Latest / The Empire of Business / American Bee Journal, Vol. I, No. 3 , March 1861 - Various

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American Bee Journal, Vol. I, No. 3 , March 1861 - Various · The Empire of Business

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  Speaker 1: Section one of the American b Journal, Volume one, number three,
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  Speaker 1: March eighteen sixty one, by Various. This is a LibriVox recording.
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  Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The
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  Speaker 1: American b Journal, Volume one, number three, March eighteen sixty one,
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  Speaker 1: by various, Section one. The Jerjon theory by the Baron
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  Speaker 1: of Berlepsch number three. Having fully considered the only objection
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  Speaker 1: urged against the first proposition, and as I conceive finally
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  Speaker 1: disposed of the black bees, I shall now discuss the second,
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  Speaker 1: arranging it for greater convenience under several distinct heads. The
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  Speaker 1: second proposition reads thus, in the normal condition of a colony,
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  Speaker 1: the queen is the only perfect female present in the
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  Speaker 1: hive and lays all the eggs found therein. These eggs
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  Speaker 1: are male and female. From the former precede the drones,
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  Speaker 1: from the latter, if laid in narrow cells, precede the
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  Speaker 1: workers or undeveloped females, and from them also if laid
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  Speaker 1: in wider acorn shaped and vertically suspended so called royal cells,
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  Speaker 1: lavishly supplied with a peculiar pabulum or jelly precede the
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  Speaker 1: queens one. In the normal condition of a colony, the
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  Speaker 1: queen is the only perfect female present. This will commonly
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  Speaker 1: be conceded even by those apiarians who believe that, in
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  Speaker 1: the normal condition of a colony, the drone eggs are
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  Speaker 1: laid by a distinct class of bees, which they call
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  Speaker 1: drone mothers. They cannot, however, do so consistently. For if
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  Speaker 1: the queen can lay worker eggs only, and the conjectural
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  Speaker 1: drone mothers lay drone eggs only, it is not very
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  Speaker 1: clear how the queen can be regarded as in any
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  Speaker 1: respect a more perfectly developed female than those hypothetical drone mothers.
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  Speaker 1: But we need not now discuss this point, because it
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  Speaker 1: will incidentally be disposed of when we prove, as we
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  Speaker 1: presently shall, that the queen lays the drone eggs also.
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  Speaker 1: Nor need we do more than advert to the novel
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  Speaker 1: notion recently broached by a correspondent of the Beninze Tomb,
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  Speaker 1: who reconverts the queen into a male, the only one
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  Speaker 1: in the colony, and places this male, like the padisha
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  Speaker 1: at Stamboul, on a throne in a seralio. Though we
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  Speaker 1: have hundreds of times seen the queen lay eggs, frequently
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  Speaker 1: in our own hands. We have never yet seen a
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  Speaker 1: rooster lay any except boiled ones at Easter, when the
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  Speaker 1: children pommeled his tail to test his fertility. Two, in
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  Speaker 1: the normal condition of a colony, the queen lays all
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  Speaker 1: the eggs found therein. Since no one nowadays denies that
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  Speaker 1: the queen regularly and exclusively lays all the eggs from
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  Speaker 1: which the workers and queens are produced, the only question
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  Speaker 1: remaining is whether in the normal condition of a colony,
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  Speaker 1: the queen lays the drone eggs. Also, though Jerjon alleges
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  Speaker 1: that he has seen her do so more than fifty times,
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  Speaker 1: still the fact is not conceded by all, and many
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  Speaker 1: of the ablest apiarians continue to controvert the doctrine. We
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  Speaker 1: long labored under delusion ourselves in this particular, but publicly
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  Speaker 1: recanted the error in the Benanzie Tomb number eighth, eighteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty two, when communicating the results of experiments expressly made
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  Speaker 1: to ascertain the truth, and which demonstrated the correctness of
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  Speaker 1: Jerjon's position. We will here briefly recapitulate the statements then
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  Speaker 1: made quote experiment first, on the twelfth of June, I
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  Speaker 1: caught the queen of a colony which contained both worker
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  Speaker 1: and drone brood, and confined her in a cage, which
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  Speaker 1: I suspended in the hive among the bees. On the
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  Speaker 1: eighth of July, I took out all the combs, brushed
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  Speaker 1: off the bees, and examined every cell minutely with the lens,
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  Speaker 1: satisfying myself that there was not a single egg to
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  Speaker 1: be found. I then re inserted the combs and released
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  Speaker 1: the queen. On the twentieth of July, I saw worker
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  Speaker 1: brood and on the twenty third drone brood in the
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  Speaker 1: cells experiment. Second, simultaneously, on the twelfth of June, I
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  Speaker 1: removed the queen of a second colony. On the twenty first,
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  Speaker 1: I took out all the combs and destroyed the royal
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  Speaker 1: cells which had been built on the eighth of July.
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  Speaker 1: Neither worker nor drone brood was to be found in
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  Speaker 1: any of the cells. On the thirty first the combs
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  Speaker 1: contained a large amount of drone brood, namely one hundred
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  Speaker 1: and seventy five larvae and worker cells, some of which
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  Speaker 1: were capped, and fifty four in drone cells. The young
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  Speaker 1: hatched eggs I did not count. Experiment Third, I now
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  Speaker 1: divided the bees of this second colony into three nearly
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  Speaker 1: equal portions, transferred each into an observing hive furnished with
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  Speaker 1: a single empty comb, and carried them to a mill
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  Speaker 1: two miles distant from my apiary. This was done on
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  Speaker 1: the thirty first of July at three p m. I
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  Speaker 1: and my servant Gunther, an enthusiastic apiaryan and fearless operator
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  Speaker 1: now undertook to watch them alternately. At five o'clock, the
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  Speaker 1: bees had deserted two of the hires and joined their
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  Speaker 1: late companions in the third, covering the comb so densely
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  Speaker 1: that no observations could be made. Next morning, we removed
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  Speaker 1: the outlying bees and caught and confined all that issued
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  Speaker 1: till the population was so reduced that the cells of
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  Speaker 1: the combs could conveniently be inspected. Nine eggs could now
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  Speaker 1: be seen in five cells. We continued to watch by
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  Speaker 1: turns all day, without detecting any bee in the act
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  Speaker 1: of laying. At nightfall, we placed the hive on a
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  Speaker 1: table in an arbor and continued our observations by lamplight.
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  Speaker 1: A few minutes before one o'clock, Gunther exclaimed, now there
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  Speaker 1: is one laying. I instantly lifted out the comb, and
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  Speaker 1: Gunther transfixed the bee with a needle. As she was
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  Speaker 1: withdrawing her abdomen from the cell, in which I inserted
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  Speaker 1: a pin in order to mark the spot. Gunther now
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  Speaker 1: drew out the transfixed bee, and on examining the cell,
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  Speaker 1: each of us saw the egg it contained. We then
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  Speaker 1: replaced the comb and closed the hive. About an hour later,
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  Speaker 1: while we were engaged in conversation, a bee suddenly flew
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  Speaker 1: into the flame of the lamp, and I directed Gunthera
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  Speaker 1: to carry the hive out of the arbor. On approaching it,
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  Speaker 1: he remarked that the bees were coursing over its exterior
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  Speaker 1: and great commotion, evidently in search of a queen. They
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  Speaker 1: continued to do so all night, showing that these bees,
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  Speaker 1: which had actually been queenless since the twelfth of June,
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  Speaker 1: were now first really conscious of their destitution, for they
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  Speaker 1: deported themselves precisely like bees which have just discovered that
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  Speaker 1: they have lost their queen, uttering faintly the usual plaintive moan.
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  Speaker 1: At nine o'clock next morning, we transferred the bees to
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  Speaker 1: another observing high I have furnished with a comb certainly
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  Speaker 1: containing no eggs. My object was to ascertain whether egg
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  Speaker 1: lay would still be continued. At six o'clock in the evening,
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  Speaker 1: I found the hive deserted by all the bees except three,
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  Speaker 1: and not an egg had been laid. The egg laying bee,
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  Speaker 1: thus caught flagrante delicto, was precisely similar in size, color,
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  Speaker 1: and appearance to a common worker. No difference whatever was perceptible.
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  Speaker 1: The results of these experiments remarkable, as they are speak
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  Speaker 1: decidedly in favor of Jerjon's theory, and as decidedly against
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  Speaker 1: the views hitherto entertained and defended by mister Brown and myself.
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  Speaker 1: End we will merely add now to what was then
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  Speaker 1: stated that last summer we saw the queen of an
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  Speaker 1: undoubtedly normal colony lay eggs in drone cells. As we
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  Speaker 1: shall relate more in detail when we come to consider
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  Speaker 1: the third proposition, we must regard all further discussion of
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  Speaker 1: this point as superfluous till the opponents of the doctrine
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  Speaker 1: produce new evidence in support of their views, or new
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  Speaker 1: arguments to sustain them. Mister Cadden indeed does advance something new,
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  Speaker 1: inasmuch as when questioning the conclusiveness of these experiments. He
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  Speaker 1: contends that the confinement of a fertile queen and the
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  Speaker 1: consequent cessation of egg laying are not demonstrative evidence that
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  Speaker 1: the drone eggs were laid by the queen, because the
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  Speaker 1: confinement of the queen produces a disturbance in the order
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  Speaker 1: and economy of the colony, without yet placing it in
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  Speaker 1: the condition of actual queenlessness. This disturbance we may surely
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  Speaker 1: be permitted to carry out Mister Cadden's argument causes the
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  Speaker 1: drone mothers to cease laying. Now, if this is not
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  Speaker 1: an argumentum desperatum, there never can be any By the
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  Speaker 1: removal of a queen a colony is at once placed
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  Speaker 1: in a condition of queenlessness. And why the drone mothers,
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  Speaker 1: who are supposed to labor so beautifully in their vocation
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  Speaker 1: while the queen is present, should suddenly cease laying when
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  Speaker 1: she is merely put in dure us in the hive.
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  Speaker 1: We are unable to comprehend. What are those drone mothers,
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  Speaker 1: thus suddenly disturbed to do with the eggs which have
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  Speaker 1: matured and are now ready to be deposited. Shall they
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  Speaker 1: let them drop?
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  Speaker 2: Aye?
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  Speaker 1: But to ascertain whether they do drop them. Mister Caddin
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  Speaker 1: should drum out a colony while drone eggs are laid,
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  Speaker 1: remove the queen, place the bees in an empty hive,
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  Speaker 1: and set this on a blackboard. Eggs ought to patter
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  Speaker 1: down like hail. Or he might transfer the bees to
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  Speaker 1: a high I have furnished with empty drone combs, in
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  Speaker 1: the hope of finding the cells two or three days later,
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  Speaker 1: thoroughly supplied with eggs, whereas, joking apart, he would not
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  Speaker 1: find a single egg. In either case, Let mister Caterer
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  Speaker 1: clip the wings of an unfecundiated queen, and four weeks
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  Speaker 1: after examine the hive for drone brood. Possibly he may
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  Speaker 1: find none, But if perchance some be discovered in a
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  Speaker 1: few cells, let him then transfer the entire community, queen
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  Speaker 1: and workers into an observing hive and watch them carefully.
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  Speaker 1: We can assure him that he will then soon see
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  Speaker 1: the queen lay. He may thus not only satisfy himself
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  Speaker 1: of the untenableness of his doctrine that drone mothers are
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  Speaker 1: regular members of every colony, but at the same time
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  Speaker 1: become convinced that there are queens which, though unfecundated, are
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  Speaker 1: able to lay from which living drones can be developed.
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  Speaker 1: Though many apiarians deny generally that in the normal condition
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  Speaker 1: of a colony the queen ever lays drone eggs, yet
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  Speaker 1: some among them admit that exceptional cases occur when, as
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  Speaker 1: in drone breeding colonies, the queen lays the eggs from
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  Speaker 1: which the drones proceed. Others, however, go so far as
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  Speaker 1: to assert that at no time, and under no circumstances
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  Speaker 1: can a queen lay drone eggs. It must be acknowledged
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  Speaker 1: that the latter reason more consistently than the former, though
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  Speaker 1: they are in fact involved in an equally gross error.
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  Speaker 1: Instead of relying on sheer a priori reasoning, these should
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  Speaker 1: take some drone breeding colony in which the eggs are
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  Speaker 1: laid with regularity cell after cell, and in worker cells especially,
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  Speaker 1: drum out the bees and transfer them to an observing
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  Speaker 1: high have furnished with empty combs. They will then speedily
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  Speaker 1: see what we and others have often seen, a queen
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  Speaker 1: laying drone eggs, or eggs from which drones will in
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  Speaker 1: due time be hatched. Such experiments, however, demand patient observation
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  Speaker 1: and a degree of tact and skill, which all do
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  Speaker 1: not possess, and which it would seem, are more difficult
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  Speaker 1: to acquire than the art of composing fanciful treatises on
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  Speaker 1: bee culture. Three. The eggs in a normal colony are
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  Speaker 1: male and female. From the former precede the drones from
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  Speaker 1: the latter, if laiden narrow cells precede the workers or
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  Speaker 1: undeveloped females. Against this portion of the proposition, three objections
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  Speaker 1: are urged. A. It is denied by some that the
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  Speaker 1: eggs from which the drones are developed are male, inasmuch
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  Speaker 1: as they contend that the drones themselves are not males.
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  Speaker 1: This objection will be thoroughly refuted when we come to
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  Speaker 1: speak of the fecundation of the queen b Those who
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  Speaker 1: advocate the doctrine that special drone mothers exist in every
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  Speaker 1: colony are constrained to contend that imperfectly developed females do
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  Speaker 1: not proceed from all the eggs laden worker cells, but
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  Speaker 1: that some of those eggs produce females perfectly developed alias
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  Speaker 1: drone mothers. We may for the present pass over this objection,
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  Speaker 1: also because the doctrine of the regular occurrence of drone
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  Speaker 1: laying workers in every colony has already been in part
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  Speaker 1: refuted and will be thoroughly discussed and exploded in a
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  Speaker 1: subsequent article. See Doctor Magerstett contends that the workers are
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  Speaker 1: not undeveloped females, but that the major portion of them
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  Speaker 1: are males and the rest drone mothers or consequently developed females.
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  Speaker 1: We may here past this objection likewise, because we shall
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  Speaker 1: have occasion to show in our fourth article that in
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  Speaker 1: the absence of drones, no queen ever becomes perfectly fertile,
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  Speaker 1: that is, capable of laying worker eggs. This would unquestionably
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  Speaker 1: not be the case if the males were to be
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  Speaker 1: found among the workers. End of section.
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  Speaker 2: One Section two of the American b Journal, Volume one,
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  Speaker 2: number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 15:47
  Speaker 2: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 15:51
  Speaker 2: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
• 15:57
  Speaker 2: by Larry Thomas, the American d Journal, volume one, number three,
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  Speaker 2: March eighteen sixty one. By various delayed fecundation, the Baron
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  Speaker 2: of Burlish says, I have now conclusive evidence that, at
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  Speaker 2: least in exceptional cases, a queen can be normally fecundated
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  Speaker 2: after the twenty first day of her age, which is
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  Speaker 2: the longest term allowed by Huber. On the twenty sixth
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  Speaker 2: of June, an Italian queen emerged from her cell, and
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  Speaker 2: on the twenty third of July she returned for the
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  Speaker 2: first time from an excursion with marks of fecundation. On
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  Speaker 2: the morning of the twenty sixth, I saw eggs in
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  Speaker 2: the worker combs of her hive, and on the fifteenth
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  Speaker 2: of August, young Italian workers issued from the cells. Whether
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  Speaker 2: success in a case of such prolonged delay is a
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  Speaker 2: mere and rare exception, I will not undertake to decide.
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  Speaker 2: It were desirable that those who have opportunity to mark
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  Speaker 2: time would report their observations, giving us day day whenever
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  Speaker 2: a case not squaring exactly with what the books tell
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  Speaker 2: us comes under notice. There is hardly any rule without
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  Speaker 2: an exception. Yet it would be satisfactory to know, if
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  Speaker 2: it can be ascertained, how great a range of deviation
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  Speaker 2: or irregularity nature allows herself to indulge in. In the
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  Speaker 2: case of the queen be end of section two.
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  Speaker 3: Section three of the American b Journal, Volume one, number three,
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  Speaker 3: March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 17:54
  Speaker 3: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 17:58
  Speaker 3: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The American
• 18:04
  Speaker 3: Bee Journal, Volume one, number three, by Various March eighteen
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  Speaker 3: sixty one, The Fertility of the Queen A few days
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  Speaker 3: since I purchased two be books published in London the
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  Speaker 3: past year. The greater part of one is devoted to
• 18:23
  Speaker 3: the microscopical Anatomy of the Bee, which is very good.
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  Speaker 3: The author has evidently used the microscope better than he
• 18:30
  Speaker 3: has his own unaided eyes. For some passages. He's apparently
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  Speaker 3: afraid of the insect with which he would familiarize us.
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  Speaker 3: In the other book, there is not a line which
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  Speaker 3: could justify the author in publishing it and inflicting a
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  Speaker 3: loss of time and money upon the reader. There is
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  Speaker 3: no necessity whatever of importing such be books.
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  Speaker 2: Too.
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  Speaker 3: Many of this stamp are issued here. Both the above
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  Speaker 3: mentioned books agree in one thing, viz. The Fertility of
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  Speaker 3: the Queen, which they limit at the high figure of
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  Speaker 3: two hundred eggs a day. Some authors have estimated it
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  Speaker 3: at fifteen hundred a day. A few places the limit
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  Speaker 3: at three thousand a day. Those unacquainted with bee life
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  Speaker 3: will think it strange there should be so great a
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  Speaker 3: difference in the estimates of different men. The fact is
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  Speaker 3: many have too high regard for authorities. Too many writers
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  Speaker 3: are not practical men, or they are too lazy or
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  Speaker 3: too timid to investigate for themselves. According to the size
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  Speaker 3: of the hive, the strength of the colony, the season,
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  Speaker 3: the number of swarms cast, the amount of stores accumulated, etc.
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  Speaker 3: You will find an amount of brood showing that during
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  Speaker 3: the past twenty one days, which is the period from
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  Speaker 3: the egg to the bee, the queen has been laying
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  Speaker 3: at the rate of fifty or of three thousand eggs
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  Speaker 3: a day. The fertility of the queen is influenced by
• 19:55
  Speaker 3: the strength of the colony, the size of the hive,
• 19:58
  Speaker 3: the amount of stores accumulate, the state of the harvest,
• 20:02
  Speaker 3: and the temperature of the weather. A hive is too
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  Speaker 3: small to permit the queen to develop her full fertility if,
• 20:09
  Speaker 3: when filled with comb, there are not cells enough to
• 20:12
  Speaker 3: contain all the eggs she can lay. The same condition
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  Speaker 3: practically exists in a large hive when the comb is
• 20:19
  Speaker 3: so filled with honey and bee bread that there are
• 20:21
  Speaker 3: but few empty cells for the queen to deposit in
• 20:25
  Speaker 3: hives that have cast several swarms in the season are
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  Speaker 3: generally very weak in numbers, although they may possess plenty
• 20:31
  Speaker 3: of stores in fact overwealth. This condition is brought about
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  Speaker 3: as follows. After casting a swarm, the old hive remains
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  Speaker 3: for eight to twenty or more days without a fertile queen.
• 20:46
  Speaker 3: In the meantime, the workers are actively engaged in bringing
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  Speaker 3: in honey and pollen, and in filling vacant cells which
• 20:52
  Speaker 3: would be used for brood where they are in possession
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  Speaker 3: of a fertile queen. This state of affairs if repeated
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  Speaker 3: by swarming two or more times in a season, the
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  Speaker 3: cells remaining vacant are reduced to so small a number
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  Speaker 3: that it is impossible for the queen to exercise for
• 21:09
  Speaker 3: remarkable reproductive power. The number of eggs deposited by the
• 21:13
  Speaker 3: queen is limited to the strength of the colony. No
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  Speaker 3: more eggs will be laid than the workers can take
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  Speaker 3: care of, so it would be unfair to judge the
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  Speaker 3: capacity of the queen for examination of a weak colony.
• 21:27
  Speaker 3: When the honey harvest fails, we notice the workers prudently
• 21:30
  Speaker 3: commence killing off the drones, except in queenless stocks within
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  Speaker 3: the hive. At this time one observes less activity in
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  Speaker 3: breeding and no more drone brood. Where much buckwheat is
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  Speaker 3: raised and fall be pasture abundant, you will observe many
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  Speaker 3: hives recommence raising drones, and a greatly increased activity in laying.
• 21:51
  Speaker 3: And when the fall pasture is long continued and abundant,
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  Speaker 3: some swarms will issue. From the above, we may conclude that,
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  Speaker 3: if the amount and kind of brood produced depends upon
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  Speaker 3: abundant food, if engaging in raising Italian queens, as many
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  Speaker 3: will be the coming season, you may make more sure
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  Speaker 3: of pure impregnation by increasing your stock of Italian drones
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  Speaker 3: through feeding as early as possible in the season and
• 22:18
  Speaker 3: supplying them with drone comb, and thus by artificially raising queens,
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  Speaker 3: getting them impregnated before the appearance of common drones. Less
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  Speaker 3: brood is produced. In cold weather, some springs are particularly
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  Speaker 3: unfavorable some years. On this account, breeding is so backward
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  Speaker 3: that the honey harvest is nearly gone before hives are
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  Speaker 3: sufficiently powerful to take advantage of it. When all the
• 22:43
  Speaker 3: conditions are favorable, the queen can deposit three thousand eggs
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  Speaker 3: a day. This remarkable fertility has been placed beyond doubt
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  Speaker 3: by several apiarians who have taken the trouble not only
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  Speaker 3: to estimate but to count the cells occupied by brood.
