Latest / Jock of the Bushveld / American Bee Journal, Vol. I, No. 2, February 1861 - Various

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American Bee Journal, Vol. I, No. 2, February 1861 - Various · Jock of the Bushveld

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Speaker 1: Section one of the American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
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Speaker 1: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
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Speaker 1: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
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Speaker 1: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
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Speaker 1: Kristin Hand the American b Journal, volume one, number two,
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Speaker 1: February eighteen sixty one, by various The Jerzen theory by
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Speaker 1: the Baron of Bergelups number two. The first proposition which
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Speaker 1: we are now to consider is in the following words. One.
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Speaker 1: A colony of bs in its normal condition consists of
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Speaker 1: three characteristically different kinds of individuals, the queens, the workers,
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Speaker 1: and at certain periods the drones. All this will be
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Speaker 1: readily conceded. But there are some apiary who contend that
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Speaker 1: there is in every colony a fourth kind, the black bees,
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Speaker 1: quite as distinct as any of the others, and to
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Speaker 1: which they ascribe the function of laying the drone eggs.
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Speaker 1: This seems plausible too, for it is an undeniable fact
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Speaker 1: that bees do occur which are distinguished from the rest
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Speaker 1: by their darker color, and the question can only be
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Speaker 1: whether the blackness of those bees is an accidental trait
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Speaker 1: or constitutes a characteristic difference. Doctor Magerstat contends that the
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Speaker 1: color is constitutional and enumerates besides not less than twelve
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Speaker 1: other points of difference between these black bees and common workers. Thus,
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Speaker 1: among other things, he alleges that these bees are black
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Speaker 1: when they emerge from the brood cells, that their probiscus
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Speaker 1: is much shorter, that they have no curbicula on their thighs,
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Speaker 1: that they have a smaller sting, and possess ovaries. It
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Speaker 1: is hard to contend against facts if these bee facts
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Speaker 1: which I can cannot concede. Among the many thousands of
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Speaker 1: young bees which I have seen emerge from the brood cells,
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Speaker 1: I never saw one come forth of any other color
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Speaker 1: than a lightish gray. All the black bees I have
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Speaker 1: ever observed in my ap area have probyses as long
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Speaker 1: as others, corbicula as deep, and stings as large. As
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Speaker 1: regards the existence of ovaries, I cannot venture to decide,
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Speaker 1: as I have neither the talents nor the instruments requisite
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Speaker 1: for so delicate an investigation in the interests of science. However,
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Speaker 1: I will cheerfully pay the expense of an examination by
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Speaker 1: some competent physiologist. Provided his report be illustrated by drawings
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Speaker 1: on a scale sufficiently large to show the eggs in
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Speaker 1: the ovaries, and render obvious to all the difference, if any,
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Speaker 1: in the probisses, stings, and corbicula. I would further suggest
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Speaker 1: that before comparison is instituted, the specimens of common workers
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Speaker 1: selected to be deprived of there her suites, or at
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Speaker 1: least least thoroughly wetted. Possibly, if this were done with
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Speaker 1: an entire colony, the operator might discover that he has
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Speaker 1: before him black bees exclusively precisely similar in all respects
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Speaker 1: to those which have been termed drone mothers. I am
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Speaker 1: not disposed to be jocular, but there cannot be a
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Speaker 1: doubt that all the allegations of doctor magerstat to which
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Speaker 1: I have referred, rest on sheer delusion. Excepting the variation
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Speaker 1: in color and the greater or less absence of hair,
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Speaker 1: there is no physical difference whatever between the common and
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Speaker 1: the black bees. The unprejudiced use of one's eyes is
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Speaker 1: sufficient to settle this point conclusively. But in what way
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Speaker 1: do these bees lose their hair, or rather, how do
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Speaker 1: they become black? Is it the result of age or
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Speaker 1: of toil? Not precisely toil worn veterans are easily known
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Speaker 1: by their dark brown color and lacerated wings. Whilst these
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Speaker 1: are of a glossy soot color, sometimes even coal black,
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Speaker 1: and have generally uninjured wings. The former are the kind
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Speaker 1: which may be found in large numbers almost every summer,
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Speaker 1: when there are abundant and long continued supplies of pasturage.
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Speaker 2: They are the.
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Speaker 1: Oldest among the workers, those which have labored longest and
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Speaker 1: most industriously on the blossoms of such plants as the Centauria,
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Speaker 1: Euphorbia et cetera, and whose coats, as mister Frank graphically
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Speaker 1: expressed it, have become seedy or shabby genteel in the service.
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Speaker 1: The latter kind, the glossy sooty black, appear early in
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Speaker 1: the spring, not indeed in every colony, nor in large numbers,
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Speaker 1: but singly here and there, and have all disappeared before autumn.
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Speaker 1: Yet catch one of these, scrutinize it with utmost care,
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Speaker 1: and you will find you have nothing but a common worker.
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Speaker 1: I have often compared with each other these two differently
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Speaker 1: shaded black bees, and have always found that the prime
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Speaker 1: color of the latter was a sooty or glossy black,
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Speaker 1: while that of the former was a brownish black. This
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Speaker 1: was the case still when the latter was more completely
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Speaker 1: deprived of its hurt sweets than the former. This led
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Speaker 1: me to conjecture that the glossy sooty color did not
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Speaker 1: result from the loss of hair, but that some other
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Speaker 1: influences had operated on the corneous tunics of those bees.
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Speaker 1: The common opinion is that the darker color of these
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Speaker 1: bees results from them having been besmeared with honey, and
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Speaker 1: that they are those precisely which have been most frequently
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Speaker 1: and longest engaged in robbing other colonies of their stores.
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Speaker 1: To test this, I made the following experiment. I set
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Speaker 1: before a populous colony in which I could not discover
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Speaker 1: a single black bee, a plate of honey, and when
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Speaker 1: it was densely covered with bees, I poured honey on
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Speaker 1: them and left them till they had been licked clean
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Speaker 1: by their companions. I repeated this on four successive evenings,
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Speaker 1: and finding that not one sooty black bee was to
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Speaker 1: be found amongst them after the operation, I concluded that
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Speaker 1: this peculiar color was not produced in the manner supposed,
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Speaker 1: nor could I find that it resulted from creeping through
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Speaker 1: crannies and crevices, nor from occasional combats with bees in
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Speaker 1: whose hives they attempted to intrude. Careful investigation satisfied me
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Speaker 1: that nothing of this kind could produce the effect. Finally,
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Speaker 1: an accident, or rather a mishap, led to the discovery
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Speaker 1: of the cause, and convinced me that mister SuDS had
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Speaker 1: as early as December eighteen forty eight, substantially surmised the truth.
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Speaker 1: In April eighteen fifty two, I exhibited my glass hives
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Speaker 1: to a friend then visiting me, who was so delighted
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Speaker 1: therewith that he expressed a strong desire to obtain one.
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Speaker 1: I promised to gratify him, but as the combs in
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Speaker 1: mine were already much discolored, I proposed to stock a
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Speaker 1: new hive for him with a swarm at the proper season.
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Speaker 1: A hive was immediately procured, and on the nineteenth of
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Speaker 1: May I introduced in it an unusually large swarm. The
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Speaker 1: bees had nearly all entered when a servant came to
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Speaker 1: announce the arrival of comp to receive them. I left
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Speaker 1: the work unfinished and could not return for nearly two hours.
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Speaker 1: When I got back I found the exterior of the
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Speaker 1: hive densely covered with bees, and at once conjectured that
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Speaker 1: another swarm had lit on it. The crowd had literally
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Speaker 1: choked up the entrance, and from the great heat in
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Speaker 1: the hive and the want of air, fully two thirds
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Speaker 1: of the bees were suffocated, and all were dripping with perspiration.
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Speaker 1: As a sufficient number to form a colony still survived,
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Speaker 1: and I did not find the queen among the dead.
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Speaker 1: I set matters in order and placed the hive in
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Speaker 1: my apiary. Next morning, I was greatly astonished to see
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Speaker 1: hundreds of glossy soot black bees issuing from and entering
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Speaker 1: this hive For more convenient observation. I transferred the colony
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Speaker 1: next day to a more suitable hive, and soon satisfied
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Speaker 1: myself that these black bees were Matchukska's and Maggerstat's famous
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Speaker 1: drone mothers, precisely similar in all respects to samples which
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Speaker 1: I had seen on various occasions. One, their ocelle seemed
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Speaker 1: more prominent, their bodies thinner and slenderer, their corbicula smaller
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Speaker 1: and shallower, all because they had no hair. Two that
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Speaker 1: had seemed further and more distinctly separated from the thorax,
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Speaker 1: and this again from the abdomen, because from the absence
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Speaker 1: of her sweets, the insections were simply more obvious. Three.
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Speaker 1: They appeared generally to be more supple and active than
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Speaker 1: common workers, because from their nudity, the movements of the
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Speaker 1: limbs were more perceptible. Four Many of them appeared to
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Speaker 1: drag their abdomen along, as though their muscular power were
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Speaker 1: somewhat impaired. Five they carried in no pollen, or at
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Speaker 1: most only mere rudimentary pellets, because these could not be
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Speaker 1: securely retained in the corbicula denuded of their bristly fringe.
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Speaker 1: Six they showed no disposition even in the pleasantest part
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Speaker 1: of the day, when pasturage abounded, to rifle the flowers
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Speaker 1: of their sweets. Hardly one in twenty which I examined,
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Speaker 1: had its honeybag filled, and then not with the nectar
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Speaker 1: of flowers, but with pure honey. It is evident from
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Speaker 1: this that robbing is their perilous pursuit, and that they
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Speaker 1: no longer possess a predilection for gathering the nectar of flowers. Seven.
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Speaker 1: On every hand, they endeavored to force their way into
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Speaker 1: other colonies because in accordance with their natural instinct, they
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Speaker 1: desired to appropriate honey, and the change which their physical
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Speaker 1: structure had undergone disabled them to gather from flowers. When
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Speaker 1: other bees attempted to seize them, they shrunk away, timidly
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Speaker 1: or fawningly presented their provacies, as all robbing bees are
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Speaker 1: prone to do under such circumstances. Eight. When hovering about
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Speaker 1: a hive, doubtful of their reception, they hold their hinder
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Speaker 1: legs suspended downward and rearward, as other robber bees do
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Speaker 1: in similar circumstances, thus showing that they are consciously strangers. Nine.
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Speaker 1: Occasionally they succeeded in effecting an entrance, but generally they
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Speaker 1: were seized and killed or crippled, as such intruders usually are. Ten.
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Speaker 1: Observing on one occasion a considerable number of them entering
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Speaker 1: a hive together, I watched for their return, caught several
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Speaker 1: of them, and satisfied myself by an inspection of their
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Speaker 1: well gorged honeybags, that their object was to steal the
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Speaker 1: garnered stores. Eleven. Their numbers decreased gradually, and by middle
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Speaker 1: of August they had altogether disappeared. Now is not all
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Speaker 1: this just the same as with the glossy black bees
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Speaker 1: noticed in so many different districts, and about which some
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Speaker 1: bee books make so much ado. And is it not
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Speaker 1: thus demonstrated that their loss of hair and their glossy
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Speaker 1: black color are ordinarily the effects of fright, perspiration, and
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Speaker 1: exposure to a hot and humid atmosphere. I say ordinarily,
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Speaker 1: because I would not assert that other causes may not
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Speaker 1: at times produce similar effects, though I much doubt whether
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Speaker 1: merely wetting the bees thoroughly would work such a change
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Speaker 1: of color and appearance. Often, as in the course of
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Speaker 1: my experiment with bees, I had occasion to immerse entire colonies,
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Speaker 1: not unfrequently keeping them wet for hours when searching for
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Speaker 1: the queen or picking out the drones. I never saw
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Speaker 1: that the bees changed color in consequence. I have often
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Speaker 1: also noticed bees returning to their hives after a shower
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Speaker 1: of rain in which they had been thoroughly drenched, but
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Speaker 1: never perceived that the number of black bees was thereby increased.
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Speaker 1: The foregoing remarks will serve to elucidate several other points. One,
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Speaker 1: the black bees usually make their appearance in early spring
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Speaker 1: because during the winter, the animal exhalations in the hive
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Speaker 1: are strongest, most confined, and most penetrating. Some of the
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Speaker 1: bees remaining quiet and almost motionless for a considerable period,
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Speaker 1: are consequently the more thoroughly exposed to the effects of
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Speaker 1: these exhalations.
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Speaker 3: Two.
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Speaker 1: They disappear in the fall because during the summer the
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Speaker 1: causes producing them, such as the one mentioned above, are
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Speaker 1: comparatively inoperative, the bees being less confined to their hive.
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Speaker 1: Those which were observed in the spring heavy died from
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Speaker 1: old age or were destroyed like the drones as useless
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Speaker 1: members of the community. Three. These black bees are not
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Speaker 1: apt to sting because they are usually encountered at other
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Speaker 1: hives than those to which they belong, and being consciously
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Speaker 1: trespassers and robbers, they are timid and will not attempt
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Speaker 1: to sting, but eagerly seek to escape conscience, making cowards
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Speaker 1: of them all. Four. Their sting is not particularly painful
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Speaker 1: because they do not, like other bees, adulcorate the nectar
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Speaker 1: of flowers in their stomachs, and hence probably secrete a
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Speaker 1: less virulent poison is there not. Moreover, in this respect,
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Speaker 1: a remarkable difference in the effect of stings in general.
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Speaker 1: Is a sting as painful in early spring as it
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Speaker 1: is when the lindens are in blossom. These questions are
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Speaker 1: not easily answered. Some persons also are so organized constitutionally,
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Speaker 1: or have in time become so habituated to the poison,
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Speaker 1: that in them the sting of a bee does not,
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Speaker 1: at any time, or under any circumstance, cause pain or swelling.
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Speaker 1: Others are so accustomed to suppress their feelings that in
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Speaker 1: all ordinary cases they grin and bear such inflictions without wincing. Others, again,
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Speaker 1: are so exceedingly sensitive that a sting produces frightful swelling
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Speaker 1: and dangerous illness. Who then can say that the sting
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Speaker 1: of one bee is more or less painful than that
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Speaker 1: of another five. At the time of the general drone slaughter,
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Speaker 1: as well as at other times in summer, dead black
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Speaker 1: bees are occasionally found in front of the hives. These
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Speaker 1: may indeed be common black bees which have died a
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Speaker 1: natural death, or have been massacred and cast out. But
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Speaker 1: they may also be the common workers which were turned
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Speaker 1: black in the agonies of death, if they were killed
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Speaker 1: by suffocation, which is the usual process. Let anyone examine
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Speaker 1: a suffocated queen and see if in every instance she
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Speaker 1: be not found of a glossy black color with but
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Speaker 1: a faint trace of yellow, and that workers also are
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Speaker 1: at times subjected to the same species of capital punishment
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Speaker 1: is too well known to require proof.
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Speaker 3: Six.
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Speaker 1: They usually disappear at the general expulsion of the drones,
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Speaker 1: because at that period all useless members of the community
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Speaker 1: are banished. It is, however, not correct to say that
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Speaker 1: they are expelled en masse simultaneously with the drones, though
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Speaker 1: till recently I was myself of that opinion. At this
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Speaker 1: period many are cast out, and an unusual number of
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Speaker 1: dead black bees are observed, and it thus came to
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Speaker 1: be inferred that they are expelled or killed in the
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Speaker 1: same manner, and as regularly as the drones, on the whole,
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Speaker 1: more died from superannuation than from any other cause. Having
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Speaker 1: thus disposed of the case of the black bees, which
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Speaker 1: is the only one ever seriously relied on as contravening
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Speaker 1: the first proposition of the Denzian theory, we shall, in
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Speaker 1: our next number proceed to the consideration of the second proposition.
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Speaker 1: End of section Onection.
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Speaker 4: Two the American b Journal, Volume one, number two, February
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Speaker 4: eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox
15:09
Speaker 4: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
15:13
Speaker 4: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by Agnes
15:18
Speaker 4: Robert Baer the American b Journal, Volume one, number one,
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Speaker 4: February eighteen sixty one by Various Workers not Monsters in
15:32
Speaker 4: an essay on physiography in its applications to grape culture
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Speaker 4: recently published occurs the following passage. Great men, as well
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Speaker 4: as common folks, sometimes make great mistakes. Huber asserted that
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Speaker 4: the neuter or working bee was nothing more or less
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Speaker 4: than an imperfect female. That is mere conjecture, and will
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Speaker 4: not answer in this matter of fact age. God never
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Speaker 4: made whole races of his creatures mere bor. He preports
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Speaker 4: monstrosities occasionally, but never made so gross a mistake in
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Speaker 4: the organism of an entire class. Cherishing for all langsyne
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Speaker 4: a high personal regard for the writer, we feel assured
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Speaker 4: would not consciously make a misstatement. We regret the more
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Speaker 4: to be constrained to say that in the passage just quoted,
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Speaker 4: he does Huber injustice. He ascribes him views not entertained
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Speaker 4: and sentiments never expressed by that intelligent and indefatigable, though
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Speaker 4: blind old naturalist, whose lot it has been to be
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Speaker 4: largely misapprehended and extensively misrepresented by those, even for whose
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Speaker 4: benefit he labored. In the New Observations on Bees, Huber says,
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Speaker 4: the discovery of fertile worker is made by Rheum and
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Speaker 4: conferred by my own investigations led me to conjecture that
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Speaker 4: the entire class of workers pertained to the female sex.
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Speaker 4: Nature makes no sudden leaps. The fertile workers laid drown
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Speaker 4: eggs only like those queens whose funcundation has been unduly delayed.
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Speaker 4: One step further and they might be altogether sterile without
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Speaker 4: being the less feminine. Essentially, I do not regard the
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Speaker 4: workers as abortions or imperfect creatures. They are endowed with
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Speaker 4: too many noble faculties, too much unwearied industry and activity,
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Speaker 4: and from their instincts bring too many marvels to permit
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Speaker 4: me to consider them as abnormities of their kind, or
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Speaker 4: as in perfect beings in comparison with the queens, I
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Speaker 4: believe that a rational philosophy will yet be able to
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Speaker 4: reconcile all these difficulties. This differs widely from the views
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Speaker 4: attributed to him, and shows that with his mental eye.
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Speaker 4: He looked confidently to future discoveries like those since made,
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Speaker 4: whereby the mystery, which in his day still enveloped, the
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Speaker 4: subject would be elucidated and the difficulties explained. He regarded
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Speaker 4: the worker simply as physically undeveloped females, such as dissection
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Speaker 4: and microscopic examination subsequently demonstrated them to be, and saw
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Speaker 4: clearly that such a condition was not incompatible with their
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Speaker 4: position in the economy of the hive. It is doubtless
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Speaker 4: true that if regard be had only to mere animal qualities,
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Speaker 4: the queen is in that direction more fully developed than
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Speaker 4: the worker, and thereby becomes qualified to discharge properly her
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Speaker 4: peculiar functions, the perpetuation or the race. This, however, does
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Speaker 4: not constitute her a more perfect insect absolutely than the worker.
