Latest / Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries / Stellar Questions: Captured Asteroids, Evaporating Black Holes & Dining with Aliens

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Stellar Questions: Captured Asteroids, Evaporating Black Holes & Dining with Aliens · Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries

• 0:00
  Heidi Campo: Welcome back to another fun and exciting Q
• 0:03
  and A episode of space nuts.
• 0:06
  Voice Over Guy: 15 seconds. Guidance is internal.
• 0:08
  10, 9. Ignition
• 0:11
  sequence start. Space nuts. 5, 4, 3.
• 0:14
  2. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4,
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  3, 2, 1. Space nuts. Astronauts
• 0:20
  report it feels good.
• 0:22
  Heidi Campo: This episode is driven by listener
• 0:24
  questions where you send your questions to us
• 0:27
  and we answer them. Well, it's not
• 0:30
  we. It's Professor Fred Watson who is
• 0:33
  joining me here. My name is Heidi Campo. I'm
• 0:35
  your host for this episode, and Fred
• 0:38
  is our resident astronomer at
• 0:41
  large. Fred, how are you doing today?
• 0:45
  Professor Fred Watson: Very well, thanks, Heidi. And you shouldn't
• 0:46
  underrate, um, the contribution, uh, that
• 0:49
  you make to this show. Because I couldn't
• 0:51
  answer these questions without you being
• 0:53
  there. And often you are
• 0:55
  somebody who illuminates the questions in
• 0:58
  a way that I wouldn't think of, which I enjoy
• 1:00
  very much. So thank you again for welcoming
• 1:03
  me to the show.
• 1:04
  Heidi Campo: Thank you so much, Fred. That was. That was
• 1:06
  sweet.
• 1:07
  Well, our first question, um,
• 1:10
  today comes from Patrick. Um,
• 1:13
  I don't see Patrick's location,
• 1:16
  but Patrick says hello.
• 1:19
  Heidi and Professor Watson, what is
• 1:22
  the likelihood of an object or objects
• 1:25
  currently orbiting our sun not being native
• 1:27
  to our solar system? Could they have been
• 1:30
  rogue objects or perhaps objects from a
• 1:32
  passing star that was captured by our sun?
• 1:35
  Thanks for taking my question.
• 1:38
  Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, I love this question, Heidi. Um,
• 1:40
  because it has echoes of something we were
• 1:42
  talking about in the last episode. The object
• 1:44
  that's not, uh, from our solar system, that
• 1:47
  is whizzing through the solar system.
• 1:49
  And, um, basically Patrick is right,
• 1:53
  uh, in suggesting that
• 1:55
  maybe some of the, uh,
• 1:58
  objects in the solar system. And by that I'm
• 2:01
  thinking of things like asteroids, um,
• 2:04
  perhaps even comets that are in orbit around
• 2:06
  the sun that, uh, are in a closed orbit
• 2:10
  that are, you know, something that goes
• 2:12
  around regularly rather than something that
• 2:13
  just comes through once and zooms away. Uh,
• 2:16
  which is what, uh, Three Eye Atlas that we
• 2:18
  were talking about last time. Um, that is
• 2:21
  doing that. Um, uh, so
• 2:24
  it's possible that, um, there could be things
• 2:26
  that have been captured. We know,
• 2:28
  uh, that some of the moons of the
• 2:31
  outer planets are, uh,
• 2:34
  ones that have been captured by those
• 2:36
  planets, uh, from
• 2:38
  the region, uh, beyond
• 2:41
  Neptune, what we call the Trans Neptunian
• 2:44
  region, uh, where there are these
• 2:46
  icy asteroids, which we now know to be very
• 2:49
  numerous. Um, we didn't know about them at
• 2:51
  all when I started my career, even though
• 2:54
  somebody had predicted them in 1950. Uh,
• 2:57
  um, Gerard, uh, Kuiper, uh, and his
• 2:59
  colleague Dr. Edgeworth. Can't remember
• 3:01
  Edgeworth's first Name. Uh, but they
• 3:03
  predicted that there would be these icy
• 3:05
  objects way in the depths of the solar
• 3:07
  system. And one of the belts of those objects
• 3:09
  is now called the Kuiper Belt. And, uh, we
• 3:11
  know that some of the planets, uh, sorry,
• 3:14
  some of the satellites, the moons of the
• 3:16
  outer planets, started their lives as Kuiper
• 3:19
  Belt objects. So they have actually been
• 3:21
  captured by the planets. And
• 3:24
  so, um, you know, the scenario
• 3:27
  that Patrick puts forward, uh, of something
• 3:30
  like that being captured by the sun
• 3:33
  having come from a distant, uh, object,
• 3:36
  uh, or a distant solar system from well
• 3:38
  beyond our solar. It's absolutely possible.
