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Okay, but what's in a bird's toolbox? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  And
• 0:00
  we
• 0:00
  saw
• 0:00
  that
• 0:00
  and
• 0:01
  we
• 0:01
  were
• 0:01
  completely
• 0:02
  flabbergasted.
• 0:03
  This.
• 0:03
  Yeah.
• 0:04
  This
• 0:04
  kind
• 0:05
  of
• 0:05
  behavior
• 0:06
  is
• 0:06
  not.
• 0:06
  That
• 0:07
  didn't
• 0:07
  happen
• 0:07
  but
• 0:08
  hadn't
• 0:08
  been
• 0:08
  seen
• 0:09
  or
• 0:09
  documented
• 0:10
  in
• 0:11
  any
• 0:11
  other
• 0:11
  animal.
• 0:12
  Yeah,
• 0:12
  not
• 0:13
  even
• 0:13
  in
• 0:13
  chimps
• 0:13
  at
• 0:14
  that
• 0:14
  stage.
• 0:38
  I
• 0:38
  have
• 0:38
  a
• 0:38
  drawer
• 0:39
  in
• 0:39
  my
• 0:39
  kitchen
• 0:39
  that
• 0:39
  I
• 0:39
  call
• 0:40
  the
• 0:40
  drawer.
• 0:40
  You
• 0:40
  know
• 0:41
  the
• 0:41
  one,
• 0:41
  it's
• 0:41
  got
• 0:42
  a
• 0:42
  flashlight
• 0:42
  that
• 0:42
  definitely
• 0:43
  doesn't
• 0:43
  work.
• 0:43
  A
• 0:43
  stupid
• 0:44
  amount
• 0:44
  of
• 0:44
  Allen
• 0:44
  keys
• 0:45
  from
• 0:45
  furniture
• 0:45
  I
• 0:45
  will
• 0:45
  never
• 0:46
  take
• 0:46
  apart.
• 0:47
  Some
• 0:47
  batteries
• 0:47
  of
• 0:47
  unknown
• 0:48
  charge
• 0:48
  and
• 0:48
  a
• 0:48
  ton
• 0:48
  of
• 0:49
  okay,
• 0:49
  but
• 0:49
  bird
• 0:50
  stickers
• 0:50
  like
• 0:50
  the
• 0:50
  one
• 0:50
  you
• 0:50
  can
• 0:51
  find
• 0:51
  in
• 0:51
  our
• 0:51
  store.
• 0:51
  Shameless
• 0:52
  plug.
• 0:53
  But
• 0:53
  it's
• 0:53
  my
• 0:53
  chaos.
• 0:54
  And
• 0:54
  when
• 0:54
  I
• 0:54
  need
• 0:54
  something,
• 0:55
  I
• 0:55
  rummage
• 0:55
  through
• 0:55
  it
• 0:55
  and
• 0:56
  usually
• 0:56
  come
• 0:56
  out
• 0:56
  with
• 0:56
  something
• 0:56
  close
• 0:57
  to
• 0:57
  what
• 0:57
  I
• 0:57
  was
• 0:57
  looking
• 0:57
  for.
• 0:58
  My
• 0:58
  toolbox,
• 0:59
  as
• 0:59
  it
• 1:00
  were.
• 1:00
  Now
• 1:00
  imagine
• 1:01
  you
• 1:01
  don't
• 1:01
  have
• 1:02
  hands
• 1:02
  or
• 1:02
  a
• 1:02
  drawer
• 1:03
  or
• 1:03
  a
• 1:03
  kitchen.
• 1:04
  Imagine
• 1:04
  your
• 1:04
  entire
• 1:05
  survival
• 1:05
  depends
• 1:06
  on
• 1:06
  finding
• 1:06
  food
• 1:06
  hidden
• 1:07
  inside
• 1:07
  bark
• 1:07
  or
• 1:07
  wedged
• 1:08
  deep
• 1:08
  in
• 1:08
  a
• 1:08
  crevice.
• 1:09
  And
• 1:09
  the
• 1:09
  only
• 1:09
  thing
• 1:10
  you've
• 1:10
  got
• 1:10
  to
• 1:10
  work
• 1:10
  with
• 1:10
  is
• 1:11
  whatever
• 1:11
  you
• 1:11
  can
• 1:11
  find
• 1:11
  on
• 1:11
  the
• 1:12
  ground
• 1:12
  or
• 1:12
  snap
• 1:12
  off
• 1:12
  of
• 1:13
  a
• 1:13
  branch.