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Speaker 4: The latter is quite admirably adapted for her appropriate duties,
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Speaker 4: and is therefore, as regards the purpose and end of
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Speaker 4: her being, as perfectly organized and as fully developed as
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Speaker 4: the former. Both certainly proceed from the same kind of vague.
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Speaker 4: That is a fact no longer to be controverted or doubted.
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Speaker 4: Development proceeds in each in like manner, and in the
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Speaker 4: same direction from the hatching of the egg up to
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Speaker 4: a certain point. Thence, owing to the circumstances in which
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Speaker 4: each is placed and the influences to which each is subjected,
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Speaker 4: development diverges and tends to different issues, and the queen,
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Speaker 4: it columnates, gore poorly, and the maturation of animal functions
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Speaker 4: in propriative power, and the work ordor is made to
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Speaker 4: take a different direction. The growth of physical organism is repressed, indeed,
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Speaker 4: but instead thereof her physical qualities, or what might be
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Speaker 4: termed her mental faculties, are extraordinarily unfolded and intensified. Hence,
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Speaker 4: if manifestation of mind, however subordinate in grade or qualified
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Speaker 4: in character, be entitled to a higher consideration and regard
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Speaker 4: to the mere corporeal qualities or physical organization, the worker
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Speaker 4: might claim a more elevated rank in the sphere of
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Speaker 4: development than the queen, whose physical endowments are certainly of
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Speaker 4: a lower order and limited to an hour range each. However,
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Speaker 4: as perfect as regards ourself or assigned relations, and the
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Speaker 4: purpose and design of her existence, it is precisely this
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Speaker 4: undeveloped feminity of the workers, and then bringing out instead
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Speaker 4: of other higher faculties which qualifies them for the functions
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Speaker 4: developed on them by the creator, that of foster mothers
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Speaker 4: and protectors of the brood, and providers for the subsistence
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Speaker 4: and preservation of the family, whereas the sexually more fully
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Speaker 4: developed in domains of the hive a queen and the
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Speaker 4: drones physically less endowed, are designed and serve for the
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Speaker 4: perpetuation of the race. Each kind has its proper sphere,
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Speaker 4: each its appropriate duties assigned to it, and by its
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Speaker 4: organization and instincts, each especially and fully qualified to discharge
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Speaker 4: these duties. The proclivities, qualifications, and habits of each are
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Speaker 4: in the main as distinct and characteristically different from those
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Speaker 4: of the others, as of each belong to an entirely
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Speaker 4: different class of insects. Yet the three kinds are so
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Speaker 4: yoked together, so interurbin in action, so fitted for each other,
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Speaker 4: so dependent on each other, and so complimentary to each other,
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Speaker 4: that neither could permanently exist without the coexistence at certain
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Speaker 4: seasons at least of both the others.
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Speaker 5: End of Section two, Section three of the American b Journal,
21:33
Speaker 5: Volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one. This is
21:39
Speaker 5: a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
21:44
Speaker 5: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
21:51
Speaker 5: Read by Linda Sonrisa Jones, the American b Journal, Volume one,
21:57
Speaker 5: number two, February eighteen sixty one. By Various Origin and
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Speaker 5: Nature of honey Dew In the Annual Report for eighteen
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Speaker 5: fifty five to fifty six of the Royal Agricultural and
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Speaker 5: Industrial School of Landau in the Palatinate, Mister Theodore Gumbel
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Speaker 5: communicates the following results of investigations made by him respecting
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Speaker 5: the origin and nature of honey dew. Honey dew always
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Speaker 5: makes its appearance when particular species of plants have developed
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Speaker 5: their blossoms. The ripe pollen dust falls not only on
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Speaker 5: the stigma of the blossom, but is generally in large
22:45
Speaker 5: part scattered on the leaves and other succulent portions of
22:50
Speaker 5: the plant, as well as on those of neighboring plants.
22:55
Speaker 5: If the pollen dust, thus scattered becomes exposed to dew,
22:59
Speaker 5: it will rappidly produce a carposma. This term designates a
23:04
Speaker 5: peculiar vegetation of the pollen grains in consequence whereof from
23:09
Speaker 5: a portion of them which were already contained in various
23:12
Speaker 5: forms and sizes in the anthers, a gummy granular substance exudes,
23:20
Speaker 5: others produce so called pollen tubes, and others again generate
23:24
Speaker 5: within themselves mature and extrude still more diminutive grains. What
23:31
Speaker 5: the original pollen grains thus undergo in this threefold manna
23:36
Speaker 5: is in turn undergone by the young brood. Also, the
23:40
Speaker 5: ultimate result is a mixed mass of pollen grains and
23:44
Speaker 5: of successive generations of brood cells, which finally decompose and
23:48
Speaker 5: disappear as cellules resembling yeast cells or mold spooroules. If
23:56
Speaker 5: this carposma be brought under influences more than simply propitious
24:01
Speaker 5: to its development, a luxuriant growth is superinduced, and the cellules,
24:07
Speaker 5: instead of undergoing decomposition, are converted into so called mycelium filaments,
24:14
Speaker 5: and are then capable of originating fungus organisms. When the
24:19
Speaker 5: carposma has been formed in a globule of dew, it
24:23
Speaker 5: fixes and retains by its vegetative power the humid atmospheric depositions,
24:29
Speaker 5: and we have the phenomenon of honey dew in the
24:33
Speaker 5: proper sense of the word, as a clammy substance dropping
24:37
Speaker 5: from leaf to leaf. Honey dew, as found on the
24:41
Speaker 5: leaves of plants, is precisely similar to the nectar of flowers, which,
24:46
Speaker 5: as in the cup shaped sepals of the linden, does
24:50
Speaker 5: not exist already when the blossom expands, but is produced
24:54
Speaker 5: only after the pollen dust has fallen into them and
24:58
Speaker 5: been changed to carpo ozma. In the honey gathered by
25:02
Speaker 5: the bees, the carposma producing it, that is, the pollen
25:07
Speaker 5: grains of those species of plants from which it was gathered,
25:10
Speaker 5: may readily be traced. Honeydew is not the product of aphids,
25:15
Speaker 5: which have commonly been supposed to secrete and extrude it
25:19
Speaker 5: as a saccharine matter covering therewith the foliage of plants
25:23
Speaker 5: and trees. Neither is honeydew a consequence of the rupture
25:27
Speaker 5: of superficial leaf cells, permitting the extrusion of saccarin juices,
25:33
Speaker 5: which are alleged to issue at times with such force
25:37
Speaker 5: as to be spatter the walls of conservatories. Experiments made
25:43
Speaker 5: with pollen grains on glass plates have resulted in the
25:47
Speaker 5: formation of carposma. The occurrence of honey dew on walls
25:52
Speaker 5: may hence be accounted for without attributing it to the
25:55
Speaker 5: violent disruption of leaf cells. Rain. Immediately follow the occurrence
26:01
Speaker 5: of honey dew, it will be washed off and the
26:04
Speaker 5: leaves remain healthy. But if the honey dew dry on
26:08
Speaker 5: the leaves and thus become fixed, the carposma may justify
26:13
Speaker 5: its name and superinduce a premature ripening of the leaves,
26:19
Speaker 5: which then become discolored with dark spots and drop off
26:23
Speaker 5: soon after the blossom withers. This happened in this region
26:28
Speaker 5: last summer to the Lombardy poplar, which was thus nearly
26:32
Speaker 5: denuded early in July, though the black poplar remained in
26:36
Speaker 5: full foliage. Thus, likewise, the peach, plum and cherry trees
26:41
Speaker 5: exhibited diseased foliage last spring, and the nut trees lost
26:45
Speaker 5: their leaves soon after blossoming. The functional efficacy of the
26:51
Speaker 5: pollen grains is not confined solely and exclusively to the
26:55
Speaker 5: stigma of the German. The great abundance of the pollen
26:59
Speaker 5: is of its olf of an indication that its influence
27:02
Speaker 5: extends also to other organs of the flower, and thus
27:06
Speaker 5: to the peripheral portions of the fruit. The functional efficacy
27:11
Speaker 5: of the pollen grains is not brief and transitory, but
27:14
Speaker 5: frequently of very protracted duration. Many blossoms, after having expanded,
27:21
Speaker 5: close again, thereby retaining and confining a large portion of
27:25
Speaker 5: the pollen grains undispersed, just as though a kind of
27:29
Speaker 5: digestion or maturation thereof were designed or required for the
27:34
Speaker 5: more complete development of the pericarp. Thus, the pollen and
27:39
Speaker 5: its carposma may be traced not only in the ripe
27:42
Speaker 5: fruit of plants which have the calyx tube adherent to
27:46
Speaker 5: the ovary, such as the current gooseberry apple pear, et cetera,
27:52
Speaker 5: but likewise in those which have the German nude, as
27:56
Speaker 5: in and on ripe cherries, grapes, et cetera. If this carposma,
28:02
Speaker 5: thus normally retaining its efficacy for a protracted period and
28:07
Speaker 5: thereby hastening the ripening of fruit, becomes exposed to the
28:12
Speaker 5: influence of a foggy atmosphere, so that its short jointed,
28:16
Speaker 5: filamentous tissue be transformed into mysalium. Diseased organisms result, such
28:23
Speaker 5: as the grape fungus odium tuckery, or the cells of
28:27
Speaker 5: the organ affected by carposma and thus overstimulated to premature
28:33
Speaker 5: ripeness develop as a pseudo organism tending to internal decomposition,
28:39
Speaker 5: such as the potato disease botritis infestines. According to proposition thirteen,
28:46
Speaker 5: the carposma of the pollen grains may be traced even
28:50
Speaker 5: in the must of grapes, apples, pears, currants, cherries, et cetera,
28:55
Speaker 5: and it is probable that ripe barley, even when converted
28:58
Speaker 5: into malt, still retains the carposma from the period of blossomine.
29:05
Speaker 5: The striking resemblance between the ultimate brood cells of carposma
29:09
Speaker 5: and yeast cells not merely warranted the conjecture that the
29:13
Speaker 5: carposma contained in the must of fruits furnishes the primary
29:17
Speaker 5: elements of a ferment, but actual experiment has shown that
29:22
Speaker 5: the carposma of the linden blossom, when introduced into a
29:26
Speaker 5: solution of sugar candy, speedily superinduced fermentation. The rapid formation
29:33
Speaker 5: of honeydew is intimately connected with the rapid production of
29:37
Speaker 5: yeast cells. In the former case, sugar is produced. In
29:42
Speaker 5: the latter, sugar is decomposed. End of section three.
29:53
Speaker 6: Section number four of the American b Journal, Volume one,
29:57
Speaker 6: number two, February eighteen six one. This is a LibriVox recording.
30:04
Speaker 6: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
30:07
Speaker 6: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The
30:14
Speaker 6: American Bee Journal, Volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one.
30:20
Speaker 6: By various size of the colonies and eggs of the
30:25
Speaker 6: bee moth size of the colonies. On the sixteenth of
30:31
Speaker 6: June eighteen fifty five, I prepared two hives by inserting
30:36
Speaker 6: in each a set of sixteen frames furnished with guidecomb
30:42
Speaker 6: Both sets were of exactly the same weight and were
30:44
Speaker 6: arranged in two tiers in the same manner. In each hive,
30:49
Speaker 6: I then introduced in the one a swarm of bees
30:52
Speaker 6: weighing six pounds, and in the other a swarm weighing
30:55
Speaker 6: three pounds, and gave them queens, which, judging by the
30:59
Speaker 6: hives they were taken from, were equally fertile. On the
31:03
Speaker 6: eighth of October following, when all the brood had emerged
31:06
Speaker 6: in each, I took out the frames and brushed off
31:09
Speaker 6: the bees, carefully weighing each set separately. On deducting the
31:14
Speaker 6: weight of the frames and the guide combs, I found
31:17
Speaker 6: that the combs built and filled by the six pound
31:20
Speaker 6: colony weighed forty pounds six and a half ounces, and
31:25
Speaker 6: those built by the three pound colony weighed seventeen pounds.
31:29
Speaker 6: The product in combs and honey of the larger colony
31:33
Speaker 6: was thus ascertained to be six pounds six and a
31:36
Speaker 6: half ounces more than twice the product of the smaller colony,
31:41
Speaker 6: and this excess was the result exclusively of the greater
31:45
Speaker 6: working force, which that colony had from the start. This
31:51
Speaker 6: experiment shows that three pounds of bees are sufficient to
31:54
Speaker 6: enable a colony to labor advantageously. I repeated the experiment
31:59
Speaker 6: in the same in eighteen fifty six, excepting that I
32:03
Speaker 6: gave the weaker colony four pounds of bees. The season
32:07
Speaker 6: was in favorable, and on the fifteenth of October, the
32:09
Speaker 6: stronger colony had produced only nineteen pounds two ounces of
32:13
Speaker 6: combs and honey in the small ten pounds nine ounces. Hence,
32:18
Speaker 6: the stronger had produced proportionally only three pounds four and
32:22
Speaker 6: a half ounces more than the weaker. Simultaneously with this
32:27
Speaker 6: second experiment, I fitted up another hive in like manner
32:31
Speaker 6: and introduced it in a swarm weighing five pounds weighing
32:36
Speaker 6: the product of this colony at the same time in October,
32:39
Speaker 6: it proved to be fifteen pounds fifteen ounces. I judged
32:43
Speaker 6: hints that six pounds of bees was probably about the
32:46
Speaker 6: weight which a swarmer colony should have went hived in
32:50
Speaker 6: eighteen fifty seven, which was an unusually good honey year
32:54
Speaker 6: in my neighborhood. I again repeated these experiments, given the
32:59
Speaker 6: stronger colonies seven pounds of bees and the weaker six pounds.
33:04
Speaker 6: The result, as ascertained in October, when all the brood
33:08
Speaker 6: had emerged, was that the stronger colony had produced fifty
33:12
Speaker 6: pounds and the weaker fifty pounds eleven ounces. These experiments
33:18
Speaker 6: are certainly not to be regarded as furnishing a rule
33:21
Speaker 6: applicable under all circumstances and in all localities, but they
33:27
Speaker 6: show that in a comparatively poor honey district such as Manias,
33:32
Speaker 6: a swarm should contain about six pounds of bees in
33:35
Speaker 6: order to be able to labor to most advantage. Some
33:39
Speaker 6: important particulars also require to be taken into consideration when
33:43
Speaker 6: bees are to be weighed. Those with which I experimented
33:47
Speaker 6: were taken from clusters hanging outside of their respective hives,
33:51
Speaker 6: and may be supposed to have had comparatively little honey
33:55
Speaker 6: in their stomachs. One hundred and seventy seven of them
34:00
Speaker 6: weighed half an ounce, being at the rate of five
34:03
Speaker 6: thousand to the pound when about to swarm. Bees naturally
34:08
Speaker 6: or instinctively gorge themselves with honey, and at such times
34:13
Speaker 6: one hundred and twenty five would probably weigh half an
34:16
Speaker 6: ounce or four thousand to the pound. Burlesh eggs of
34:23
Speaker 6: the bee moth. The eggs of the bee moth are
34:27
Speaker 6: entirely round and very small, being only about the eighth
34:30
Speaker 6: of a line in diameter. In the oviducts, they are
34:35
Speaker 6: ranged together somewhat in the form of a rosary. They
34:39
Speaker 6: are not developed successfully like those of the queen bee,
34:42
Speaker 6: but are found fully formed in the ducks. A few
34:46
Speaker 6: days after the moth emerges from her cocoon, the female
34:51
Speaker 6: deposits them in small parcels or clusters on the combs.
34:56
Speaker 6: If anyone desires to witness the discharge of eggs, he
35:00
Speaker 6: need only seize by the head of a female two
35:02
Speaker 6: or three days old, holding it between his finger and thumb.
35:06
Speaker 6: She will instantly protrude her or over posterior, and the
35:10
Speaker 6: eggs may be seen passing along the semi transparent duck.
35:15
Speaker 6: That the moth does not deposit her eggs in the
35:18
Speaker 6: pollen of flowers, as some imagine, but on the combs
35:21
Speaker 6: in the hive is very certain. I have repeatedly found
35:25
Speaker 6: little cluster of eggs on combs which I removed out
35:29
Speaker 6: of hives. Dr. Dunhoff Read by Rick Hall, Edmund.
35:35
Speaker 1: Oklahoma, Section five of the American B Journal, Volume one,
35:45
Speaker 1: number two, February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
35:51
Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
35:54
Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
35:59
Speaker 1: by Kristin Hand the B Journal, Volume one, number two,
36:03
Speaker 1: February eighteen sixty one. By various early spring treatment in
36:09
Speaker 1: poorer districts. Theoretical B culture is precise, definite, uniform, consistent,
36:16
Speaker 1: and uncompromising. Practical B culture, on the other hand, must
36:21
Speaker 1: be regulated or modified by circumstances. It is, hence pliant
36:26
Speaker 1: and accommodating, adapts itself to the particular location and surroundings
36:31
Speaker 1: of the bee keeper, and varies its plans and processes accordingly.
36:35
Speaker 1: The system which is advantageous and suitable in one section
36:39
Speaker 1: of a country may be largely inapplicable and decidedly disadvantageous
36:44
Speaker 1: in another, though all the while the fundamental theory remains
36:47
Speaker 1: unchanged and unchangeable. My present purpose is not to discuss
36:52
Speaker 1: the theory, but to suggest modes of practice such as
36:55
Speaker 1: may prove generally serviceable in almost any locality. And as
37:00
Speaker 1: I design my remarks more particularly for the benefit of beginners,
37:05
Speaker 1: I propose to keep their wants steadily in view. Experienced
37:09
Speaker 1: bee keepers will please bear this in mind. Should they
37:12
Speaker 1: do me the honor to peruse these articles and fancy
37:15
Speaker 1: that there is too much of detail on some points,
37:19
Speaker 1: too much brevity on others, or that some topics have
37:22
Speaker 1: been altogether omitted, let them kindly remember my special object.
37:27
Speaker 1: And if I occasionally adduce facts without submitting the proof,
37:30
Speaker 1: let them consider that. For the present I assume that
37:33
Speaker 1: beginners will repose confidence in my fairness, submitting all my
37:37
Speaker 1: statements to free discussion. I may, hereafter, if necessary, either
37:41
Speaker 1: demonstrate their truth or retract whatever is found to be erroneous.