• 3:42
  Uh, and it's the kind of thing,
• 3:44
  I guess, that people who study
• 3:47
  asteroids, and there's a large body of, uh,
• 3:50
  interest in that topic now, uh, people who
• 3:53
  study asteroids perhaps have in the back of
• 3:55
  their mind, because you can learn a lot about
• 3:57
  an asteroid by looking at the spectrum of the
• 4:00
  light reflected from it in the infrared.
• 4:03
  Uh, uh, that spectrum is affected
• 4:05
  by the surface features of the asteroid. And
• 4:08
  if you start picking up, uh, indications
• 4:11
  of perhaps a different sort of chemistry on
• 4:14
  the surface of an asteroid, uh, that,
• 4:17
  uh, we wouldn't expect from one of our
• 4:20
  homegrown asteroids, that might be the kind
• 4:22
  of thing that would lead you to, uh,
• 4:25
  perhaps speculate that this might have an
• 4:27
  extra solar origin, something that's come
• 4:30
  from another solar system. How would you test
• 4:32
  for that? Uh, well, it's possible these days,
• 4:35
  uh, to run simulations of
• 4:38
  the way orbits of objects in
• 4:41
  the solar system have evolved. So you can
• 4:44
  sort of pick an asteroid, look at its current
• 4:47
  orbit and then sort of play it backwards.
• 4:50
  Uh, and it may be that you would do that
• 4:53
  with an object and find that, uh,
• 4:56
  at some time in the past its orbit was
• 4:58
  unstable, uh, which
• 5:01
  might suggest that it has actually come from
• 5:03
  another solar system. So
• 5:06
  it's not impossible. And it is something that
• 5:08
  I'm sure actively is being pursued by
• 5:11
  researchers in this topic. So. Good question,
• 5:13
  Patrick.
• 5:14
  Heidi Campo: That was a way to break in the episode.
• 5:17
  Excellent question, Patrick.
• 5:19
  Um, our next question is an audio
• 5:22
  question from Frederick. And
• 5:25
  I'm going to just give Fred and I
• 5:28
  a second to cue that question up and we're
• 5:31
  going to play that question for you now.
• 5:32
  Professor Fred Watson: Hello, this is Frederick Arthur Noldi
• 5:36
  from originally Duluth,
• 5:38
  Minnesota, usa.
• 5:41
  My question is, if
• 5:44
  black holes are evaporating through
• 5:46
  Hawking's radiation,
• 5:50
  what is left with over?
• 5:53
  Is it the point of singularity?
• 5:56
  And could that be dark matter
• 6:00
  because they are so
• 6:03
  dense, yet very probably small
• 6:07
  and don't interact with anything.
• 6:10
  Just wondering if I solved what a great
• 6:13
  question um, and it's one that set me
• 6:16
  thinking like so many of our listeners do.
• 6:19
  Um, if you have a black hole that evaporates,
• 6:22
  what is left behind? Is it still a
• 6:25
  singularity? Uh, and could that be
• 6:28
  the dark matter? So there
• 6:31
  is a problem with that scenario? Well, there
• 6:33
  are a number of problems. Um, one is
• 6:36
  that the evaporation of black holes, which,
• 6:39
  exactly as Frederick, uh, Arthur says, is,
• 6:42
  uh, caused by Hawking radiation. This is
• 6:45
  radiation that leaks out of the black hole.
• 6:48
  Uh, that is a very, very slow process indeed.
• 6:51
  So the timescale for a black hole
• 6:53
  evaporating is measured in many billions.
• 6:56
  In fact, sometimes tens of billions of years
• 6:59
  longer than the age of the universe. So,
• 7:02
  uh, unless black holes are very, very small,
• 7:05
  uh, their evaporation time is long.