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  Speaker 3: I know I have very imperfectly followed out this subject.
• 23:03
  Speaker 3: I hope from its interest some more experienced person will
• 23:06
  Speaker 3: do it justice in the Bee Journal, and that hereafter
• 23:11
  Speaker 3: no b book will be published. Giving the reproductiveness of
• 23:14
  Speaker 3: the queen at two hundred eggs a day EP, New York.
• 23:20
  Speaker 3: Footnote one. Salt slightly moistened with water and applied to
• 23:24
  Speaker 3: the wound, has in many instances relieved the pain caused
• 23:28
  Speaker 3: by the sting of a bee and prevented swelling, But
• 23:32
  Speaker 3: like remedies for the toothache, it is not effectual in
• 23:35
  Speaker 3: every case. Footnote two. Eight good days will enable a
• 23:40
  Speaker 3: strong colony to make up for eight bad weeks. End
• 23:44
  Speaker 3: of section three. Read by John Eric Shephard, Mesa, Arizona,
• 23:50
  Speaker 3: March eleventh, twenty twenty four.
• 24:00
  Speaker 4: Section four of the American Bee Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 24:04
  Speaker 4: March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 24:08
  Speaker 4: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 24:12
  Speaker 4: or to volunteer. Please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
• 24:16
  Speaker 4: Candice M. The American b Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 24:21
  Speaker 4: March eighteen sixty one, by various The Queen B. The
• 24:26
  Speaker 4: Queen B, this most important member of the busy commonwealth,
• 24:30
  Speaker 4: has been appropriately called the mother b. Laying all the
• 24:33
  Speaker 4: eggs in the hive, she is truly the parent of
• 24:35
  Speaker 4: the entire population drones as well as workers. The ancients, indeed,
• 24:40
  Speaker 4: having an imperfect knowledge of the internal economy of these communities,
• 24:43
  Speaker 4: misnamed her King, conceiving it to be the office of
• 24:46
  Speaker 4: so distinguished a personage to regulate and govern the masses.
• 24:50
  Speaker 4: This erranus notion has perpetuated itself in various countries even
• 24:54
  Speaker 4: to our day, and we not unfrequently meet with bee
• 24:56
  Speaker 4: keepers who receive it with implicit faith. Yet, whenever one
• 25:00
  Speaker 4: of the special opinions of some the large majority of
• 25:02
  Speaker 4: intelligent apiarians everywhere concur in assigning to her the character,
• 25:06
  Speaker 4: she can justly claim that of being the common mother
• 25:09
  Speaker 4: of the family. So long as she is present in
• 25:11
  Speaker 4: the hive, all the eggs found therein are laid by her.
• 25:15
  Speaker 4: The truth of this may readily be ascertained by introducing
• 25:18
  Speaker 4: an Italian queen among common bees. All the young subsequently
• 25:22
  Speaker 4: hatched from her eggs, both workers and drones will wear
• 25:25
  Speaker 4: the livery of the foreign race, and the old stock
• 25:28
  Speaker 4: will gradually disappear, none of their own kith and kin
• 25:32
  Speaker 4: being thenceforward produced. It is thus rendered certain that all
• 25:35
  Speaker 4: the eggs originate with the queen. But as the cells
• 25:39
  Speaker 4: in which the drones are bred differ in depth and
• 25:41
  Speaker 4: diameter from those which cradle the workers and drones are, besides,
• 25:44
  Speaker 4: reared at certain seasons, only the queen must evidently possess
• 25:47
  Speaker 4: the ability to distinguish between the two kinds of cells,
• 25:50
  Speaker 4: and to lay male or female eggs at pleasure according
• 25:53
  Speaker 4: to the needs of the colony. That she has its
• 25:55
  Speaker 4: ability as an undeniable fact, however difficult it may be
• 25:59
  Speaker 4: to account for or explain it. It baffled numerous observers
• 26:02
  Speaker 4: till in eighteen forty five Zearsen submitted a hypothesis which,
• 26:05
  Speaker 4: though at first derided, is now acknowledged to be correct
• 26:08
  Speaker 4: and sufficient to explain in the simplest manner the mysterious
• 26:11
  Speaker 4: phenomena which had so long perplexed the shrewdest inquirers. The
• 26:16
  Speaker 4: essential part of this hypothesis is that in the egg
• 26:18
  Speaker 4: maturing in the ovary of the queen, sexuality is as
• 26:21
  Speaker 4: yet undetermined, the germ being simply vitalized. The determination of
• 26:25
  Speaker 4: sex is an after process. Among insects, the males occupy
• 26:29
  Speaker 4: in altogether suborded in station, and for their production fewer
• 26:32
  Speaker 4: or less potential conditions are required than for the production
• 26:35
  Speaker 4: of females. Hence, in the case of the bee, nothing
• 26:38
  Speaker 4: more is needed for the development of a male germ
• 26:41
  Speaker 4: than the same natural or maternal influence which suffice to
• 26:44
  Speaker 4: vitalize the egg, and this is rendered efficient by the
• 26:47
  Speaker 4: passage of the egg through the oviduct, Whereas for the
• 26:50
  Speaker 4: development of a female germ, the cooperative influence of male
• 26:53
  Speaker 4: sperm is indispensable, and this is effected during the passage
• 26:56
  Speaker 4: of the egg through the oviduct. Accordingly, drones or male
• 27:00
  Speaker 4: owe their existence exclusively to the queen or mother. The
• 27:03
  Speaker 4: workers or females, on the other hand, of theirs immediately
• 27:06
  Speaker 4: to the queen, butmediately also to the drone by which
• 27:09
  Speaker 4: she was vecundated. The feasibility of all this results from
• 27:12
  Speaker 4: the further circumstances that, in the act of copulation fertilization
• 27:16
  Speaker 4: does not extend to the ovaries of the queen. For
• 27:18
  Speaker 4: the million of eggs which a fertile queen may lay
• 27:21
  Speaker 4: during her life are not then at most more than
• 27:23
  Speaker 4: in cooedly present, if indeed they may be conceived of
• 27:26
  Speaker 4: as rudimentally existing at the time, and that which does
• 27:30
  Speaker 4: not potentially, perhaps not even rudimentally exist, cannot be susceptible
• 27:34
  Speaker 4: of fertilization. The fact, as ascertained by dissection, is simply thus.
• 27:39
  Speaker 4: In copulation, a small sack or vesicle called the spermathica,
• 27:43
  Speaker 4: situated on the overduct and connected with it, becomes charged
• 27:46
  Speaker 4: with the male sperm and constitutes the reservoir from which
• 27:48
  Speaker 4: the supplies are drawn as needed. Eggs, which in their
• 27:51
  Speaker 4: passage through the oviduct become impregnated with the male sperm
• 27:54
  Speaker 4: as they pass the mouth of the spermatheca, produce workers,
• 27:57
  Speaker 4: and eggs not so impregnated on their pasties produced drones.
• 28:01
  Speaker 4: This fully accounts for the apparent anomaly that certain queens
• 28:04
  Speaker 4: which were either restrained from copulation or having no spermatheca,
• 28:09
  Speaker 4: were incapable of fecundation, or whose spermatheca has in time
• 28:13
  Speaker 4: become exhausted if they do lay eggs, lay such only
• 28:16
  Speaker 4: as produced drones. A healthy, fecundated queen can lay both
• 28:20
  Speaker 4: worker and drone eggs at pleasure the mere exertion or
• 28:23
  Speaker 4: non exertion of muscular action, sufficing to impregnate the egg
• 28:27
  Speaker 4: during its passage through the overduct, or suffering it to
• 28:30
  Speaker 4: pass uninfluenced by male sperm. It was objected to this
• 28:33
  Speaker 4: hypothesis that life cannot originate without sexual concourse. Yet, in
• 28:37
  Speaker 4: defiance of all a priori reasoning, the indubitable fact existed
• 28:41
  Speaker 4: that drones are produced where no such concourse occurred, and
• 28:45
  Speaker 4: it was a fair inference that whatever does actually occur
• 28:48
  Speaker 4: must also be possible, whether we can explain it or not.
• 28:51
  Speaker 4: The objection, however, had to be abandoned as no longer tenable,
• 28:54
  Speaker 4: when it was ascertained that non sexual generation unquestionably exists
• 28:58
  Speaker 4: as a regular mode of reproduction in various other classes
• 29:01
  Speaker 4: of insects. Professor von Sieboldt has placed this beyond doubt,
• 29:05
  Speaker 4: and his treatise on Parthenogenesis in bees and butterflies, so
• 29:08
  Speaker 4: that much as they dislike the doctrine as contravening long
• 29:11
  Speaker 4: cherished notions, the most distinguished physiologists now concede its truth.
• 29:15
  Speaker 4: To what extent it may prevail among the lower orders
• 29:18
  Speaker 4: of animals is not yet known, but it has since
• 29:20
  Speaker 4: been discovered that it obtains also among numerous classes of plants.
• 29:25
  Speaker 4: From every female or worker egg, a perfect female or
• 29:28
  Speaker 4: queen can be reared if it be developed in a
• 29:30
  Speaker 4: wider and longer vertically placed cell supplied plentifully with the
• 29:33
  Speaker 4: requisite jelly. It is, not, however, indispensable that the egg
• 29:37
  Speaker 4: should be originally deposited in such a cell. The bees
• 29:40
  Speaker 4: can transform a common worker cell to a royal cell,
• 29:43
  Speaker 4: even after the larva therein is several days old, by
• 29:46
  Speaker 4: widening that portion not yet occupied by their larvae, supplying
• 29:49
  Speaker 4: it lavishly with jelly, and then lengthening it downwards. It
• 29:53
  Speaker 4: is remarkable, too that the queen, though more fully developed
• 29:56
  Speaker 4: than the worker, yet emerges from her cell three days sooner.
• 29:59
  Speaker 4: She usually leaves the cell on the seventeenth day after
• 30:02
  Speaker 4: the egg was laid if hatched in what the Germans
• 30:04
  Speaker 4: call a pre constructed cell, but she will issue from
• 30:07
  Speaker 4: what they call a post constructed cell, sometimes as early
• 30:10
  Speaker 4: as on the eleventh, though more commonly on the twelfth
• 30:13
  Speaker 4: day after the bees began to transform the worker cell
• 30:16
  Speaker 4: in which the egg was hatched. If a populous colony
• 30:19
  Speaker 4: be deprived of its queen, a swarm with a young
• 30:21
  Speaker 4: queen undoubtedly reared after the deprivation will issue occasionally on
• 30:25
  Speaker 4: the thirteenth, but more generally on the fourteenth day, counting
• 30:28
  Speaker 4: from the day of removal. The queen usually leaves her
• 30:31
  Speaker 4: cell on the day before the swarm issues, and if
• 30:34
  Speaker 4: the swarm comes on the twelfth day, it is manifest
• 30:37
  Speaker 4: that the bees must have chosen for the royal embryo
• 30:40
  Speaker 4: a larva six days old. Consequently, the notion hitherto prevalent
• 30:44
  Speaker 4: that queens can only be reared from larva not more
• 30:46
  Speaker 4: than three or at most four days old, cannot be correct.
• 30:50
  Speaker 4: We may rather assume as truth that any work or
• 30:53
  Speaker 4: larva is capable of being developed as a queen, so
• 30:56
  Speaker 4: long as the bees have not begun to cap the
• 30:58
  Speaker 4: cell which contains it. Commonly, younger larva are selected by them.
• 31:02
  Speaker 4: If just prior to that time the cell be widened, lengthened,
• 31:05
  Speaker 4: and supplied with jelly, a perfect queen can still be reared,
• 31:09
  Speaker 4: for the sexual organs are formed latest and are certainly
• 31:12
  Speaker 4: not fully developed to the larva assumes the nymph state.
• 31:15
  Speaker 4: When selecting a larva for the purpose of rearing a queen,
• 31:18
  Speaker 4: the choice seems to be determined by the location of
• 31:20
  Speaker 4: the cell. It must be so situated that it can
• 31:23
  Speaker 4: be conveniently widened and extended downwards without involving the destruction
• 31:27
  Speaker 4: of brood, though when absolutely necessary, broods situated in lower
• 31:31
  Speaker 4: cells will be sacrificed. Cells on or near the edges
• 31:34
  Speaker 4: of the comb or on the margin of interior passages
• 31:37
  Speaker 4: are usually preferred. The royal cell is used only once
• 31:40
  Speaker 4: for rearing a queen, the bees subsequently destroying it in
• 31:43
  Speaker 4: whole or in part. Where a number of such cells
• 31:46
  Speaker 4: have been constructed and a mature queen emerges from one
• 31:49
  Speaker 4: of them, the rest are demolished and the embryo queens
• 31:52
  Speaker 4: cast out. If the colony does not contemplate swarming. In
• 31:55
  Speaker 4: such cases, the doomed cells are torn open at the
• 31:58
  Speaker 4: side and the chrysalis removed. A mature queen liberates herself
• 32:01
  Speaker 4: by cutting around the base of the cap with her
• 32:03
  Speaker 4: mandibles and then emerging through the circular orifice thus formed
• 32:07
  Speaker 4: at the apex of the cell. If we would preserve
• 32:09
  Speaker 4: the supernumerary royal cells from destruction. They must be removed
• 32:13
  Speaker 4: on or before the tenth day, or we may find
• 32:16
  Speaker 4: on the eleventh that the bees have ejected the embryo
• 32:18
  Speaker 4: queens and begun the work of demolition. After a young
• 32:22
  Speaker 4: queen has been successfully reared, it is still very uncertain
• 32:25
  Speaker 4: whether she will become perfectly fertile. To become so, concourse
• 32:29
  Speaker 4: with a drone is indispensably necessary, and for that purpose
• 32:32
  Speaker 4: she usually leaves the hive on the third day after
• 32:34
  Speaker 4: emerging from her cell. Most writers are of the opinion
• 32:38
  Speaker 4: that unless she is fecundated within three weeks from the
• 32:40
  Speaker 4: time when she begins to make her excursions, she cannot
• 32:43
  Speaker 4: produce worker eggs. Recent observations, however, render it probable that
• 32:48
  Speaker 4: the time is not in all cases so limited. Though
• 32:51
  Speaker 4: the colony in which she was reared have no drones,
• 32:53
  Speaker 4: she may still become fertile if drones from other colonies
• 32:56
  Speaker 4: are flying while she is on the wing. Drones and
• 32:59
  Speaker 4: queens appear to be attracted to each other by the
• 33:02
  Speaker 4: sounds produced by their wings, and the meeting sometimes takes
• 33:05
  Speaker 4: place at a great distance from the hive to which
• 33:07
  Speaker 4: the queen belongs. This is evident from a production of
• 33:10
  Speaker 4: hybrid brood in one instance, in an apiary situated three
• 33:13
  Speaker 4: miles distant from the nearest Italian stock. After a queen
• 33:17
  Speaker 4: has become fertile, she never leaves her hive, unless when
• 33:20
  Speaker 4: accompanying a swarm. That this is so may easily be
• 33:23
  Speaker 4: ascertained by clipping her wings. When she has begun to lay,
• 33:27
  Speaker 4: she will thereafter always be found in her own proper hive,
• 33:30
  Speaker 4: and as such a queen continues fertile during life, it
• 33:34
  Speaker 4: is certain that she has no occasion to repeat her excursions.
• 33:38
  Speaker 4: An Italian queen fecundated by a common drone produces during
• 33:41
  Speaker 4: life either pure Italian or hybrid workers and Italian drones exclusively,
• 33:47
  Speaker 4: thus demonstrating that the male eggs are not impregnated. If
• 33:51
  Speaker 4: from accident or disease, a queen loses her ability to
• 33:54
  Speaker 4: lay worker eggs, she never recovers it. Queens are sometimes
• 33:57
  Speaker 4: lost during their excursions, being exposed to numerous risks while
• 34:01
  Speaker 4: absent from their hives. Occasionally, also, they are attacked and
• 34:04
  Speaker 4: killed by their own bees on their return, having probably
• 34:07
  Speaker 4: contracted an offensive odor while absent, which causes them to
• 34:11
  Speaker 4: mistake her for a stranger. This, however, is an exceedingly
• 34:14
  Speaker 4: rare occurrence. Zearsen says it has happened only twice in
• 34:18
  Speaker 4: his knowledge. In his apiary. They are more frequently killed
• 34:21
  Speaker 4: when entering some other hive by mistake, or on their
• 34:23
  Speaker 4: return from nuptial excursions. This is apt to happen when
• 34:27
  Speaker 4: the hives in an apiary are very similar in size,
• 34:30
  Speaker 4: shape in appearance, or stand close together. A young queen
• 34:34
  Speaker 4: may likewise have her wings injured in a conflict with
• 34:37
  Speaker 4: the arrival, so as to be unable to fly, and
• 34:39
  Speaker 4: will then be lost when leaving the hives to meet
• 34:41
  Speaker 4: the drones. In such case, the colony will inevitably be
• 34:45
  Speaker 4: ruined unless its condition be seasonably discovered and is once supplied.
• 34:50
  Speaker 4: It is therefore a useful precaution to furnish every colony
• 34:53
  Speaker 4: which has an unfecndiated queen with a comb containing eggs
• 34:56
  Speaker 4: and larvae that they may have within reach the means
• 34:59
  Speaker 4: of providing a secu accessor if the queen be lost,
• 35:01
  Speaker 4: such a colony will exhibit greater industry than one not
• 35:04
  Speaker 4: so supplied, and the young queen will make her excursion
• 35:07
  Speaker 4: earlier than she otherwise would, because there is a higher
• 35:10
  Speaker 4: degree of temperature maintained in the hive, as the queen
• 35:13
  Speaker 4: will always commence laying in the empty cells of the
• 35:15
  Speaker 4: brood comb thus inserted, it should be placed in that
• 35:18
  Speaker 4: part of the hive where it is desired to have
• 35:20
  Speaker 4: the principal brooding quarter. The lower and hinder part of
• 35:23
  Speaker 4: the hive are the preferable place, because the upper and
• 35:26
  Speaker 4: interior portions will then be reserved for storage room. It
• 35:29
  Speaker 4: is also advantageous to select a comb having brewed only
• 35:32
  Speaker 4: in the lower ranges of cells. To ascertain whether a
• 35:36
  Speaker 4: queen which has not begun to lay has made unsuccessful excursions,
• 35:39
  Speaker 4: catch her and allow her to fly ten or twelve
• 35:42
  Speaker 4: feet in front of her hive, she will immediately return
• 35:45
  Speaker 4: to it if she was ever out before. An old
• 35:48
  Speaker 4: queen which made her excursions from some other locality will
• 35:51
  Speaker 4: not return to the hive, but seek her home elsewhere,
• 35:54
  Speaker 4: which shows conclusively that queens never leave after having become fertile.
• 35:58
  Speaker 4: There is a great difference in the degree of fertility
• 36:00
  Speaker 4: exhibited by queens, some being much more productive than others.
• 36:04
  Speaker 4: This results from the more or less complete development of
• 36:07
  Speaker 4: the body and the condition of the limbs, especially of
• 36:09
  Speaker 4: the feet. A lame queen is slow, timid, and cautious
• 36:13
  Speaker 4: in her movements, hesitates to pass from one comb to another,
• 36:16
  Speaker 4: and reluctantly approaches the edges of the combs. Thus the
• 36:20
  Speaker 4: cells are irregularly supplied and brooding is repressed. Those queens
• 36:24
  Speaker 4: are best which deposit eggs in a regular and uniform manner,
• 36:27
  Speaker 4: supplying cell after cell without leaving vacancies. The brood will
• 36:31
  Speaker 4: then mature at nearly the same time, and the queen
• 36:34
  Speaker 4: can resupply the combs without wasting time in search of
• 36:37
  Speaker 4: empty cells. Such queens should be preserved as long as
• 36:40
  Speaker 4: they remain healthy and vigorous, and such as are in
• 36:43
  Speaker 4: this respect irregular in their habits should be discarded without delay.