37:46
Speaker 1: I proceed to treat of the management of bees from
37:49
Speaker 1: the close of winter to the end of April one
37:53
Speaker 1: in common hives if, as should invariably be done, only
37:58
Speaker 1: populous and well provisioned colonies have been selected for wintering,
38:02
Speaker 1: and these have been properly sheltered during the cold weather
38:05
Speaker 1: and kept undisturbed without being deprived of adequate supplies of
38:08
Speaker 1: pure air. The bees will come forth healthy and active
38:11
Speaker 1: on mild days at the approach of spring. Their owner
38:15
Speaker 1: can rely confidently on the heartiness of the insect, and
38:19
Speaker 1: has no reason to apprehend an untoward result, except the
38:23
Speaker 1: occasional loss of a queen. If his hives contain such
38:26
Speaker 1: as are old or feeble. I shall, on a future
38:29
Speaker 1: occasion discuss fully the important subject of wintering bees, and
38:33
Speaker 1: will merely remark that I presuppose that every bee keeper
38:36
Speaker 1: winters his stocks in a dark chamber or vault, where,
38:40
Speaker 1: if he allows them to remain on their summer stands,
38:42
Speaker 1: he protects them by screens from the rays of the sun.
38:47
Speaker 1: Nothing is more injurious than to expose them to the
38:49
Speaker 1: sun's action during the winter months. As soon after the
38:53
Speaker 1: middle of February as the thermometer on a bright and
38:56
Speaker 1: calm day marks forty six degrees fahrenheit in the shape,
39:00
Speaker 1: remove the screens or bring out the hives from their
39:03
Speaker 1: winter depository and allow them to fly. By prolonged confinement,
39:08
Speaker 1: their intestines have become surcharged with fecal matter, and if
39:12
Speaker 1: prevented from flying on the first suitable occasion, they may
39:15
Speaker 1: be constrained to discharge it in the hive, soiling alike
39:19
Speaker 1: themselves and their combs, besides diffusing an offensive odor which
39:24
Speaker 1: may cause disease. Still, it is needless to be over
39:28
Speaker 1: anxious about the matter, since it is ascertained that if
39:31
Speaker 1: kept undisturbed, they can bear four months confinement without inconvenience.
39:36
Speaker 1: If they were placed in a vault or dark chamber.
39:39
Speaker 1: Dierdsen recommends replacing them there in the evening, because at
39:43
Speaker 1: this early period they are still unable to gather supplies,
39:47
Speaker 1: and large numbers would perish in their excursions in quest
39:50
Speaker 1: of water and pollen. I shall not absolutely reject this council,
39:54
Speaker 1: but merely state that I do not myself follow it.
39:58
Speaker 1: I would not deprive myself of the pleasure of hearing
40:01
Speaker 1: the joyful hum of my bees and witnessing their activity
40:04
Speaker 1: in gathering pollen. Though the loss were even greater than
40:07
Speaker 1: I ever found it to be, many bees will still
40:11
Speaker 1: be lost on the cold days in April. Nay, I
40:14
Speaker 1: fancy that tenfold as many perish during the variable weather
40:17
Speaker 1: of that month, when the temptations to venture forth are
40:20
Speaker 1: so much more frequent. On the cold and stormy days
40:23
Speaker 1: in March, the bees remain more contentedly at home than
40:26
Speaker 1: they do in April, when if pasturage occur, they will
40:30
Speaker 1: hurry forth to appropriate it. Though thousands drop chilled should
40:35
Speaker 1: the sun be suddenly obscured by clouds, I have known
40:38
Speaker 1: hundreds laden with pollen, drop and die in front of
40:41
Speaker 1: my apiary, even in May, when a sudden change of
40:44
Speaker 1: temperature took place. The careful apiarian will always gather the
40:48
Speaker 1: chilled bees, and, when revived, add them to his weaker stock,
40:52
Speaker 1: by which they will be kindly received. If they were
40:55
Speaker 1: first lightly sprinkled with deluded honey. The greater number will
40:59
Speaker 1: probably afterwards return to their own hives, but some will remain,
41:02
Speaker 1: and weak stocks may thus be materially strengthened. If the
41:06
Speaker 1: stocks were wintered in a special depository, each should, on
41:10
Speaker 1: bringing them out, be placed in its former location on
41:13
Speaker 1: the summer stand. They do not, in the course of
41:15
Speaker 1: four months totally forget where their homestead stood, and by
41:19
Speaker 1: an inadvertent transposition, some may become greatly weakened and others
41:24
Speaker 1: unduly strengthened. Advantage may, however, be taken of this opportunity
41:29
Speaker 1: to reinforce weak colonies by interchanging them with such as
41:33
Speaker 1: can spare a portion of their population. Bees rarely attack
41:37
Speaker 1: each other on such occasions at this season, but if
41:40
Speaker 1: they become quarrelsome a few whiffs of smoke will soon
41:43
Speaker 1: pacify them. It is advantageous to change the bottom boards
41:47
Speaker 1: as soon as the weather becomes moderate and before the
41:50
Speaker 1: bees begin to fly, removing all dead bees and other
41:53
Speaker 1: droppings collected there during their confinement. This will save them
41:57
Speaker 1: much labor and preserve many bees, for they manage the
42:01
Speaker 1: business of carrying out their dead rather awkwardly, being apt
42:04
Speaker 1: to fall with them on the snow or cold ground,
42:06
Speaker 1: and they are becoming chilled. In cleansing the bottom boards,
42:10
Speaker 1: it is best to begin at one end of a
42:12
Speaker 1: row of hives, giving the first a new board, and
42:15
Speaker 1: after cleansing the one removed, substituting it for that of
42:19
Speaker 1: the second, and so on. The operation should be performed
42:22
Speaker 1: as expeditiously as possible and without noise and it is
42:26
Speaker 1: therefore well to have an assistant to lift the hives
42:29
Speaker 1: gently as the boards are changed. If the hives stand
42:33
Speaker 1: so far apart that a bottom board may be set
42:35
Speaker 1: between them, the hive to be operated on should be
42:38
Speaker 1: quietly lifted and at once placed on the board intended
42:41
Speaker 1: for it. This involves less labor, and the bees are
42:44
Speaker 1: less disturbed, as the hive with its new board may
42:47
Speaker 1: be quickly replaced on its former stand. Expedition in this
42:51
Speaker 1: work is the more important, for if once bees begin
42:55
Speaker 1: to fly, it becomes difficult to transfer the hives without
42:57
Speaker 1: crushing many. If the hives remained on their summer stand,
43:01
Speaker 1: the bottom boards should be changed before the screens are removed,
43:04
Speaker 1: and if they were kept in a depository, the change
43:07
Speaker 1: may be made just before bringing them out, unless they
43:10
Speaker 1: were set inverted during the winter. The bees are apt
43:13
Speaker 1: to become aroused while the hives are carried out and
43:16
Speaker 1: crowd down on the bottom boards, especially in populous colonies.
43:21
Speaker 1: After the bees have ceased to fly, on the afternoon
43:24
Speaker 1: of the day they were brought out, each hive should
43:26
Speaker 1: be closely observed to see whether any of them show
43:29
Speaker 1: symptoms of queenlessness. If any colony continues to be restless
43:33
Speaker 1: or in commotion till evening. If after the day's labor
43:37
Speaker 1: is ended, the bees still issue in numbers and run
43:39
Speaker 1: confusedly over the front and sides, as if in anxious
43:43
Speaker 1: search of something. If they fly off and quickly return again,
43:46
Speaker 1: issuing and entering in eager haste, there is every reason
43:50
Speaker 1: to conclude that such hive has lost its queen. And
43:54
Speaker 1: if within the hive a peculiar, melancholy, occasionally intermitted wailing
43:58
Speaker 1: home is heard among the workers, their destitute condition is
44:02
Speaker 1: conclusively announced. There is an unmistakable difference between these sounds
44:07
Speaker 1: and those emanating from a colony possessing a queen. Though
44:10
Speaker 1: it is difficult to give a beginner an intelligible description
44:13
Speaker 1: of the whale, a correct knowledge of it can only
44:16
Speaker 1: be derived from hearing it, and once heard, it is
44:19
Speaker 1: not likely ever to be forgotten. While I kept bees
44:22
Speaker 1: in common hives, I used, in the evening of the
44:24
Speaker 1: day on which the bees made their first purifying flight,
44:28
Speaker 1: tapped gently on each hive with my finger, placing my
44:31
Speaker 1: ear against the side at the same time. Those colonies,
44:34
Speaker 1: which responded promptly and briskly with a general hum at
44:38
Speaker 1: once relapsing into silence were passed as in good order,
44:41
Speaker 1: while those which uttered a languid plaintive tone were marked
44:44
Speaker 1: as probably queenless, and in nine cases out of ten
44:47
Speaker 1: they proved to be so. Even colonies containing barren or
44:51
Speaker 1: drone producing queens will sometimes utter these plaintive sounds, and
44:55
Speaker 1: those having queens entirely sterile will do so pretty uniformly,
45:00
Speaker 1: indeed on the day of their purifying flight, but usually
45:03
Speaker 1: on the first mild day thereafter, when the weather permits
45:06
Speaker 1: the workers to fly out and gather pollen. On such occasions,
45:10
Speaker 1: colonies having sterile queens will deport themselves, just like those
45:13
Speaker 1: which are queenless. I attribute to this to the newly
45:17
Speaker 1: awakened desire for brood which the workers then feel, and
45:20
Speaker 1: in the case of drone producing queens, though the plaintive
45:23
Speaker 1: tones are less uniformly heard, the workers appear to have
45:26
Speaker 1: become conscious that the brood they are nursing is not
45:29
Speaker 1: of the kind required for the prosperity of the colony.
45:32
Speaker 1: Those who use straw or box hives will do well
45:35
Speaker 1: to test their stocks in the manner mentioned on the
45:38
Speaker 1: evening of some mild day after the cleansing when the
45:41
Speaker 1: bees are able to fly while still using common hives,
45:45
Speaker 1: I found it advantageous when the colony was populous to
45:48
Speaker 1: have two entrances during the winter, one at the bottom
45:51
Speaker 1: and another higher up near the middle of the front.
45:53
Speaker 1: I adopted this plan on finding that strong colonies are
45:57
Speaker 1: rather inadequately supplied with pure air when the high as
46:00
Speaker 1: an entrance at the base. Only in movable comb hives
46:03
Speaker 1: the case is different. These should never have more than
46:06
Speaker 1: one entrance, because in them the influx of pure air
46:09
Speaker 1: during winter may be otherwise secured. In the spring, however,
46:14
Speaker 1: only one entrance should remain open, and that must be
46:17
Speaker 1: at the base. In weak colonies, the entrance should be
46:20
Speaker 1: kept small to prevent the attacks of robbing bees and
46:24
Speaker 1: to retain the internal heat, so that brooding may be
46:26
Speaker 1: duly fostered. The upper entrance should be closed and the
46:30
Speaker 1: lower one contracted on the day after the cleansing. On
46:34
Speaker 1: the day of the cleansing, or certainly on the following
46:36
Speaker 1: day if mild, the workers will issue in quest of
46:38
Speaker 1: pollen and water for the brood. But as there are
46:42
Speaker 1: few flowers in bloom at this early period, they may
46:45
Speaker 1: make many bootless excursions and numbers perish. It is therefore
46:49
Speaker 1: advisable to furnish them with rye flour or oatmeal, which
46:53
Speaker 1: are excellent substitutes for pollen. Water somewhat sweetened with sugar
46:57
Speaker 1: at first, may be placed for them in some warm,
47:00
Speaker 1: sheltered place convenient to the apiary, but a few rods distant.
47:04
Speaker 1: The meal may be sifted lightly into the cells of
47:06
Speaker 1: old drone comb, or placed in a shallow trough or box.
47:11
Speaker 1: The water should be in earthenware dishes, and some moss
47:15
Speaker 1: or pieces of clean sponge may be dropped in it
47:17
Speaker 1: to save the bees from drowning. But previously offering them
47:21
Speaker 1: some honey on the spot where it is intended to
47:23
Speaker 1: place the flour and water, the bees may readily be
47:26
Speaker 1: trained to resort thither for supplies. They will carry in
47:29
Speaker 1: flour or meal only so long as they cannot find pollen,
47:32
Speaker 1: and it is useless to offer it to them afterwards.
47:35
Speaker 1: But they should be regularly supplied with water till the
47:38
Speaker 1: spring is fully open and they are gathering honey plentifully.
47:42
Speaker 1: All writers on bee culture concurrent advising that only strong
47:46
Speaker 1: colonies which need no feeding be wintered. And I have
47:49
Speaker 1: given the same council. No doubt this is excellent advice,
47:53
Speaker 1: but will probably be of as little service to beginners
47:56
Speaker 1: as that of the old lady to her son not
47:58
Speaker 1: to go into the water till he had learned to swim.
48:02
Speaker 1: Beginners rarely have strong and well supplied colonies in the fall,
48:05
Speaker 1: and are constrained to winter such as they have, or
48:08
Speaker 1: none at all, and it will frequently happen that by
48:11
Speaker 1: the middle of March their stocks have consumed their stores
48:14
Speaker 1: and are in a state of destitution. What is to
48:17
Speaker 1: be done in such cases? The teachers say, give them
48:20
Speaker 1: plenty of honey, especially sealed in combs. But beginners usually
48:23
Speaker 1: have no honey, either in combs or cans, and are
48:27
Speaker 1: compelled to buy such as they can get. Cuban honey
48:30
Speaker 1: is commonly resorted to as the best and cheapest substitute,
48:34
Speaker 1: and is simply diluted with water, poured into some shallow vessel,
48:37
Speaker 1: provided with a float, and set within the hive on
48:40
Speaker 1: the bottom board. This is a decidedly bad mode of
48:43
Speaker 1: feeding because it is unsuitable, dangerous, and expensive. It is
48:47
Speaker 1: unsuitable because the sole object of feeding at that time
48:50
Speaker 1: is to give the bees just such supplies as their
48:53
Speaker 1: own necessities and the wants of the existing brood require.
48:57
Speaker 1: But by feeding diluted honey, the bees are tempted the
49:00
Speaker 1: lavish consumption and stimulated to increase their brood inordinately. They
49:05
Speaker 1: are as Erinfels expresses, it induced to imagine that nature
49:10
Speaker 1: furnishes what man supplies. Much honey is thus misappropriated, as
49:14
Speaker 1: the brood requires quite a large amount for its healthy development.
49:18
Speaker 1: This might still be well enough if the population were
49:21
Speaker 1: correspondingly increased, whereas the contrary is more frequently the result.
49:26
Speaker 1: These superabundance of brood constrains the bees to make reiterated excursions,
49:31
Speaker 1: partly to procure pollen and water, and partly to discharge
49:34
Speaker 1: their feces. Hence, during the rough and cold weather, more
49:38
Speaker 1: bees are lost than the emerging brood supplies. In short,
49:41
Speaker 1: experience teaches that a strong increase of brood in March
49:44
Speaker 1: superinduced by supplies of diluted honey is decidedly disadvantageous and useless.
49:51
Speaker 1: Such feeding is dangerous likewise, as it exposes the colony
49:54
Speaker 1: to be attacked by robbing bees, and if the honey
49:57
Speaker 1: be impure or possessed noxious qualities, it may introduce disease.
50:01
Speaker 1: These dangers may be avoided by the use of sugar candy,
50:04
Speaker 1: which is an article undoubtedly better adapted in every way
50:07
Speaker 1: for winter or spring feeding than diluted honey. The simplest
50:11
Speaker 1: mode of supplying bees and common hives with this food
50:14
Speaker 1: is to cut a hole about three inches in diameter
50:16
Speaker 1: in the top of the hive. Then take four pieces
50:19
Speaker 1: of board four inches square and nail them together so
50:22
Speaker 1: as to form a small box without top or bottom.
50:25
Speaker 1: Set this over the hole in the top of the hive,
50:28
Speaker 1: closing the interstices between hive and box with the damp clay.
50:32
Speaker 1: Now fill the box with lumps of candy, cover it
50:35
Speaker 1: with a piece of coarse linen, place a close fitting
50:38
Speaker 1: board on it, and secure it by a weight to
50:40
Speaker 1: prevent it from being blown off. The bees will enter
50:44
Speaker 1: and supply themselves according to their wants, and more candy
50:47
Speaker 1: may be given to them when needed.
50:50
Speaker 3: If the bee.
50:50
Speaker 1: Keeper has or can procure some old, thickened honey, which
50:54
Speaker 1: may be cut with a knife like butter, he may
50:56
Speaker 1: use it instead of candy. It will answer nearly as well,
50:59
Speaker 1: though more of it will be required, as it is
51:01
Speaker 1: more readily soluble Beeding with liquid honey is also expensive.
51:06
Speaker 1: It has been found on trial that it costs fully
51:08
Speaker 1: three times as much as the candy which would be required.
51:12
Speaker 1: The latter is consequently much the cheaper article, and the
51:15
Speaker 1: former should not be used when it can be avoided.
51:18
Speaker 1: Nor should bees ever be fed from below unless the
51:20
Speaker 1: population be so reduced and weak that it could not
51:23
Speaker 1: well avail itself of supplies placed above. Absolute necessity is
51:28
Speaker 1: the only excuse admissible for feeding below when the object
51:31
Speaker 1: is to save a colony from starvation. I may add
51:35
Speaker 1: that there is great difference in the quality of candies.
51:38
Speaker 1: The amber colored semi transparent kind prepared for domestic use
51:42
Speaker 1: is the least suitable for bee feed. The cheaper brownish
51:45
Speaker 1: color is to be preferred as being more easily and
51:49
Speaker 1: more perfectly soluble, and hence attended with less waste. On
51:54
Speaker 1: a clear mild day about the middle of March, all
51:57
Speaker 1: the colonies should be thoroughly re examined to ascertain whether
52:00
Speaker 1: they have healthy, fertile queens, the evidence of which is
52:03
Speaker 1: the existence of a capped brood in worker cells. If
52:08
Speaker 1: any of the workers cells are somewhat elongated and sealed
52:11
Speaker 1: with prominent convex caps, they contain drone larvae. If such
52:16
Speaker 1: cells are numerous, they show that the queen has lost
52:18
Speaker 1: or is beginning to lose her ability to lay worker eggs, or,
52:21
Speaker 1: if no queen be present, that they are laid by
52:24
Speaker 1: a fertile worker. An easy mode of ascertaining the internal
52:27
Speaker 1: conditions of a common hive is to blow in a
52:29
Speaker 1: few whiffs of sugar smoke through the entrance, then gently
52:34
Speaker 1: raising it and puffing in a few more whiffs among
52:36
Speaker 1: the combs. The hive may then be taken from its stand,
52:39
Speaker 1: inverted and placed obliquely on the ground to allow the
52:42
Speaker 1: sun's light to fall between the ranges of comb If
52:46
Speaker 1: no worker brood is then to be seen, the hive
52:48
Speaker 1: should be marked as suspicious and examined a week to
52:51
Speaker 1: ten days later. When hive is removed, the droppings on
52:54
Speaker 1: the bottom board should be carefully scrutinized. If partially mature
52:58
Speaker 1: worker larvae be found there, further research is needless as
53:02
Speaker 1: the hive has a fertile queen. Weak colonies and as
53:06
Speaker 1: such are suspected of being queenless, should be carefully watched.