• 7:08
  Smaller black holes would be
• 7:11
  evaporating quickly. And yes, maybe some
• 7:13
  might have evaporated already by now, but
• 7:16
  they would have such a tiny mass that it's
• 7:18
  hard to imagine it could contribute to,
• 7:22
  um, uh, the background
• 7:25
  that we, uh, understand as dark
• 7:28
  matter. This stuff that is there because we
• 7:30
  can detect its gravitational, uh, influence,
• 7:33
  but we can't see it. Now,
• 7:36
  the question of what's left when a black
• 7:39
  hole evaporates is
• 7:42
  an open one. Uh, and it is
• 7:44
  really an interesting one because there isn't
• 7:47
  an answer to it. Um, you can
• 7:50
  kind of have a look, uh, online
• 7:53
  and check out, um, you know, what
• 7:56
  the remnant is of a black hole.
• 7:59
  Uh,
• 8:03
  I guess, um, the jury is out
• 8:06
  on what is left. Um,
• 8:09
  there is a suggestion that what you're left
• 8:11
  with is an object
• 8:14
  of tiny mass, uh,
• 8:17
  that is stable,
• 8:20
  doesn't disappear. Uh,
• 8:22
  but really nobody knows. That's the
• 8:25
  bottom line with this. My thinking
• 8:28
  was a bit different. I expected that if a
• 8:31
  black hole evaporates, basically all the mass
• 8:34
  goes and you're left with nothing, uh,
• 8:37
  not even a singularity, because it's the mass
• 8:39
  that causes the singularity, that point
• 8:42
  of infinite density.
• 8:44
  So, um, uh, it seems that
• 8:47
  some physicists think something is left. It's
• 8:50
  got a tiny mass
• 8:53
  and therefore is not in any way
• 8:55
  significant in contributing to the dark
• 8:58
  matter of the universe. That's a very,
• 9:00
  uh, sort of gobbledygook
• 9:03
  answer to a simple question. But
• 9:06
  the bottom line is nobody really knows. We
• 9:09
  don't know what the end product of Hawk
• 9:11
  Hawking radiation is. Uh, and it's very
• 9:14
  hard to find out as well. It would have to be
• 9:16
  by modeling with physical
• 9:18
  processes that we really don't understand
• 9:20
  because we have no physics that describe
• 9:23
  what happens to a point of infinite density,
• 9:26
  which is What a black hole is. So many
• 9:29
  thanks for the question. Uh, an interesting
• 9:31
  thing to think about, but we don't know the
• 9:33
  answer.
• 9:34
  Heidi Campo: Maybe, uh, maybe one day one of our listeners
• 9:37
  will be the one to find that out.
• 9:39
  Professor Fred Watson: That might be the case.
• 9:40
  Heidi Campo: If you guys have the answers, you definitely
• 9:42
  need to write in and let us know.
• 9:49
  Professor Fred Watson: Space nuts.
• 9:51
  Heidi Campo: Um, our next question comes from James.
• 9:55
  James says, good day, Fred, Andrew,
• 9:57
  Heidi, and Huw. That's our
• 10:00
  producer, he doesn't always get a shout out,
• 10:02
  so that's nice. Um,
• 10:05
  James says, I've got an ethical question
• 10:07
  I'd like to propose to you. In a hypothetical
• 10:10
  scenario, let's suppose we find
• 10:13
  alien life as advanced as us and
• 10:16
  we're able to meet in person and start
• 10:18
  sharing knowledge and culture with each
• 10:20
  other. Ethically, assuming nothing
• 10:23
  would go wrong from eating alien food, would
• 10:26
  it be acceptable for humanity to
• 10:29
  eat the cuisine of this new life?
• 10:33
  Uh, sorry? Eat the cuisine of this new life?
• 10:36
  If it is equivalent to a hamburger or chicken
• 10:39
  nugget, would we stick to
• 10:42
  their fruits and veggies? Or are we going
• 10:45
  space nuts about the Andromeda Cosmic Ray?
• 10:48
  Fried chicken? Thanks for all you do,
• 10:51
  Fred. This one is, uh,
• 10:54
  different from our usual questions. This is,
• 10:57
  uh, an opinion.
• 10:58
  Professor Fred Watson: It is.
• 10:59
  Heidi Campo: Would you eat the fried chicken?
• 11:02
  Professor Fred Watson: So I guess the issue is,
• 11:05
  um. And, you know,
• 11:08
  uh, essentially James is making a
• 11:10
  distinction between
• 11:13
  vegetable, uh, food. Fruit and veggie.
• 11:16
  Fruit and veggies. Or the meat, the
• 11:19
  stuff that has once been a living animal.
