker 2: declared that no state should deprive any person of his life, liberty,
• 2:45:23
  Speaker 2: or property without due process of law. Not yet satisfied,
• 2:45:28
  Speaker 2: Congress attempted to give social equality to negroes by the
• 2:45:31
  Speaker 2: Second Civil Rights Bill of eighteen seventy five, which promised
• 2:45:34
  Speaker 2: to them, among other things, the full unequal enjoyment of inns, theaters,
• 2:45:39
  Speaker 2: public conveyances, and places of amusement, a law later declared
• 2:45:43
  Speaker 2: unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The matter of political rights
• 2:45:47
  Speaker 2: was even more hotly contested, but the radical Republicans like
• 2:45:51
  Speaker 2: Charles Sumner, asserted that civil rights were not secure unless
• 2:45:54
  Speaker 2: supported by the suffrage. In this same Fourteenth Amendment, they
• 2:45:58
  Speaker 2: attempted to guarantee the ballot to all nens negro men,
• 2:46:01
  Speaker 2: leaving the women to take care of themselves. The amendment declared,
• 2:46:04
  Speaker 2: in effect, when any state deprived adult male citizens of
• 2:46:08
  Speaker 2: the right to vote, its representation in Congress should be
• 2:46:11
  Speaker 2: reduced in the proportion such persons bore to the voting population.
• 2:46:16
  Speaker 2: This provision having failed to accomplish its purpose, the Fifteenth
• 2:46:20
  Speaker 2: Amendment was passed and ratified expressly declaring that no sedizens
• 2:46:24
  Speaker 2: should be deprived of the right to vote on account
• 2:46:26
  Speaker 2: of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. To make
• 2:46:31
  Speaker 2: assurance doubly secure, Congress enacted in eighteen seventy eighteen seventy two,
• 2:46:36
  Speaker 2: and eighteen seventy three three drastic laws, sometimes known as
• 2:46:40
  Speaker 2: force bills, providing for the use of federal authorities, civil
• 2:46:44
  Speaker 2: and military, in supervising elections in all parts of the Union.
• 2:46:48
  Speaker 1: So the federal.
• 2:46:49
  Speaker 2: Government, having destroyed chattel slavery, sought by legal decree, to
• 2:46:53
  Speaker 2: sweep away all its signs and badges, civil, social, and political,
• 2:46:58
  Speaker 2: never save, perhaps in some way, of the civil conflicts
• 2:47:01
  Speaker 2: of Greece or Rome, had there occurred in the affairs
• 2:47:03
  Speaker 2: of a nation, a social revolution so complete, so drastic,
• 2:47:07
  Speaker 2: and far reaching in its results summary of the sectional conflict.
• 2:47:12
  Speaker 2: Just as the United States, under the impetus of Western enterprise,
• 2:47:16
  Speaker 2: rounded out the continental domain, its very existence as a
• 2:47:19
  Speaker 2: nation was challenged by fratricidal conflicts between two sections. This
• 2:47:24
  Speaker 2: storm had been long gathering upon the horizon from the
• 2:47:28
  Speaker 2: very Beginning in colonial times, there had been a marked
• 2:47:30
  Speaker 2: difference between the South and the North. The former, by
• 2:47:33
  Speaker 2: climate and soil, was dedicated to a planting system, the
• 2:47:37
  Speaker 2: cultivation of tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar cane, and in
• 2:47:41
  Speaker 2: the course of time slave labour became the foundation of
• 2:47:43
  Speaker 2: the system. The North, on the other hand, supplemented agriculture
• 2:47:47
  Speaker 2: by commerce, trade and manufacturing. Slavery, though lawful, did not
• 2:47:52
  Speaker 2: flourish there an abundant supply of free labour kept the
• 2:47:55
  Speaker 2: northern wheels turning. This difference between the two sections, early
• 2:48:00
  Speaker 2: noted by close observers, was increased with the advent of
• 2:48:04
  Speaker 2: the steam engine and the factory system. Between eighteen fifteen
• 2:48:07
  Speaker 2: and eighteen sixty, an industrial revolution took place in the North.
• 2:48:11
  Speaker 2: Its signs were gigantic factories, huge aggregations of industrial workers,
• 2:48:16
  Speaker 2: immense cities, a flourishing commerce, and prosperous banks. Finding an
• 2:48:21
  Speaker 2: unfavorable reception in the South, the new industrial system was
• 2:48:24
  Speaker 2: confined mainly to the north by canals and railways. New York, Boston,
• 2:48:29
  Speaker 2: and Philadelphia were linked with the wheat fields of Ohio, Indiana,
• 2:48:33
  Speaker 2: and Illinois. A steel net wove North and Northwest together,
• 2:48:37
  Speaker 2: a commercial net supplemented it. Western trade was diverted from
• 2:48:41
  Speaker 2: New Orleans to the East, and eastern credits sustained Western enterprise.