53:10
Speaker 1: The entrance should be diminished in size to permit only
53:12
Speaker 1: one bee to pass at a time. This is useful
53:15
Speaker 1: to prevent incipient robbing, and it is much easier thus
53:19
Speaker 1: to prevent attack than to arrest it once seriously made.
53:24
Speaker 1: I shall hereafter take occasion to discuss this topic more
53:27
Speaker 1: at large, and content myself at present with advising that
53:30
Speaker 1: weak colonies which have been repeatedly attacked be broken up,
53:34
Speaker 1: reserving the good clean comb for future use in movable
53:37
Speaker 1: comb hives, and uniting the bees with those of some
53:40
Speaker 1: other stock, after sprinkling them with sugar water to procure
53:44
Speaker 1: them a kind reception. If any brute is found, cut
53:48
Speaker 1: out the comb containing it and insert it between the
53:51
Speaker 1: combs of some other colony, where it may be duly
53:54
Speaker 1: cared for. Some writers recommend transposing weak colonies which have
53:59
Speaker 1: a healthy queen with some populous one in the same apiary.
54:03
Speaker 1: I tried this experiment years ago and found that it
54:05
Speaker 1: produced no real advantage, at least when resorted to in
54:08
Speaker 1: March or April. These strong stocks were invariably much more
54:12
Speaker 1: injured than the weak were benefited by the process. Colonies
54:16
Speaker 1: found to be queenless or drone brooding before the middle
54:19
Speaker 1: of April should forthwith be broken up. The insertion of
54:22
Speaker 1: worker eggs or brood in such colonies to enable them
54:25
Speaker 1: to rear a queen is a sheer waste of time.
54:29
Speaker 1: It may be useful after the middle of April if
54:31
Speaker 1: the colony is populous, but only when that is the case.
54:35
Speaker 1: It may occasionally, though rarely, prove successful with a drone
54:39
Speaker 1: brooding stock, but it is difficult to decide whether it
54:42
Speaker 1: is ever of any real service. I am inclined to
54:45
Speaker 1: think that it is not. Two in movable comb hives
54:52
Speaker 1: during the period under consideration. The management of movable comb
54:55
Speaker 1: hives is not essentially different from that of common hives,
54:58
Speaker 1: save in two respects, and these are precisely those which
55:01
Speaker 1: clearly exhibit the superiority of such hives. They are of
55:05
Speaker 1: themselves sufficient to induce any intelligent bee keeper to introduce
55:08
Speaker 1: them in his apiary, and will finally lead him to
55:11
Speaker 1: the gradual disuse of every other kind. In the first place,
55:15
Speaker 1: movable frame hives enable the beekeeper to ascertain the exact
55:19
Speaker 1: condition of his stock at any time. He can know
55:22
Speaker 1: certainly whether a queen is present or not, and whether
55:24
Speaker 1: she is healthy and vigorous, by simply lifting out the
55:27
Speaker 1: frames and inspecting the combs. In the second place, weak
55:31
Speaker 1: colonies can be readily reinforced by means of combs containing
55:35
Speaker 1: sealed brood taken from time to time from strong stocks
55:39
Speaker 1: and inserted with all their adhering bees with reasonable attention
55:43
Speaker 1: and little trouble. All the stocks in an apiary may
55:46
Speaker 1: thus be brought into good working condition before the end
55:48
Speaker 1: of April. This alone is a highly important advantage, and
55:52
Speaker 1: yet beginners must be cautioned against availing themselves of the
55:55
Speaker 1: process in hot haste and with overweening confidence. If it
55:59
Speaker 1: is not to I do more harm than good. A
56:01
Speaker 1: thorough acquaintance with the internal economy of colonies is an
56:05
Speaker 1: indispensable prerequisite, and this is precisely what beginners are most
56:09
Speaker 1: efficient in and least conscious of. They should experiment in
56:14
Speaker 1: this way very moderately, and content themselves with a small
56:17
Speaker 1: increase till practice and experience enable them to operate on
56:21
Speaker 1: a larger scale. Stock should be treated in the manner
56:24
Speaker 1: directed till the end of April. All needless disturbances should
56:28
Speaker 1: be avoided. At this season, bs still require repose. Some
56:34
Speaker 1: of my readers may think that I have omitted to
56:37
Speaker 1: notice one important item, namely the pruning of stocks, which
56:41
Speaker 1: is usually done about the time when gooseberry bushes are
56:43
Speaker 1: in blossom, and is regarded as of the utmost consequence.
56:47
Speaker 1: I too, consider it a matter of vital importance involving
56:50
Speaker 1: the ruin of bee culture in poor districts, as I
56:53
Speaker 1: shall endeavor to show in a future article.
56:57
Speaker 7: A b.
56:59
Speaker 1: In good honey years, every beanpole sweats honey German proverb
57:06
Speaker 1: end of section five, Section six of the American Bee Journal,
57:16
Speaker 1: Volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one. This is
57:21
Speaker 1: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
57:25
Speaker 1: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
57:30
Speaker 1: Read by kristin Hand the American Bee Journal, volume one,
57:35
Speaker 1: number two, February eighteen sixty one, by various honey districts.
57:41
Speaker 1: In poor honey districts, that is, in such as have
57:44
Speaker 1: bee pasturage only in spring and the early part of
57:47
Speaker 1: summer till about the first of July, and where bees
57:50
Speaker 1: have no opportunity to forage on later crops such as
57:54
Speaker 1: buckwheat or from wildfall flowers, the endeavor of the bee
57:58
Speaker 1: keeper must be by k keeping only populist colonies to
58:02
Speaker 1: enable his bees to secure their year's supply of stores
58:05
Speaker 1: early in the season. In other words, he must have
58:08
Speaker 1: them in a position to do as the farmers do,
58:11
Speaker 1: make hay while the sun shines. He should also refrain
58:15
Speaker 1: entirely from pruning his stocks in the spring, or at
58:18
Speaker 1: most pare away from the combs in his old fashioned
58:21
Speaker 1: hives only so much as is absolutely necessary to remove
58:24
Speaker 1: the droppings which have accumulated on the bottom boards during winter,
58:29
Speaker 1: cutting away not more from the combs than will suffice
58:31
Speaker 1: to allow the bees a free passage below. If he
58:34
Speaker 1: uses movable frames, and some of the combs remain still
58:37
Speaker 1: full of sealed honey when the gathering season has fully come,
58:41
Speaker 1: he may remove them, but should, if possible, insert frames
58:45
Speaker 1: with empty comb instead. He should, likewise, if practicable, supply
58:50
Speaker 1: with empty worker comb the hives in which he placed
58:53
Speaker 1: his first swarms, and all his earliest made artificial colonies.
58:57
Speaker 1: His bees will then be in a condition to labour unremittingly,
59:01
Speaker 1: and will sedulously avail themselves of every opportunity to appropriate
59:06
Speaker 1: the supplies which nature then dispenses with a lavish hand.
59:10
Speaker 1: When this has been accomplished and pasturage begins to be
59:13
Speaker 1: less abundant, the proper time for encouraging comb building has arrived.
59:18
Speaker 1: The full and sealed combs should now be removed from
59:21
Speaker 1: the honey chambers, and combs containing sealed brood may be
59:24
Speaker 1: transferred to strengthen weak stocks. Colonies which begin to remit
59:29
Speaker 1: their exertions and appear to contemplate swarming will, by such
59:32
Speaker 1: transfer be induced to commence building combs and be constrained
59:36
Speaker 1: to postpone swarming indefinitely. Old and young will cooperate energetically,
59:42
Speaker 1: and the vacuum resulting from the removal or transfer of
59:45
Speaker 1: combs will speedily be filled. Early and extensive pruning would
59:49
Speaker 1: have operated disadvantageously by depriving the bees of empty cells
59:53
Speaker 1: needed for storing honey and compelling them to build comb
59:56
Speaker 1: at a time when they should be employed in gathering
59:59
Speaker 1: nectar from every reopening flower matters should be so managed
1:00:03
Speaker 1: as to have the comb building deferred till the period
1:00:05
Speaker 1: when swarms usually issue. He who in poor honey districts
1:00:10
Speaker 1: prunes freely in early spring will usually find empty combs
1:00:14
Speaker 1: and no surplus honey as the result of his management.
1:00:19
Speaker 1: But in rich honey districts such as furnish only moderate
1:00:23
Speaker 1: pasturage in spring and the earlier part of summer, but
1:00:26
Speaker 1: in abundance of it in the latter part of the summer
1:00:28
Speaker 1: and in the fall. A different policy should be pursued. There.
1:00:32
Speaker 1: The bees should be induced to do their comb building
1:00:34
Speaker 1: in the spring and early part of summer, and there
1:00:37
Speaker 1: spring pruning is in place. If it be not done
1:00:40
Speaker 1: too early. Just before the season fairly opens and the
1:00:43
Speaker 1: bees begin to gather is the proper time. Brooding will
1:00:46
Speaker 1: not then be seriously interfered with, because the extended space
1:00:50
Speaker 1: already occupied by the brood will necessarily restrict the pruning
1:00:54
Speaker 1: within legitimate bounds. And at such times and under such circumstances,
1:00:58
Speaker 1: comb building person seeds rapidly. In the now daily emerging
1:01:02
Speaker 1: young furnish empty cells nearly or quite as fast as
1:01:06
Speaker 1: the queen requires them. The queen also is thus induced
1:01:09
Speaker 1: to deposit her eggs, chiefly in the upper portion of
1:01:12
Speaker 1: the combs, from which the older stores of honey are
1:01:15
Speaker 1: now removed, for the nourishment of the brood, and to
1:01:17
Speaker 1: supply with material those bees engaged in building comb If
1:01:21
Speaker 1: swarming in the making of artificial colonies be somewhat delayed
1:01:24
Speaker 1: by this mode of management, no harm results, for there
1:01:28
Speaker 1: is yet a good time coming in districts where the
1:01:30
Speaker 1: chief honey harvest occurs in the latter part of summer
1:01:33
Speaker 1: and in autumn. Yet it is advisable even in such
1:01:36
Speaker 1: districts to furnish swarms and young colonies with an ample
1:01:40
Speaker 1: stock of empty combs when practicable, that they may speedily
1:01:43
Speaker 1: become populous and be prepared to gather abundantly when nature
1:01:47
Speaker 1: opens her exuberant fountains. To this end, every piece of good,
1:01:51
Speaker 1: clean worker comb should be preserved at the spring prunings
1:01:54
Speaker 1: and employed to lighten the labors of the bees at
1:01:56
Speaker 1: this more busy season. If thus managed, the colonies will
1:02:00
Speaker 1: be in a condition to work to advantage. While fall
1:02:03
Speaker 1: pasturage abounds and honey will be rapidly stored up. He
1:02:07
Speaker 1: who in such districts does not prune his hives at
1:02:10
Speaker 1: the proper time in spring and preserve his good combs
1:02:13
Speaker 1: for future use, will find in autumn that his bees
1:02:15
Speaker 1: will remain comparatively idle, for want of room to garner
1:02:18
Speaker 1: what they may gather, The combs will be filled with brood,
1:02:22
Speaker 1: and when the season ends little provision will have been
1:02:24
Speaker 1: made for the coming winter. I will illustrate what I
1:02:27
Speaker 1: have said by some striking examples, premising that I reside
1:02:31
Speaker 1: in a poor honey district. One in eighteen fifty seven
1:02:36
Speaker 1: I persuaded one of my neighbors to allow one of
1:02:38
Speaker 1: his straw hives to remain unpruned in the spring except
1:02:41
Speaker 1: for the removal of droppings. It produced a large early
1:02:44
Speaker 1: swarm and thirty six pounds of surplus honey in eighteen
1:02:48
Speaker 1: fifty eight, which was with us a better honey year
1:02:51
Speaker 1: than its predecessor. The same hive was pruned on the
1:02:54
Speaker 1: fifteenth of April and about half a pound of wax
1:02:57
Speaker 1: removed at the urgent request of the owner. The product
1:03:00
Speaker 1: was one week late swarm and no honey. The swarm,
1:03:04
Speaker 1: with all the comb it built, was not worth a
1:03:06
Speaker 1: dollar on the first of August. The comparative result was
1:03:10
Speaker 1: eighteen fifty seven one swarm worth two dollars fifty cents,
1:03:15
Speaker 1: thirty six pounds of honey at fifteen cents five dollars
1:03:19
Speaker 1: fifty six cents total eight dollars six cents. Eighteen fifty
1:03:25
Speaker 1: eight one swarm worth one dollar, half pound wax sixteen
1:03:29
Speaker 1: cents total one dollar sixteen cents. Difference six dollars ninety cents,
1:03:36
Speaker 1: which is equivalent to forty six pounds of honey. Two
1:03:40
Speaker 1: Standing near the straw hive in the same apiary was
1:03:43
Speaker 1: a box hive which was left unpruned. It produced, in
1:03:47
Speaker 1: eighteen fifty eight thirty four pounds of honey at fifteen
1:03:51
Speaker 1: cents five dollars ten cents. The straw hive produced one
1:03:56
Speaker 1: dollar sixteen cents, difference three dollars ninety five four cents,
1:04:01
Speaker 1: which is equivalent nearly to twenty six and one quarter
1:04:04
Speaker 1: pounds of honey. Three. On the twenty eighth of April
1:04:09
Speaker 1: eighteen fifty eight, I pruned from one of my box
1:04:11
Speaker 1: hives three quarter pounds of wax, and from another one
1:04:14
Speaker 1: to one quarter pounds. Two others, in the same apiary
1:04:17
Speaker 1: and of the same size and quality were left unpruned.
1:04:21
Speaker 1: The latter two yielded two swarms worth five dollars forty
1:04:25
Speaker 1: pounds of honey at fifteen cents six dollars total eleven dollars.
1:04:31
Speaker 1: The former two yielded thirty pounds of honey at fifteen
1:04:34
Speaker 1: cents four dollars of fifty cents, two pounds of wax
1:04:38
Speaker 1: at thirty two cents, sixty four cents, total five dollars
1:04:42
Speaker 1: fourteen cents difference five dollars eighty six cents, which is
1:04:47
Speaker 1: about equivalent to thirty nine pounds of honey. Hence, in
1:04:52
Speaker 1: these instances, the cost of producing a pound of wax
1:04:55
Speaker 1: and one very weak swarm was example one forty six
1:04:59
Speaker 1: pounds of honey. Example two twenty six one quarter pounds
1:05:02
Speaker 1: of honey, Example three, nineteen and one half pounds of honey,
1:05:08
Speaker 1: totaling ninety one and three quarters pounds of honey divided
1:05:13
Speaker 1: by three on average thirty and a half pounds of honey.
1:05:18
Speaker 1: The Baron of Bear Lepsch notes it as a singular
1:05:22
Speaker 1: fact that young queens just beginning to lay and old
1:05:25
Speaker 1: queens just recommencing to lay in the spring not unfrequently
1:05:30
Speaker 1: deposit drone eggs in worker cells without subsequently showing any
1:05:33
Speaker 1: evidence of practical derangement. This exceptional drone egg laying seems
1:05:38
Speaker 1: to be merely the result of some transient I irregularity.
1:05:43
Speaker 1: End of section six.
1:05:50
Speaker 3: Section seven of the American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:05:55
Speaker 3: February eighteen sixty one. This is a librivoxer corps. All
1:06:01
Speaker 3: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
1:06:05
Speaker 3: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
1:06:10
Speaker 3: Stunning The American Bee Journal, Volume one, number two, February
1:06:17
Speaker 3: eighteen sixty one. By various chemical analysis of the royal
1:06:23
Speaker 3: jelly by doctor Don Hoff, The royal jelly with which
1:06:29
Speaker 3: embryo queen bees are fed contains animal albumen and fibrien.
1:06:35
Speaker 3: At least nine tenths of the mass consists of these.
1:06:39
Speaker 3: This is evident from the following tests. One, if the
1:06:44
Speaker 3: jelly be treated with ether and water, the pure substance
1:06:48
Speaker 3: alone will remain. This is whitish, translucent, and elastic, having
1:06:53
Speaker 3: all the appearance of coagulated albumen and fibrine. Two. If
1:07:01
Speaker 3: the jelly dries up in a royal cell, as is
1:07:04
Speaker 3: the case particularly in queenless and drone producing colonies, where
1:07:09
Speaker 3: the bees undertake to rear a queene from a drome larvae,
1:07:12
Speaker 3: which invariably perishes in the process, it becomes transformed into
1:07:17
Speaker 3: a tough, yellow, transparent mass like that into which protein
1:07:22
Speaker 3: substances are converted.
1:07:25
Speaker 1: Three.
1:07:26
Speaker 3: If the wax and sugar be extracted from the jelly
1:07:29
Speaker 3: by etheryne water, and a solution of sulfate of copper
1:07:33
Speaker 3: be added to the residuum. Oxide of copper will be
1:07:37
Speaker 3: precipitated by caustic potash, but the solution will retain the
1:07:43
Speaker 3: blue color of the salt. Four. The mass remaining after
1:07:47
Speaker 3: treating the jelly with etherne water will be completely dissolved
1:07:51
Speaker 3: by a solution of caustic potash, assuming a faint yellow tinge,
1:07:56
Speaker 3: and on the addition of muriatic acid will emit an
1:07:59
Speaker 3: odorism that of sulfuretted hydrogen. Ingredients present in minute quantities
1:08:06
Speaker 3: only are one wax. When I treated the jelly with ether,
1:08:13
Speaker 3: there remained, on evaporation by heat, a white mass having
1:08:17
Speaker 3: an uncutinous feel, and which when warmed rendered paper transparent
1:08:23
Speaker 3: and glossy. Two sugar. When the jelly was digested in
1:08:28
Speaker 3: water holding sulfate of copper and solution, the addition of
1:08:32
Speaker 3: caustic potash produced a brownish yellow precipitate. Three. No trace
1:08:39
Speaker 3: of pollen or starch could be detected by employing the
1:08:42
Speaker 3: usual reagents. The presence of albumen and fibreed shows that
1:08:46
Speaker 3: the jelly is an animal secretion and should be designated
1:08:50
Speaker 3: by some more appropriate name. It seems probable that the
1:08:53
Speaker 3: secretion is affected by a gland in the gullet or esophagus,
1:08:57
Speaker 3: since jelly is never found in the stomach of a
1:09:00
Speaker 3: b Artificial colonies are more apt to succeed well or
1:09:04
Speaker 3: thrive if the bees of which they are composed are
1:09:07
Speaker 3: taken from different hives. The queen and a few hundred
1:09:11
Speaker 3: bees may be taken from one hive, and the rest
1:09:13
Speaker 3: of the work is required from two or three others,
1:09:16
Speaker 3: And the new colony thus constituted should be sent to
1:09:19
Speaker 3: a distant stand at least a mile and a half
1:09:22
Speaker 3: or two miles from the old apiary. End of section seven.