• 36:47
  Speaker 4: The population of a colony and its productiveness depend greatly
• 36:51
  Speaker 4: on the fertility of the queen in the habit she
• 36:53
  Speaker 4: has of dispatching business Methodically. Fertile, as the queens of
• 36:57
  Speaker 4: common bees are known to be, they are yet greatly
• 36:59
  Speaker 4: surpassed by their Italian rivals. Of two colonies equally populous
• 37:03
  Speaker 4: in the spring, the Italian will increase much the more rapidly,
• 37:06
  Speaker 4: and by its remarkable and indefatigable industry will also surpass
• 37:10
  Speaker 4: it in the accumulation of stores. It is an interesting
• 37:13
  Speaker 4: question how many eggs a queen may lay in a
• 37:16
  Speaker 4: given time under favorable circumstances. Zeers An estimates the number
• 37:20
  Speaker 4: of eggs laid by a vigorous queen during the swarming
• 37:22
  Speaker 4: season at three thousand per day, if the colony be
• 37:25
  Speaker 4: populous enough to cover the combs properly. This is certainly
• 37:28
  Speaker 4: not incredible, as queens have been known to lay from
• 37:31
  Speaker 4: two hundred to three hundred in an hour. Kirsten limits
• 37:34
  Speaker 4: the number at two hundred per day at the most
• 37:36
  Speaker 4: favorable season, But as eggs are hatched and the brood
• 37:39
  Speaker 4: fully matured in twenty one days, if this were correct,
• 37:42
  Speaker 4: there could never be more than forty two hundred cells
• 37:45
  Speaker 4: occupied by eggs in brood. These could amply be accommodated
• 37:49
  Speaker 4: in a single comb nine inches square, whereas we not
• 37:52
  Speaker 4: unfrequently find a dozen such combs in a hive filled
• 37:55
  Speaker 4: with brood at one and the same time. On the whole,
• 37:58
  Speaker 4: we may confidently assume that a vigorous queen may annually
• 38:01
  Speaker 4: lay from two hundred and fifty thousand to three hundred
• 38:04
  Speaker 4: thousand eggs, or at least one million in the four
• 38:07
  Speaker 4: years which constitutes the average duration of a queen's life.
• 38:10
  Speaker 4: Many of these eggs, indeed may not be hatched or
• 38:13
  Speaker 4: become fully developed, as the workers are apt to destroy brood,
• 38:16
  Speaker 4: especially when pasturage fails or the weather proves unfavorable. It
• 38:21
  Speaker 4: is of the utmost importance in practicab beculture that the
• 38:24
  Speaker 4: apiarian should possess full and accurate knowledge of the nature
• 38:27
  Speaker 4: and functions of the queen, as the most interesting in
• 38:30
  Speaker 4: may of the cell. He should know how she is produced,
• 38:33
  Speaker 4: how facndated, what are her habits, how she influences and
• 38:36
  Speaker 4: is influenced by the workers, and how differently these treat
• 38:39
  Speaker 4: her before and after she becomes fertile. He who lacks
• 38:43
  Speaker 4: this knowledge will be liable to make many mistakes, whether
• 38:45
  Speaker 4: he relies on natural swarming or resource to artificial processes
• 38:49
  Speaker 4: for the increase of his stock. Thus, for instance, if
• 38:52
  Speaker 4: a first swarm from one hive and a second swarm
• 38:55
  Speaker 4: from another happened to issue at the same time and unite,
• 38:58
  Speaker 4: he must know which of the two queens should be
• 39:00
  Speaker 4: preserved and given to the united stock. If contest among
• 39:03
  Speaker 4: bees and consequent queenlessness are to be prevented again. When
• 39:07
  Speaker 4: an artificial colony is started and an unfecndided queen is
• 39:11
  Speaker 4: given to it, the result will, in ninety nine cases
• 39:14
  Speaker 4: out of one hundred be a failure. The workers accustomed
• 39:17
  Speaker 4: to the presence of a fertile queen, have little regard
• 39:20
  Speaker 4: for and no attachment to, one which does not lay eggs,
• 39:22
  Speaker 4: and will most generally destroy her if free, or cripple
• 39:25
  Speaker 4: her if confined in a cage. Bees will accept an
• 39:29
  Speaker 4: unfrecandided queen only after they have for some time been
• 39:32
  Speaker 4: conscious of their queenless condition, and then receive her reluctantly
• 39:36
  Speaker 4: for want of a better. Under such circumstances, artificial colonies
• 39:39
  Speaker 4: would succeed only if the workers have been taken from
• 39:42
  Speaker 4: a colony deprived of its queen and which has already
• 39:45
  Speaker 4: built royal cells, or from one which sent forth a
• 39:48
  Speaker 4: swarm a few days before. End of section four.
• 39:58
  Speaker 5: Section five of the American Bee Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 40:02
  Speaker 5: March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 40:06
  Speaker 5: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 40:10
  Speaker 5: or to volunteer, please visit libreyvox dot org. Read by
• 40:13
  Speaker 5: Katie Johnstone the American b Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 40:18
  Speaker 5: March eighteen sixty one, by various A profitable apiary in
• 40:23
  Speaker 5: Carniola beswarmerly from the rural New Yorker A profitable apary.
• 40:30
  Speaker 5: We find from time to time in many of our
• 40:32
  Speaker 5: agricultural journals large and sometimes incredulous accounts in regard to
• 40:36
  Speaker 5: the profits of b culture, and hence it seems to
• 40:39
  Speaker 5: be necessary to furnish proper testimony when such information is given,
• 40:44
  Speaker 5: that it may be received as reliable. To do this,
• 40:48
  Speaker 5: I would say, without further preliminary remarks, that the apary
• 40:51
  Speaker 5: of which I'm about to state a few astonishing facts
• 40:54
  Speaker 5: is in the town of Alabama, Genesee County, New York,
• 40:58
  Speaker 5: and is owned by Quancy S. Karinatin, whose po address
• 41:02
  Speaker 5: is akron Erie County in this state, and who will
• 41:06
  Speaker 5: cheerfully verify the following statements if necessary. Mister h had
• 41:11
  Speaker 5: in the spring of eighteen fifty nine five stalks of
• 41:14
  Speaker 5: bees in the week's hive, which is provided with a
• 41:17
  Speaker 5: surplus honey chamber holding two boxes, and will, when full,
• 41:21
  Speaker 5: contain about twenty five pounds. These stocks that season gave
• 41:26
  Speaker 5: five swarms which were saved four put into the Langstrot
• 41:29
  Speaker 5: movable cone hives, and the other into the week's hive.
• 41:33
  Speaker 5: All of these wintered well, so that last spring eighteen
• 41:36
  Speaker 5: sixty mister H had ten good stocks. How much surplus
• 41:41
  Speaker 5: honey mister H had last season, I am unable to
• 41:43
  Speaker 5: say he had quite a quantity. However, the increase, it
• 41:48
  Speaker 5: will be obvious, was quite ordinary. The ten stocks this
• 41:52
  Speaker 5: season eighteen sixty gave seventeen swarms which were saved. All,
• 41:56
  Speaker 5: with the exception of six, were put into the langstroth hives.
• 42:00
  Speaker 5: Mister H has this season taken off from the hives
• 42:03
  Speaker 5: of ten stocks and seventeen swarms eight hundred and thirty
• 42:07
  Speaker 5: six pounds of surplus honey, the principal part of which
• 42:10
  Speaker 5: was disposed of by contract at fourteen cents per pound
• 42:15
  Speaker 5: eight hundred and thirty six pounds surplus honey at fourteen
• 42:18
  Speaker 5: cents per pound, one hundred and seventeen dollars and four cents.
• 42:22
  Speaker 5: Seventeen swarms exclusive of hive at five dollars each, eighty
• 42:27
  Speaker 5: five dollars. Profits of the ten old stocks two hundred
• 42:31
  Speaker 5: two dollars and four cents or twenty dollars fifty two
• 42:35
  Speaker 5: one hundred per stock. The week's hives eight in number
• 42:39
  Speaker 5: gave two hundred and thirteen pounds of surplus honey, nearly
• 42:43
  Speaker 5: twenty seven pounds each. The langs draft hives, thirteen in
• 42:47
  Speaker 5: number gave six hundred and twenty three pounds of surplus honey,
• 42:51
  Speaker 5: nearly forty eight pounds each. It will also be observed
• 42:55
  Speaker 5: that only twenty one colonies produced surplus honey twenty one
• 42:59
  Speaker 5: colony eight hundred and thirty six pounds honey, nearly forty
• 43:03
  Speaker 5: pounds each. I presume that someone is now ready to
• 43:07
  Speaker 5: make inquiries. Have these colonies honey enough to winter them
• 43:11
  Speaker 5: with safety? Have these colonies been fed? In reply to
• 43:15
  Speaker 5: these inquiries, I would say that I visited mister H
• 43:18
  Speaker 5: and his apiary a few weeks since for the express
• 43:21
  Speaker 5: purpose of ascertaining these points. Mister H and myself examined
• 43:25
  Speaker 5: each colony thoroughly and estimated that the colonies would average
• 43:30
  Speaker 5: at least thirty pounds of honey, nearly every frame being
• 43:33
  Speaker 5: filled with comb and honey. As twenty five pounds is
• 43:37
  Speaker 5: generally sufficient to winter a colony of bees. Even in
• 43:40
  Speaker 5: an exposed situation, there will be no danger of losing
• 43:44
  Speaker 5: any bees for want of food. There seems to be
• 43:48
  Speaker 5: but little difference in the weight of each colony in
• 43:50
  Speaker 5: the Langstroth Hives, as by means of the frames, mister
• 43:54
  Speaker 5: L has been enabled pretty nearly to equalize their contents.
• 43:58
  Speaker 5: Mister H informs me that the fels in his vicinity
• 44:01
  Speaker 5: were literally covered with white clover, which secreted an abundance
• 44:05
  Speaker 5: of honey nearly the whole season, thereby affording to his
• 44:09
  Speaker 5: bees extraordinary facilities for laying up large and almost fabulous
• 44:14
  Speaker 5: stores of honey. Mister L says that no honey nor
• 44:17
  Speaker 5: liquid of any kind was fed to his bees. Were
• 44:20
  Speaker 5: it not that I apprehend some of the foregoing statements
• 44:23
  Speaker 5: may by some be discredited, I would give the profits
• 44:26
  Speaker 5: of one or two of his best colonies. It may
• 44:29
  Speaker 5: perhaps be the better way, all things considered, to let
• 44:32
  Speaker 5: what has been said suffice. In conclusion. Let me remark
• 44:36
  Speaker 5: that the foregoing statements in reference to the honey were
• 44:39
  Speaker 5: condensed from a memorandum which mister H keeps expressly for
• 44:43
  Speaker 5: the purpose of knowing the exact profit of each colony. M. M. Baldridge, Middleport,
• 44:49
  Speaker 5: Niagara County, New York, December fourth, eighteen sixty in Carniola,
• 44:56
  Speaker 5: bees swarm early and very frequently in favorable years. In
• 45:00
  Speaker 5: the apiary of the Reverend mister jud of Sava, a
• 45:04
  Speaker 5: swarm issued on the thirtieth of March eighteen forty seven
• 45:07
  Speaker 5: from one of his hives, and another from a different
• 45:10
  Speaker 5: hive on the first April in the same year. Mister
• 45:14
  Speaker 5: Jeuffor of Danny had ten swarms that year as the
• 45:17
  Speaker 5: increase of one hive. The parent hives swarmed six times,
• 45:22
  Speaker 5: and the first and second swarms sent forth to each.
• 45:25
  Speaker 5: He obtained ninety four good swarms from thirteen old stocks.
• 45:31
  Speaker 5: Please send us names of beekeepers. End of section.
• 45:36
  Speaker 6: Five Section six of The American b Journal, Volume one,
• 45:46
  Speaker 6: number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 45:51
  Speaker 6: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 45:55
  Speaker 6: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
• 46:00
  Speaker 6: by Christine Rucker, the American Bee Journal, volume one, number three,
• 46:05
  Speaker 6: March eighteen sixty one. By various suggestions before the season opens,
• 46:12
  Speaker 6: it may be for the mutual benefit of bee keepers
• 46:15
  Speaker 6: if those who have met with difficulties in the manipulation
• 46:18
  Speaker 6: of hives will suggest a remedy. Sometimes this can no
• 46:23
  Speaker 6: doubt be answered at once by those who have had
• 46:25
  Speaker 6: large experience. If not answered and the remedy seems feasible,
• 46:30
  Speaker 6: then many might try it and report through the journal.
• 46:34
  Speaker 6: For instance, to keep frames firm, it is desirable that
• 46:39
  Speaker 6: the frames and immovable comb hives should be arranged and
• 46:42
  Speaker 6: kept firm in their places. The writer has adopted, for
• 46:46
  Speaker 6: want of a better the following plan. An inch tack
• 46:51
  Speaker 6: is driven halfway into the edge of the perpendicular end
• 46:55
  Speaker 6: of each frame, also into the edge of the top
• 46:59
  Speaker 6: of the frame, one at each end, so that one
• 47:03
  Speaker 6: frame cannot approach another within one half inch. In fact,
• 47:07
  Speaker 6: when a frame is laid down on one of its sides,
• 47:10
  Speaker 6: it stands on four legs. The two outside frames have
• 47:14
  Speaker 6: a perpendicular division in the center, and on this division
• 47:18
  Speaker 6: is tacked a square inch of sheet lead. Now, when
• 47:23
  Speaker 6: all the frames are in the hive, a screw is
• 47:25
  Speaker 6: entered from the outside of the hive, so that the
• 47:28
  Speaker 6: end of said screw shall strike against this bit of lead.
• 47:32
  Speaker 6: It is easily seen that a screw on the two
• 47:35
  Speaker 6: opposite sides may be turned far enough to press the
• 47:38
  Speaker 6: frames together, and thus a hive may be turned over
• 47:42
  Speaker 6: and they will not move omit the tax on the
• 47:45
  Speaker 6: outside edge of the outside frames, and you will have
• 47:49
  Speaker 6: room enough after the screw is loosened to push the
• 47:51
  Speaker 6: comb aside to make room for the removal of a comb.
• 47:56
  Speaker 6: It may be said that the tax will interfere with
• 47:58
  Speaker 6: the removal of a col The top ones will not, certainly,
• 48:03
  Speaker 6: and the writer has not found any difficulty in the tacks.
• 48:06
  Speaker 6: Halfway down the sides, a little comb may project over,
• 48:11
  Speaker 6: but the head of the nails scrapes its way without
• 48:14
  Speaker 6: any damage. But avoid by all means placing attack on
• 48:18
  Speaker 6: the lower part of the frame, as when removed the
• 48:21
  Speaker 6: head of the nail would pass over the face of
• 48:24
  Speaker 6: the comb, and nine times in ten break the caps
• 48:28
  Speaker 6: off the cells. Another suggestion is will bees build comb
• 48:34
  Speaker 6: over paint? Some author has said they will not. If true,
• 48:39
  Speaker 6: then frames can be painted on the edges and underside,
• 48:42
  Speaker 6: which will make the removal of combs much easier. Will
• 48:45
  Speaker 6: someone try it and report honeyboards. The writer has made
• 48:50
  Speaker 6: use of a top to his hives, which thus far
• 48:54
  Speaker 6: has worked well. The difficulty is in describing it so
• 48:58
  Speaker 6: as to be intelligible. Suppose the board is twenty inches
• 49:02
  Speaker 6: long and fourteen wide. It is clamped at the ends.
• 49:06
  Speaker 6: Let the clamps be fourteen inches long, but the other
• 49:09
  Speaker 6: part is in three pieces. The main piece is say
• 49:13
  Speaker 6: eleven inches wide. Upon the ends of this piece, nail
• 49:17
  Speaker 6: or groove on the clamps. Thus the ends of the
• 49:21
  Speaker 6: clamps will project over each side one and a half inches.
• 49:26
  Speaker 6: Make two other pieces one inch wide and long enough
• 49:29
  Speaker 6: to have a tongue on each end, which shall slide
• 49:33
  Speaker 6: in the grooves cut out on the inside of the clamps.
• 49:37
  Speaker 6: If the clamps are grooved onto the main piece, then
• 49:41
  Speaker 6: the grooves are already made, and this is the best way. Now,
• 49:46
  Speaker 6: when these pieces are put in place and pushed in close,
• 49:50
  Speaker 6: you have a honeyboard so that no bees can pass out.
• 49:54
  Speaker 6: When put on the hive. It is not as wide
• 49:57
  Speaker 6: as the hive, however, by half an inch on each side,
• 50:01
  Speaker 6: and the clamps project over that much. Suppose you now
• 50:04
  Speaker 6: wish to put on surplus boxes. You can insert a
• 50:08
  Speaker 6: knife and push out the pieces flush with the outside
• 50:12
  Speaker 6: of the hive, and then there is an opening the
• 50:15
  Speaker 6: whole length half an inch wide, And as the bees
• 50:18
  Speaker 6: go up on the inside of the hive, without going
• 50:21
  Speaker 6: over a comb, they can avoid a crowd and pass
• 50:25
  Speaker 6: directly in the boxes, which of course have a corresponding
• 50:29
  Speaker 6: opening in the bottom. The advantage found from this arrangement
• 50:33
  Speaker 6: has been that where drone comb is put on the
• 50:37
  Speaker 6: top to be filled, the width of the opening in
• 50:41
  Speaker 6: the top can be lessened to five thirty seconds of
• 50:44
  Speaker 6: an inch, and the queen prevented from depositing drone eggs,
• 50:49
  Speaker 6: which she may do, especially when, as in my case,
• 50:53
  Speaker 6: very little drone comb is left in the main hive.
• 50:56
  Speaker 6: With one exception, drones are nuisances, and half frame of
• 51:00
  Speaker 6: comb is enough for them. Catch one of them coming
• 51:04
  Speaker 6: out of a hive, and he has a belly full
• 51:06
  Speaker 6: of honey. But catch one coming back and he is empty,
• 51:11
  Speaker 6: has digested all that he had, and apparently comes back
• 51:15
  Speaker 6: for more. I will conclude by asking those who have
• 51:19
  Speaker 6: not read mister Quimby's appendix to send for one. Its
• 51:23
  Speaker 6: cost is, I believe, ten cents. It is not only
• 51:27
  Speaker 6: valuable in itself, but it is worth much more than
• 51:31
  Speaker 6: its cost, if only to show how an upright, straightforward
• 51:35
  Speaker 6: apiarian can gracefully acknowledge an improvement that of movable combs
• 51:42
  Speaker 6: when it is made plain to his senses by practical experiment.
• 51:46
  Speaker 6: I have yet to see the man who is more
• 51:49
  Speaker 6: reliable than mister Quimby, and anyone who has read his
• 51:52
  Speaker 6: book and noted the carefulness of his statements in all
• 51:56
  Speaker 6: that pertains to bee keeping, will feel disposed to place
• 51:59
  Speaker 6: a high estimate upon his opinion in favor of Reverend
• 52:03
  Speaker 6: mister Langstross's eclectic Hive White Marsh January eighteen sixty one.
• 52:11
  Speaker 6: Apiss end of section.
• 52:14
  Speaker 7: Six, Section seven of The American b Journal, Volume one,
• 52:24
  Speaker 7: number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 52:31
  Speaker 7: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 52:35
  Speaker 7: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
• 52:40
  Speaker 7: by D. Scheiber, the American b Journal, volume one, number three,
• 52:48
  Speaker 7: March eighteen sixty one. By various Diseases of bs. Our
• 52:55
  Speaker 7: object in placing before the readers of the b Journal
• 52:59
  Speaker 7: the following drawn from H. Hammet with a few remarks
• 53:03
  Speaker 7: of our own, is as much to elicit as to
• 53:06
  Speaker 7: impart information. So far, we've had very little experience in
• 53:12
  Speaker 7: diseases of bees, and desire to increase our knowledge from
• 53:16
  Speaker 7: the experience of others. H. Hammett remarks, bees, like other creatures,
• 53:23
  Speaker 7: are subject to various diseases, less however, than some animals,
• 53:28
  Speaker 7: on account of their activity, industry, and frugality, and they
• 53:32
  Speaker 7: do not create for themselves any artificial wants. Their troubles
• 53:37
  Speaker 7: mostly come from the want of care and ignorance of
• 53:40
  Speaker 7: their owners. Colonies in a wild state are more free
• 53:45
  Speaker 7: from disease. The most dreaded diseases are dysentery, constipation, and
• 53:51
  Speaker 7: foul brood dysentery. In a normal condition, bees never void
• 53:57
  Speaker 7: their excrement in the hive. They always go out for
• 54:01
  Speaker 7: this purpose. This affection is generally noticed at the end
• 54:05
  Speaker 7: of winter, when they've been retained prisoners in the hive
• 54:08
  Speaker 7: for one or two months by cold or rain. In
• 54:12
  Speaker 7: this condition, they have no regard for the clothes of
• 54:15
  Speaker 7: those passing near them, nor for linen spread on the
• 54:19
  Speaker 7: grass to dry close to the hive. If the air
• 54:23
  Speaker 7: of the hive is rendered unwholesome by humidity or any
• 54:26
  Speaker 7: other cause, the bees, if confined, are soon attacked by dysentery.
• 54:32
  Speaker 7: The interior of the hive, the combs, and many of
• 54:36
  Speaker 7: the bees are covered with filth. The air of the
• 54:40
  Speaker 7: hive is offensive, and the colony perishes. No time is
• 54:44
  Speaker 7: to be lost in giving aid to a hive sinking
• 54:47
  Speaker 7: by this disease, reverse the hive to get rid of
• 54:51
  Speaker 7: the bad air, cut out the filthy combs, and cleanse
• 54:55
  Speaker 7: the hive as much as possible, allowing them plenty of air,
• 54:59
  Speaker 7: and feed them with a little good honey slightly warmed.
• 55:03
  Speaker 7: Some advise to add a little salt and wine to
• 55:05
  Speaker 7: the honey. In such case, the salt is of no benefit.