• 2:48:46
  Speaker 2: In time, the industrial North and the planting South evolved
• 2:48:49
  Speaker 2: different ideas of political policy. The former looked with favor
• 2:48:53
  Speaker 2: on protective tariffs, ship subsidies, a sound national banking system,
• 2:48:57
  Speaker 2: and internal improvements. The armours of the West demanded that
• 2:49:01
  Speaker 2: the public domain be divided up into free homesteads for farmers.
• 2:49:05
  Speaker 2: The South steadily swung around to the opposite view. Its
• 2:49:09
  Speaker 2: spokesmen came to regard most of these policies as injurious
• 2:49:12
  Speaker 2: to the planting interests. The economic questions were all involved
• 2:49:16
  Speaker 2: in a moral issue. The northern states, in which slavery
• 2:49:20
  Speaker 2: was of slight consequence, had early abolished the institution. In
• 2:49:24
  Speaker 2: the course of a few years there appeared uncompromising advocates
• 2:49:27
  Speaker 2: of universal emancipation far and wide. The agitation spread. The
• 2:49:33
  Speaker 2: South was thoroughly frightened. It demanded protection against the agitators,
• 2:49:37
  Speaker 2: the enforcement of its rights in the case of runaway slaves,
• 2:49:40
  Speaker 2: and equal privileges for slavery in the new territories. With
• 2:49:44
  Speaker 2: the passing years, the conflict between the two sections increased
• 2:49:47
  Speaker 2: in bitterness. It flamed up in eighteen twenty and was
• 2:49:51
  Speaker 2: allayed by the Missouri Compromise. It took on the form
• 2:49:54
  Speaker 2: of a tariff controversy and nullification in eighteen thirty two.
• 2:49:58
  Speaker 2: It appeared again after the Mexican Wan War, when the
• 2:50:00
  Speaker 2: question of slavery in the new territories was raised again.
• 2:50:04
  Speaker 2: Compromise the Great Settlement of eighteen fifty seemed to restore peace,
• 2:50:08
  Speaker 2: only to prove an illusion. A series of startling effects
• 2:50:12
  Speaker 2: swept the country into war. The repeal of the Missouri
• 2:50:15
  Speaker 2: Compromise in eighteen fifty four, the rise of the Republican
• 2:50:19
  Speaker 2: Party pledged to the prohibition of slavery in the territories,
• 2:50:22
  Speaker 2: the dread Scott Decision of eighteen fifty seven, the Lincoln
• 2:50:25
  Speaker 2: Douglas Debates, John Brown's Raid, the election of Lincoln, and secession.
• 2:50:31
  Speaker 2: The Civil War, lasting for four years, tested the strength
• 2:50:35
  Speaker 2: of both North and South in leadership, in finance, in
• 2:50:38
  Speaker 2: diplomatic skill, in material resources, in industry, and in armed forces.
• 2:50:44
  Speaker 2: By the blockade of Southern ports, by an overwhelming weight
• 2:50:47
  Speaker 2: of men and materials, and by relentless hammering on the
• 2:50:51
  Speaker 2: field of battle, the North was victorious The results of
• 2:50:55
  Speaker 2: the war were revolutionary in character. Slavery was abolished and
• 2:50:58
  Speaker 2: the freedmen given the ballot. The Southern planters, who had
• 2:51:01
  Speaker 2: been the leaders of their section, were ruined financially and
• 2:51:05
  Speaker 2: almost to a man, excluded from taking part in political affairs.
• 2:51:09
  Speaker 2: The Union was declared to be perpetual, and the right
• 2:51:11
  Speaker 2: of a state to succeed settled by the judgment of battle.
• 2:51:15
  Speaker 2: Federal control over the affairs of states, counties, and cities
• 2:51:19
  Speaker 2: was established by the fourteenth Amendment. The power and prestige
• 2:51:22
  Speaker 2: of the federal government were enhanced beyond imagination. The North
• 2:51:27
  Speaker 2: was now free to pursue its economic policies, a protective tariff,
• 2:51:31
  Speaker 2: a national banking system, land grants for railways, free lands
• 2:51:35
  Speaker 2: for farmers. Planting had dominated the country for nearly a generation.
• 2:51:39
  Speaker 2: Business enterprise was to take its place. References Northern Accounts. J. K. Hosmer,
• 2:51:47
  Speaker 2: The Appeal to Arms and the Outcome of the Civil War,
• 2:51:50
  Speaker 2: American Nation Series. J. Ropes, History of the Civil War,
• 2:51:55
  Speaker 2: Best account of Military Campaigns. JF. Roads History of the
• 2:51:59
  Speaker 2: United States, Volumes three, four, and five. J. T. Morse,
• 2:52:04
  Speaker 2: Abraham Lincoln two volumes. Southern Accounts. W. E. Dodd, Jefferson
• 2:52:09
  Speaker 2: Davis Jefferson Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government E. Pollard,
• 2:52:15
  Speaker 2: The Lost Cause A. H. Stevens The War between the States. Questions.