1:09:33
Speaker 8: Section eight of the American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:09:38
Speaker 8: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
1:09:42
Speaker 8: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
1:09:46
Speaker 8: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The American
1:09:51
Speaker 8: Bee Journal, Volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one.
1:09:55
Speaker 8: By various b culture. In Greece, culture is a source
1:10:01
Speaker 8: of very considerable private revenue among the modern Greeks. Indigenous
1:10:06
Speaker 8: aromatic plants abound in the mountainous portions of the country,
1:10:09
Speaker 8: and to them, doubtless is to be attributed much of
1:10:12
Speaker 8: the excellence for which Grecian honey is celebrated. The attic
1:10:16
Speaker 8: hives are of a peculiar construction. They are formed of clay,
1:10:20
Speaker 8: glazed and burnt. Like common earthenware, their form is cylindrical.
1:10:24
Speaker 8: They are from three to four feet high and from
1:10:27
Speaker 8: twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and have a movable top.
1:10:31
Speaker 8: They are usually placed with the entrance facing the east
1:10:33
Speaker 8: or the west, as the bees suffer from the cold
1:10:36
Speaker 8: northerly winds of the country. To protect them from the
1:10:39
Speaker 8: rays of the sun, they are shaded in summer by
1:10:41
Speaker 8: the foliage of vines and climbing plants cultivated and trained
1:10:45
Speaker 8: for that purpose. They are sometimes arranged in rows against
1:10:49
Speaker 8: a wall or under the shelter of a hedge, and
1:10:52
Speaker 8: occasionally we find an apiary covered with a substantial roof.
1:10:56
Speaker 8: Unfrequented and secluded spots are generally selected, such as the
1:11:00
Speaker 8: ruins of churches and deserted cloisters. In the vicinity of
1:11:04
Speaker 8: brooks and streamlets, and shallow ditches are sometimes dug to
1:11:08
Speaker 8: convey water near the apiary, and strips of boards or
1:11:12
Speaker 8: other timber are placed therein for the bees to light on.
1:11:15
Speaker 8: Artificial multiplication of stocks is sometimes resorted to and executed
1:11:20
Speaker 8: in a rude manner. For this purpose, several pieces of
1:11:23
Speaker 8: comb containing honey and brood are cut out and inserted
1:11:27
Speaker 8: in one of the above described hives, which is then
1:11:29
Speaker 8: placed on the spot from which a populous colony has
1:11:32
Speaker 8: been removed. The exterior of the hive is rubbed with
1:11:36
Speaker 8: balm leaves to make it more acceptable to the returning bees,
1:11:39
Speaker 8: which take possession of it and rear a queen from
1:11:42
Speaker 8: the brood it contains. Natural swarms, when they cluster in
1:11:46
Speaker 8: a favorable location, are usually secured in a swarming net
1:11:50
Speaker 8: or bag preparatory to hiving, and subsequently transferred to a
1:11:54
Speaker 8: hive when all the arrangements requisite have been completed. When
1:11:58
Speaker 8: a swarm settles in a spot not readily accessible, it
1:12:02
Speaker 8: is dislodged by the use of smoke, and, when practicable,
1:12:05
Speaker 8: driven into the swarming net. It is customary to unite
1:12:09
Speaker 8: two or more weak colonies, since it has been found
1:12:12
Speaker 8: by experiment that while a colony of four thousand bees
1:12:15
Speaker 8: will yield only eight pounds of honey, one of eight
1:12:18
Speaker 8: thousand will yield twenty four pounds. Double the number of
1:12:21
Speaker 8: bees produces nearly four times the amount of honey. In Greece.
1:12:25
Speaker 8: Bees swarm three or four times in the course of
1:12:28
Speaker 8: the season, but only first swarms are certain to thrive.
1:12:32
Speaker 8: The latter ones, being weak and having a brief period
1:12:35
Speaker 8: of good pasturage in which to labor, cannot gather stores
1:12:39
Speaker 8: sufficient to enable them to pass the winter in good condition,
1:12:42
Speaker 8: and many perish of hunger. The honey harvest takes place
1:12:45
Speaker 8: in September and October, at which time as many of
1:12:48
Speaker 8: the combs containing honey are cut out as it is
1:12:51
Speaker 8: thought the bees can spare. These combs are drained of
1:12:54
Speaker 8: their contents by placing them in dishes exposed to the sun,
1:12:58
Speaker 8: thus separating the honey from the wax, without employing artificial means.
1:13:03
Speaker 8: To enable the bees to economize their stores during the winter,
1:13:06
Speaker 8: the stalks are not unusually carried into a dark room
1:13:10
Speaker 8: where a low temperature prevails, and kept there till the
1:13:12
Speaker 8: return of spring. This is the customary mode of wintering
1:13:16
Speaker 8: bees in Mesopotamia and on the island of Poras. The
1:13:19
Speaker 8: best honey provided in Greece is that of Mount Hymatus,
1:13:23
Speaker 8: so highly extolled by ancient writers and deemed not less
1:13:27
Speaker 8: worthy of praise by those of later dates. Next in
1:13:30
Speaker 8: favor ranks the honey of the Pentalicon and then follows
1:13:34
Speaker 8: that of the Isles. A very peculiar kind of honey
1:13:37
Speaker 8: is produced at Cargetos in the island of Euboa. In
1:13:41
Speaker 8: a wild uncultivated district. Near that city, there are extensive
1:13:45
Speaker 8: tracks overgrown with raspberries, dog roses and oleanders, furnishing the
1:13:50
Speaker 8: bees with a superabundance of most excellent pasturage. This honey
1:13:54
Speaker 8: has a delightful flavor of roses and was in special
1:13:57
Speaker 8: repute and demand under Turkish regime. The President Pasha then
1:14:01
Speaker 8: claimed a monopoly of this delicious product and annually sent
1:14:05
Speaker 8: the choicest of it to Constantinople as a present to
1:14:08
Speaker 8: the Sultan, nor was it allowed to be sold to
1:14:11
Speaker 8: others under the penalty of death. In favorable years, forty
1:14:15
Speaker 8: thousand occa of honey are exported from Greece principally to Trieste, Marseille,
1:14:21
Speaker 8: Leghorn and Malta, and about four hundred hundredweight of wax
1:14:26
Speaker 8: are sent annually to Trieste and Marseille. In Greece, wax
1:14:31
Speaker 8: is generally used in its unbleached state in the manufacture
1:14:34
Speaker 8: of tapers, five doctor klagues end of section eight, read
1:14:40
Speaker 8: by Sandra.
1:14:47
Speaker 9: Section nine of The American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:14:52
Speaker 9: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
1:14:58
Speaker 9: LibriVox recordings are in the public doma. For more information
1:15:02
Speaker 9: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
1:15:06
Speaker 9: Brian Wilson, The American Bee Journal, volume one, number two,
1:15:12
Speaker 9: February eighteen sixty one. By various chilled bees, swarming and hives.
1:15:19
Speaker 9: In the month of March, Captain Baldenstein gathered from the
1:15:23
Speaker 9: snow on which they had fallen, a large number of
1:15:26
Speaker 9: chilled and apparently dead bees. He laid them on the
1:15:29
Speaker 9: alighting board of one of his hives in the evening
1:15:32
Speaker 9: and closed up the apiary. On reopening it next morning
1:15:36
Speaker 9: at ten o'clock, they still lay there without any sign
1:15:39
Speaker 9: of life. But after the sun shone on them awhile
1:15:43
Speaker 9: the greater part of them revived and flew to their
1:15:45
Speaker 9: respective hives, they had remained in a benumbed state sixteen
1:15:49
Speaker 9: hours without being really killed. Swarming and hiving to attract
1:15:55
Speaker 9: and arrest natural swarms. When issuing and be able to
1:15:59
Speaker 9: hive them more convence I remove the bottom boards from
1:16:02
Speaker 9: several of my most thriving and populous colonies, replacing them
1:16:06
Speaker 9: by extra boards kept for the purpose. To each of
1:16:10
Speaker 9: the removed boards, I fix three hooks in such a
1:16:13
Speaker 9: manner that each board may be suspended horizontally by cords
1:16:17
Speaker 9: from the limb of a tree, with the side which
1:16:20
Speaker 9: was next to the bees turned towards the ground. I
1:16:23
Speaker 9: drop some melted wax on the side which will thus
1:16:26
Speaker 9: be undermost, and attached to it a small piece of
1:16:29
Speaker 9: clean comb. When the swarming season approaches, I suspend the
1:16:34
Speaker 9: boards thus prepared under a tree or trees twenty or
1:16:38
Speaker 9: thirty feet from the front of my apiary and five
1:16:41
Speaker 9: or six feet from the ground. I find that the
1:16:44
Speaker 9: swarms which issue will almost uniformly cluster under these boards.
1:16:49
Speaker 9: When the bees have become settled, the board is lowered
1:16:52
Speaker 9: gently and the swarm hived. The board is immediately suspended
1:16:56
Speaker 9: again to attract any stragglers flying about, which are afterwards
1:17:01
Speaker 9: carried to their companions of the hive. On very warm days,
1:17:04
Speaker 9: swarms are inclined to rise higher than usual, and to
1:17:08
Speaker 9: provide for such a contingency, it is well to suspend
1:17:11
Speaker 9: one of the boards at a greater elevation than the others.
1:17:15
Speaker 9: I have successfully used this method more than ten years
1:17:18
Speaker 9: and can recommend it to those who still permit natural swarming. J.
1:17:23
Speaker 9: Hildebrand end of section nine.
1:17:32
Speaker 10: Section ten of The American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:17:37
Speaker 10: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
1:17:41
Speaker 10: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
1:17:45
Speaker 10: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The American
1:17:50
Speaker 10: b Journal, volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one.
1:17:55
Speaker 10: By various quick work brood a stimulut red clover quick work.
1:18:06
Speaker 10: The rapidity with which bees will build comb and gather
1:18:08
Speaker 10: honey under favorable circumstances is so extraordinary as to be
1:18:12
Speaker 10: almost incredible. Mister Brink says that he has known a
1:18:15
Speaker 10: strong swarm to fill its hive with comb in seventy
1:18:18
Speaker 10: two hours, and that colonies expelled in August, put into
1:18:21
Speaker 10: empty hives and transported to the heaths would fill the
1:18:25
Speaker 10: hive with new comb and gather from thirty to forty
1:18:27
Speaker 10: pounds of honey in the brief season for work in
1:18:29
Speaker 10: which they could labor. In the spring of eighteen fifty three,
1:18:33
Speaker 10: one of his neighbors carried his stalks, whose stores were
1:18:35
Speaker 10: nearly exhausted, to a distant rape field then in blossom.
1:18:39
Speaker 10: The weather was raw and unfavorable at the time, but
1:18:42
Speaker 10: suddenly changed, becoming mild and clear. The bees labored so
1:18:46
Speaker 10: successfully that after a few days, his neighbor called on
1:18:48
Speaker 10: him for advice, saying that the liquid honey was running
1:18:51
Speaker 10: in streams from the hives. On examination, it appeared that
1:18:54
Speaker 10: all the combs were filled to overflowing in consequence of
1:18:57
Speaker 10: the superabundance of nectar supplied by the rape blossoms and
1:19:01
Speaker 10: the indefatigable industry of the bees in gathering it. The
1:19:04
Speaker 10: soil on which the rape grew was a calcareous marl
1:19:09
Speaker 10: brood ay stimulant. On the first of July, a second
1:19:14
Speaker 10: swarm issued from one of my hives. On examining it
1:19:17
Speaker 10: on the tenth I found that no eggs had been laid,
1:19:20
Speaker 10: and inferred that the queen had not yet been fecondated.
1:19:23
Speaker 10: In order to strengthen the stalk and possibly encourage it
1:19:26
Speaker 10: to labor more industriously, I inserted a small piece of
1:19:29
Speaker 10: comb containing worker brood, but no honey. This was done
1:19:32
Speaker 10: at four o'clock in the afternoon, and within thirty minutes
1:19:35
Speaker 10: after my attention was attracted by the busy and seemingly
1:19:39
Speaker 10: joyous flight of the bees. At five o'clock I saw
1:19:41
Speaker 10: the queen returning to the hive from an excursion. On
1:19:44
Speaker 10: the following day, I neither saw her issue nor return,
1:19:47
Speaker 10: and on the evening of the twelfth I discovered that
1:19:50
Speaker 10: she had commenced laying eggs. Suspecting that the insertion of
1:19:54
Speaker 10: the brood had incited her to issue, as she came
1:19:57
Speaker 10: forth so soon after, I was induced to try the
1:19:59
Speaker 10: exp ferrement with two other after swarms. I inserted brood
1:20:03
Speaker 10: comb in each of them on the fourth day after
1:20:05
Speaker 10: they were hived. Three days thereafter, one of the queens
1:20:09
Speaker 10: proved to be fertile, the other was lost. I supplied
1:20:12
Speaker 10: her place by a young queen just hatched, which began
1:20:15
Speaker 10: to lay on the morning of the fourth day after
1:20:17
Speaker 10: she was put in the hive.
1:20:19
Speaker 11: J g.
1:20:22
Speaker 10: Red clover. When it happens that bees cannot gather honey
1:20:26
Speaker 10: from other sources. While the red clover is in blossom,
1:20:30
Speaker 10: bees will occasionally resort to this plant for supplies, but
1:20:33
Speaker 10: they find it difficult to accomplish their object because the
1:20:36
Speaker 10: tube of the blossom is so long and narrow that
1:20:38
Speaker 10: they cannot reach the nectaries in the usual manner. They
1:20:41
Speaker 10: can only gain access to them through a slit in
1:20:43
Speaker 10: the tube situated between the calyx and the coraala. The
1:20:46
Speaker 10: tube has only two such slits, and the bees are
1:20:49
Speaker 10: not always successful in their efforts to extract the nectar
1:20:52
Speaker 10: through them. The humble bees, having the advantage of a
1:20:55
Speaker 10: longer proboscis, readily reached the nectar through the mouth of
1:20:59
Speaker 10: the tube. The blossoms of the white clover, as well
1:21:02
Speaker 10: as those of white and yellow millilot, have short tubes,
1:21:05
Speaker 10: and the bees encounter no difficulty in extracting honey from them.
1:21:09
Speaker 10: Reverend Mister Klein says that on examining the wings of
1:21:12
Speaker 10: Italian and common bees with a microscope, he could perceive
1:21:16
Speaker 10: no difference of size, but that the nerveers, particularly of
1:21:19
Speaker 10: the radial cells, are more delicate and beautiful. He does
1:21:23
Speaker 10: not think that the bodies of Italian bees are normally
1:21:26
Speaker 10: smaller than those of common bees, nor that there is
1:21:28
Speaker 10: an appreciable difference in their average weight. End of Section
1:21:32
Speaker 10: ten read by Ashley Jamison.
1:21:41
Speaker 5: Section eleven of The American Bee Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:21:46
Speaker 5: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
1:21:51
Speaker 5: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
1:21:56
Speaker 5: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
1:22:01
Speaker 5: Lindas HENRISA. Jones, The American Bee Journal, volume one, number two,
1:22:07
Speaker 5: February eighteen sixty one, by various the drone b We
1:22:15
Speaker 5: now proceed to notice the drones, which are bees of
1:22:19
Speaker 5: larger size, stouter, and more squarely built than the workers.
1:22:24
Speaker 5: They commonly make their appearance in the hives in April,
1:22:28
Speaker 5: May and June, and are usually expelled from the colonies
1:22:32
Speaker 5: by summary process in July or August. The head of
1:22:37
Speaker 5: the drone is more spherical than that of the worker,
1:22:40
Speaker 5: the body is more bulky and here suit, and the
1:22:43
Speaker 5: abdomen terminates more obtusely. They fly more heavily and make
1:22:49
Speaker 5: louder humming when on the wing. But their apparently most
1:22:53
Speaker 5: distinguishing characteristic is the want of a sting, which constitutes
1:22:58
Speaker 5: the formidable weapon of the worker, and with which even
1:23:02
Speaker 5: the queen is armed. Singularly discrepant and contradictory opinions respecting
1:23:08
Speaker 5: The sex and functions of this kind of bee have
1:23:11
Speaker 5: been entertained by eminent apiarians, and are still cherished and
1:23:16
Speaker 5: advocated by recent writers. Some indeed go so far as
1:23:21
Speaker 5: to refuse to acknowledge them to be natural and necessary
1:23:25
Speaker 5: members of the busy commonwealth, regarding them rather as misbegotten
1:23:30
Speaker 5: monsters or parasitical intruders. Such extravagant notions scarcely deserve notice
1:23:37
Speaker 5: otherwise than as curious vagaries, not seriously requiring refutation. The
1:23:43
Speaker 5: workers build the cells in which the drones are bred,
1:23:46
Speaker 5: and the queen in healthy colonies lays the eggs from
1:23:50
Speaker 5: which they are hatched. They and the workers are the
1:23:53
Speaker 5: offspring of the same mother, and have an equal claim
1:23:57
Speaker 5: to be regarded as constituent members of the community. But
1:24:02
Speaker 5: conceding their rank and equality, of what sex are they
1:24:06
Speaker 5: and what is the design of their brief and monotonous existence.
1:24:11
Speaker 5: Are they substantive elements or mere adjuncts like the transitory
1:24:16
Speaker 5: sepals of a blossom. Some regard the drones as neuters,
1:24:21
Speaker 5: designed merely to generate and maintain in the hive the
1:24:24
Speaker 5: requisite degree of heat during the brooding season, when a
1:24:28
Speaker 5: large majority of the workers may be abroad busily engaged
1:24:32
Speaker 5: in gathering in their harvest. They accordingly call them brooding bees,
1:24:37
Speaker 5: and contend that the production of heat is their exclusive vocation.
1:24:42
Speaker 5: No plausible reason can be assigned in support of this notion.
1:24:46
Speaker 5: At the period precisely when the drones are most numerous
1:24:50
Speaker 5: in a hive, it contains the smallest amount of brood.