• 55:10
  Speaker 7: As to the wine, we advise the bee keeper to
• 55:12
  Speaker 7: drink it himself, so as to gain more strength to
• 55:15
  Speaker 7: give his bees better care. He will then bear in
• 55:18
  Speaker 7: mind that strong colonies with sufficient stores and well protected
• 55:23
  Speaker 7: hives are never attacked with dysentery. It only occurs in
• 55:28
  Speaker 7: colonies lacking in stores, in those which have received in
• 55:32
  Speaker 7: cold weather inferior honey or poor sugar syrup containing too
• 55:37
  Speaker 7: much water, which remaining unsealed becomes sour and unwholesome, And
• 55:42
  Speaker 7: in those colonies lodged in poor hives, badly sheltered and
• 55:46
  Speaker 7: in a damp place. This disease occurs in autumn, but
• 55:50
  Speaker 7: chiefly at the close of winter. We one year lost
• 55:54
  Speaker 7: several hives from this cause, and attributed it to having
• 55:58
  Speaker 7: fed them late in the autumn of refined sugar too
• 56:01
  Speaker 7: much watered, and the cells in which it was stored
• 56:04
  Speaker 7: remaining unsealed, it soured. If the hives had been properly ventilated,
• 56:09
  Speaker 7: much of the water would have evaporated and the acidity prevented.
• 56:14
  Speaker 7: Since that time we have not lost a hive from
• 56:17
  Speaker 7: this cause, except one which was over populous and not
• 56:21
  Speaker 7: having sufficient ventilation. They became restless from over warmth in
• 56:25
  Speaker 7: the spring while the weather was still too cold for
• 56:28
  Speaker 7: them to fly out. On examination, the hive contained plenty
• 56:33
  Speaker 7: of honey where the dead bees were clustered, but the
• 56:35
  Speaker 7: cones showed a want of ventilation. They were damp and
• 56:39
  Speaker 7: moldy and very filthy. Mister Hammett describes another disease which
• 56:45
  Speaker 7: sometimes attacks weak colonies in poorly protected hives, constipation, which
• 56:51
  Speaker 7: he attributes to the distension of the abdomen by feces
• 56:54
  Speaker 7: during very severe weather, the liquid portion becoming absorbed or evaporated.
• 57:00
  Speaker 7: The bee cannot void the solid mass. Remaining in this condition,
• 57:05
  Speaker 7: they will not partake of food offered them, and a
• 57:07
  Speaker 7: state of stupor supervening they soon die. Hammett considers that
• 57:12
  Speaker 7: both dysentery and constipation may become contagious in an apiary
• 57:17
  Speaker 7: if neglected until the air is affected by the odor
• 57:20
  Speaker 7: of the diseased bees and their excrements. This may possibly
• 57:24
  Speaker 7: be true where the hives are kept in large numbers
• 57:27
  Speaker 7: very near each other. But we are inclined to think
• 57:30
  Speaker 7: that the above conditions and also foul brood, are spread
• 57:35
  Speaker 7: by bees robbing infected hives, the honey having been tainted
• 57:39
  Speaker 7: by the bad odor of the hive. Honey made in
• 57:42
  Speaker 7: a red cedar or a pine box is impregnated with
• 57:46
  Speaker 7: the odor of the wood. Honey stored in moldy comb
• 57:51
  Speaker 7: is very unpleasant in flavor, but we are not aware
• 57:54
  Speaker 7: that it is injurious to bees. It certainly cannot benefit them.
• 57:59
  Speaker 7: We would be pleased to hear from the correspondence of
• 58:01
  Speaker 7: the Bee Journal on the matter so imperfectly treated in
• 58:05
  Speaker 7: this article, also if any recent developments have been made
• 58:08
  Speaker 7: in the cause and cure of foul brood. The bees
• 58:12
  Speaker 7: introduced into Australia have multiplied rapidly, and largely they labor
• 58:18
  Speaker 7: there almost the year round. The honey produced in the
• 58:21
  Speaker 7: spring remains liquid. The winter honey is thick and of
• 58:25
  Speaker 7: a doe consistence at first, but speedily crystallizes. The quality
• 58:30
  Speaker 7: of the honey is excellent, though differing according to the
• 58:34
  Speaker 7: location of the apiary, and the kind of pasturage that
• 58:38
  Speaker 7: gathered in the southern districts of the country is extolled
• 58:41
  Speaker 7: as the best. The bees cultivated in the northern districts
• 58:45
  Speaker 7: of China appear to be only a variety of the
• 58:48
  Speaker 7: common kind, somewhat smaller in size. End of section seven.
• 58:58
  Speaker 8: Section eight of The American b Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 59:04
  Speaker 8: March eighteen sixty one. This is the LibriVox recording. All
• 59:09
  Speaker 8: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 59:14
  Speaker 8: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Rid by D. Rando,
• 59:21
  Speaker 8: The American b Journal, volume one, number three, March eighteen
• 59:27
  Speaker 8: sixty one, by various The Italian b by the Reverend
• 59:32
  Speaker 8: George Klein, third article. It cannot be doubted that among
• 59:38
  Speaker 8: the great number of persons engaged in b culture, comparatively
• 59:43
  Speaker 8: few will take pains to familiarize themselves thoroughly with the theory.
• 59:49
  Speaker 8: The Italian bee would consequently never become extensively distributed in
• 59:54
  Speaker 8: the country if she could be used only in the
• 59:58
  Speaker 8: interests of science, That is, if she did not likewise
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 8: possess qualities decidedly important in the practical relations of the business.
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 8: But in this respect also this new race promises to
• 1:00:13
  Speaker 8: be a highly valuable acquisition if she really possesses the
• 1:00:19
  Speaker 8: excellencies ascribed to her. If it be not merely the
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 8: charm of novelty that has engendered the enthusiasm evinced for
• 1:00:28
  Speaker 8: the stranger, we may indeed indulge anticipations of most gratifying results.
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 8: But what are the good qualities claimed for the Italian
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 8: bee which entitled her to a preference in practical bee
• 1:00:43
  Speaker 8: culture over the kind hitherto cultivated. Captain Baldenstein, who was
• 1:00:50
  Speaker 8: simply a disinterested observer, never having reared any except for
• 1:00:55
  Speaker 8: his own use, early remarked her superior productiveness and jeersen
• 1:01:01
  Speaker 8: long before there was a demand for them save for
• 1:01:04
  Speaker 8: scientific purposes. Found Captain Baldenstein's observations confirmed by his own experience.
• 1:01:12
  Speaker 8: His original colony arrived from Italy in the month of February,
• 1:01:17
  Speaker 8: and on transferring it to one of his own hives
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 8: on the day after its arrival, he found that two combs,
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 8: each about eight inches square, were filled with brood in
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 8: the various stages of development. The queen must therefore have
• 1:01:32
  Speaker 8: laid on an average about three hundred eggs per day
• 1:01:36
  Speaker 8: in the preceding three weeks, notwithstanding the unfavorable state of
• 1:01:41
  Speaker 8: the weather at that early season and the annoyances to
• 1:01:45
  Speaker 8: which she must have been exposed during the transportation of
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 8: the hive in the course of the ensuing summer. Moreover,
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 8: he took from the original stock combs containing more than
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 8: sixty thousand sails filled with brood to supply the numerous
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 8: artificial colonies in which he was rearing queens, and the
• 1:02:06
  Speaker 8: stock remained populous, nevertheless storing up an unusual quantity of honey.
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 8: Mister Hubler of Altenburg, at the close of May took
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 8: an Italian queen and twelve ounces of bees with a
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 8: sealed comb of common brood, and established them as an
• 1:02:26
  Speaker 8: independent colony. They multiplied so rapidly that though he took
• 1:02:31
  Speaker 8: from it a brood comb subsequently, they still filled the
• 1:02:36
  Speaker 8: main chamber of their hive with combs and gathered sufficient
• 1:02:40
  Speaker 8: stores for the winter. Similar evidences of the extraordinary fertility
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 8: of the Italian queens have been furnished, besides in numerous
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 8: other cases, so that their superiority in this respect cannot
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 8: well be doubted, though possibly some portion of the striking
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 8: difference may be attributable to the greater care and attention
• 1:03:04
  Speaker 8: which the Italian stocks have received from their owners. Another
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 8: superiority claim for the Italian bees is their disposition to
• 1:03:13
  Speaker 8: swarm early in the season. This point is fully conceded
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 8: by Captain Baldenstein, who says likewise that the half read
• 1:03:22
  Speaker 8: stocks inherit this disposition. I cannot myself venture to give
• 1:03:27
  Speaker 8: an opinion, as I practice artificial multiplication exclusively in my apiary,
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 8: and have therefore had no opportunity to institute a comparison.
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 8: But if the queens commence over positing earlier and are
• 1:03:43
  Speaker 8: more fertile than common bees, it may be regarded as
• 1:03:47
  Speaker 8: a fair inference that the stalks would sooner be in
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 8: a condition to send out natural swarms. If, however, their fertility,
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 8: like that of the common kind, depends on or is
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 8: governed by seasons and circumstances, the earlier or later issuing
• 1:04:06
  Speaker 8: of swarms will be regulated accordingly. The matter is moreover
• 1:04:11
  Speaker 8: of no special importance in practical bee culture, as the
• 1:04:16
  Speaker 8: experience a pierian knows how his bees should be treated,
• 1:04:20
  Speaker 8: so as to subserve his purposes in this direction. In
• 1:04:25
  Speaker 8: our variable climate, where thousands of bees perish from the
• 1:04:29
  Speaker 8: vicissitudes of the weather, it would be of greater practical
• 1:04:33
  Speaker 8: importance if the Italian bee should prove to be more
• 1:04:37
  Speaker 8: hardy than the common kind. Jerson remarked evidence of this
• 1:04:42
  Speaker 8: trait in them soon after he obtained his first colony.
• 1:04:47
  Speaker 8: On the twelfth and thirteenth of March, while the ground
• 1:04:50
  Speaker 8: was still very generally covered with snow, he saw with
• 1:04:54
  Speaker 8: surprise that they were busily carrying in pollen, and very
• 1:04:59
  Speaker 8: few of those that drop on the snow became chilled.
• 1:05:03
  Speaker 8: Though natives of a warmer climate and therefore might be
• 1:05:07
  Speaker 8: presumed more sensitive to cold, he thinks the apparent paradox
• 1:05:11
  Speaker 8: of greater heartiness may be explained by supposing that in
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 8: their native land, where the mornings are cool and the
• 1:05:19
  Speaker 8: nights are frequently cold, they instinctively labor early because the
• 1:05:25
  Speaker 8: nectar of the flowers is dissipated by the fervid heat
• 1:05:29
  Speaker 8: of the day. He also carried Italian and common bees
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 8: into a cold room and found the former were still
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 8: actively fluttering at the window, when the latter had already
• 1:05:41
  Speaker 8: become benumbed. The barren of Roskits reports the same fact
• 1:05:46
  Speaker 8: of the bees of Carneola, which are identical with the Italian,
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 8: stating that they begin to work generally while the ground
• 1:05:55
  Speaker 8: is still partially covered with snow, enduring the frequency sudden
• 1:06:00
  Speaker 8: and violent changes of weather, with surprising immunity. Similar observations
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 8: have been made by our peasants, who knew nothing more
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 8: of the Italian bees than that they were peculiarly marked.
• 1:06:15
  Speaker 8: Thus one of them said to me recently, quote, the
• 1:06:19
  Speaker 8: Italian bees must be hardier than mine, as I saw
• 1:06:23
  Speaker 8: them on some early blossoms this spring, at a time
• 1:06:27
  Speaker 8: when mine had not yet begun to work. End quote.
• 1:06:31
  Speaker 8: The Baron of Bilepsch, however, expresses a doubt whether they
• 1:06:34
  Speaker 8: are hardier, though he admits his inability to form a
• 1:06:39
  Speaker 8: conclusive opinion, because there was no snow remaining on the
• 1:06:42
  Speaker 8: ground when his bees began to fly. In the rough
• 1:06:47
  Speaker 8: cold weather of April and May. More of the Italians
• 1:06:50
  Speaker 8: perished because these ventured forth in defiance of the chilling blasts,
• 1:06:56
  Speaker 8: while the common bees remained snugly ensconced in their hives.
• 1:07:00
  Speaker 8: Certainly no indication this on the part of the latter
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 8: that they felt themselves to be constitutionally as hardy as
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 8: the former. No one surely would expect them to be
• 1:07:13
  Speaker 8: wholly insensible to cold, but the apprehension largely entertained that
• 1:07:19
  Speaker 8: as natives of a warmer country they cannot stand this
• 1:07:23
  Speaker 8: climate may be dismissed as groundless, since they have safely
• 1:07:27
  Speaker 8: passed through several very rigorous winters. Here, Jeerson thinks that
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 8: their superior ability to endure cold arises in part from
• 1:07:38
  Speaker 8: their surprising activity and agility, peculiarities which the Baron of
• 1:07:43
  Speaker 8: Berlepsch also concedes to them, and which he says they
• 1:07:48
  Speaker 8: display most remarkably when attacked by or attacking other bees.
• 1:07:54
  Speaker 8: Connected with these traits is also their manifest superior courage.
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 8: They are the boldest champions and bravest defenders of their hives.
• 1:08:05
  Speaker 8: They are much more vigilant and far less liable to
• 1:08:08
  Speaker 8: be called quote napping en quote than our common bees.
• 1:08:13
  Speaker 8: Every stranger of whichever race, attempting to enter their hive
• 1:08:18
  Speaker 8: is at once repealed or arrested and dispatched, And it
• 1:08:23
  Speaker 8: is hardly conceivable that an Italian colony having a queen
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 8: could ever be overpowered when attacked by our common bees.
• 1:08:33
  Speaker 8: The frequent examination of my artificial colonies, which were necessary
• 1:08:38
  Speaker 8: while I was rearing queens, often exposed them to most
• 1:08:42
  Speaker 8: persevering assaults, but they invariably succeeded in beating off the assailants.
• 1:08:49
  Speaker 8: I have no doubt that our common bees so frequently
• 1:08:53
  Speaker 8: fell in successfully defending themselves, chiefly because they are not
• 1:08:57
  Speaker 8: sufficiently alert in igel qualities which the Italians undoubtedly possess
• 1:09:04
  Speaker 8: in an extraordinary degree. So completely have I satisfied myself
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 8: of their courage and conduct when hostile demonstrations are made
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 8: against them, that I never have the slightest misgiving as
• 1:09:17
  Speaker 8: to the result. On the contrary, it has become one
• 1:09:21
  Speaker 8: of my amusements to witness the conflicts and observe how
• 1:09:25
  Speaker 8: speedily the Italians achieve the victory. I no longer employ
• 1:09:31
  Speaker 8: precautionary measures to prevent attacks, knowing them to be wholly superfluous.
• 1:09:37
  Speaker 8: The testimony of mister Roth is to the same effect.
• 1:09:41
  Speaker 8: He had occasion to observe that a weak artificial colony
• 1:09:45
  Speaker 8: consisting of only about thirty workers with the fertile queen
• 1:09:49
  Speaker 8: long successfully resisted the attacks of a populous Italian colony
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 8: though it finally had to succumb Hercules himself must yield
• 1:10:01
  Speaker 8: to odds end. Quote. This noble trait can hardly be overestimated,
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 8: and it alone would unquestionably entitle the Italian bee to
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 8: the palm of superiority. We might indeed infer from it
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 8: likewise a greater propensity to rob, a quality not exactly
• 1:10:20
  Speaker 8: of the most praiseworthy sort. But the propensity to rob
• 1:10:25
  Speaker 8: is an heir loom in the entire family of bees,
• 1:10:28
  Speaker 8: and the Italians may perhaps be entitled to claim a
• 1:10:32
  Speaker 8: somewhat larger share of it. The Baron of Berlepsch says
• 1:10:37
  Speaker 8: they endeavor to force an entrance into every other hive,
• 1:10:41
  Speaker 8: and another observer states that wherever there is anything sweet
• 1:10:46
  Speaker 8: to be licked up, the Italians are always sure to
• 1:10:49
  Speaker 8: be first on hand. Mister Roff says quote, with an
• 1:10:54
  Speaker 8: eager yearning after honey, they are ever inclined to rob.
• 1:10:59
  Speaker 8: And if there is anywhere within reach a weak colony
• 1:11:03
  Speaker 8: to be sacked, the Italians are certain to secure the
• 1:11:06
  Speaker 8: lion's share of the spoil. Similar accounts have reached me
• 1:11:11
  Speaker 8: from various other quarters, and I have myself had demonstrative
• 1:11:16
  Speaker 8: evidence both of their disposition and skill to appropriate the
• 1:11:21
  Speaker 8: stores which others had faithfully garnered. But I have also
• 1:11:26
  Speaker 8: found that all this is harmless if the propensity be
• 1:11:30
  Speaker 8: not fostered and aided by the mismanagement of the despoiled colony.
• 1:11:36
  Speaker 8: The disposition to rob results from an inordinate desire to
• 1:11:40
  Speaker 8: accumulate stores of honey, and if displayed more strikingly by
• 1:11:45
  Speaker 8: the Italian than by common bees, it manifestly presupposes in
• 1:11:50
  Speaker 8: them a higher degree of industry, a trait, in fact,
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 8: for which they are pre eminently distinguished, and for which
• 1:11:58
  Speaker 8: Captain Baldenstein already awarded to them the highest praise. He
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 8: found that, under precisely similar circumstances, his Italian stocks always
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 8: secured more ample stores than his common hives, and could
• 1:12:14
  Speaker 8: generally spare some surplus honey when the latter had not
• 1:12:18
  Speaker 8: even laid up enough for the winter. Jersen early noticed
• 1:12:23
  Speaker 8: the decidedly superior industry of these bees as he saw
• 1:12:28
  Speaker 8: his newly obtained colony carrying and pollen in March, while
• 1:12:33
  Speaker 8: the ground was still covered with snow and his common
• 1:12:37
  Speaker 8: bees were inactive. Fearing that it might be stolen, he
• 1:12:42
  Speaker 8: screwed the hive containing the strangers fast to its stand
• 1:12:46
  Speaker 8: in his apiary, and so left it during the summer,
• 1:12:49
  Speaker 8: transferring from it from time to time combs containing worker
• 1:12:54
  Speaker 8: and drone brood for the purpose of rearing queens. On
• 1:12:58
  Speaker 8: the twenty third of June, the drones were expelled, and
• 1:13:02
  Speaker 8: all hope of further multiplying peer stalk that season terminated.
• 1:13:07
  Speaker 8: He now let the hive remain undisturbed, and the bees,
• 1:13:10
  Speaker 8: for a considerable time labored with the most remarkable industry.
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 8: But gradually they relaxed their efforts, and when the buckwheat
• 1:13:19
  Speaker 8: sown on rice double came into blossom, they were clearly
• 1:13:23
  Speaker 8: outrivaled by the common stalks and some late made colonies. Still,
• 1:13:29
  Speaker 8: as young bees continued to make their appearance, he felt
• 1:13:33
  Speaker 8: assured that the hive was in a healthy condition. Late
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 8: in the fall, when he undertook to remove it into
• 1:13:39
  Speaker 8: winter quarters, he found it so heavy that he could
• 1:13:42
  Speaker 8: not lift it. The cause of their apparent remissness was
• 1:13:47
  Speaker 8: now obvious. Having early rid themselves of a host of
• 1:13:51
  Speaker 8: useless consumers by expelling the drones, they had in a
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 8: short time filled all their combs with honey, and were
• 1:13:59
  Speaker 8: thenceforward were constrained to remain idle for want of storage room,
• 1:14:05
  Speaker 8: and a Pierian friend wrote to Zeerzen quote, I can
• 1:14:08
  Speaker 8: now unhesitatingly recommend the Italian bees. Whilst during the past
• 1:14:14
  Speaker 8: summer our common bees were comparatively indolent, the Italian were
• 1:14:19
  Speaker 8: perseveringly busy, adding perceptibly to their stores from day to day,
• 1:14:25
  Speaker 8: whereas the common stocks were constantly diminishing in weight. I
• 1:14:30
  Speaker 8: frequently opened the hives and found that while the latter
• 1:14:34
  Speaker 8: had stored up little or nothing, the former not only
• 1:14:37
  Speaker 8: contained a good store of honey and capped combs, but
• 1:14:41
  Speaker 8: also a large quantity freshly gathered in open cells. I
• 1:14:46
  Speaker 8: could observe, too, that they visited many flowers to which
• 1:14:50
  Speaker 8: I never saw common bees resort, and this fact helps
• 1:14:54
  Speaker 8: to account for the surprising difference in the results end quote.
• 1:15:00
  Speaker 8: In May eighteen fifty five, mister Hubler stocked the lower
• 1:15:04
  Speaker 8: section of an observing hive with a small Italian colony,
• 1:15:08
  Speaker 8: which they speedily filled with comb, storing every unoccupied sail
• 1:15:13
  Speaker 8: with honey. He then gave them access to the upper section,
• 1:15:18
  Speaker 8: placing an empty comb therein. In a few days, this
• 1:15:22
  Speaker 8: was stored with honey, and the bees ceased to labor
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 8: for want of room, he removed the full comb and
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 8: inserted an empty one, and the little colony immediately resumed
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 8: work with their former zeal And industry. He had stocked
• 1:15:39
  Speaker 8: a similar observing hive at the same time with common bees,
• 1:15:44
  Speaker 8: but these only filled the lower section in the being
• 1:15:48
  Speaker 8: in Zietone. Mister Rock gives the following as a result
• 1:15:52
  Speaker 8: of his observations on the superior industry of these bees.