• 11:23
  Uh, and it's a really
• 11:26
  great question. I'd be interested to hear
• 11:28
  your thoughts on this, Heidi, because you've
• 11:30
  got as much.
• 11:32
  Heidi Campo: Oh, man, my brain already started rolling
• 11:35
  as soon as this started.
• 11:37
  Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, Um, I.
• 11:39
  So
• 11:43
  let me try and put it into context. So I
• 11:46
  think ethically here
• 11:48
  on Earth, we've got nothing that stops us
• 11:51
  from eating the food that originated with
• 11:54
  a different culture from our own. And we
• 11:57
  enjoy that. We relish the fact that we can
• 12:00
  eat food from different cultures.
• 12:03
  Now, the difference here is that the
• 12:06
  raw material, whether it's meat or whether
• 12:09
  it's vegetable or whatever it is,
• 12:12
  um, has come from Earth.
• 12:15
  So we've got the same raw materials. We've
• 12:17
  just got a different process that turns it
• 12:19
  into food, uh, in this different culture.
• 12:23
  And I think that's the difference with, uh,
• 12:26
  some sort of alien, um, you know, if you
• 12:29
  were invited to a meal by
• 12:31
  a friendly alien on their home planet,
• 12:35
  uh, my guess
• 12:38
  is, um, that.
• 12:42
  I don't know, maybe I'm just being too polite
• 12:45
  here, uh, in the interests of good
• 12:47
  relationships, you would probably do
• 12:50
  what they would ask you to do. Now, I'm
• 12:52
  taking James's caveat here that,
• 12:55
  you know, that we don't,
• 12:58
  uh, have any risks health
• 13:01
  wise, as he says, assuming nothing could go
• 13:04
  wrong from eating alien food. Would it be
• 13:06
  acceptable for humanity to eat the cuisine of
• 13:08
  this new life if it's the
• 13:11
  equivalent of a hamburger or a chicken
• 13:13
  nugget? I think it,
• 13:16
  my humble opinion is that it would be, uh,
• 13:19
  that, uh, if, you know, maybe
• 13:22
  you have to broaden, uh, your
• 13:25
  mind to try and incorporate the ethical
• 13:28
  system of the species who are
• 13:31
  looking after you, who are providing you with
• 13:33
  this, you might have a different view.
• 13:36
  Heidi?
• 13:37
  Heidi Campo: Well, there's two things I want to say, and
• 13:41
  I'll say, so one of them falls under a
• 13:43
  philosophical bucket, and the other one falls
• 13:44
  under the science bucket. So let's start with
• 13:46
  the philosophical. What we eat
• 13:50
  always comes down to and when we're talking
• 13:52
  about these kind of instances is there's a
• 13:54
  lot of moral questions
• 13:57
  that come down into it because it's like,
• 13:59
  ethically, you know, as long as,
• 14:02
  um, you know, I mean, I guess
• 14:04
  even ethics is. Some people do run on
• 14:06
  different ethical codes or moral codes.
• 14:09
  Religious, um, codes can dictate our diets as
• 14:11
  well. Um, a lot of people don't eat
• 14:14
  pork. There's cultures that don't eat beef.
• 14:17
  There's cultures that don't eat shell food,
• 14:19
  shellfish. Um, I personally do not eat
• 14:21
  pork. Pork, Um, I found out that they wag
• 14:24
  their tails when they're happy and I
• 14:26
  stopped. But, um, I found out
• 14:29
  cows do the same and I just can't, I love
• 14:31
  cheeseburgers too much. So that aside, so
• 14:34
  the morality aside,
• 14:37
  sentient creatures, I mean, are we talking
• 14:40
  about eating these friendly aliens or are we
• 14:42
  talking about eating their, their foods? And
• 14:45
  then that just comes down to the whole, you
• 14:47
  know, well, maybe people should all be
• 14:49
  a vegan or vegetarian, because some cultures
• 14:52
  eat dogs or cats and subcultures don't.
• 14:55
  But now the scientific side of it is really
• 14:58
  interesting what, um, NASA does in their
• 15:01
  foods lab. And I had the, um,
• 15:04
  privilege of touring their foods lab a few
• 15:07
  years ago. I got invited, um,
• 15:10
  as a media person to go to the Crew 7
• 15:13
  launch. That was two years ago.