1:24:54
Speaker 5: When the old and fertile queen leaves with the first swarm,
1:24:58
Speaker 5: comparatively few drugs have been hatched, unless swarming was delayed
1:25:03
Speaker 5: by unfavorable weather. Yet, with the departure of the queen,
1:25:07
Speaker 5: egg laying ceases and the brood diminishes from day to day. Then,
1:25:13
Speaker 5: when in the course of three or four weeks, the
1:25:15
Speaker 5: young queen, having become fertile, brooding has recommenced and is
1:25:20
Speaker 5: vigorously prosecuted, and there might seem to be occasion for
1:25:24
Speaker 5: their services where they brood bees, the drones are suddenly
1:25:27
Speaker 5: expelled as useless supernumeraries. Does not this clearly show the
1:25:33
Speaker 5: absurdity of the notion. But since the worker eggs are
1:25:37
Speaker 5: susceptible of development as queens and are hence unquestionably females,
1:25:43
Speaker 5: does not the strikingly different. Organization of the drones of
1:25:46
Speaker 5: itself warrant the conjecture that they are males, and that
1:25:51
Speaker 5: which may thus be fairly inferred has been demonstrated to
1:25:55
Speaker 5: be true by dissection, which proves that they possess male
1:25:59
Speaker 5: organs of generation. It is moreover confirmed by the experience
1:26:04
Speaker 5: of practical beekeepers that a young queen prevented from having
1:26:08
Speaker 5: concourse with a drone, or bred early in the spring
1:26:11
Speaker 5: before drones have made their appearance, remains sterile, and that
1:26:16
Speaker 5: in years when few drones are produced, many young queens
1:26:20
Speaker 5: remain barren, and others become fertile only after making repeated excursions.
1:26:26
Speaker 5: This not only shows that the drones are the males,
1:26:29
Speaker 5: but that the fecundation of the queens would not be
1:26:32
Speaker 5: certainly affected did the drones not exist in great numbers
1:26:36
Speaker 5: at the proper period. Queens have been observed to make
1:26:40
Speaker 5: excursions daily for three weeks before they commenced to lay
1:26:44
Speaker 5: at a time when but thirty or forty drones could
1:26:47
Speaker 5: be found in the apiary, yet subsequently, when the latter
1:26:51
Speaker 5: could be counted by hundreds, all the young queens were
1:26:55
Speaker 5: fertilized and commenced laying within a week after they emerged.
1:27:00
Speaker 5: Drones being designed to fecundate the queens, and that being
1:27:03
Speaker 5: feasible only on the wing, They leave their hives at
1:27:07
Speaker 5: about noon on every fine day, and the young queens
1:27:12
Speaker 5: invariably make their excursions soon after. Without them, the queens
1:27:16
Speaker 5: would remain barren and the race could not be perpetuated.
1:27:20
Speaker 5: This is the sole purpose of their existence. Strong colonies
1:27:26
Speaker 5: alone and such as in the consciousness of increasing numbers
1:27:29
Speaker 5: contemplate swarming, produce drones after the swarm has departed, and
1:27:34
Speaker 5: when the young queens are making their nuptial excursions. The
1:27:39
Speaker 5: drones are always most numerous. True, a colony which does
1:27:44
Speaker 5: not swarm or rears no queens would have no occasion
1:27:48
Speaker 5: for drones. But as the contingencies which may prevent swarming
1:27:53
Speaker 5: cannot be foreseen, drones are nevertheless produced because in the
1:27:58
Speaker 5: event of being wanted, they could not be suddenly bred. Hence,
1:28:02
Speaker 5: the objection that non swarming colonies ought not to rear
1:28:05
Speaker 5: drones is about equivalent to arguing that a tree should
1:28:09
Speaker 5: not have blossomed because a frost destroys the fruit. Drones
1:28:14
Speaker 5: might much more appropriately be called swarm bees because their
1:28:19
Speaker 5: appearance is always in so far connected with natural swarming,
1:28:23
Speaker 5: as it is an evidence of that strength and vigor
1:28:25
Speaker 5: in a colony, which alone justify the expectation that a
1:28:29
Speaker 5: swarm may issue. Ordinarily, no colony sends forth a swarm
1:28:34
Speaker 5: unless it has drones or drone brood in process of hatching,
1:28:39
Speaker 5: and neither the new queen retained in the parent hive,
1:28:42
Speaker 5: nor any of the queens of second and later swarms,
1:28:45
Speaker 5: could be fecundated if nature had not made provision. Therefore,
1:28:50
Speaker 5: by the contemporaneous production of drones, the young queens might
1:28:56
Speaker 5: indeed be fecundated by drones from some other colony. But
1:29:00
Speaker 5: Nature could not trust a chance, and always provides for
1:29:03
Speaker 5: each swarm whatever is requisite in this respect for its
1:29:07
Speaker 5: independent existence. As the young queens of second and later
1:29:12
Speaker 5: swarms make their excursions from the locality which these have
1:29:15
Speaker 5: selected or in which the new hives are placed, they
1:29:19
Speaker 5: always contain a greater proportional number of drones than accompany
1:29:23
Speaker 5: first swarms, and most of these have emerged after the
1:29:27
Speaker 5: first swarm left. Those who ascribe to drones some secondary
1:29:31
Speaker 5: use or purpose usually refer to the great number produced
1:29:35
Speaker 5: as indicating the correctness of their views, Why say they
1:29:40
Speaker 5: are hundreds or thousands of drones bred if a single
1:29:43
Speaker 5: one is sufficient to fecundate the queen. But from what
1:29:48
Speaker 5: has already been stated, the great uncertainty which attends the
1:29:52
Speaker 5: fecundation of a queen is obvious, or she would not.
1:29:55
Speaker 5: When drones are scarce have to make repeated excursions, and
1:29:59
Speaker 5: in occur the numerous risks attending them, a great multitude
1:30:04
Speaker 5: is indispensable to diminish risk and prevent delay. The drones
1:30:09
Speaker 5: do not and cannot all leave the hive at the
1:30:11
Speaker 5: same time, and natural swarming so divides and subdivides their
1:30:15
Speaker 5: number that ultimately each swarm has not more than an
1:30:19
Speaker 5: adequate supply. Undue proportion of drones, however, is the result
1:30:24
Speaker 5: of improper management or of an unnatural condition of the colony.
1:30:29
Speaker 5: When a first swarm issues seasonably and is placed in
1:30:32
Speaker 5: a hive of suitable dimensions such as it can fill
1:30:35
Speaker 5: with calm in a short time, comparatively little drone cobe
1:30:39
Speaker 5: is built, and a second swarm rarely builds any during
1:30:43
Speaker 5: the first season. But if the hive be inordinately large
1:30:48
Speaker 5: or be prematurely enlarged in the ensuing spring, which is
1:30:52
Speaker 5: usually and almost unavoidably done by those who practice the
1:30:56
Speaker 5: Natarene system. The bees are induced to fill most of
1:30:59
Speaker 5: this with drone comb in process of time. Under this system,
1:31:04
Speaker 5: the proportion of worker to drone comb becomes completely reversed,
1:31:08
Speaker 5: and as the cells condition the brood, a multitude of
1:31:11
Speaker 5: drones are reared with comparatively few workers. But under an
1:31:16
Speaker 5: improved and rational system which gives the apiarian complete control
1:31:20
Speaker 5: of the combs and the bees, such results can be
1:31:24
Speaker 5: effectually prevented and the production of drones limited within such
1:31:28
Speaker 5: bounds as may be desirable. It is accordingly a great
1:31:32
Speaker 5: advantage to be able to remove the drone combs out
1:31:36
Speaker 5: of the brooding chamber and substitute worker comb for them.
1:31:40
Speaker 5: Bees are well aware that drones are absolutely indispensable in
1:31:44
Speaker 5: certain conditions of the colony. At the very time when
1:31:48
Speaker 5: from want of pasturage and the unfavorable state of the weather,
1:31:52
Speaker 5: other colonies will destroy even the drone larvae, those which
1:31:56
Speaker 5: are queenless and engaged in rearing queens will cherish their
1:32:01
Speaker 5: drone brood as carefully as they do the royal cells. Hence,
1:32:06
Speaker 5: if for any special purpose, such as the fecundation of
1:32:09
Speaker 5: young Italian queens. We desire to preserve a stalk of
1:32:13
Speaker 5: drones to the period at which ordinarily none exist. It
1:32:17
Speaker 5: is only necessary to remove the queen from a colony
1:32:21
Speaker 5: before the drones are expelled. They will then certainly be
1:32:25
Speaker 5: retained and fostered till the queens have emerged and are fecundated,
1:32:30
Speaker 5: and by a timely removal of the royal cells, the
1:32:33
Speaker 5: further preservation of the drones may be secured. Another decided
1:32:38
Speaker 5: proof of the importance which in certain circumstances attaches to
1:32:42
Speaker 5: the drones, is furnished by the fact that it is
1:32:45
Speaker 5: not safe when endeavoring to rear queens artificially to select
1:32:49
Speaker 5: for the purpose a comb containing both worker and drone
1:32:53
Speaker 5: eggs and larvae. The bees will be apt in each
1:32:56
Speaker 5: case to direct their chief attention to the drone brood,
1:33:00
Speaker 5: at times even attempting to raise queens. Therefrom by converting
1:33:04
Speaker 5: drone cells into royal cells, instead of recurring to the
1:33:08
Speaker 5: worker brood as they otherwise would instinctively do. It is
1:33:12
Speaker 5: therefore best to furnish them with worker eggs and larva
1:33:16
Speaker 5: exclusively at first, and introduce drone larva only after the
1:33:20
Speaker 5: royal cells have been started on the worker comb. Queenless
1:33:25
Speaker 5: colonies retain their drones in part because, though aware of
1:33:28
Speaker 5: their destitution, they still indulge a hope of being able
1:33:32
Speaker 5: to rear a queen, and in part because in such
1:33:36
Speaker 5: a colony a misguided spirit predominates, leading ultimately to dissolution
1:33:42
Speaker 5: and destruction. Some queenless colonies also will continue to produce
1:33:47
Speaker 5: drones long after they have been expelled from those supplied
1:33:51
Speaker 5: with queens. This well authenticated fact led some apiarians to
1:33:56
Speaker 5: suppose that the queen does not lay the drone eggs,
1:34:00
Speaker 5: but that these proceed from a distinct kind of bees,
1:34:03
Speaker 5: which they dignify with the title of drone mothers. But
1:34:07
Speaker 5: to argue thus from what occurs in a diseased or
1:34:10
Speaker 5: abnormal colony is as irrational as would be an attempt
1:34:14
Speaker 5: to infer the laws of mind from the idiosyncrasies of
1:34:18
Speaker 5: the inmates of an asylum for the insane. After the
1:34:22
Speaker 5: expulsion of the drones, the queen rarely, if ever, dies
1:34:26
Speaker 5: a natural death. If she did not perish from exhaustion
1:34:30
Speaker 5: when laying thousands of eggs daily in the spring, she
1:34:34
Speaker 5: is not likely to do so later when laying only
1:34:37
Speaker 5: a few hundreds if she die casually. When no drones exist,
1:34:42
Speaker 5: the colony may generally be regarded as doomed to speedy destruction.
1:34:47
Speaker 5: Even the rearing of a few drones will not always
1:34:51
Speaker 5: save it, unless the weather continues sufficiently mild to enable
1:34:55
Speaker 5: them to fly and permit the young queen to make
1:34:58
Speaker 5: the indispensable ag excursions with success. The long controversy respecting
1:35:04
Speaker 5: the origin of the drones was conclusively settled only by
1:35:08
Speaker 5: the introduction of the Italian bee. It was found that
1:35:12
Speaker 5: on the removing the queen of a common colony and
1:35:15
Speaker 5: substituting an Italian queen, all the drones subsequently produced were
1:35:21
Speaker 5: of the Italian race, and that consequently the queen in
1:35:25
Speaker 5: a healthy colony lays both drone and worker eggs. But
1:35:30
Speaker 5: though this is the case in every normally constituted colony,
1:35:33
Speaker 5: it is equally certain that there are individuals among the
1:35:36
Speaker 5: workers capable of laying eggs, and which sometimes do so
1:35:41
Speaker 5: on the death or removal of the queen. When this occurs,
1:35:45
Speaker 5: they are not unfrequently regarded and treated as queens by
1:35:49
Speaker 5: the workers, and if the colony be populous, it will
1:35:52
Speaker 5: for a considerable period show no evident symptoms of queenlessness.
1:35:58
Speaker 5: Their owner will not easily become aware of their true
1:36:01
Speaker 5: condition unless he can inspect the combs and see what
1:36:05
Speaker 5: kind of brood they contain. It is exceedingly difficult to
1:36:08
Speaker 5: restore or save such a colony. The workers are prone
1:36:12
Speaker 5: to neglect rearing a queen from worker brood when offered
1:36:16
Speaker 5: to them, and will even refuse to receive a fertile
1:36:18
Speaker 5: queen if introduced among them. The better course is to
1:36:22
Speaker 5: break it up and save the bees by removing it
1:36:25
Speaker 5: to some other spot in the apiary and setting a
1:36:28
Speaker 5: weak stock in its place. The returning workers, as they
1:36:33
Speaker 5: successively leave their old hive will resort to this, and
1:36:37
Speaker 5: in a few days the fertile worker will be deserted
1:36:40
Speaker 5: by all but a few obstinate or devoted adherents. The
1:36:44
Speaker 5: queen of the substituted stalk should be confined for a
1:36:47
Speaker 5: short time to insure her safety, and the combs of
1:36:50
Speaker 5: the deserted hive may then be cut out and reserved
1:36:53
Speaker 5: for use. The refusal of queenless drone breeding of colonies
1:36:58
Speaker 5: to receive an offen rue fertile queen shows that the
1:37:02
Speaker 5: bees regard the fertile worker as their queen, and consequently
1:37:06
Speaker 5: that two egg layers, though one be a drone mother,
1:37:09
Speaker 5: are not ordinarily tolerated. Sometimes, when worker brood and larva
1:37:15
Speaker 5: is given them and royal cells have been started, if
1:37:18
Speaker 5: a fertile worker begins to lay, the embryo queens will
1:37:22
Speaker 5: be summarily destroyed. Sometimes, too, the fertile worker will cease
1:37:26
Speaker 5: to lay when worker brood is inserted and a royal
1:37:30
Speaker 5: cell started, remaining thus in abeyance, but will at once
1:37:34
Speaker 5: recommence if the royal cell or the emerged young queen
1:37:38
Speaker 5: is removed. These differences in deportment perhaps result from the
1:37:42
Speaker 5: different degrees of development to which the fertile workers have attained,
1:37:47
Speaker 5: or their greater or less resemblance to a perfect queen,
1:37:51
Speaker 5: enabling them to exert, accordingly, a greater or smaller amount
1:37:56
Speaker 5: of controlling influence over the workers. It seems probable likewise
1:38:01
Speaker 5: that there is always only one individual that actually lays eggs,
1:38:05
Speaker 5: though a greater number may be more or less qualified
1:38:08
Speaker 5: to do so, and that this actual laying suffices to
1:38:12
Speaker 5: secure for her a quasi respectful recognition as of queenly dignity.
1:38:18
Speaker 5: There remains to be noticed another point, to which we
1:38:21
Speaker 5: shall advert only briefly on this occasion. Does the drone
1:38:25
Speaker 5: egg require impregnation in order to become susceptible to development?
1:38:30
Speaker 5: Jeersen maintained the negative, and his opponents the affirmative of
1:38:34
Speaker 5: this question. We need not here state the arguments used
1:38:38
Speaker 5: by either side in support of its opinion, because the
1:38:41
Speaker 5: matter has been settled by an appeal to facts. If
1:38:45
Speaker 5: drone eggs do not need impregnation, then Italian queens must
1:38:49
Speaker 5: constantly produce Italian drones, and common queens common drones, though
1:38:55
Speaker 5: secundated by drones of the opposite race, and such as
1:38:58
Speaker 5: the fact, the concurrent testimony of all observers whose reports
1:39:03
Speaker 5: we have is that Italian queens fecondated by common drones
1:39:08
Speaker 5: do invariably produce Italian drones as fully and perfectly marked
1:39:13
Speaker 5: as and in no respect different from the drones produced
1:39:17
Speaker 5: by Italian queens fecundated by drones of their own race,
1:39:22
Speaker 5: and that a corresponding result occurs in the case of
1:39:25
Speaker 5: common queens fecundated by Italian drones.
1:39:31
Speaker 2: Mister Rosamond suggests that the disease called foul brood may
1:39:36
Speaker 2: be caused by nitrogen gas generated during the winter in
1:39:40
Speaker 2: a hive not properly ventilated and insufficiently protected against cold.
1:39:47
Speaker 2: It is a remarkable fact that the indentations like those
1:39:51
Speaker 2: which royal cells containing female larvae are decked as if
1:39:56
Speaker 2: for ornament, are never found on royal set which contain
1:40:01
Speaker 2: drone larvae. End of section eleven.
1:40:12
Speaker 1: Section twelve of the American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:40:16
Speaker 1: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
1:40:21
Speaker 1: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
1:40:24
Speaker 1: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
1:40:28
Speaker 1: kristin Hand, the American b Journal, Volume one, number two,
1:40:32
Speaker 1: February eighteen sixty one. By various peculiarities of the Royal cell,
1:40:40
Speaker 1: we are usually told that the embryo queen, on attaining maturity,
1:40:43
Speaker 1: liberates her cell from the royal cell on the fourteenth
1:40:46
Speaker 1: or fifteenth day by piercing its cover or cap with
1:40:49
Speaker 1: her mandibles. All very true. Still, it does not inform
1:40:53
Speaker 1: us how or under what circumstances this liberation takes place.
1:40:57
Speaker 1: And it is to these minutia that I would now
1:41:00
Speaker 1: advert the young queen does not unaided work her way
1:41:03
Speaker 1: out of the cell. The workers are colaborers on the occasion,
1:41:07
Speaker 1: evidently making the needed preparation for and thus facilitating her enfranchisement.
1:41:13
Speaker 1: When the bees are constructing a rooral cell, we do
1:41:15
Speaker 1: not find that its walls are from the start so
1:41:18
Speaker 1: thick and so indented or ornamented as we see them subsequently.
1:41:23
Speaker 1: At first they are thin and smooth on the exterior,
1:41:26
Speaker 1: But when the cell has reached its full length, the
1:41:28
Speaker 1: bees begin to thicken the walls and indent them externally.