• 1:15:57
  Speaker 8: On the fourteenth of September eighteen fifty four, I removed
• 1:16:01
  Speaker 8: the queen of a second swarm and introduced a young
• 1:16:04
  Speaker 8: Italian queen in her stead, which produced a numerous progeny
• 1:16:09
  Speaker 8: in the course of the fall. Early in the ensuing spring,
• 1:16:13
  Speaker 8: the remaining common bees disappeared. The colony, though at no
• 1:16:18
  Speaker 8: time very populous, worked very industriously, and when the brooding
• 1:16:23
  Speaker 8: apartment containing one thousand, nine hundred twenty cubic inches was
• 1:16:27
  Speaker 8: filled with honey and brood, the bees were allowed access
• 1:16:31
  Speaker 8: to the honey chamber containing one thousand, two hundred cubic inches,
• 1:16:35
  Speaker 8: which they likewise fully stored with honey. The supply in
• 1:16:39
  Speaker 8: the brooding apartment was more than sufficient for their wants.
• 1:16:43
  Speaker 8: Next winter, a half free colony placed in a square
• 1:16:47
  Speaker 8: box hive containing two thousand, seven hundred thirty cubic inches
• 1:16:51
  Speaker 8: filled it completely, and its weight is so great that
• 1:16:54
  Speaker 8: I cannot lift it. On the twenty second of June
• 1:16:58
  Speaker 8: I drummed out a swarm from an Italian hive, which,
• 1:17:02
  Speaker 8: by its industry, soon worked itself into a good wintering condition.
• 1:17:08
  Speaker 8: The parent hive and a hive of common bees were
• 1:17:12
  Speaker 8: then interchanged, and I thus obtained two swarms of mixed
• 1:17:16
  Speaker 8: bees from the former, each having a young Italian queen.
• 1:17:22
  Speaker 8: After the second swarm issued, I transferred the parent hive
• 1:17:26
  Speaker 8: to a new location and set the swarm in its stead.
• 1:17:29
  Speaker 8: Both have done exceedingly well, the parent hive being now
• 1:17:34
  Speaker 8: very heavy. I drummed out a swarm on the seventeenth
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 8: of July from another Italian hive, and removing the parent hive,
• 1:17:42
  Speaker 8: set the swarm in its stead. The swarm gathered sufficient
• 1:17:46
  Speaker 8: for the winter, and the parent stock has a large
• 1:17:49
  Speaker 8: surplus to spare. This district is only mardyredly favorable to
• 1:17:54
  Speaker 8: bee culture, and the larger number of my common stocks
• 1:17:58
  Speaker 8: are rather poor. I cannot but regard it as a
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 8: fact that these comparative results have conclusively demonstrated the superior
• 1:18:08
  Speaker 8: industry of the Italian bees. Quote. A year later, mister
• 1:18:14
  Speaker 8: Roth reiterated this opinion as based on further observations. Thus,
• 1:18:19
  Speaker 8: quote that the Italian bees are more industrious than the
• 1:18:23
  Speaker 8: common kind is no longer doubted by any beekeeper who
• 1:18:27
  Speaker 8: has had both kinds in his apiary. The present year,
• 1:18:31
  Speaker 8: like the two preceding, was unfavorable to the bees during
• 1:18:35
  Speaker 8: the principal gathering season. My common stocks have very little
• 1:18:39
  Speaker 8: honey to spare. Some of them indeed have scarcely a
• 1:18:43
  Speaker 8: supply adequate to their own wants, whilst all my Italian
• 1:18:47
  Speaker 8: stocks have ample stores and a large surplus end. Quote.
• 1:18:52
  Speaker 8: In eighteen fifty four, the Baron of Burlevsch stated that
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 8: he was thoroughly convinced from personal observation of the superior
• 1:19:00
  Speaker 8: industry and greater practical value of the Italian bees. In
• 1:19:05
  Speaker 8: the fall, when the WAPs attacked his grapes, the Italian
• 1:19:09
  Speaker 8: bees followed in their wake, at once appropriating the juice
• 1:19:13
  Speaker 8: of every punctured berry. If honey, or dissolved sugar, or
• 1:19:18
  Speaker 8: any saccharine liquid was left exposed, the Italian bees were
• 1:19:22
  Speaker 8: sure to be attracted by it. Long before the common
• 1:19:25
  Speaker 8: bees made the discovery. Recurring to the subject in eighteen
• 1:19:29
  Speaker 8: fifty six, he stated that he had no opportunity that
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 8: year to make comparative observations, but that in the apiary
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 8: of his friend mister Everhardt, the Italian bees had so
• 1:19:42
  Speaker 8: greatly excelled the common kind and honey gathering that the
• 1:19:46
  Speaker 8: fact of their superiority in this respect could no longer
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 8: be called in question. At the Apierian convention in Gustro,
• 1:19:55
  Speaker 8: he made a similar declaration and reiterated it also at
• 1:19:59
  Speaker 8: the convention than Dresden a year after, adding that when
• 1:20:03
  Speaker 8: early in the spring a few flowers were expanded, the
• 1:20:07
  Speaker 8: Italian bees never failed to visit them in search of nectar.
• 1:20:11
  Speaker 8: But he appeared to apprehend that this good quality did
• 1:20:15
  Speaker 8: not lead to corresponding results, because it seemed to him
• 1:20:18
  Speaker 8: that their queen's fertility became exhausted sooner, and they were
• 1:20:23
  Speaker 8: more disposed than coming bees to produce drones and excess. Nevertheless,
• 1:20:29
  Speaker 8: if their superior industry be conceded, the Apierian has it
• 1:20:34
  Speaker 8: in his power to obviate the other disadvantages by a
• 1:20:38
  Speaker 8: seasonable renewal of the queen's and a judicious and careful
• 1:20:42
  Speaker 8: suppression of drone brood. In addition to their admitted industry,
• 1:20:47
  Speaker 8: the early expulsion of the drones has an important bearing
• 1:20:51
  Speaker 8: on the productiveness of colonies, and early writtens of supernumerary
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 8: consumers must exert an obvious launce on the preservation of
• 1:21:02
  Speaker 8: stores and enable the bees to enjoy the full benefit
• 1:21:05
  Speaker 8: of their labors. The fact thus becomes of practical value
• 1:21:09
  Speaker 8: to the bee keeper as increasing his chances of success.
• 1:21:14
  Speaker 8: The fact itself has indeed been questioned, but it has
• 1:21:18
  Speaker 8: been so frequently observed that it cannot well be longer
• 1:21:22
  Speaker 8: held in doubt. Thus, mister Saggey of Hungary says quote,
• 1:21:28
  Speaker 8: the most important advantage presented by the Italian bees is
• 1:21:32
  Speaker 8: the greater quantity of honey which they gather in store
• 1:21:35
  Speaker 8: up and according to my observations for three years, this
• 1:21:39
  Speaker 8: advantage results mainly from the earlier expulsion of the drones,
• 1:21:44
  Speaker 8: to which they are instinctively prone. Another and highly important
• 1:21:49
  Speaker 8: quality in a practical point of view, possessed by the
• 1:21:53
  Speaker 8: Italian bees is their mild and tractable disposition. A dread
• 1:21:58
  Speaker 8: of the bee's sting does, undoubtedly to a large extent,
• 1:22:03
  Speaker 8: operate to the discouragement of bee culture. There are many
• 1:22:07
  Speaker 8: timid persons who are alarmed by the presence of the insect,
• 1:22:11
  Speaker 8: and others less sensitive indeed still cannot approach a hive
• 1:22:17
  Speaker 8: without painful apprehensions. Others, again, though disregarding the momentary pain
• 1:22:24
  Speaker 8: inflicted by the sting, suffer so much from the swelling
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 8: which ensues that they feel constrained to forego the pleasures
• 1:22:32
  Speaker 8: of pursuit, which exposes them to such risks. These objections
• 1:22:37
  Speaker 8: are in a great measure obviated by the introduction of
• 1:22:41
  Speaker 8: the Italian bee, which is assuredly less irritable than the
• 1:22:45
  Speaker 8: common kind. It certainly can and will sting, but generally
• 1:22:51
  Speaker 8: does so only on propagation. In comparison with the common kind,
• 1:22:56
  Speaker 8: they may justly be termed gentle and peaceable. Their animosity
• 1:23:01
  Speaker 8: becomes excited only when they are accidentally annoyed or intentionally
• 1:23:08
  Speaker 8: irritated in close warm weather or during great heat with
• 1:23:13
  Speaker 8: abundant pasturage. When common bees are inclined to be very troublesome,
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 8: we may unhesitatingly approach an Italian hive or stand in
• 1:23:23
  Speaker 8: front of it without incurring the displeasure of its inmates.
• 1:23:28
  Speaker 8: With due care and coolness, all necessary operations may likewise
• 1:23:33
  Speaker 8: be performed with impunity. They sometimes threaten, though they seldom sting,
• 1:23:39
  Speaker 8: whereas with common bees it is usually a threat and
• 1:23:43
  Speaker 8: a blow, though the blow comes first. The Barren of
• 1:23:48
  Speaker 8: ross Cutts bears the same testimony to their gentleness, and
• 1:23:52
  Speaker 8: adds that he has never been stung. Though I cannot
• 1:23:55
  Speaker 8: go to that extent, I must still concede that almost
• 1:24:00
  Speaker 8: invariably some act or movement of mind provoked the infliction. True,
• 1:24:06
  Speaker 8: this gentleness has been denied in some quarters. But the
• 1:24:10
  Speaker 8: difference may have been produced by the treatment which the
• 1:24:14
  Speaker 8: bees received. And there may be instances where an Italian
• 1:24:18
  Speaker 8: colony proved to be excitable and refractory without any apparent cause.
• 1:24:25
  Speaker 8: There must be regarded as exceptional cases, especially since it
• 1:24:29
  Speaker 8: has been ascertained that the same colonies, in other hands,
• 1:24:33
  Speaker 8: and under different treatment, evinced no such irascible disposition. Thus,
• 1:24:39
  Speaker 8: at the Dressedine Convention, Count Stoche stated that he once
• 1:24:43
  Speaker 8: had an Italian colony in his apiary which exhibited such
• 1:24:48
  Speaker 8: an unamiable temper that he resolved to banish it. The
• 1:24:52
  Speaker 8: queen was transferred to a colony in a distant apiary,
• 1:24:57
  Speaker 8: where her progeny showed no symptoms of a pugnacious spirit,
• 1:25:01
  Speaker 8: and the old colony, after rearing another queen, became as
• 1:25:05
  Speaker 8: gentle and tractable as all his other Italian stocks were.
• 1:25:10
  Speaker 8: This mild and peaceful character of the Italian bee is
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 8: now so generally acknowledged that some have fancied it should
• 1:25:19
  Speaker 8: be regarded as on the whole an objectionable treat. Even
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 8: the Baron of Berlepsch conceives it to be problematical whether
• 1:25:29
  Speaker 8: this gentleness is a recommendation, as he considers it desirable
• 1:25:34
  Speaker 8: that mischievous boys and designing knaves should be kept at
• 1:25:38
  Speaker 8: a respectful distance. By the dread of this insect's formidable weapon.
• 1:25:44
  Speaker 8: He would rather submit to the infliction of a dozen
• 1:25:47
  Speaker 8: stings daily than be deprived of so efficient a protection
• 1:25:52
  Speaker 8: for his hives. But to the great majority of beekeepers,
• 1:25:57
  Speaker 8: the consequences of a sting are exceedingly unpleasant, and some
• 1:26:02
  Speaker 8: have been induced to abandon bee culture on that account alone.
• 1:26:08
  Speaker 8: Hence Jersen has justly remarked quote, though I disregard stings myself,
• 1:26:14
  Speaker 8: it is very disagreeable to find our visitors occasionally annoyed
• 1:26:19
  Speaker 8: and wounded by the bees, or to have one's neighbors
• 1:26:23
  Speaker 8: complain of them as a nuisance which the police should
• 1:26:27
  Speaker 8: abate to secure the safety of children. No such unpleasantness
• 1:26:33
  Speaker 8: and no such dangers need be apprehended from the cultivation
• 1:26:37
  Speaker 8: of the genuine Italian b end. Quote end of section.
• 1:26:43
  Speaker 9: Eight, Section nine of The American Bee Journal, Volume one,
• 1:26:54
  Speaker 9: number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox record.
• 1:27:00
  Speaker 9: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 1:27:05
  Speaker 9: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
• 1:27:11
  Speaker 9: by sacam The American Bee Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 1:27:16
  Speaker 9: March eighteen sixty one. By various bees in California. The
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 9: following is among the latest items of news from the
• 1:27:26
  Speaker 9: Land of Gold the bee annoyance in California. Since the
• 1:27:31
  Speaker 9: extensive importation and production of bees in California, they have become,
• 1:27:36
  Speaker 9: in many respects a source of great annoyance. The housekeeper
• 1:27:41
  Speaker 9: in cooking, the grocer, and fruit dealer all have them
• 1:27:45
  Speaker 9: swarming by hundreds and perhaps thousands around their premises, rivaling
• 1:27:49
  Speaker 9: the housefly in troublesome propensities. A Sacramento coal dealer recently
• 1:27:55
  Speaker 9: obtained a quantity of coal which had a cask of
• 1:27:58
  Speaker 9: molasses broken over it. When the coal was brought into
• 1:28:02
  Speaker 9: the yard, the bees collected in such quantities that he
• 1:28:05
  Speaker 9: spent half a day with a hose in washing off
• 1:28:08
  Speaker 9: the coal in order to remove the temptation. They have
• 1:28:12
  Speaker 9: partially destroyed the produce of several vineyards near Sacramento. When
• 1:28:16
  Speaker 9: the grapes were gathered, it was found that the little
• 1:28:19
  Speaker 9: thieves had extracted the juice. As a matter of course,
• 1:28:23
  Speaker 9: a large number of bees are necessarily destroyed while poaching
• 1:28:27
  Speaker 9: on forbidding ground. Is there no remedy for these difficulties?
• 1:28:32
  Speaker 9: As the Sacramento News. Can bees be kept from annoying
• 1:28:36
  Speaker 9: everybody but their owners and at the same time preserve
• 1:28:40
  Speaker 9: their own lives? Or must the evils complained of continue
• 1:28:43
  Speaker 9: to increase in magnitude. This annoyance to housekeepers, grocers and
• 1:28:48
  Speaker 9: fruit dealers results, we suspect chiefly from carelessness and mismanagement,
• 1:28:53
  Speaker 9: just as that from houseflies does measurably in every climb
• 1:28:58
  Speaker 9: and country. In the latter case, cleanliness is found to
• 1:29:01
  Speaker 9: be the most effectual corrective, and in the former, do
• 1:29:05
  Speaker 9: care not to lead the poor bees into temptation will
• 1:29:08
  Speaker 9: doubtless prove to be an efficient preventive. If the housekeepers
• 1:29:13
  Speaker 9: will keep their luscious confections, the grocers their sugars, and
• 1:29:16
  Speaker 9: the fruit dealers their sweetmeats underdue supervision and guard, the
• 1:29:22
  Speaker 9: bees will cause them very little trouble, especially if at
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 9: the same time they keep their tables, counters, and boxes
• 1:29:29
  Speaker 9: fastidiously nice and unbe daubed. Bees, like flies, make their
• 1:29:34
  Speaker 9: annoying visits mainly on special invitation, and are very apt
• 1:29:38
  Speaker 9: to retire as soon as they discover that no provision
• 1:29:42
  Speaker 9: has been made for their entertainment. They are not fond
• 1:29:45
  Speaker 9: of short commons, and never linger long where there is
• 1:29:49
  Speaker 9: not an odor of welcome. Nature has given them a
• 1:29:52
  Speaker 9: carte blanche to appropriate whatever is sweet to the taste,
• 1:29:56
  Speaker 9: and to interpret every well flavored aroma as allowed call
• 1:30:00
  Speaker 9: for their presence. They are not particularly abundant in these parts.
• 1:30:05
  Speaker 9: Yet a few months ago a worthy dame residing within
• 1:30:08
  Speaker 9: a furlong of our sanctum, undesignedly tempted them to visit
• 1:30:13
  Speaker 9: her in countless multitudes. She had placed a pot of
• 1:30:17
  Speaker 9: honey on her kitchen stove to warm, but being busy
• 1:30:21
  Speaker 9: about other matters, the pot began to boil and boiled
• 1:30:24
  Speaker 9: over before she was aware. The overflowing honey ran down
• 1:30:28
  Speaker 9: in streams on the stove and thence ascended in fumes,
• 1:30:32
  Speaker 9: filling the air with a sweet smelling savor. The ever
• 1:30:36
  Speaker 9: watchful and wide awake bees soon snuffed a treat in
• 1:30:40
  Speaker 9: the tainted breeze, and in a few minutes the kitchen
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 9: was filled with these winged worshipers of sweetness, thronging in
• 1:30:47
  Speaker 9: from all quarters, some even descending the chimney. Here was
• 1:30:52
  Speaker 9: an annoyance with a vengeance, And well might the good
• 1:30:55
  Speaker 9: woman exclaim with him of the Sacramento news. Is there
• 1:30:59
  Speaker 9: no rem for these difficulties. The seething pot was forthwith
• 1:31:03
  Speaker 9: snatched from the stove by her husband, and hurriedly deposited
• 1:31:07
  Speaker 9: in a dark corner of the cellar. The stove was
• 1:31:10
  Speaker 9: promptly sponged with a wet mop, and when the grateful
• 1:31:14
  Speaker 9: fumes ceased to exhale, the unwelcome visitors speedily decamped, save
• 1:31:19
  Speaker 9: a few hundred that happened to get scorched in their eagerness.
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 9: Like causes we opine will produce like effects both here
• 1:31:27
  Speaker 9: and in California. And if we allure bees, we must
• 1:31:31
  Speaker 9: expect to have them buzzing around us, no matter whether
• 1:31:34
  Speaker 9: we fumigate our kitchen with honey or anoint our stone
• 1:31:38
  Speaker 9: coal with molasses. As to the depredations alleged to have
• 1:31:42
  Speaker 9: been perpetrated by our favorites in the several vineyards near Sacramento,
• 1:31:48
  Speaker 9: we asked to be allowed to hold them guiltless till
• 1:31:51
  Speaker 9: we have some more conclusive evidence than mere newspaper on
• 1:31:54
  Speaker 9: its or the declaration of superficial vignerons. A competent jury
• 1:32:00
  Speaker 9: would probably have discovered that before the bees extracted the juices,
• 1:32:04
  Speaker 9: some other insect had punctured the grapes, or over ripeness
• 1:32:08
  Speaker 9: had caused them to burst their skins. To ascertain the
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 9: truth in the premises, let a duly qualified committee of
• 1:32:15
  Speaker 9: investigation be appointed next season by the grape growers and
• 1:32:20
  Speaker 9: horticulturists of that highly favored land, and let the chairman
• 1:32:24
  Speaker 9: be instructed to send us a copy of their report
• 1:32:26
  Speaker 9: for publication. If when examining a hive to ascertain whether
• 1:32:31
  Speaker 9: the young queen has become fertile, we find one or
• 1:32:35
  Speaker 9: more rudimental royal cells containing eggs or larvae, we may
• 1:32:39
  Speaker 9: safely conclude that the queen has been lost, and that
• 1:32:42
  Speaker 9: the eggs were laid by a fertile worker. End of section.
• 1:32:47
  Speaker 5: Nine, Section ten of the American Bee Journal, Volume one,
• 1:32:56
  Speaker 5: number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 1:33:02
  Speaker 5: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 5: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
• 1:33:10
  Speaker 5: by Katie Johnstone, the American b Journal, volume one, number three,
• 1:33:15
  Speaker 5: March eighteen sixty one. By various double bottom board. The
• 1:33:21
  Speaker 5: usual mode of enlarging hives so as to furnish room
• 1:33:24
  Speaker 5: for the storage of honey, adopted by those who use
• 1:33:27
  Speaker 5: common hives, is called storifying, and consists in piling hives
• 1:33:31
  Speaker 5: or boxes hon or against each other, with a free
• 1:33:34
  Speaker 5: communication between them. When an empty box or hive is
• 1:33:38
  Speaker 5: placed on a full one, it is called superine. One
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 5: placed under the full one it is called knatterine, And
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 5: one placed against the side of the full one, with
• 1:33:47
  Speaker 5: a communicating passage in the adjoining sides it is called
• 1:33:50
  Speaker 5: collateral hiving. Though these several processes have long been employed,
• 1:33:56
  Speaker 5: they have not in any case been permanently attended with
• 1:33:59
  Speaker 5: satisfy results. A different mode is now adopted by those
• 1:34:03
  Speaker 5: practical bee keepers in Germany, who still use the common hive,
• 1:34:08
  Speaker 5: and is found to yield all the advantages which were
• 1:34:10
  Speaker 5: expected from the former without any of their disadvantages. The
• 1:34:14
  Speaker 5: desired enlargement is affected by means of what they call
• 1:34:17
  Speaker 5: a double bottom board, constructed to accommodate two hives or boxes.