• 15:16
  Crew 7. Um, and so part of that
• 15:19
  is we got to sit down with subject matter
• 15:21
  experts and we got a tour of the foods lab
• 15:24
  and thinking, um, about the benefits
• 15:27
  of food from other planets or food grown in
• 15:29
  space. I think it's very interesting
• 15:32
  and it's something that I would love to see
• 15:36
  hypothetically, if this food was better for
• 15:38
  me as a former athlete. If this is more
• 15:41
  protein and it's easier for me to consume and
• 15:43
  it's going to make me a better athlete,
• 15:45
  absolutely I would eat it. But if it's full
• 15:47
  of weird radiation that's going to give me
• 15:49
  cancer in five minutes, probably not.
• 15:52
  So a lot of hypotheticals here, a lot of what
• 15:55
  ifs, but fun question nonetheless.
• 15:57
  Professor Fred Watson: Uh, indeed. I think James tried to rule that
• 16:00
  out, you know, the radioactive food by
• 16:03
  saying that it wouldn't harm us. But, yeah,
• 16:04
  it's a really interesting question. And I,
• 16:07
  uh, I mean, the scientist in me, um,
• 16:10
  is a little bit,
• 16:13
  I guess, upset by the idea of eating what
• 16:16
  you're studying. Because if
• 16:19
  you're an astrobiologist and you're talking
• 16:22
  about life forms, whether they're vegetable
• 16:24
  or animal, on a different planet, then that's
• 16:26
  part of the scope of astrobiology.
• 16:29
  Uh, and, uh, should you eat what you're
• 16:31
  trying to study? I don't know. Great
• 16:34
  question, James. Uh, like all our questions,
• 16:36
  one that gets us thinking
• 16:41
  zero G and I feel fine, space nuts.
• 16:44
  Heidi Campo: Well, our very last question is, uh, another
• 16:47
  audio question, and this one is from
• 16:49
  Dan in California. So I'm
• 16:52
  going to go ahead and cue that question up
• 16:54
  now, and you guys can listen to Dan's
• 16:57
  question.
• 16:58
  Professor Fred Watson: Hi, Heidi, Fred and Andrew. It's
• 17:01
  Dan from California. I haven't sent in a
• 17:04
  question for a while, but I thought I would
• 17:05
  ask one about the sun. Uh, recently with
• 17:08
  the Parker solar probe, getting, uh, some
• 17:11
  more data back to us, uh, it made me think
• 17:14
  about the temperature difference between the
• 17:17
  corona and the photosphere and whether we
• 17:19
  expect the same thing to happen to other
• 17:21
  stars that we have observed.
• 17:24
  Great show. Love every moment of it. I try
• 17:27
  and listen every time. Thank you.
• 17:30
  Thanks, Dan. Thanks for listening.
• 17:34
  Um, another great question, um,
• 17:37
  and this is one that I think astrophysicists
• 17:40
  have got more of a handle on than the ethical
• 17:42
  question that we've just heard or the one
• 17:44
  about evaporating black holes is something
• 17:47
  that we do understand
• 17:50
  at a certain level. Um,
• 17:53
  so Dan is asking to what
• 17:56
  extent other stars mimic
• 17:59
  the behavior of the sun, part of which is
• 18:02
  still a puzzle. And the bit I'm talking about
• 18:04
  is the fact that we have, uh,
• 18:07
  the surface of the sun. And using the word
• 18:09
  surface figuratively because it doesn't have
• 18:11
  a solid surface. Uh, it's the point at which
• 18:14
  the sun, um, you know, where the radiation of
• 18:16
  the sun seems to come from the visible light,
• 18:18
  what we call the photosphere. That's
• 18:22
  about
• 18:24
  5500
• 18:28
  uh, degrees Celsius or so.
• 18:31
  Uh, but the atmosphere
• 18:33
  above that, the outer atmosphere, the corona,
• 18:36
  which is that uh, ethereal
• 18:39
  glow that we see when the sun is in
• 18:42
  eclipse and you can't see the photosphere,
• 18:44
  the photosphere is blocked out. We know the
• 18:47
  temperature of that is measured in millions
• 18:49
  of degrees. And the question
• 18:53
  that's still an active question in
• 18:55
  astrophysics, in solar physics is
• 18:58
  how does that solar corona get
• 19:01
  to be so much hotter than the
• 19:04
  surface of the sun, the visible surface of
• 19:06
  the Sun. The mechanisms
• 19:09
  are poorly, ah, understood. Uh, we
• 19:12
  think it is due to um,
• 19:15
  magnetic, you know, the tangled
• 19:18
  magnetic fields on the surface of the sun.