1:41:33
Speaker 1: On the seventh or eighth day, the larva being ready
1:41:35
Speaker 1: to undergo transformation, the workers close the cell with a
1:41:38
Speaker 1: slightly convex cap or cover, rather delicate in structure and
1:41:42
Speaker 1: as thin as those which are used to close worker
1:41:45
Speaker 1: or drone cells. When this has been done, they proceed
1:41:48
Speaker 1: to thicken the walls of the cell store more, using
1:41:51
Speaker 1: wax very lavishly for that purpose, at the same time
1:41:54
Speaker 1: deepening the indentations on its surface so as to cause
1:41:57
Speaker 1: them to resemble rudimental worker cells. This exterior thickening and
1:42:03
Speaker 1: ornamentation extends not only to the edge of the cap
1:42:05
Speaker 1: or cover, but considerably beyond, converging to an obtuse point
1:42:10
Speaker 1: and enclosing a hollow space. Thus two compartments are formed,
1:42:15
Speaker 1: the upper and larger of which is the original cell
1:42:17
Speaker 1: and contains the embryo queen. The lower and smaller is
1:42:21
Speaker 1: empty and appears to be intended to serve solely as
1:42:23
Speaker 1: a shield to the other. Its arched form enables it
1:42:27
Speaker 1: to resist external pressure more effectually and thus protect the
1:42:30
Speaker 1: slightly convex cap of the true cell from casual injury
1:42:34
Speaker 1: while the chrysalis is yet immature. If we take a
1:42:38
Speaker 1: royal cell a few days before the young queen is
1:42:40
Speaker 1: ready to emerge and carefully dissect off this outer portion,
1:42:43
Speaker 1: the original and true cap or cover of the cell
1:42:46
Speaker 1: will be exposed to view, and on examination we shall
1:42:49
Speaker 1: find that it is entirely unconnected with the overarching prolongation
1:42:53
Speaker 1: of the thickened cell walls. When the embryo queen is
1:42:56
Speaker 1: nearly mature, within perhaps twelve to sixteen hours of the
1:42:59
Speaker 1: u s usual period of emerging, the bees begin to
1:43:02
Speaker 1: demolish this exterior compartment, reducing it to a level with
1:43:06
Speaker 1: the outer edge of the cap of the cell proper.
1:43:08
Speaker 1: Having reached that point, they smooth off the outer edges
1:43:12
Speaker 1: of the thickened cell walls in such a manner, as
1:43:15
Speaker 1: that the orifice of the cell, when the queen has emerged,
1:43:18
Speaker 1: shall be perfectly circular. The cap, owing to its convexity,
1:43:23
Speaker 1: is now somewhat prominent in the middle, and being withal
1:43:26
Speaker 1: very thin, is exceedingly liable to be injured or broken.
1:43:30
Speaker 1: To protect it, therefore, the bees coat it over with
1:43:32
Speaker 1: fresh layers of wax, until it becomes nearly as thick
1:43:35
Speaker 1: as the cell walls. Having thus provided for the safety
1:43:39
Speaker 1: of the royal nursling, their coadjutory labors are ended, and
1:43:43
Speaker 1: they withdraw. In this condition of the royal cell, egress
1:43:48
Speaker 1: is no longer difficult. The young queen commences operations by
1:43:51
Speaker 1: piercing a hole through the edge of the cover with
1:43:53
Speaker 1: her mandibles, and then making a circular cut along its periphery.
1:43:57
Speaker 1: Being thus detached from the cell walls, it finally drops,
1:44:01
Speaker 1: opening a circular passage through which the queen emerges. The
1:44:05
Speaker 1: annexed illustrations will probably render this account more intelligible. Fig.
1:44:10
Speaker 1: One represents the royal cell as originally constructed, with the
1:44:14
Speaker 1: exterior surface still smooth and free from indentations.
1:44:18
Speaker 3: Fig.
1:44:19
Speaker 1: Two represents a finished and sealed cell containing an embryo
1:44:22
Speaker 1: queen Here the orifice A is capped and the cell
1:44:25
Speaker 1: walls are thickened preparatory to being extended in the direction
1:44:29
Speaker 1: of the dotted lines B B. Fig Three represents the
1:44:33
Speaker 1: cell thus elongated, enclosing a hollow space exterior to the
1:44:37
Speaker 1: cap of the true cell and exhibiting the indentation or
1:44:40
Speaker 1: ornamentation of the surface. The hollow space is sometimes so
1:44:44
Speaker 1: small as to be almost inconspicuous. The ornamentation, when elaborately executed,
1:44:49
Speaker 1: resembles shallow or rudimental worker cells.
1:44:54
Speaker 3: Fig.
1:44:54
Speaker 1: Four is a longitudinal section of Fig. Three. The space
1:44:58
Speaker 1: A is the true cell, B the anterior hollow space
1:45:03
Speaker 1: C C the thickened cell walls. Fig five shows the
1:45:08
Speaker 1: cell as seen after the anterior compartment has been removed
1:45:11
Speaker 1: or demolished, exposing to view the convex cover or cap A.
1:45:16
Speaker 3: Fig.
1:45:17
Speaker 1: Six shows the cap A thickened or strengthened to secure
1:45:20
Speaker 1: the immature queen against injury. When severed from the cell
1:45:24
Speaker 1: by the queen's mandibles, The cap resembles a B. Figure six.
1:45:30
Speaker 1: After undergoing these changes and modifications, the royal cell forsaken
1:45:34
Speaker 1: by the queen resembles Figure seven. The highly important fact
1:45:40
Speaker 1: that young queens, soon after emerging from the royal cell
1:45:43
Speaker 1: leave their hives to meet the drones, and that their
1:45:45
Speaker 1: secondation is affected in the open air was discovered by Janska,
1:45:50
Speaker 1: the superintendence of the Apiarian Institute established at Vienna by
1:45:54
Speaker 1: the Empress Maria Teresa, many years after Huber confirmed the
1:45:59
Speaker 1: truth of the discsvery and made it more extensively known.
1:46:02
Speaker 1: But both Janska and Huber were denounced as deceivers and
1:46:06
Speaker 1: charlatans by the conceited Spitzner, who denied that the drones
1:46:09
Speaker 1: were males and that the queens ever made excursions to
1:46:13
Speaker 1: meet them. So well did he and his partisans succeed
1:46:16
Speaker 1: in suppressing the truth by pertinaciously troducing its advocates that
1:46:20
Speaker 1: it was lost sight of for more than half a
1:46:22
Speaker 1: century and wholly disregarded until Diersen again brought it into
1:46:27
Speaker 1: notice when proclaiming its intimate connection with his own system
1:46:31
Speaker 1: of bee culture. Every colony that contemplates swarming will for
1:46:37
Speaker 1: some time previous cease to work as industriously as it
1:46:40
Speaker 1: might do In view of its members. A disposition to
1:46:43
Speaker 1: hang round indolently seems to seize the majority of the population,
1:46:47
Speaker 1: and they clustered together in masses, apparently for the purpose
1:46:49
Speaker 1: of helping each other to do nothing but get control
1:46:52
Speaker 1: of them. Permit no natural swarming. Furnish them with continual
1:46:56
Speaker 1: opportunities to be doing something, and you will not perceive
1:46:59
Speaker 1: among them any tendency to idle away time. End of
1:47:04
Speaker 1: section twelve.
1:47:12
Speaker 11: Section number thirteen of The American Bee Journal, Volume one,
1:47:16
Speaker 11: number two, February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
1:47:21
Speaker 11: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
1:47:25
Speaker 11: information all to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The
1:47:30
Speaker 11: American Bee Journal, volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one.
1:47:35
Speaker 11: By various chemical nature of honey, hatching of bees, eggs,
1:47:40
Speaker 11: and bees in Soliza chemical nature of honey. The nectar
1:47:44
Speaker 11: of flowers, as gathered by the bees is a watery
1:47:47
Speaker 11: solution of cane sugar. With the aid of heat, it
1:47:50
Speaker 11: gardly becomes converted into grape sugar. In the process of
1:47:54
Speaker 11: this transformation, the cane sugar is decomposed into the three
1:47:58
Speaker 11: kinds of sugar which constitute honey. Hence, honey was seen
1:48:02
Speaker 11: to be a variable substance representing the transitionary stage of
1:48:05
Speaker 11: the conversion of cane sugar into grape sugar. All that
1:48:09
Speaker 11: the bees contribute to this process of transition and conversion
1:48:12
Speaker 11: is the heat which they generate and maintain in the hive.
1:48:15
Speaker 11: The conversion can be affected by weak acids as well
1:48:18
Speaker 11: as moisture and heat by m suberin hatching of the
1:48:23
Speaker 11: bees eggs. The time within which bee's eggs will hatch
1:48:27
Speaker 11: depends very much on the temperature to which they are exposed.
1:48:31
Speaker 11: Grindlouk says that in one instance they were hatched within
1:48:34
Speaker 11: twenty four hours after being laid. Boleps says he has
1:48:38
Speaker 11: known them to remain unhatched in the high for forty
1:48:40
Speaker 11: eight hours and in one case more than seventy two hours.
1:48:44
Speaker 11: He also mentions that he once removed a comb partially
1:48:46
Speaker 11: supplied with eggs and kept it in his room more
1:48:50
Speaker 11: than a week before inserting it into a hive containing
1:48:52
Speaker 11: a queenless colony, yet in due time the larvae issued.
1:48:56
Speaker 11: Mister Klein also states that he kept a comb with
1:49:00
Speaker 11: seals brewed in the box twenty four hours in cold weather,
1:49:05
Speaker 11: then gave it to a strong colony and the brood matured.
1:49:08
Speaker 11: Bees in Soliza in the province of Solza, two hundred
1:49:12
Speaker 11: and sixty thousand colonies of bees are kept, representing the
1:49:15
Speaker 11: capital of more than one million of dollars. These, even
1:49:19
Speaker 11: in the most unfavorable years.
1:49:20
Speaker 12: Of yield a profit of ten percent, and in proprietors seasons,
1:49:25
Speaker 12: such as the year eighteen forty six was the yield
1:49:28
Speaker 12: was fully one hundred percent on more than one million dollars.
1:49:32
Speaker 12: It is well ascertained that the Wholterbury and buckle wheat
1:49:36
Speaker 12: bossoms are much richer in saccarin juices on the poor
1:49:39
Speaker 12: soil of Soliza than in more fertile districts. In March
1:49:45
Speaker 12: eighteen fifty, doctor Cautel discovered that one of his colonies
1:49:49
Speaker 12: required feeding, and, being unable to procure either pure honey
1:49:53
Speaker 12: or sugar candy, he concluded to try common brown sugar
1:49:57
Speaker 12: dissolved in warm water so as to form a tolerably
1:50:00
Speaker 12: thick syrup. He fed them with this freely, and had
1:50:04
Speaker 12: every reason to be satisfied with the experiment. Brooding commenced
1:50:08
Speaker 12: as early and was continued as regularly in the colony
1:50:11
Speaker 12: thus fed, as in any of those which had ample
1:50:14
Speaker 12: stores of honey. End of section number thirteen read by
1:50:19
Speaker 12: Rebecca Salisbury, Birmingham, twentieth twenty eighth of November twenty twenty.
1:50:24
Speaker 5: Three, Section fourteen of The American b Journal, Volume one,
1:50:35
Speaker 5: number two, February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
1:50:42
Speaker 5: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
1:50:45
Speaker 5: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
1:50:51
Speaker 5: by Linda Sonriesa Jones, The American b Journal, volume one,
1:50:57
Speaker 5: number two, February eighteen sixty one, by various The Italian
1:51:04
Speaker 5: Bee by the Reverend George Klein. Second article conceding, as
1:51:12
Speaker 5: we may from the evidence adduced the practicability of preserving
1:51:17
Speaker 5: and perpetuating the Italian race in its purity. Another and
1:51:23
Speaker 5: equally important inquiry presents itself. Does the Italian bee really
1:51:28
Speaker 5: possess any qualities or properties entitling it to a preference
1:51:33
Speaker 5: over the common bee? Captain Baldenstein, who first called our
1:51:39
Speaker 5: attention to this race of bees, regarded it, from long
1:51:43
Speaker 5: experience and observation, as of high value in practical bee culture,
1:51:49
Speaker 5: and first suggested the important service it could be made
1:51:52
Speaker 5: to render in the elucidation of theory. Monsieur de Proleus,
1:51:57
Speaker 5: who had long and extensively cultivate in Italy, when appealed to,
1:52:03
Speaker 5: was lavish in its praise, and Jeersen than whom there
1:52:07
Speaker 5: is no more competent judge declared it was, in all
1:52:11
Speaker 5: respects an interesting and most valuable acquisition. The general judgment
1:52:17
Speaker 5: is decidedly in its favor. Wherever it has been introduced.
1:52:22
Speaker 5: We shall advert first to the benefits resulting from the
1:52:25
Speaker 5: introduction of this bee. In the final settlement of questions
1:52:29
Speaker 5: controverted among apiarians, so many novel principles had recently been
1:52:36
Speaker 5: suggested and advocated, so many old and long forgotten opinions
1:52:41
Speaker 5: had been revived, and so many others long acknowledged and
1:52:46
Speaker 5: cherished had been repudiated, that doubt and uncertainty prevailed extensively,
1:52:52
Speaker 5: and there was a readiness to seize and use whatever
1:52:56
Speaker 5: promised fairly to explode error and establish true respecting the
1:53:03
Speaker 5: fecundation of the Queen's widely different and very contradictory opinions
1:53:08
Speaker 5: were entertained. Such of these as were based on imperfectly
1:53:13
Speaker 5: observed facts or illogical deduction, readily yielded when subjected to scrutiny.
1:53:20
Speaker 5: But the mere concoctions of an idle brain, baseless and
1:53:24
Speaker 5: purely imaginative, were more difficult to manage, there being in
1:53:29
Speaker 5: fact nothing to take hold of. Magistett and others contended
1:53:34
Speaker 5: that fecundation was wholly unnecessary, and that queens became fertile
1:53:39
Speaker 5: simply from bodily exercise in the open air or from
1:53:44
Speaker 5: mere atmospheric influences. Now, so long as the matter could
1:53:49
Speaker 5: not be brought to some tangible test, such notions and
1:53:53
Speaker 5: others equally absurd might be avowed and even challenged refutations
1:53:58
Speaker 5: without incurring the reals of more than an occasional sneer.
1:54:03
Speaker 5: But all this was suddenly changed by the introduction of
1:54:07
Speaker 5: the Italian bees. Numerous well authenticated cases were soon reported,
1:54:12
Speaker 5: where the occurrence of a mixed breed in colonies showed
1:54:16
Speaker 5: that an actual concourse of queens with drones of a
1:54:19
Speaker 5: different race must have taken place. Young Italian queens produced
1:54:25
Speaker 5: and impure stock, and from young queens of the common
1:54:28
Speaker 5: race sprang a progeny irregular and mixed. The fact of
1:54:33
Speaker 5: fecundation was thus established by its manifest results. Then also
1:54:39
Speaker 5: recurred the much mooted question whether the fecundation of the
1:54:43
Speaker 5: queen once accomplished was efficacious during her life. This had
1:54:48
Speaker 5: frequently been discussed but never conclusively settled till it was
1:54:52
Speaker 5: determined beyond controversy by an appeal to the Italian race.
1:54:58
Speaker 5: It was ascertained that an Italian queen fecundated by an
1:55:02
Speaker 5: Italian drone and introduced in a hive of common bees, continued,
1:55:07
Speaker 5: under all circumstances to produce genuine Italian progeny during her life. This,
1:55:14
Speaker 5: in connection with the fact that it is exceedingly difficult
1:55:17
Speaker 5: to prevent young Italian queens from being bastardized when common
1:55:22
Speaker 5: drones abound in an apiary, may be regarded as satisfactory
1:55:27
Speaker 5: evidence that fecundation continues effective during the life of a queen,
1:55:32
Speaker 5: and for this evidence we are indebted to the Italian bee.
1:55:37
Speaker 5: The opinion that the queen is the sole mother of
1:55:40
Speaker 5: the colony laying all the eggs from which the brood
1:55:43
Speaker 5: proceeds had long been entertained and was generally acquiesced in
1:55:48
Speaker 5: till rem made the remarkable discovery that the workers, though
1:55:53
Speaker 5: usually regarded as neoters, were capable of laying drone eggs.
1:55:57
Speaker 5: This discovery was seemingly so so anomalous and incredible that Bonnet,
1:56:03
Speaker 5: to whom Reim sent an account of it, cautioned him
1:56:05
Speaker 5: against announcing so manifest an error, lest he should forfeit
1:56:10
Speaker 5: his well earned reputation as a careful and reliable observer.
1:56:15
Speaker 5: When Huber and others subsequently demonstrated that Rheim's discovery was
1:56:20
Speaker 5: unquestionably true, naff immediately used it as the substratum in
1:56:26
Speaker 5: part of a new theory which was very favorably received.
1:56:31
Speaker 5: According to it, the queen lays only the worker eggs,
1:56:35
Speaker 5: whilst certain female bees, which he called drone mothers, lay
1:56:39
Speaker 5: the eggs from which the drones proceed. Jerzon early attacked
1:56:44
Speaker 5: this theory, and thereby involved himself in a protracted controversy
1:56:48
Speaker 5: with its advocates, which was still prosecuted with all its
1:56:51
Speaker 5: original ardor and acrimony when the Italian bee brought it
1:56:56
Speaker 5: to a sudden close. One of the most tenuous defenders
1:57:00
Speaker 5: of Now's theory announced that the Baron of Berylspitch had
1:57:05
Speaker 5: introduced Italian queens in hives of common bees after removing
1:57:09
Speaker 5: the native queens. This was to serve as a test
1:57:13
Speaker 5: experiment if in the following spring Italian drones were hatched
1:57:18
Speaker 5: in these hives. It would have to be conceded that
1:57:21
Speaker 5: the queen lays drone eggs, but if common drones issue,
1:57:26
Speaker 5: they must be regarded as proceeding from eggs laid by
1:57:29
Speaker 5: the workers. Expectation perked up her ears, and curiosity put
1:57:36
Speaker 5: on her spectacles, awaiting the result in eager anxiety. Spring came,
1:57:42
Speaker 5: and in due time an abundance of Italian drones issued,
1:57:46
Speaker 5: not only from the barrelspitch hives, but also from hundreds
1:57:50
Speaker 5: of others in which Italian had been substituted for common queens.
1:57:56
Speaker 5: Thus the new race became the means of settling, definitely
1:58:00
Speaker 5: another important question in b culture. The most striking point
1:58:06
Speaker 5: in the Jerzon theory, and one of the most startling
1:58:09
Speaker 5: physiological doctrines ever enunciated, is unquestionably his proposition that among bees,
1:58:17
Speaker 5: the male sex is developed by parthenogenesis and the female
1:58:22
Speaker 5: under the influence of male sperm. This doctrine was violently
1:58:27
Speaker 5: assailed on every hand, but Jerzon, relying on his own
1:58:31
Speaker 5: personal observations, felt confident of its truth and maintained it
1:58:36
Speaker 5: against all opposition. Finally, when the General Apiarian Convention met
1:58:42
Speaker 5: at Vienna in eighteen fifty three, he made the following announcement.