• 1:34:23
  Speaker 5: This board is twice as long as an ordinary one,
• 1:34:26
  Speaker 5: and in its central portion, a channel twelve inches long
• 1:34:29
  Speaker 5: and four inches broad is scooped out in such a
• 1:34:32
  Speaker 5: manner that its greatest depth midway is three quarters of
• 1:34:36
  Speaker 5: an inch, extending thence either way to the ends with
• 1:34:40
  Speaker 5: a gradual upward slope. The central portion of the channel
• 1:34:44
  Speaker 5: is covered with a piece of boards six inches square
• 1:34:47
  Speaker 5: and one quarter of an inch thick, which is lead
• 1:34:50
  Speaker 5: in flush with the surface of the bottom board, thus
• 1:34:53
  Speaker 5: forming a covered way or tunnel half an inch in
• 1:34:56
  Speaker 5: the clear at its deepest part, and amply large enough
• 1:34:59
  Speaker 5: for the passage of the workers. In the middle of
• 1:35:03
  Speaker 5: this board, a narrow slit is cut four inches long,
• 1:35:07
  Speaker 5: or just the width of the channel, into which a
• 1:35:09
  Speaker 5: piece of sheep brass may be inserted to close the passage. Below.
• 1:35:14
  Speaker 5: Figure one shows such a double bottom board as constructed
• 1:35:18
  Speaker 5: for hives which have the entrance for the bees in
• 1:35:20
  Speaker 5: their base or lower edge. When the board is wanted
• 1:35:24
  Speaker 5: for hives which require the entrance to be cut in
• 1:35:26
  Speaker 5: the bottom board, the construction is as shown in Figure two.
• 1:35:31
  Speaker 3: Fig.
• 1:35:31
  Speaker 4: Two.
• 1:35:33
  Speaker 5: In this three entrances are provided such that whether the
• 1:35:37
  Speaker 5: board is placed lengthwise or broadwise, there will in either
• 1:35:40
  Speaker 5: case be a front entrance. The other entrances are of
• 1:35:44
  Speaker 5: course kept closed when not in use. Another and simpler
• 1:35:49
  Speaker 5: kind of double bottom board, chiefly intended for a different purpose,
• 1:35:53
  Speaker 5: is represented by Fig. Three. In this the channel is
• 1:35:57
  Speaker 5: eighteen inches long, four inches broad, and three fourths of
• 1:36:01
  Speaker 5: an inch deep throughout. The hives are placed on it
• 1:36:05
  Speaker 5: six inches asunder, and the intervening portion of the channel
• 1:36:09
  Speaker 5: is covered by a piece of thick glass six inches broad,
• 1:36:13
  Speaker 5: set in the board flush with the surface. This is
• 1:36:16
  Speaker 5: protected by a suitable board with a piece of dark
• 1:36:19
  Speaker 5: colored woolen cloth intervening. The entrances are cut in the
• 1:36:24
  Speaker 5: bottom board if the hives used require it. The manner
• 1:36:28
  Speaker 5: of using these double bottom boards will be explained when
• 1:36:31
  Speaker 5: treating of the management of bees in common hives superstition
• 1:36:39
  Speaker 5: among the peasants of Livonia. The genuine beekeeper never pronounces
• 1:36:43
  Speaker 5: the word bee, as he believes the expression would inevitably
• 1:36:46
  Speaker 5: bring misfortune on his apiary. He always speaks of them
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 5: as forest birds, and however frequently or severely he may
• 1:36:54
  Speaker 5: be stung, he bears the pain with mute, stoical fortitude,
• 1:36:58
  Speaker 5: never giving utterance to his feet, for fear he should
• 1:37:01
  Speaker 5: offend his forest birds. Ants are frequently troublesome pests in
• 1:37:08
  Speaker 5: an apiary. To get rid of them, mix equal parts
• 1:37:11
  Speaker 5: of potash and sugar, pulverizing the whole in a mortar.
• 1:37:16
  Speaker 5: Set the mixture in shallow plates in places which the
• 1:37:18
  Speaker 5: ants frequent.
• 1:37:21
  Speaker 10: End of section ten, Section eleven of The American Bee Journal,
• 1:37:31
  Speaker 10: Volume one, number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is
• 1:37:37
  Speaker 10: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
• 1:37:41
  Speaker 10: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
• 1:37:46
  Speaker 10: Read by quartertone the American Bee Journal, volume one, number three,
• 1:37:51
  Speaker 10: March eighteen sixty one, by various Section eleven copulation of
• 1:37:57
  Speaker 10: the Queen Bee. Yansha Huber and Gerjon, relying on evidence
• 1:38:03
  Speaker 10: entirely satisfactory to themselves, concurred in the conviction that the
• 1:38:08
  Speaker 10: fecundation of queen bees is effected by the drones on
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 10: the wing and in the open air, though neither of
• 1:38:14
  Speaker 10: them ever actually witnessed the concourse of queen and drone.
• 1:38:19
  Speaker 10: Many German apiarians have four years passed been vigilant observers
• 1:38:24
  Speaker 10: in the hope of obtaining ocular demonstration of the fact.
• 1:38:27
  Speaker 10: But so unsuccessful have they been that one of them
• 1:38:31
  Speaker 10: said of it despondingly a short time ago. Human eyes
• 1:38:35
  Speaker 10: have never beheld it, and probably never will. In January
• 1:38:40
  Speaker 10: eighteen sixty the been Enzeitung contained an account of what
• 1:38:44
  Speaker 10: came under the notice of mister Hannemann, then of Wattenburg
• 1:38:47
  Speaker 10: and Tunguria, but now of Rio de Grand de Soul
• 1:38:50
  Speaker 10: in Brazil, where he established a large apiary and made
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 10: an ample fortune by bee culture. After stating that on
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 10: the sixth of July eighteen ten forty nine, several swarms
• 1:39:02
  Speaker 10: issued from his stalks and were hived, he adds, when
• 1:39:06
  Speaker 10: the swarms had been placed in the apiary and the
• 1:39:08
  Speaker 10: bees commenced flying, I was anxious to watch them closely,
• 1:39:11
  Speaker 10: but found it impracticable, as I had then about one
• 1:39:15
  Speaker 10: hundred fifty colonies, many of which had become so irritated
• 1:39:18
  Speaker 10: by my operations that it was unsafe to approach them.
• 1:39:23
  Speaker 10: The wind was from the west, and a few fleecy
• 1:39:26
  Speaker 10: clouds floated in the atmosphere. While sitting in the shade
• 1:39:29
  Speaker 10: of a tree about thirty paces from the apiary, my
• 1:39:32
  Speaker 10: attention was attracted by an unusually loud humming. Suddenly I
• 1:39:37
  Speaker 10: saw some twenty or thirty drones in rapid pursuit of
• 1:39:40
  Speaker 10: a queen bee at an elevation of twenty five or
• 1:39:43
  Speaker 10: thirty feet from the ground. The cluster occupied a space
• 1:39:47
  Speaker 10: apparently two feet in diameter, and in their course sometimes
• 1:39:50
  Speaker 10: sunk to within ten feet of the ground, and then
• 1:39:53
  Speaker 10: rose again, passing from north to south. I followed them
• 1:39:57
  Speaker 10: about one hundred paces, and then lost them behind an
• 1:40:01
  Speaker 10: intervening building. While they were thus pursuing the queen, the
• 1:40:04
  Speaker 10: cluster presented this appearance except when it approached the ground.
• 1:40:09
  Speaker 10: Then the mass became more condensed and circular, closing together
• 1:40:13
  Speaker 10: so thickly that they seemed almost to touch each other
• 1:40:16
  Speaker 10: as they flew, appearing thus before they vanished from my sight.
• 1:40:21
  Speaker 10: The queen made her escape from among the encircling drones
• 1:40:24
  Speaker 10: by a sudden turn, and I saw her distinctly shooting
• 1:40:27
  Speaker 10: ahead and rising higher in the air, the drones in
• 1:40:30
  Speaker 10: full pursuit, the whole resembling this figure. This spectacle was corroborative,
• 1:40:37
  Speaker 10: but not demonstrative, and this is the nearest approach any
• 1:40:41
  Speaker 10: of the German apiarians have yet made towards obtaining an
• 1:40:44
  Speaker 10: ocular solution of the problem. American observers have been more
• 1:40:49
  Speaker 10: successful and may now claim the palm which their German
• 1:40:52
  Speaker 10: brethren failed to secure. In the spring of eighteen fifty seven,
• 1:40:56
  Speaker 10: mister Lewis Shrimplin of Wellsborough, Virginia enabled himself to obtain
• 1:41:00
  Speaker 10: a distinct view of the pursuit of the Queen by
• 1:41:03
  Speaker 10: the drones by catching one as she issued from her
• 1:41:05
  Speaker 10: hive and attaching a fine silk thread to one of
• 1:41:08
  Speaker 10: her thighs. When again permitted to fly, she began to
• 1:41:12
  Speaker 10: rise in the air, and he saw the drones collect
• 1:41:15
  Speaker 10: in large numbers and follow in pursuit. This precisely confirmed
• 1:41:19
  Speaker 10: the statement made by mister Hanneman, and furnished the additional
• 1:41:23
  Speaker 10: fact that the Queen, on her return, was found to
• 1:41:26
  Speaker 10: bear the evidence of fecundation. The Reverend mister Milette of
• 1:41:31
  Speaker 10: White Marsh Pennsylvania was more fortunate and appears to have
• 1:41:34
  Speaker 10: been the first who witnessed an actual encounter. The following
• 1:41:38
  Speaker 10: communication from his pen, which we copy from the Farmer
• 1:41:42
  Speaker 10: and Gardener for November eighteen fifty nine, settles the important
• 1:41:46
  Speaker 10: fact as it came under his observation in the preceding
• 1:41:49
  Speaker 10: summer Drone and Queen b important fact. There is no
• 1:41:55
  Speaker 10: department in natural history where there is so much room
• 1:41:58
  Speaker 10: for doubt and skepticism as in the study of the
• 1:42:01
  Speaker 10: honey bee. And the reason is obvious. There is so
• 1:42:04
  Speaker 10: much that is really wonderful and at the same time true.
• 1:42:08
  Speaker 10: Until late years, such has been the construction of the
• 1:42:11
  Speaker 10: hive that its internal economy has been hidden to the
• 1:42:14
  Speaker 10: eye of man, and all the phenomena of bee life
• 1:42:17
  Speaker 10: has been left to conjecture. The following fact occurred under
• 1:42:21
  Speaker 10: the writer's own observation, and is put on record in
• 1:42:24
  Speaker 10: order that the others interested in bee keeping may be
• 1:42:27
  Speaker 10: led to give their experience in the matter of the
• 1:42:29
  Speaker 10: queen's impregnation, if any facts have come before them. In
• 1:42:34
  Speaker 10: the month of June, an old stock threw off a
• 1:42:37
  Speaker 10: second swarm, in which there were four queens. During the
• 1:42:41
  Speaker 10: process of hiving. One of the queens was observed on
• 1:42:44
  Speaker 10: the wing, and in a moment after was seized by
• 1:42:46
  Speaker 10: a drone. After flying about a rod, they both came
• 1:42:50
  Speaker 10: to the ground in close contact. The writer instantly followed
• 1:42:54
  Speaker 10: them up, and as the drone was about departing, having
• 1:42:57
  Speaker 10: broken loose, seized both the bees, the queen in one
• 1:43:00
  Speaker 10: hand and the drone in the other. They were taken
• 1:43:03
  Speaker 10: into the house and left at liberty to fly when
• 1:43:06
  Speaker 10: the queen flew to the closed window, but the drone,
• 1:43:09
  Speaker 10: after crawling about on the hand, was laid upon the
• 1:43:12
  Speaker 10: window seat, and in a very few minutes expired. Both
• 1:43:16
  Speaker 10: the queen and the drone had a white, milky fluid
• 1:43:18
  Speaker 10: upon the extremity of the abdomen, and upon pressing the
• 1:43:21
  Speaker 10: drone there was no indication of his possessing the speciality
• 1:43:25
  Speaker 10: of his sex. One fact will not establish a theory,
• 1:43:29
  Speaker 10: but when many can testify in the same direction, it
• 1:43:32
  Speaker 10: forms a galaxy of evidence which cannot be refuted. It
• 1:43:37
  Speaker 10: is Huber's idea that the queens and drones meet in
• 1:43:40
  Speaker 10: the air, and it has occurred to the writer as
• 1:43:43
  Speaker 10: well worthy of experiment to collect a number of drones
• 1:43:46
  Speaker 10: and let them fly with the virgin Queen in a
• 1:43:48
  Speaker 10: high room, and thus endeavor to verify this fact so
• 1:43:52
  Speaker 10: emphatically laid down by Huber. To this we append the
• 1:43:57
  Speaker 10: following extract of a letter from mister S. B. Parsons
• 1:43:59
  Speaker 10: of flush in, New York, confirmatory of all that was
• 1:44:02
  Speaker 10: conjecture before. We may remark that the observers in this
• 1:44:06
  Speaker 10: instance also are men whose statements may be implicitly relied
• 1:44:10
  Speaker 10: on and so familiar with bees, that all doubt as
• 1:44:13
  Speaker 10: to the possibility that they may themselves have been mistaken
• 1:44:17
  Speaker 10: is entirely precluded. Mister Parsons says. One fact in our
• 1:44:23
  Speaker 10: last summer's experience will interest the readers of the journal.
• 1:44:27
  Speaker 10: The copulation of an Italian drone and queen upon the
• 1:44:29
  Speaker 10: wing was witnessed in my apiary by mister Carey and
• 1:44:33
  Speaker 10: mister Otis. They saw the queen issue from the hive
• 1:44:37
  Speaker 10: and circle round when a drone struck her, Both being
• 1:44:40
  Speaker 10: upon the wing, a sharp snap ensued. The drone fell
• 1:44:44
  Speaker 10: to the ground and was picked up dead. The queen
• 1:44:48
  Speaker 10: fell in the grass, rose again and entered the hive.
• 1:44:52
  Speaker 10: Mister Carey soon searched for her, found the workers cleaning
• 1:44:56
  Speaker 10: her off. And the male organs attached to her body.
• 1:45:00
  Speaker 10: This settles definitively what Yancha and Huber believed without ocular evidence.
• 1:45:05
  Speaker 10: I am not aware that the actual copulation has been
• 1:45:08
  Speaker 10: seen before. Since the foregoing was prepared, we have received
• 1:45:13
  Speaker 10: the following more detailed account of mister Carey's observations, as
• 1:45:17
  Speaker 10: communicated by him to a mutual friend, which we hasten
• 1:45:20
  Speaker 10: to submit to our readers. Copulation of a queen and
• 1:45:25
  Speaker 10: drone actually seen. Although the copulation of the queen and
• 1:45:29
  Speaker 10: drone undoubtedly take place while they are on the wing,
• 1:45:32
  Speaker 10: it will interest many to know that it has at
• 1:45:35
  Speaker 10: last been seen. The following is the substance of a
• 1:45:39
  Speaker 10: letter addressed to me by mister William W. Carey of Coleraine, Massachusetts.
• 1:45:44
  Speaker 10: Mister Carey has had much experience in the management of bees,
• 1:45:47
  Speaker 10: and was engaged last summer in propagating Italian queens for
• 1:45:51
  Speaker 10: mister S. B. Parsons of Flushing, Long Island. He says,
• 1:45:56
  Speaker 10: about three o'clock p m. On the eighth of July,
• 1:45:59
  Speaker 10: I saw a young Italian queen enter her hive without
• 1:46:02
  Speaker 10: any signs of impregnation. She came out again in a
• 1:46:05
  Speaker 10: few minutes and I closed the entrance to the hive.
• 1:46:08
  Speaker 10: During her absence, which lasted thirteen minutes, three drones came
• 1:46:12
  Speaker 10: in front of the hive, and, finding the entrance closed,
• 1:46:15
  Speaker 10: kept on the wing most of the time. When the
• 1:46:18
  Speaker 10: returning queen was about three feet from the entrance, one
• 1:46:21
  Speaker 10: of the drones very rapidly flew to her, and clasping
• 1:46:24
  Speaker 10: his legs about her, caused both to settle a little
• 1:46:27
  Speaker 10: and to come in contact with a long spear of grass.
• 1:46:31
  Speaker 10: At the same time, an explosion was distinctly heard, and
• 1:46:35
  Speaker 10: they immediately separated. The drone falling to the ground perfectly
• 1:46:38
  Speaker 10: dead and having his abdomen very much contracted. The queen,
• 1:46:43
  Speaker 10: after making a few circles in the air, entered the
• 1:46:46
  Speaker 10: hive with the male organ of the drone attached to her.
• 1:46:49
  Speaker 10: All these facts were witnessed by myself and mister r.
• 1:46:53
  Speaker 10: C Otis of Kenosha, Wisconsin, as we were seated on
• 1:46:56
  Speaker 10: opposite sides of the hive, not more than six feet apart,
• 1:46:59
  Speaker 10: so that there can be no possible ground of mistake.
• 1:47:03
  Speaker 10: Professor Sebold, in his work on parthenogenesis, says as in
• 1:47:09
  Speaker 10: the act of copulation, the penis of a drone is
• 1:47:11
  Speaker 10: completely extruded outwards, and as no particular muscular apparatus exists
• 1:47:15
  Speaker 10: for the extrusion of the penis, the circumstance that the
• 1:47:19
  Speaker 10: drones copulate in flight has an important signification. During the
• 1:47:23
  Speaker 10: movement of the wings, the different air sacks of the
• 1:47:26
  Speaker 10: tracheosystem of the drones are filled with air, by which
• 1:47:29
  Speaker 10: means these can act by pressure in the interior of
• 1:47:32
  Speaker 10: the body of the drone upon the neighbouring penis, which
• 1:47:35
  Speaker 10: is to be protruded. On page one twenty five of
• 1:47:39
  Speaker 10: Langstroth on the hive and honeybee, it is mentioned that
• 1:47:43
  Speaker 10: while a drone is held in the hand, its male
• 1:47:45
  Speaker 10: organ may often be made to extrude with a motion
• 1:47:48
  Speaker 10: very like the popping of a roasted popcorn. In every
• 1:47:52
  Speaker 10: such case, the drone perishes instantaneously, but its penis remains
• 1:47:56
  Speaker 10: so firmly attached to the abdomen that it has been
• 1:47:59
  Speaker 10: difficult to get conceive how it can be detached in
• 1:48:02
  Speaker 10: the act of copulation. The explosion so distinctly heard by
• 1:48:06
  Speaker 10: the two observers shows that the filling of the different
• 1:48:10
  Speaker 10: air sacks while the drone is on the wing detaches
• 1:48:13
  Speaker 10: the penis l L L it is exceedingly gratifying to
• 1:48:19
  Speaker 10: us that the American Bee Journal, at this very early
• 1:48:22
  Speaker 10: stage of its existence, is thus distinguished as the medium
• 1:48:26
  Speaker 10: of decisive information on one of the most interesting, as
• 1:48:30
  Speaker 10: well as most controverted points in the natural history of
• 1:48:33
  Speaker 10: the bee. We have long believed that when once the
• 1:48:36
  Speaker 10: physiology and habits of this admirable insect are made subjects
• 1:48:41
  Speaker 10: of earnest and persevering study in this country, the many
• 1:48:44
  Speaker 10: obscurities which have so long perplexed observers will be satisfactorily elucidated,
• 1:48:49
  Speaker 10: and the instances here given of success under circumstances not
• 1:48:53
  Speaker 10: more favorable than those by which Europeans have for years
• 1:48:57
  Speaker 10: been surrounded, are well calculated to strengthen our faith and
• 1:49:01
  Speaker 10: induce us to look for other cheering results. According to
• 1:49:06
  Speaker 10: an official census taken in eighteen fifty three, there were
• 1:49:09
  Speaker 10: then in the Kingdom of hanover two hundred and eighteen thousand,
• 1:49:13
  Speaker 10: eight hundred and sixty five colonies of bees. The Reverend
• 1:49:17
  Speaker 10: mister Klein thinks that at a moderate estimate, the country
• 1:49:20
  Speaker 10: could support at least ten times that number. Bees never
• 1:49:25
  Speaker 10: store pollen in drone cells. End of Section eleven.
• 1:49:38
  Speaker 8: Section twelve of the American Bee Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 1:49:43
  Speaker 8: March eighteen sixty one. This is the LibriVox recording. All
• 1:49:48
  Speaker 8: librifox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:49:53
  Speaker 8: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by D.