• 19:22
  Magnetic activity is really what
• 19:25
  gives you the transport of energy from
• 19:28
  the surface up to the corona. Uh, but
• 19:31
  the exact mechanism is still
• 19:34
  basically not, you know,
• 19:37
  fully worked out. And um, in
• 19:40
  fact Dan mentioned the Parker Solar Probe.
• 19:42
  It's a NASA spacecraft that is uh,
• 19:44
  orbiting the sun more closely than any other
• 19:47
  spacecraft has, uh, and is detecting
• 19:50
  things like these intense magnetic fields. So
• 19:52
  hopefully the physicists will
• 19:55
  sew up all those details, pull them together
• 19:58
  and get an answer as to why the corona
• 20:01
  is so much hotter. But the point of Dan's
• 20:04
  question is not about the sun, it's about
• 20:05
  other stars. And indeed, uh,
• 20:09
  our understanding is that
• 20:12
  uh, other stars have this equally hot corona.
• 20:15
  Other sun like stars. I should qualify that
• 20:18
  because stars come in widely different
• 20:20
  varieties. But other sun like stars, uh,
• 20:23
  we expect to find a similar corona.
• 20:26
  Whether um, that has
• 20:29
  been detected directly, uh,
• 20:32
  I'm not sure about because we detect the
• 20:34
  corona uh, through um,
• 20:37
  basically high energy radiation, X rays
• 20:40
  and ultraviolet. Uh, they
• 20:43
  are what betray the high temperature of the
• 20:45
  corona. Whether we've been able to detect
• 20:47
  those emissions from other stars, I'm not
• 20:49
  sure. But I wouldn't mind betting that we
• 20:52
  have because uh, those coronas are expected
• 20:55
  to behave just as the sun's corona does.
• 20:58
  The sun's a very, very typical star. There's
• 21:00
  not really anything extraordinary uh, about
• 21:02
  it except it has a planet, a family of
• 21:05
  planets, one of which has an intelligent
• 21:07
  species on it. And that might even make it
• 21:10
  unique.
• 21:11
  Heidi Campo: Well, there you go. That's, that's
• 21:14
  a wrap with the questions. Um,
• 21:17
  what, what a, ah, great bunch of questions
• 21:20
  you guys. Thank you so much for sending those
• 21:22
  in. Um, I think I maybe mentioned this on
• 21:25
  our, on our last episode, but it's finally
• 21:28
  summer, um, break for me for a few short
• 21:29
  weeks. So please keep those questions coming
• 21:31
  in so we can keep listening to them and
• 21:34
  answering them and um, enjoying
• 21:36
  interacting with you guys. Fred,
• 21:40
  that's the end of this. Ah, Q and A episode.
• 21:43
  Do you have anything else you want to add
• 21:44
  before we sign off?
• 21:47
  Professor Fred Watson: Um, not only to reiterate what you've just
• 21:49
  said, uh, this is the thing about spacenots.
• 21:52
  We've got such an active,
• 21:55
  energetic, enthusiastic, and
• 21:58
  very erudite audience, uh, that it's
• 22:01
  great to hear from, uh, all our
• 22:04
  listeners. Uh, and yeah, please keep sending
• 22:06
  in the questions, audio or text. We're happy
• 22:09
  with either. And a quick thank you from me,
• 22:11
  too. You mentioned him already. It's not
• 22:13
  often Huw gets the rap, but, uh, usually
• 22:16
  from Andrew, he got an insult. Um, but we're
• 22:19
  not going to do that, Heidi. We think Hugh's
• 22:21
  doing a great job. Uh, and I'm delighted
• 22:24
  to receive a, um, bunch of new questions from
• 22:26
  him yesterday afternoon at very short notice
• 22:29
  indeed. So thank you for that, Huw.
• 22:30
  Heidi Campo: Excellent. Well, thank you so much for
• 22:32
  listening and we will see you all next time.
• 22:36
  Voice Over Guy: You'll be listening to the Space Nuts
• 22:39
  podcast, available at
• 22:42
  Apple Podcasts, Spotify,
• 22:44
  iHeartRadio or your favorite podcast
• 22:46
  player. You can also stream on
• 22:48
  demand at bitesz.com this has been another
• 22:51
  quality podcast production from
• 22:53
  bitesz.com