• 2:52:20
  Speaker 2: One Contrast the reception of secession in eighteen sixty with
• 2:52:24
  Speaker 2: that given to nullification in eighteen thirty two. Two. Compare
• 2:52:29
  Speaker 2: the northern and southern views of the Union. Three What
• 2:52:32
  Speaker 2: were the peculiar features of the Confederate Constitution? Four? How
• 2:52:37
  Speaker 2: was the Confederacy financed? Five? Compare the resources of the
• 2:52:41
  Speaker 2: two sections six on what foundations did Southern hopes rest? Seven?
• 2:52:48
  Speaker 2: Describe the attempts at a peaceful settlement. Eight. Compare the
• 2:52:52
  Speaker 2: raising of armies for the Civil War with the methods
• 2:52:54
  Speaker 2: employed in the World War see below Chapter twenty five. Nine.
• 2:53:00
  Speaker 2: Compare the financial methods of the government in the two wars. Ten,
• 2:53:04
  Speaker 2: Explain why the blockade was such a deadly weapon. Eleven
• 2:53:08
  Speaker 2: Give the leading diplomatic events of the war. Twelve trace
• 2:53:12
  Speaker 2: the growth of anti slavery sentiment. Thirteen What measures were
• 2:53:16
  Speaker 2: taken to restrain criticism of the government? Fourteen What part
• 2:53:21
  Speaker 2: did Lincoln play in all phases of the war? Fifteen
• 2:53:24
  Speaker 2: State the principal results of the War sixteen. Compare Lincoln's
• 2:53:29
  Speaker 2: plan of reconstruction with that adopted by Congress seventeen. What
• 2:53:33
  Speaker 2: rights did Congress attempt to confer upon the former slaves?
• 2:53:37
  Speaker 2: Research topics Was secession lawful? The Southern view by Jefferson
• 2:53:42
  Speaker 2: Davis in Harding select Orations Illustrating American History, pages three
• 2:53:46
  Speaker 2: sixty four to three sixty nine. Lincoln's view Harding, pages
• 2:53:51
  Speaker 2: three seventy one to three eighty one. The Confederate Constitution
• 2:53:55
  Speaker 2: compare with the Federal Constitution in mac Donald Documentary source book,
• 2:54:00
  Speaker 2: pages four twenty four to four thirty three and pages
• 2:54:03
  Speaker 2: two seventy one to two seventy nine. Federal Legislative Measures
• 2:54:08
  Speaker 2: prepare a table and brief digest of the important laws
• 2:54:11
  Speaker 2: relating to the war. MacDonald pages four thirty three to
• 2:54:14
  Speaker 2: four eighty two. Economic Aspects of the War. Colemann Industrial
• 2:54:19
  Speaker 2: History of the United States, pages two seventy nine to
• 2:54:22
  Speaker 2: three o one. Dewey Financial History of the United States,
• 2:54:26
  Speaker 2: Chapters twelve and thirteen tabulate the economic measures of Congress
• 2:54:30
  Speaker 2: and MacDonald. Military campaigns. The Great Battles are fully treated
• 2:54:35
  Speaker 2: in Roads History of the Civil War, and teachers desiring
• 2:54:39
  Speaker 2: to emphasize military affairs may assign campaigns to members of
• 2:54:42
  Speaker 2: the class for study and report a briefer treatment in Elson,
• 2:54:46
  Speaker 2: History of the United States, pages six forty one to
• 2:54:49
  Speaker 2: seven eighty five. Biographical studies Lincoln, Davis, Lee, Grant, Sherman,
• 2:54:56
  Speaker 2: and other leaders in civil and military affairs, with reference
• 2:54:59
  Speaker 2: to Low War governors, English and French opinion of the
• 2:55:03
  Speaker 2: War Roads History of the United States, Volume four, pages
• 2:55:07
  Speaker 2: three thirty seven to three ninety four. The South during
• 2:55:11
  Speaker 2: the War Roads, Volume five, pages three forty three to
• 2:55:15
  Speaker 2: three eighty two. The North during the War Roads, Volume five,
• 2:55:19
  Speaker 2: pages one eighty nine to three forty two. Reconstruction Measures
• 2:55:23
  Speaker 2: McDonald source book, pages five hundred to five eleven, five
• 2:55:27
  Speaker 2: fourteen to five eighteen five, twenty nine to five thirty Elson,
• 2:55:32
  Speaker 2: pages seven eighty six to seven ninety nine. The Force
• 2:55:36
  Speaker 2: Bills MacDonald pages five forty seven to five fifty one,
• 2:55:40
  Speaker 2: five fifty four to five sixty four. End of section eight.
• 2:55:45
  Speaker 2: End of History of the United States by Charles A.
• 2:55:47
  Speaker 2: Beard and Mary Rbeard, Part five, Sectional Conflict and Reconstruction