• 1:49:59
  Speaker 8: Rando The American Bee Journal, volume one, number three, March
• 1:50:05
  Speaker 8: eighteen sixty one, by various bee Keeper's Convention, First American
• 1:50:12
  Speaker 8: bee Keeper's Convention. We take pleasure in placing on record
• 1:50:16
  Speaker 8: in our columns the proceedings of the First American bee
• 1:50:20
  Speaker 8: Keeper's Convention, which met at Cleveland, Ohio, on the fifteenth
• 1:50:25
  Speaker 8: of March eighteen sixty The time is approaching when b
• 1:50:29
  Speaker 8: culture will occupy a higher position than it has yet
• 1:50:33
  Speaker 8: held in this country, and when it will be interesting
• 1:50:37
  Speaker 8: to trace back its history to those pioneer movements which
• 1:50:41
  Speaker 8: conduce to revival and progress. From the Ohio Farmer bee
• 1:50:46
  Speaker 8: Keeper's Convention first day, on the motion of E. T. Sturtevant,
• 1:50:51
  Speaker 8: Professor J. P. Kirtland was elected Chairman and J. Kirkpatrick Secretary.
• 1:50:56
  Speaker 8: By S. C. Brown, resolved that a business committee be
• 1:51:01
  Speaker 8: appointed by the Chairman, who announced S. C. Brown, A. F. Binton,
• 1:51:06
  Speaker 8: Joel Merriman, E. T. Sturtevant and doctor T. Garlic. The
• 1:51:11
  Speaker 8: chairman presented communications from Samuel Wagner, Esquire of York, Pennsylvania,
• 1:51:17
  Speaker 8: and T. J. Mahan of Philadelphia, referring principally to the
• 1:51:22
  Speaker 8: Italian bee, which were rid by the Secretary. The committee
• 1:51:26
  Speaker 8: reported that it is desirable to form a bee keeper's Association,
• 1:51:31
  Speaker 8: and also the following questions for discussion. One what is
• 1:51:35
  Speaker 8: the best mode of wintering bees? Two? Is it policy
• 1:51:40
  Speaker 8: to feed bees? If so, what constitutes the best feed? Three?
• 1:51:45
  Speaker 8: Is natural swarming the most judicious mode of propagating bees? Four?
• 1:51:51
  Speaker 8: What is the superiority if any of the Italian bee
• 1:51:55
  Speaker 8: over our common kind? Accepted on motion, a committee U
• 1:52:00
  Speaker 8: three was appointed to draft a constitution, consisting of S. N. Sanford, E. T.
• 1:52:06
  Speaker 8: Sturdevant and S. Miller, who reported a constitution which was
• 1:52:10
  Speaker 8: succepted and adopted. A committee consisting of W. M. Cunningham, ELI.
• 1:52:17
  Speaker 8: Bartholomew and W. A. Flanders was appointed to nominate officers
• 1:52:21
  Speaker 8: who reported. The ballot was then taken when the following
• 1:52:25
  Speaker 8: gentlemen were declared elected Professor J. P. Kirkland, President, William M. Cunningham,
• 1:52:32
  Speaker 8: Vice President E. T. Sturtevant, Corresponding Secretary J. Kirkpatrick, Recording
• 1:52:39
  Speaker 8: Secretary J. Gallup, Treasurer T. W. Morse, S. C. Brown,
• 1:52:44
  Speaker 8: and L. M. Cobb Executive Committee. The meeting then took
• 1:52:48
  Speaker 8: up the first question, what is the best mode of
• 1:52:51
  Speaker 8: wintering bees? Mister Sturdivant gave the history of his experience
• 1:52:57
  Speaker 8: on this point. He said that the hive should be
• 1:53:00
  Speaker 8: tight at the bottom with an opening at the top
• 1:53:03
  Speaker 8: during winter, and also stated that he had buried hives
• 1:53:07
  Speaker 8: the past season with the best results. The bees had
• 1:53:10
  Speaker 8: increased in numbers, although many of the swarms were late
• 1:53:14
  Speaker 8: ones and not well supplied with stores. In a few
• 1:53:18
  Speaker 8: minutes after being taken up, the bees were perfectly active.
• 1:53:22
  Speaker 8: Reverend L. L. Langsdorfft stated that at one time he
• 1:53:26
  Speaker 8: deposited his hives in the deep cellar that was very
• 1:53:29
  Speaker 8: dry during the winter. The bees remained inactive and came
• 1:53:33
  Speaker 8: out well in the spring. At one time he had
• 1:53:36
  Speaker 8: an idea that it was necessary to have his hives
• 1:53:40
  Speaker 8: with double walls and filled between with charcoal or sawdust,
• 1:53:45
  Speaker 8: but by experience found that the hive thus constructed did
• 1:53:48
  Speaker 8: not do well. Air is absolutely essential. Cold did not
• 1:53:53
  Speaker 8: kill them when in mass it is necessary to have
• 1:53:56
  Speaker 8: thorough communication between the combs. In his opinion, the thickness
• 1:54:01
  Speaker 8: of the hive walls is non essential, but an upper
• 1:54:04
  Speaker 8: circulation must be had. Mister Merriman agreed with the previous speaker.
• 1:54:10
  Speaker 8: When a boy at the east, his hives, along with
• 1:54:13
  Speaker 8: those of others, suffered from winter killing, and the idea
• 1:54:17
  Speaker 8: struck him that it was owing to the want of air,
• 1:54:20
  Speaker 8: and bored holes in several of the hives with an
• 1:54:24
  Speaker 8: augur all the hives so treated did well, but those
• 1:54:28
  Speaker 8: not ventilated suffered. Every bee keeper knows that bees generally
• 1:54:33
  Speaker 8: winter well in some old hive full of cracks through
• 1:54:37
  Speaker 8: which the air can circulate freely. Doctor Metcalf asked if
• 1:54:41
  Speaker 8: hives buried in winter would not do equally well covered
• 1:54:45
  Speaker 8: with clay as with sand. Mister Sturdophont stated that he
• 1:54:49
  Speaker 8: had covered his with sand because he had no clay,
• 1:54:52
  Speaker 8: but thought that clay would do better upward. Ventilation was,
• 1:54:56
  Speaker 8: however necessary. Mister Merriman stated that an uncle of his
• 1:55:01
  Speaker 8: buried his bees with good success without ventilation. As c
• 1:55:06
  Speaker 8: Brown had lost many swarms, he did not believe that
• 1:55:10
  Speaker 8: there was such a thing as luck in bee keeping.
• 1:55:13
  Speaker 8: Some of his swarms had died from an overplus of honey,
• 1:55:17
  Speaker 8: the brood combs being filled with honey, leaving no room
• 1:55:20
  Speaker 8: for new brood, and there was a consequent falling off
• 1:55:24
  Speaker 8: in the population of the hive, the queen having no
• 1:55:27
  Speaker 8: empty cells in which to deposit her eggs. Mister Langstrop
• 1:55:31
  Speaker 8: read a quotation from Columella in corroboration of this difficulty.
• 1:55:36
  Speaker 8: In the time of that author, hives suffered from over avarice.
• 1:55:41
  Speaker 8: Missus Sturdivant said that swarms having no queen often stored
• 1:55:45
  Speaker 8: honey faster than those having won, but thought that the
• 1:55:49
  Speaker 8: swarms mentioned by mister Brown had never had a queen.
• 1:55:53
  Speaker 8: Being divided once, the President said he had several hives
• 1:55:57
  Speaker 8: that were so full of honey that they had no
• 1:56:00
  Speaker 8: room for brood. He had lost no swarms the past winter.
• 1:56:04
  Speaker 8: Mister A. K. Smith asked if bees would protect themselves
• 1:56:08
  Speaker 8: when without a queen. Mister Sturdivant said that this is
• 1:56:12
  Speaker 8: often the case. Doctor Dunham asked why some divided swarms
• 1:56:17
  Speaker 8: having no queen will lie idle until a queen is
• 1:56:20
  Speaker 8: hatched out. Mister Sturdivant replied that, in his opinion, this
• 1:56:25
  Speaker 8: was owing to the small number of bees that were
• 1:56:28
  Speaker 8: often left in such hives, and gave illustrations from his
• 1:56:31
  Speaker 8: own experience. Mister Lanstroff read from Butler's work written and
• 1:56:37
  Speaker 8: printed in the time of and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth,
• 1:56:41
  Speaker 8: in illustration of this point. The same observations were made
• 1:56:45
  Speaker 8: centuries ago. Mister Smith observed that many of his hives
• 1:56:50
  Speaker 8: had suffered from an overfilling of the combs with honey.
• 1:56:54
  Speaker 8: T s Underhill remarked that as the Association had left
• 1:56:58
  Speaker 8: the question on which started, he would, with its leave,
• 1:57:02
  Speaker 8: return to the original subject. He had found one great
• 1:57:06
  Speaker 8: difficulty in the burying of swarms, from the fact that
• 1:57:09
  Speaker 8: when opened, the bees would come out and get mixed
• 1:57:12
  Speaker 8: faster than the hives could be removed. He approved of
• 1:57:16
  Speaker 8: burying in dry cellars, as the bees could be easily
• 1:57:20
  Speaker 8: and gradually removed. Bees suffer from their inability to reach
• 1:57:24
  Speaker 8: the outer combs during cold weather. They eat all the
• 1:57:28
  Speaker 8: honey within reach and then starve within a short distance
• 1:57:32
  Speaker 8: of plenty. Upper ventilation is always necessary during the winter.
• 1:57:38
  Speaker 8: Mister Sturtivant lost nineteen swarms in unventilated hives one winter
• 1:57:43
  Speaker 8: in consequence of sudden cold chilling the bees while wet.
• 1:57:48
  Speaker 8: As Sea Brown remarked that many lost swarms that were
• 1:57:52
  Speaker 8: apparently in excellent condition last fall from the combs being
• 1:57:56
  Speaker 8: filled with eggs and nearly all the honey deposited in
• 1:57:59
  Speaker 8: the boxes, and this removed as surplus. Second question, is
• 1:58:05
  Speaker 8: it policy to feed bees? If so, what constitutes the
• 1:58:09
  Speaker 8: best feed? Mister Smith said he usually took up an
• 1:58:13
  Speaker 8: old hive that was of little use, destroyed the bees,
• 1:58:17
  Speaker 8: and fed the young or weak swarms with it. He
• 1:58:20
  Speaker 8: feeds by placing pieces of the comb in the upper boxes.
• 1:58:24
  Speaker 8: The safest way to save young swarms is to feed
• 1:58:27
  Speaker 8: old honey. Mister Merriman's profits from beekeeping exceeded that from
• 1:58:33
  Speaker 8: any other kind of farm stock. Has fed good honey
• 1:58:37
  Speaker 8: to his bees. Did not approve of feeding poor honey
• 1:58:41
  Speaker 8: or any other substitute. Chestnut honey is the poorest. He
• 1:58:45
  Speaker 8: knows water mixed with bee feed does not add to
• 1:58:49
  Speaker 8: the quantity of the feed. As Sea Brown considered that
• 1:58:53
  Speaker 8: it was not good policy to feed. Our hives should
• 1:58:57
  Speaker 8: be in such a condition that the bees to not
• 1:59:00
  Speaker 8: need to be fed. Mister Sturtivant considered that feeding bees
• 1:59:04
  Speaker 8: for the purpose of producing marketable honey is a short
• 1:59:08
  Speaker 8: road to the poorhouse for the beekeeper, and gave a
• 1:59:12
  Speaker 8: short account of the period during which honey is gathered.
• 1:59:15
  Speaker 8: Strong swarms by the first of May will always collect
• 1:59:19
  Speaker 8: sufficient stores. When through improper division of swarms at the
• 1:59:23
  Speaker 8: late season, a swarm proves light it should be fed
• 1:59:27
  Speaker 8: or united with another swarm. Feeding by placing frames filled
• 1:59:31
  Speaker 8: with comb and honey is the best. Mister Landstrop approved
• 1:59:36
  Speaker 8: in general of mister S's views, with a few exceptions.
• 1:59:40
  Speaker 8: The idea that poor feed can be turned into good
• 1:59:43
  Speaker 8: honey is a stupendous swindle. Honey derived from different sources
• 1:59:48
  Speaker 8: has each its distinctive characteristics. Second Day, Friday, March sixteenth,
• 1:59:55
  Speaker 8: eighteen sixty the President, Professor J. P. Kirtlin in the chair.
• 2:00:00
  Speaker 8: The President read an article from the Morning Leader on
• 2:00:04
  Speaker 8: the passage of a bill through the Legislative House punishing
• 2:00:08
  Speaker 8: beehive or honey stealing. This elicited considerable discussion, all agreeing
• 2:00:14
  Speaker 8: that at present there is no real law for the
• 2:00:16
  Speaker 8: punishment of be thieves. The Committee on Business reported the
• 2:00:21
  Speaker 8: following resolution on the subject resolved that it is expedient
• 2:00:26
  Speaker 8: for this Association to petition the Senate of the State
• 2:00:29
  Speaker 8: of Ohio to concur in the passage of the Bill
• 2:00:33
  Speaker 8: passed by the House of Representatives for the More Efficient
• 2:00:36
  Speaker 8: Protection of Bee Keepers, which was adopted, and a committee
• 2:00:40
  Speaker 8: consisting of Professor J. P. Kirkland and E. T. Stutevant
• 2:00:45
  Speaker 8: were appointed to draw up such a petition. Moved that
• 2:00:49
  Speaker 8: the corresponding Secretary be requested to confer with the Census
• 2:00:53
  Speaker 8: Bureau at Washington in regard to the necessity of the
• 2:00:57
  Speaker 8: assessors taking an account of the number of beehives and
• 2:01:01
  Speaker 8: the amount of products in the various states. Several questions
• 2:01:05
  Speaker 8: were presented for discussion. The question for discussion was then
• 2:01:09
  Speaker 8: taken up. Mister Merriman said that if bees were allowed
• 2:01:13
  Speaker 8: to rob, even from hives without bees, they would soon
• 2:01:17
  Speaker 8: rob all round. The President said he would feed his
• 2:01:21
  Speaker 8: bees for the purpose of a general stimulus, but he
• 2:01:24
  Speaker 8: would place the honey at a distance from the hives.
• 2:01:27
  Speaker 8: Weak swarms should be fed in boxes within the hive.
• 2:01:32
  Speaker 8: Mister Lanstrop thinks that if a bee once gets into
• 2:01:35
  Speaker 8: the habit of stealing, it will always steal as long
• 2:01:39
  Speaker 8: as it has an opportunity, even until the day of
• 2:01:42
  Speaker 8: its death. Robber bees are easily known. They don't approach
• 2:01:46
  Speaker 8: the hive like honest bees, but approach and then retire
• 2:01:50
  Speaker 8: in a suspicious manner. Mister Smith had suffered from robbers.
• 2:01:55
  Speaker 8: Some of his swarms had become robbers a year ago
• 2:01:58
  Speaker 8: and still exhibit the same bad habit. Mister Lanstroff would
• 2:02:03
  Speaker 8: recommend that whenever a swarm endeavors to rob another, it
• 2:02:08
  Speaker 8: is best to close the latter, and when the robbers
• 2:02:10
  Speaker 8: cluster in masses on the outside, sprinkle them with cold
• 2:02:14
  Speaker 8: water and keep sprinkling them. They will go home cooled off.
• 2:02:20
  Speaker 8: Mister Flanders advocated the feeding of robbers, as in his opinion,
• 2:02:24
  Speaker 8: they needed food. Mister Lanstroff and mister Sturtivant agreed that
• 2:02:29
  Speaker 8: it is not the poor weak swarms that become robbers,
• 2:02:33
  Speaker 8: but the old, strong swarms that have their hives stocked
• 2:02:37
  Speaker 8: with honey. Mister s would cut down a comb and
• 2:02:41
  Speaker 8: let the honey run in the robbers hive, when they
• 2:02:44
  Speaker 8: will immediately attend to affairs at home. He also advocated
• 2:02:48
  Speaker 8: the feeding of weak swarms at night. Mister Bartholomew thought
• 2:02:52
  Speaker 8: that swarms never rob unless food cannot be obtained otherwise.
• 2:02:57
  Speaker 8: Mister Merriman agreed with others in thinking that few hives
• 2:03:00
  Speaker 8: were robbed unless without a queen. Hives that are attempted
• 2:03:05
  Speaker 8: to be robbed should be removed to a different stand.
• 2:03:08
  Speaker 8: When a hive is fairly conquered, it is best to
• 2:03:11
  Speaker 8: let the robbers have free leave to clear the hive out,
• 2:03:15
  Speaker 8: and they will stop when the honey is exhausted. Doctor
• 2:03:18
  Speaker 8: Garlic found the strong swarms liable to rob but found
• 2:03:22
  Speaker 8: cold water sprinkled over was a good plan to cool
• 2:03:26
  Speaker 8: them off. He has found hives rich in honey clear
• 2:03:30
  Speaker 8: of bees this spring. Mister Underhill thinks that bees from
• 2:03:34
  Speaker 8: weak swarms are the first invaders, but that in the
• 2:03:37
  Speaker 8: battle the strong ones are the victors. Queenless colonies may
• 2:03:42
  Speaker 8: be expected to be robbed. He gives all his swarms
• 2:03:45
  Speaker 8: plenty of honey. Weak swarms should have the entrances contracted
• 2:03:50
  Speaker 8: in the spring, as by this means they can the
• 2:03:53
  Speaker 8: more easily protect themselves. Some years ago his hives had
• 2:03:58
  Speaker 8: to be fed generally in the spring, owing to the
• 2:04:01
  Speaker 8: unfavorable weather during the honey season the previous summer, hindering
• 2:04:06
  Speaker 8: them from laying up sufficient honey. That season, he suffered
• 2:04:10
  Speaker 8: more from robbers than at any previous or subsequent period.
• 2:04:15
  Speaker 8: Mister Bartholomew thought that making artificial honey for the purpose
• 2:04:19
  Speaker 8: of feeding bees is very poor business. A little feed
• 2:04:23
  Speaker 8: given early in spring will encourage breeding and thus benefit
• 2:04:27
  Speaker 8: the swarm. Bees quit breeding when the pasturage ceases. Mister
• 2:04:32
  Speaker 8: Lanstroff considered that much fall robbing is the result of
• 2:04:36
  Speaker 8: careless handling and removing honey or opening hives. Care should
• 2:04:40
  Speaker 8: always be taken in this. Bees will breed when not
• 2:04:44
  Speaker 8: collecting honey. Aristotle mentions that wet seasons produce great swarms,
• 2:04:50
  Speaker 8: dry ones much honey, and this observation was made by
• 2:04:54
  Speaker 8: many of the older riders as well as moderns. Missus
• 2:04:58
  Speaker 8: Sturuovhut said that from the closest observation he had learned
• 2:05:03
  Speaker 8: that bees began to breed by the first of January
• 2:05:06
  Speaker 8: in a little spot. With the advance of the season,
• 2:05:10
  Speaker 8: this increased in size afternoon session bee bread. Missus Sturtivunt
• 2:05:17
  Speaker 8: had used unbolted rye flour as the substitute for pollen
• 2:05:21
  Speaker 8: or be bred. In one day his bees had taken
• 2:05:25
  Speaker 8: up as much as sixty pounds. His method of using
• 2:05:29
  Speaker 8: this is to take a wide board with slips about
• 2:05:33
  Speaker 8: two inches deep, nailed all round and placed in a warm,
• 2:05:37
  Speaker 8: sheltered situation, and on that place the flower. Mister Lanstroff
• 2:05:42
  Speaker 8: said that rye flower is used to a great extent
• 2:05:46
  Speaker 8: in some parts of Europe. Breeding is sometimes suspended in
• 2:05:50
  Speaker 8: new swarms from the want of pollen. As such swarms
• 2:05:54
  Speaker 8: are usually deficient in the supply of bee bred. In
• 2:05:58
  Speaker 8: his opinion, artificial pollen is not equal to the genuine article.