1:58:48
Speaker 5: By the acquisition of the Italian bees, we are put
1:58:52
Speaker 5: in possession of the means of testing the truth or
1:58:55
Speaker 5: falsity of my hypothesis. If the drone eggs are not
1:59:00
Speaker 5: influenced by the contents of the spermataca, the drones must
1:59:04
Speaker 5: invariably resemble the mother, though she be fecundated by a
1:59:09
Speaker 5: drone of another race. Numerous and diversified experiments were instituted
1:59:15
Speaker 5: early next season, and the results being found in accordance
1:59:19
Speaker 5: with Jerzon's anticipation, opposition at once subsided. Naturalists long obstinately
1:59:27
Speaker 5: refused to admit the truth of the doctrine because it
1:59:30
Speaker 5: conflicted so directly with what they regarded as indisputable. Finally, however,
1:59:37
Speaker 5: they also had to yield to the evidence, though they
1:59:40
Speaker 5: did so manifestly with the utmost reluctance, saying, one of
1:59:45
Speaker 5: the most inconvenient facts, destroying all hope of ever discovering
1:59:51
Speaker 5: any general law regulating animal reproduction, has thus been forced
1:59:56
Speaker 5: on the acceptance of physiologists. Thus was another controverted matter
2:00:02
Speaker 5: disposed of. With the aid of the Italian bee, there
2:00:07
Speaker 5: was less difference of opinion as to whether the fecundation
2:00:11
Speaker 5: of the queen is effected in the open air or
2:00:14
Speaker 5: within the hive. Joncha and Huber, with the greater number
2:00:19
Speaker 5: of intelligent observers, believed that the queen necessarily must and
2:00:24
Speaker 5: always does leave her hive to meet the drone. This
2:00:29
Speaker 5: was the general sentiment, but was not unanimously concurred in
2:00:33
Speaker 5: and many practical bee keepers still entertained doubt. But when
2:00:38
Speaker 5: Italian bees are introduced in any neighborhood where common bees
2:00:42
Speaker 5: are kept, a few seasons suffice to render the truth obvious.
2:00:47
Speaker 5: Young queens of the common race will soon be found
2:00:50
Speaker 5: in various localities producing a mixed breed, though there be
2:00:55
Speaker 5: no Italian stocks within two miles of the apiary. Hence,
2:01:00
Speaker 5: these queens must, at least on one occasion, have left
2:01:03
Speaker 5: their hives to meet the drones. And to the Italian
2:01:06
Speaker 5: bees we are indebted for demonstrative evidence of the fact.
2:01:12
Speaker 5: It was formerly a widely prevalent notion that the young
2:01:15
Speaker 5: bees were ready and qualified to engage in all the
2:01:19
Speaker 5: various labours and duties of the colony at home or abroad,
2:01:23
Speaker 5: as soon as they emerged from the cell. Jerzon was
2:01:27
Speaker 5: the first to express descent because his own observation led
2:01:31
Speaker 5: him to a different conclusion. His remarks may have induced
2:01:35
Speaker 5: some to doubt, but the general sentiment remained unchanged. Nor
2:01:39
Speaker 5: was it till the Italian bees were introduced that the
2:01:43
Speaker 5: truth in this respect was fully ascertained and acknowledged. On
2:01:48
Speaker 5: placing an Italian queen in a common stock, it is
2:01:51
Speaker 5: found that the young bees hatched from her eggs do
2:01:54
Speaker 5: not show themselves outside of the hive for nearly ten
2:01:58
Speaker 5: days after leaving the cells, though constantly occupied meanwhile in
2:02:03
Speaker 5: the interior, Nor do they begin to gather honey and
2:02:06
Speaker 5: pollen till they are nearly twenty days old. The difference
2:02:11
Speaker 5: in marking and color which distinguishes the Italian bees made
2:02:15
Speaker 5: the fact so obvious that the old notions had to
2:02:18
Speaker 5: be at once abandoned. The comparatively brief life of the
2:02:23
Speaker 5: worker bees, and the great mortality to which they are exposed,
2:02:28
Speaker 5: can in no way be so clearly exhibited as by
2:02:31
Speaker 5: the introduction of an Italian queen in a common colony.
2:02:35
Speaker 5: If early in May such a queen be placed in
2:02:38
Speaker 5: a hive containing thirty thousand workers, scarcely a dozen of
2:02:43
Speaker 5: them will be found remaining on the first of August,
2:02:47
Speaker 5: the rest having perished, and their places being supplied by
2:02:51
Speaker 5: an equal multitude of another race. These are commonly regarded
2:02:56
Speaker 5: as very inhospitable, unwilling to receive and entertain strangers. This
2:03:01
Speaker 5: is doubtless true to a great extent, and in accordance
2:03:05
Speaker 5: with an instinct designed to secure self preservation. Still, the
2:03:10
Speaker 5: police regulations of the colony are not so stringent and
2:03:13
Speaker 5: exclusive as to totally prohibit the admission and naturalization of aliens.
2:03:20
Speaker 5: In every apiary where both kinds of bees are kept,
2:03:23
Speaker 5: some Italian workers will soon be observed passing in and
2:03:27
Speaker 5: out peaceably and undisturbed among the common bees, and actively
2:03:32
Speaker 5: participating in the labors of the colony. Doubtless similar migrations
2:03:38
Speaker 5: take place in all apiaries, but are unobserved because there
2:03:42
Speaker 5: is no difference in the color of the workers, all
2:03:45
Speaker 5: wearing the same livery. From the foregoing statements, the importance
2:03:51
Speaker 5: of the Italian bee alike as it regards the theory
2:03:54
Speaker 5: and the practice of bee culture will be apparent. There
2:03:58
Speaker 5: are no doubt other points also in which, in the
2:04:01
Speaker 5: hands of intelligent apiarians, they can be made to render
2:04:05
Speaker 5: equally valuable service. The advantages already derived from them amply
2:04:11
Speaker 5: justify the zeal And energy which the German beekeepers displayed
2:04:16
Speaker 5: to introduce and disseminate the race. It is a noble employment,
2:04:21
Speaker 5: even in the narrowest sphere, to labour for the attainment
2:04:25
Speaker 5: of truth and the exposure of error. End of section fourteen.
2:04:37
Speaker 5: Section fifteen of The American Bee Journal, Volume one, number two,
2:04:43
Speaker 5: February eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
2:04:48
Speaker 5: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
2:04:53
Speaker 5: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
2:04:58
Speaker 5: Linda Sonrisa Ja The American Bee Journal, volume one, number two,
2:05:05
Speaker 5: February eighteen sixty one, by various short comments. In the
2:05:13
Speaker 5: district of Altmark in the Province of Brandenburg, the hives
2:05:17
Speaker 5: in common use are made of straw, with the entrance
2:05:21
Speaker 5: for the bees placed invariably about three inches from the top.
2:05:26
Speaker 5: It is three inches long and half an inch high.
2:05:29
Speaker 5: Bees are said to winter extremely well in these hives,
2:05:33
Speaker 5: to secure early and strong swarms as the chief elements
2:05:37
Speaker 5: of success. The bee keepers there feed their colonies moderately
2:05:42
Speaker 5: every evening with diluted honey. They commence this feeding early
2:05:47
Speaker 5: in the season, and continue it till the fruit trees
2:05:50
Speaker 5: begin to blossom, and then use undiluted honey till the
2:05:54
Speaker 5: blossoms drop. Mister A. Brawn ascertained by careful Wane that
2:06:01
Speaker 5: one of his colonies lost three quarters of an ounce
2:06:04
Speaker 5: in weight daily from the first of October to the
2:06:08
Speaker 5: fifth of February, and that the daily loss from the
2:06:11
Speaker 5: fifth of February to the thirty first of March was
2:06:14
Speaker 5: three ounces. During the former period, there was very little
2:06:19
Speaker 5: brood in the hive. During the latter there was a
2:06:22
Speaker 5: considerable amount of it. It is thus made manifest that
2:06:26
Speaker 5: the brood required a large quantity of honey, especially when
2:06:31
Speaker 5: we consider that the weight of the brood is not
2:06:34
Speaker 5: here taken into account. Mister Hoffmann of Vienna mentions that
2:06:40
Speaker 5: on stupefying bees with ether, nearly one half of the
2:06:44
Speaker 5: whole number never revived, and mister Gabonds states that when
2:06:49
Speaker 5: etherizing a hive, the entire population deserted it, though it
2:06:53
Speaker 5: contained much brood and ample supplies of honey. In an
2:06:57
Speaker 5: experiment made by me some years ago to test the
2:07:01
Speaker 5: effect of ether, where the bees were allowed free egress,
2:07:04
Speaker 5: they rushed out in clouds almost instantaneously, and the whole
2:07:08
Speaker 5: of them could no doubt have been expelled in a
2:07:11
Speaker 5: very short time honey in Cuba. There are in the
2:07:17
Speaker 5: island of Cuba twelve thousand, five hundred apiaries distributed in
2:07:22
Speaker 5: suitable localities. These furnish annually twenty thousand hundredweight of wax
2:07:29
Speaker 5: for export to Mexico alone, besides the enormous quantity of
2:07:33
Speaker 5: honey sent to Europe and the United States. The business
2:07:37
Speaker 5: is conducted on a very extensive scale, but in a primitive,
2:07:41
Speaker 5: rude and slovenly manner. Vast as are its products, it
2:07:46
Speaker 5: still falls far short of what it might be made
2:07:48
Speaker 5: to yield. The quantity of honey produced might be immensely
2:07:52
Speaker 5: increased and its quality greatly improved. A swarm just hived
2:07:59
Speaker 5: should never be played at the side of a strong
2:08:01
Speaker 5: colony that has not yet swarmed, because if the weather
2:08:05
Speaker 5: on the next ensuing days be fine, the bees of
2:08:08
Speaker 5: the old stock will issue in great numbers about noon
2:08:12
Speaker 5: and disport in front of their hive. The bees of
2:08:15
Speaker 5: the swarm, not having yet become well accustomed to their
2:08:19
Speaker 5: new location, will on their return, be attracted by the busy,
2:08:24
Speaker 5: joyful hum of their neighbors and tempted to join them.
2:08:28
Speaker 5: A loss of bees from this cause at a time
2:08:31
Speaker 5: when no brood is maturing in its hive is a
2:08:34
Speaker 5: very serious injury to a young swarm. In Denmark, where
2:08:40
Speaker 5: bee culture was for a long time greatly neglected, there were,
2:08:44
Speaker 5: according to an official report, eighty six thousand, thirty six
2:08:48
Speaker 5: hives of bees in the year eighteen fifty eight. This
2:08:53
Speaker 5: would average for the whole country only one colony to
2:08:56
Speaker 5: every one hundred acres, or six to the square. The
2:09:01
Speaker 5: net exports in eighteen forty six were forty one thousand,
2:09:05
Speaker 5: eight hundred sixty six pounds of wax, one hundred thirty
2:09:09
Speaker 5: seven thousand and seventy seven pounds of honey, and twenty
2:09:13
Speaker 5: eight thousand, fifty three gallons of mead. The annual product
2:09:18
Speaker 5: of the country is estimated at one hundred eighty four thousand,
2:09:22
Speaker 5: one hundred fifty pounds of wax, one million, six hundred
2:09:26
Speaker 5: thirty thousand, eight hundred sixty pounds of honey, and thirty
2:09:31
Speaker 5: five thousand, eight hundred twenty eight gallons of mead. This
2:09:35
Speaker 5: is supposed to be a low estimate. Even strong and
2:09:39
Speaker 5: healthy colonies may be attacked by robbing bees and overpowered.
2:09:43
Speaker 5: If the hives are so placed as to be exposed
2:09:46
Speaker 5: to the direct rays of the sun on a hot day,
2:09:50
Speaker 5: and bees from another apiary have to fly over them
2:09:53
Speaker 5: on their way to and return from a locust or
2:09:57
Speaker 5: linden grove or buckwheat feel or an orchard where either
2:10:02
Speaker 5: of these is in bloom. The incipient enlargement of a
2:10:07
Speaker 5: pollen cell, as preparatory to its conversion into a royal cell,
2:10:12
Speaker 5: is an infallible evidence of the queenless condition of a colony.
2:10:18
Speaker 5: The favic nace Essa have a saying that honey is
2:10:22
Speaker 5: the drink, pollen the meat, and water the medicine of
2:10:27
Speaker 5: the bees. End of section fifteen.
2:10:37
Speaker 7: Section sixteen of The American Bee Journal, Volume one, number two,
2:10:42
Speaker 7: February eighteen sixty one. This is a librivax recording. All
2:10:47
Speaker 7: librivax recordings are in the public domain. For more information
2:10:52
Speaker 7: or to volunteer, please visit librivax dot org. Read by
2:10:56
Speaker 7: Stacem the American Bee Journal, volume one, number two, February
2:11:02
Speaker 7: eighteen sixty one, by various monthly management February. With the
2:11:07
Speaker 7: increasing length of the days, the sun's influence becomes more
2:11:11
Speaker 7: and more perceptible. In this month, all nature seems preparing
2:11:15
Speaker 7: to revive, and the bees chime in with the common impulse.
2:11:19
Speaker 7: Even in the more rigorous winters, some brood will now
2:11:22
Speaker 7: be found in the combs, unless the colonies are weak
2:11:25
Speaker 7: and ill supplied. Extensive brooding at this early period, however,
2:11:30
Speaker 7: is not desirable, and the beekeeper's endeavor should be to
2:11:33
Speaker 7: repress it as much as possible, because generally it does
2:11:37
Speaker 7: more harm than good. When bees have brood to nurse,
2:11:41
Speaker 7: they are impelled to venture forth more frequently and in
2:11:44
Speaker 7: larger numbers, and many more are lost from stress of
2:11:48
Speaker 7: weather or sudden changes than can be replaced by the
2:11:51
Speaker 7: maturing brood. The stores of honey and pollen are also
2:11:54
Speaker 7: rapidly diminished to supply the wants of the larvae, and
2:11:57
Speaker 7: hence in the most favorable vents. The resulting advantage is
2:12:02
Speaker 7: of small account. The stores required to nurture the young,
2:12:05
Speaker 7: which barely serve to keep up the population, had better
2:12:08
Speaker 7: be reserved to sustain the old bees if a late
2:12:11
Speaker 7: spring should follow. There is danger also that an old
2:12:15
Speaker 7: queen prematurely urged to lay eggs may die from exhaustion
2:12:19
Speaker 7: at a time when from the want of drones, her
2:12:21
Speaker 7: place cannot be supplied, and the colony be ruined. In consequence,
2:12:25
Speaker 7: he that would carry his stocks through the winter cheaply, safely,
2:12:29
Speaker 7: and in good health must strive to keep his bees
2:12:31
Speaker 7: in perfect repose as long as possible. The more quiet
2:12:35
Speaker 7: they can be kept, the more their hives are shielded
2:12:37
Speaker 7: from the sun's rays, and the less they are allowed
2:12:40
Speaker 7: to feel the approach of spring, the less honey will
2:12:43
Speaker 7: they consume, and the better will they be able to
2:12:45
Speaker 7: bear confinement. But it is not always practicable to accomplish this.
2:12:50
Speaker 7: Where bees are wintered on their summer sands, and if
2:12:52
Speaker 7: a fine mild day occurs in this month, it is
2:12:55
Speaker 7: well to give them an opportunity to fly, that they
2:12:58
Speaker 7: may discharge their feces. Then screen the hives again from
2:13:02
Speaker 7: the sun till the winter is fairly over. Stocks which
2:13:05
Speaker 7: are wintered in a vault or dark chamber should not
2:13:08
Speaker 7: now be brought out unless the bees appear restless, because
2:13:12
Speaker 7: when they have once flown, they are apt to commence
2:13:14
Speaker 7: brooding if replaced in the depository, and it is then
2:13:18
Speaker 7: difficult to keep them in repose, being instinctively inclined to
2:13:22
Speaker 7: roam abroad when they have larvae to nurse. If the
2:13:25
Speaker 7: ground is covered with snow. When the bees are thus
2:13:27
Speaker 7: allowed to fly, some loose straw or hay should be
2:13:30
Speaker 7: scattered over it in front of the hives to prevent
2:13:34
Speaker 7: such as fall from becoming chilled. If colonies are to
2:13:37
Speaker 7: be removed to new locations in the apiary, this had
2:13:41
Speaker 7: better be done before they are allowed to fly. Though
2:13:44
Speaker 7: the bees do not all forget their old location, even
2:13:47
Speaker 7: after four months confinement, they readily at this season accustom
2:13:51
Speaker 7: themselves to a new one. If they can make their
2:13:54
Speaker 7: first excursion on a fine, clear, mild day, which permits
2:13:58
Speaker 7: them to issue in masses. The general joyful humming which
2:14:02
Speaker 7: then ensues serves as a mutual attraction to keep them
2:14:05
Speaker 7: together and designates the position of their new home. Offering
2:14:09
Speaker 7: them a little diluted honey and closing the entrance for
2:14:12
Speaker 7: a few minutes when they begin to issue will rapidly
2:14:15
Speaker 7: increase the excitement and cause them to rush out with
2:14:19
Speaker 7: redoubled animation. If the weather be sufficiently mild to allow
2:14:23
Speaker 7: the bees to fly, movable comb hives may now be
2:14:26
Speaker 7: opened to inspect the state of the stores. Should additional
2:14:30
Speaker 7: supplies appear to be needed. Some frames containing honey in
2:14:33
Speaker 7: sealed combs may be inserted, which is the best and
2:14:37
Speaker 7: easiest mode of providing for the wants of a colony.
2:14:40
Speaker 7: But if no such combs are at hand, sticks of
2:14:43
Speaker 7: candy laid on the frames or pushed down between them
2:14:46
Speaker 7: among the bees are the best substitute. Even in colonies
2:14:50
Speaker 7: well supplied with stores. Frames with sealed honey may now
2:14:53
Speaker 7: be advantageously removed from the sides of the hives and
2:14:57
Speaker 7: placed nearer the clustered bees, so as to be more
2:15:01
Speaker 7: readily accessible if cold weather ensus. If hives are to
2:15:05
Speaker 7: be removed to a distance, it is best to defer
2:15:08
Speaker 7: it till the bees have had an opportunity to discharge
2:15:12
Speaker 7: their excrements. The sooner thereafter the removal is affected, the better,
2:15:16
Speaker 7: because it is always attended with less trouble and risk.
2:15:20
Speaker 7: When there is not much brood in the combs and
2:15:22
Speaker 7: no new comb has yet been built, colonies which have
2:15:25
Speaker 7: brood require water, and many bees are lost on their
2:15:28
Speaker 7: excursions to procure it. It should therefore be furnished to
2:15:33
Speaker 7: them in some sheltered nook convenient to the apiary, or
2:15:36
Speaker 7: poured in some old comb and placed in the hive.
2:15:40
Speaker 7: If they have much brood, they will consume honey rapidly
2:15:43
Speaker 7: in need, looking after occasionally that their wants may be
2:15:46
Speaker 7: seasonably supplied. End of section sixteen. End of the American
2:15:52
Speaker 7: Bee Journal, Volume one, number two, February eighteen sixty one
2:15:57
Speaker 7: by various