• 2:06:04
  Speaker 8: Italian bee. On motion, the character and history of the
• 2:06:08
  Speaker 8: Italian bee was taken up. Mister Langstroff stated that mister
• 2:06:12
  Speaker 8: Wagner of York, Pennsylvania endeavored to introduce the Italian bee
• 2:06:17
  Speaker 8: five years ago, but the swarm arrived dead in consequence
• 2:06:22
  Speaker 8: of the mate of the vessel stealing the honey, and
• 2:06:25
  Speaker 8: also read from Virgil and Colomella, showing that this bee
• 2:06:29
  Speaker 8: was well known to the ancients. The claims for this
• 2:06:32
  Speaker 8: bee are that they are hardier, swarm, oftener, and work
• 2:06:37
  Speaker 8: during days when the common bee will not work. They
• 2:06:40
  Speaker 8: also fly faster and are in all respects more active
• 2:06:44
  Speaker 8: insects than the others. It is believed that the tongue
• 2:06:48
  Speaker 8: of this insect is longer than that of the common species,
• 2:06:52
  Speaker 8: and it is thus enabled to obtain honey from sources
• 2:06:56
  Speaker 8: incapable of being reached by a shorter tongue, for example,
• 2:07:00
  Speaker 8: the red clover. He considered that in the hands of
• 2:07:04
  Speaker 8: the mass the Italian bee would prove a failure. Some, however,
• 2:07:09
  Speaker 8: would succeed and its good qualities be brought out. Last fall,
• 2:07:14
  Speaker 8: Messrs Wagner, Mahan and himself had imported a few stalks
• 2:07:19
  Speaker 8: of these bees, and this was prior to the importation
• 2:07:23
  Speaker 8: of mister Parsons and the Patent Office. Missus Sturdivant would
• 2:07:28
  Speaker 8: do what he can to protect bee keepers and hopes
• 2:07:31
  Speaker 8: that all will take care from whence the Italian queens
• 2:07:35
  Speaker 8: they may obtain, come, and that they be not received
• 2:07:39
  Speaker 8: from regions where the disease called quote foul brood end
• 2:07:43
  Speaker 8: quote is prevalent, a disease utterly unknown in Ohio or
• 2:07:48
  Speaker 8: the West. Professor Kirkland said that if the Italian bee
• 2:07:52
  Speaker 8: was a distinct species, it would be easily retained, but
• 2:07:56
  Speaker 8: if only a variety, it would take a great deal
• 2:07:59
  Speaker 8: of care to keep them distinct in places where the
• 2:08:02
  Speaker 8: common species was abundant in consequence of interbreeding. Mister Landstrot
• 2:08:08
  Speaker 8: said native queens fertilized by the Common drone would produce
• 2:08:13
  Speaker 8: hybrid workers and queens, but poer Italian drones, so that
• 2:08:18
  Speaker 8: the next generation would be more Italian than Common, and
• 2:08:22
  Speaker 8: future generations will prove still poorer. Mister Underhill described the
• 2:08:27
  Speaker 8: appearance of quote foul brood end quote. At the beginning
• 2:08:31
  Speaker 8: of the disease, the cap of the cells turns dark
• 2:08:35
  Speaker 8: in consequence of the death of the larvae. At first,
• 2:08:38
  Speaker 8: it appears yellowish. After a year or two, all the
• 2:08:41
  Speaker 8: combs will be effected, and the stench is great from
• 2:08:44
  Speaker 8: the decomposed matter. Honey from such hives fed to other
• 2:08:49
  Speaker 8: swarms will infect such swarms, increasing the disease. A queen
• 2:08:54
  Speaker 8: taken from an infected hive will lay eggs that do
• 2:08:57
  Speaker 8: not produce disease brood. It seems to be confined to
• 2:09:01
  Speaker 8: pine regions and is not known in the places where
• 2:09:05
  Speaker 8: such trees do not grow. Boiling infected honey and skimming
• 2:09:10
  Speaker 8: it deprives it of its noxious qualities. If we find
• 2:09:14
  Speaker 8: a hive slightly affected, we drive the swarm out and
• 2:09:18
  Speaker 8: place them in the new hive. Hives clear of disease
• 2:09:21
  Speaker 8: in summer will often prove infected in the fall. An
• 2:09:25
  Speaker 8: infected hive should not be allowed to remain in the apiary.
• 2:09:29
  Speaker 8: In spring on motion, it was resolved that our representative
• 2:09:34
  Speaker 8: in Congress, mister Wade, be requested by this association to
• 2:09:39
  Speaker 8: procure from the Patent Office for the use of this
• 2:09:42
  Speaker 8: society a colony of Italian bees, and if he succeeds,
• 2:09:47
  Speaker 8: the colony be entrusted to the care of the President
• 2:09:50
  Speaker 8: of the Society, together with two other members, viz. Mister W. A.
• 2:09:55
  Speaker 8: Flanders and E. T. Sturtevant. Natural verses are artificial swarming.
• 2:10:02
  Speaker 8: The next question for discussion being quote, is natural swarming
• 2:10:06
  Speaker 8: the most judicious mode of propagating bees? Mister Sturtivant observed
• 2:10:12
  Speaker 8: that he would rather that some other person would speak
• 2:10:15
  Speaker 8: on the subject. It is conceded at this time that
• 2:10:18
  Speaker 8: hives can be artificially swarmed. He considered artificial superior to
• 2:10:24
  Speaker 8: natural swarming, as the former have more time to collect
• 2:10:27
  Speaker 8: stores and there is no loss from swarms leaving, which
• 2:10:31
  Speaker 8: is a great drawback to keykeeping. Mister Langstroff said that
• 2:10:36
  Speaker 8: for ignorant persons, natural swarming is the best, but in
• 2:10:40
  Speaker 8: the hands of intelligent beekeepers, artificial swarming is preferable. The
• 2:10:45
  Speaker 8: watching for the swarming of bees is avoided. In the
• 2:10:48
  Speaker 8: latter case, it is far more profitable even with a
• 2:10:52
  Speaker 8: common box hive. Swarms seldom leave large apiaries, and it
• 2:10:57
  Speaker 8: is seldom that a swarm can pass over such without
• 2:11:01
  Speaker 8: Mister l explained his method of dividing swarms. Mister Underhill
• 2:11:06
  Speaker 8: said that if Apierians in his section of country would
• 2:11:10
  Speaker 8: depend on natural swarming, there would be but small increase.
• 2:11:15
  Speaker 8: If a rapid sure increase is desired, artificial swarming must
• 2:11:19
  Speaker 8: be resorted to. It is also much cheaper, for it
• 2:11:24
  Speaker 8: requires less attention and labor. Bee houses question, is it
• 2:11:30
  Speaker 8: a fact that bees will not prosper in a well
• 2:11:33
  Speaker 8: constructed bee house, or what are the advantages and disadvantages
• 2:11:38
  Speaker 8: of such an apiary. Mister Langstroff considered that bee houses
• 2:11:43
  Speaker 8: were not the best for the benefit of the Apierian,
• 2:11:46
  Speaker 8: principally from the loss of the young queens when they
• 2:11:49
  Speaker 8: leave the hive for the purpose of meeting the drones,
• 2:11:52
  Speaker 8: as they are apt on their return to enter the
• 2:11:55
  Speaker 8: wrong hive and be there killed, and the consequent decay
• 2:11:59
  Speaker 8: of the queen land swarm. Giving a great number of
• 2:12:02
  Speaker 8: instances of this being the case, he would say to
• 2:12:05
  Speaker 8: all scatter your bees place one hive under this tree
• 2:12:10
  Speaker 8: and another under that, but scatter the hives. A scientific
• 2:12:15
  Speaker 8: bee keeper may succeed in using a bee house. Mister
• 2:12:19
  Speaker 8: Flanders endorse the opinion of mister Langstroft, and also found
• 2:12:24
  Speaker 8: that hives scattered about the orchard have done the best.
• 2:12:28
  Speaker 8: It cannot be expected that bees will succeed well in
• 2:12:32
  Speaker 8: a covered bee house. Missus Sturdivant uses a large bee house,
• 2:12:37
  Speaker 8: but does not allow the bees in it to swarm,
• 2:12:40
  Speaker 8: but always divides his swarms, taking the queenless swarm away
• 2:12:45
  Speaker 8: from the apiary, and if desirable, returning it to the
• 2:12:49
  Speaker 8: house after the queen is fecundated. He would use out
• 2:12:53
  Speaker 8: of the house or in a bee house. The common
• 2:12:56
  Speaker 8: hive with frames the Langstroff hive manufactur by Ransom cob
• 2:13:01
  Speaker 8: and Company, Cleveland. Hives must not be placed on a
• 2:13:05
  Speaker 8: common level where they can run from one to another.
• 2:13:09
  Speaker 8: His bees had laid up an immense quantity of honey
• 2:13:12
  Speaker 8: the last season. The house is airy and cool, built
• 2:13:16
  Speaker 8: of brick. Hives should face in different directions. The President
• 2:13:21
  Speaker 8: stated that if a buffalo, robe, bundle of straw, or
• 2:13:24
  Speaker 8: other unusual object be placed on the old stand from
• 2:13:28
  Speaker 8: whence a hive has been carried, the bees will, when
• 2:13:32
  Speaker 8: they return to the old stand, immediately leave for the hive.
• 2:13:36
  Speaker 8: Mister Merriman moves his bees wherever it is desirable and
• 2:13:40
  Speaker 8: never has any difficulty. Mister Underhill thought that hives, when moved,
• 2:13:45
  Speaker 8: should be stirred up agitated. They will then look out
• 2:13:49
  Speaker 8: when they issue in search of food. He did not
• 2:13:52
  Speaker 8: approve of bee houses. Adjourned Siney d'a J. P. Kirtland, President, J.
• 2:13:59
  Speaker 8: Kirk Patrick, Secretary and of Section twelve.
• 2:14:09
  Speaker 11: Section thirteen of the American Bee Journal, Volume one, number three,
• 2:14:14
  Speaker 11: March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 2:14:19
  Speaker 11: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 2:14:23
  Speaker 11: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
• 2:14:28
  Speaker 11: stacem the American Bee Journal, volume one, number three, March
• 2:14:34
  Speaker 11: eighteen sixty one, by various beemart inquiry narrow hives in
• 2:14:40
  Speaker 11: the village of Amhersfurt in Holland, a regular bee market
• 2:14:45
  Speaker 11: is held annually in the second week of August. After
• 2:14:48
  Speaker 11: the buckwheat blossoms cease to furnish pasturage. The bee keepers
• 2:14:53
  Speaker 11: in the surrounding districts then drum out the bees of
• 2:14:55
  Speaker 11: such stocks as they do not intend to reserve for wintering,
• 2:14:59
  Speaker 11: and bring them to market for sale in small hives
• 2:15:02
  Speaker 11: provided with a feeding apparatus, The bees are bought by
• 2:15:05
  Speaker 11: dealers who transport them to the heath districts where ample
• 2:15:09
  Speaker 11: fall pasturage enables them to build new comb and gather
• 2:15:13
  Speaker 11: a plentiful supply for the winter. Six thousand stocks thus
• 2:15:18
  Speaker 11: drummed out were sold at Amersfirst Market in August eighteen
• 2:15:23
  Speaker 11: fifty seven. In query narrow hives? Would it not be
• 2:15:27
  Speaker 11: advantageous to place natural swarms or artificial colonies in narrow hives,
• 2:15:33
  Speaker 11: affording them no more room than the crowd can properly fill,
• 2:15:36
  Speaker 11: and giving them at the start just so many frames
• 2:15:40
  Speaker 11: as bees can conveniently yet fully cover. Would they not,
• 2:15:44
  Speaker 11: and such hives be constrained to build straight combs, impelled
• 2:15:48
  Speaker 11: to do so by their crowded state, the shape and
• 2:15:51
  Speaker 11: narrowness of the hive, and the high and equitable temperature
• 2:15:54
  Speaker 11: maintained while founding and extending their works. Do not swarms
• 2:15:58
  Speaker 11: work more industrially in small hives, And when the bees
• 2:16:02
  Speaker 11: become too much crowded, will it not be easy to
• 2:16:05
  Speaker 11: give them more room by transferring one or more combs
• 2:16:08
  Speaker 11: containing sealed brood to some other similar hive and inserting
• 2:16:13
  Speaker 11: empty frames instead. May not such narrow hives, with the
• 2:16:17
  Speaker 11: aid of reserved queens, be used as workshops for the
• 2:16:20
  Speaker 11: production of comb and brood, And where a considerable number
• 2:16:23
  Speaker 11: of such are kept for this especial purpose, may not
• 2:16:26
  Speaker 11: the beekeeper be enabled by the removal from them of
• 2:16:30
  Speaker 11: comb was sealed brood at proper intervals to build up
• 2:16:34
  Speaker 11: new colonies easily by means of comparatively few bees while
• 2:16:38
  Speaker 11: the weather and pasturage are favorable. Such small colonies would
• 2:16:42
  Speaker 11: of course need close watching. But if they built straight
• 2:16:46
  Speaker 11: combs and produce brood rapidly, might they not be turned
• 2:16:50
  Speaker 11: to good account? In an apiary, Doctor Osmuz of Pulldos
• 2:16:54
  Speaker 11: near Moscow says that while cultivating bees in common hives,
• 2:16:59
  Speaker 11: he observed that first swarms built their combs from front
• 2:17:02
  Speaker 11: to rear in their hives, the first after swarms built
• 2:17:06
  Speaker 11: them diagonally, and the second after swarms built them from
• 2:17:09
  Speaker 11: side to side. If he united a first with the
• 2:17:12
  Speaker 11: second after swarm, the combs were built diagonally, except one
• 2:17:16
  Speaker 11: or two in front nearest the entrance which always ran
• 2:17:20
  Speaker 11: parallel with the front. Has this been noticed by any
• 2:17:23
  Speaker 11: other beekeeper? If it be a fact, it may perhaps
• 2:17:26
  Speaker 11: serve to explain the irregularity in comb building occasionally complained
• 2:17:31
  Speaker 11: of immovable frame hives in Galicia. In the southern part
• 2:17:35
  Speaker 11: of Poland, the annual product of wax is about seven
• 2:17:39
  Speaker 11: hundred and fifty thousand pounds, and of honey fifteen million pounds.
• 2:17:44
  Speaker 11: The bees cultivated in the northern districts of China appear
• 2:17:47
  Speaker 11: to be only a variety of the common kind, somewhat
• 2:17:51
  Speaker 11: smaller in size. End of section.
• 2:17:54
  Speaker 6: Thirteen Section fourteen of The American Bee Journal, Volume one,
• 2:18:05
  Speaker 6: number three, March eighteen sixty one. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 2:18:10
  Speaker 6: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 2:18:13
  Speaker 6: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
• 2:18:18
  Speaker 6: by Christine Rucker, The American Bee Journal, volume one, number three,
• 2:18:23
  Speaker 6: March eighteen sixty one. By various monthly management March. Though
• 2:18:29
  Speaker 6: February may have been too cold and inclement to allow
• 2:18:33
  Speaker 6: the bees to fly, this month will almost certainly afford
• 2:18:37
  Speaker 6: them frequent opportunities to leave their hives on the first
• 2:18:41
  Speaker 6: occasion that they can issue freely. All the colonies should
• 2:18:45
  Speaker 6: be carefully watched to ascertain whether any among them are queenless.
• 2:18:50
  Speaker 6: Those which manifest no uneasiness and remain quiet in the
• 2:18:55
  Speaker 6: hive after they have ceased to fly, may be regarded
• 2:18:58
  Speaker 6: as in good order for this respect. But such as
• 2:19:02
  Speaker 6: a peer restless and discontented, passing in and out of
• 2:19:06
  Speaker 6: the hive with a dissatisfied air, and running hurriedly over
• 2:19:10
  Speaker 6: the front and sides of the hive, may be looked
• 2:19:13
  Speaker 6: upon as certainly queenless, more especially if, on lifting the
• 2:19:18
  Speaker 6: hives slightly and blowing in some smoke, they utter a peculiar,
• 2:19:22
  Speaker 6: plaintive moan never heard under other circumstances. A queenless colony
• 2:19:28
  Speaker 6: at this season of the year is of little value
• 2:19:31
  Speaker 6: as an independent stock, and had better be at once
• 2:19:35
  Speaker 6: united with some feeble colony having a fertile queen, if
• 2:19:38
  Speaker 6: there be any such in the apiary. If not, then
• 2:19:42
  Speaker 6: unite it with its nearest neighbor. The attempt to rear
• 2:19:46
  Speaker 6: a queen would most probably result in disappointment, and if
• 2:19:51
  Speaker 6: the colony be suffered to remain on its stand till
• 2:19:55
  Speaker 6: spring fairly opens, it will in all likelihood be attacked
• 2:20:00
  Speaker 6: and destroyed by robbing bees, for these would speedily discover
• 2:20:04
  Speaker 6: its destitute condition. When weak stocks, which have a fertile queen,
• 2:20:09
  Speaker 6: happen to be assailed by robbers and cannot conveniently be
• 2:20:14
  Speaker 6: removed from their stand, it is advisable to contract the
• 2:20:18
  Speaker 6: entrance so that only two or three bees may pass
• 2:20:21
  Speaker 6: at a time, and it will be serviceable also to
• 2:20:24
  Speaker 6: rub the alighting board in front of the hive with garlic, onions, warmwood,
• 2:20:30
  Speaker 6: or other acrid substance which bees dislike. The odor of
• 2:20:34
  Speaker 6: the bees poison and of formic acid is likewise useful
• 2:20:38
  Speaker 6: in such cases, and may be employed in like manner
• 2:20:42
  Speaker 6: to repel robbers. A piece of paper dipped in formic
• 2:20:46
  Speaker 6: acid may be used as a blind at the entrance
• 2:20:50
  Speaker 6: of the hive to conceal it and deter the assailants.
• 2:20:54
  Speaker 6: As the weather grows warmer, the bees spread themselves over
• 2:20:58
  Speaker 6: a greater number of coals, cleansing them of impurities, removing
• 2:21:03
  Speaker 6: all the dead, and carrying out also the droppings which
• 2:21:07
  Speaker 6: lie on the bottom board. This is a laborious task
• 2:21:10
  Speaker 6: for them, and many bees perish while thus engaged. It
• 2:21:15
  Speaker 6: is consequently advantageous to relieve them of the labor as
• 2:21:18
  Speaker 6: much as possible, by lifting the hive and brushing out
• 2:21:22
  Speaker 6: all the droppings and dead bees lying under the combs,
• 2:21:25
  Speaker 6: or by removing the bottom board and substituting a clean
• 2:21:29
  Speaker 6: and dry one. A few extra boards should be kept
• 2:21:33
  Speaker 6: for this purpose so as to expedite the operation while
• 2:21:37
  Speaker 6: the weather is mild enough to permit the exchange to
• 2:21:40
  Speaker 6: be made without detriment to.
• 2:21:42
  Speaker 8: The brood or the bees.
• 2:21:45
  Speaker 6: Combs which have become soiled or moldy may now also
• 2:21:49
  Speaker 6: be pruned, removing only such portions as is objectionable or useless.
• 2:21:56
  Speaker 6: If the bees are kept in movable comb hives, one
• 2:22:00
  Speaker 6: or more extra hive should always be provided, so that,
• 2:22:04
  Speaker 6: on some favorable opportunity, the frames, combs, and bees may
• 2:22:09
  Speaker 6: readily be transferred into a clear and dry hive from
• 2:22:13
  Speaker 6: the one in which they were wintered. This is the
• 2:22:16
  Speaker 6: speediest and most effectual mode of cleaning house and getting
• 2:22:20
  Speaker 6: rid of impurities and refuse matter. After the transfer has
• 2:22:24
  Speaker 6: been made, the interior should be thoroughly scalded and washed
• 2:22:28
  Speaker 6: and well dried to prevent moldiness, so as to have
• 2:22:32
  Speaker 6: it ready for future use. Unless the weather continue unusually
• 2:22:37
  Speaker 6: cold brooding will now be commenced even in the weaker colonies,
• 2:22:42
  Speaker 6: and be already abundant in the stronger or more populous
• 2:22:47
  Speaker 6: Though not in itself desirable at so early a period
• 2:22:51
  Speaker 6: in northern districts, it is in fact as difficult to
• 2:22:55
  Speaker 6: prevent or restrict as it is to keep trees and
• 2:22:58
  Speaker 6: plants from spring on the approach of spring. Still, it
• 2:23:03
  Speaker 6: is well not to encourage or promote brooding by any
• 2:23:06
  Speaker 6: interference on our part. That would be as injudicious and
• 2:23:11
  Speaker 6: injurious as it would be to urge trees and plants
• 2:23:15
  Speaker 6: into bloom earlier than the season justifies. Stimulative feeding resorted
• 2:23:21
  Speaker 6: to by many at this season is generally useless. The
• 2:23:25
  Speaker 6: food and time devoted to it are almost invariably wasted.
• 2:23:30
  Speaker 6: The bees so fed are impelled to issue and fly
• 2:23:34
  Speaker 6: at times when the weather is unfavorable, and many more
• 2:23:38
  Speaker 6: perish from exposure than the brood supplies. Stimulated colonies are
• 2:23:44
  Speaker 6: usually weaker when forage begins to abound than those which
• 2:23:48
  Speaker 6: were not fed or fed only sparingly, as the exigency required.
• 2:23:54
  Speaker 6: Even meal feeding undertaken early is disadvantageous. For similar reasons,
• 2:24:00
  Speaker 6: it should be resorted to only when the season is
• 2:24:03
  Speaker 6: so far advanced that there is a reasonable prospect of
• 2:24:06
  Speaker 6: continuous mild weather. Certain special objects may certainly at times
• 2:24:11
  Speaker 6: be attained by a system of artificial forcing, but great
• 2:24:15
  Speaker 6: judgment and skill are indispensable to success. Beginners in be
• 2:24:20
  Speaker 6: culture should use it sparingly by way of experiment, venturing
• 2:24:25
  Speaker 6: to use it on a larger scale only when by
• 2:24:28
  Speaker 6: practice and observation they have learned to employ it judiciously. Ordinarily,
• 2:24:34
  Speaker 6: it is best to wait patiently till the bees can
• 2:24:37
  Speaker 6: gather pollen from the hazel, the alder, and the willow,
• 2:24:41
  Speaker 6: before undertaking to stimulate them by feeding diluted honey or
• 2:24:45
  Speaker 6: other saccharine substitutes. Brooding generally commences early enough, and if
• 2:24:51
  Speaker 6: encouragement be needed, it is more advantageously extended three or
• 2:24:56
  Speaker 6: four weeks before the fruit trees blossom. The whether there
• 2:25:00
  Speaker 6: is raw and blustering, the bees should remain undisturbed till
• 2:25:04
  Speaker 6: the spring fairly opens. End of section fourteen. End of
• 2:25:09
  Speaker 6: the American Bee Journal, Volume one, number three, March eighteen
• 2:25:13
  Speaker 6: sixty one. By various