• 1:14
  The
• 1:14
  first
• 1:14
  time
• 1:14
  I
• 1:15
  ever
• 1:15
  watched
• 1:15
  a
• 1:15
  bird
• 1:16
  solve
• 1:16
  that
• 1:16
  problem
• 1:16
  in
• 1:16
  real
• 1:17
  life
• 1:17
  with
• 1:17
  a
• 1:17
  tool,
• 1:18
  it
• 1:18
  stopped
• 1:18
  me
• 1:18
  in
• 1:18
  my
• 1:19
  tracks.
• 1:19
  I
• 1:20
  was
• 1:20
  on
• 1:20
  Santa
• 1:20
  Cruz
• 1:20
  island
• 1:21
  in
• 1:21
  the
• 1:21
  Galapagos,
• 1:22
  my
• 1:22
  very
• 1:22
  first
• 1:22
  trip
• 1:22
  to
• 1:23
  the
• 1:23
  mind
• 1:23
  blowing
• 1:23
  Galapagos
• 1:24
  islands.
• 1:25
  At
• 1:25
  the
• 1:25
  time,
• 1:25
  I
• 1:25
  was
• 1:25
  hiking
• 1:26
  around
• 1:26
  Los
• 1:27
  the
• 1:27
  massive
• 1:27
  twin
• 1:28
  volcanic
• 1:28
  sinkholes
• 1:29
  surrounded
• 1:29
  by
• 1:29
  Scalicia
• 1:30
  forests
• 1:30
  and
• 1:30
  the
• 1:30
  highlands
• 1:31
  of
• 1:31
  Santa
• 1:31
  Cruz.
• 1:32
  If
• 1:32
  you
• 1:32
  haven't
• 1:33
  been.
• 1:33
  Scalicia
• 1:33
  forests
• 1:34
  are
• 1:34
  unlike
• 1:34
  anything
• 1:34
  else
• 1:35
  on
• 1:35
  Earth.
• 1:35
  The
• 1:36
  trees
• 1:36
  are
• 1:36
  actually
• 1:36
  giant
• 1:37
  daisies,
• 1:37
  closely
• 1:38
  related
• 1:38
  to
• 1:38
  sunflowers
• 1:38
  that
• 1:39
  have
• 1:39
  grown
• 1:39
  into
• 1:39
  a
• 1:39
  full
• 1:39
  canopy.
• 1:40
  It
• 1:41
  feels
• 1:41
  ancient.
• 1:41
  They're
• 1:42
  covered
• 1:42
  in
• 1:42
  brown
• 1:42
  moss
• 1:43
  that
• 1:43
  collects
• 1:43
  fog
• 1:44
  from
• 1:44
  the
• 1:44
  air
• 1:44
  and
• 1:44
  quivers
• 1:44
  in
• 1:45
  the
• 1:45
  ocean
• 1:45
  breeze.
• 1:46
  The
• 1:46
  light
• 1:46
  filters
• 1:46
  through
• 1:47
  in
• 1:47
  this
• 1:47
  soft.
• 1:47
  Green
• 1:47
  way
• 1:48
  and
• 1:48
  everything
• 1:48
  drips.
• 1:49
  It's
• 1:49
  quiet,
• 1:50
  except
• 1:50
  for
• 1:50
  the
• 1:51
  finches.
• 1:52
  And
• 1:52
  that's
• 1:52
  when
• 1:52
  I
• 1:52
  saw
• 1:53
  it.
• 1:53
  A
• 1:53
  woodpecker
• 1:53
  finch,
• 1:56
  a
• 1:56
  species
• 1:56
  of
• 1:56
  Darwin's
• 1:57
  finch,
• 1:57
  perched
• 1:57
  on
• 1:57
  a
• 1:57
  branch
• 1:58
  holding
• 1:58
  a.
• 1:58
  Cactus
• 1:59
  spine
• 1:59
  in
• 1:59
  its
• 1:59
  beak.
• 1:59
  It
• 2:00
  was
• 2:00
  probing
• 2:00
  into
• 2:00
  a
• 2:01
  crack
• 2:01
  in
• 2:01
  the
• 2:01
  bark,
• 2:01
  angling
• 2:02
  the
• 2:02
  spine,
• 2:02
  adjusting,
• 2:03
  poking.
• 2:03
  And
• 2:04
  then
• 2:04
  it
• 2:04
  pulled
• 2:04
  out
• 2:04
  a
• 2:05
  larva.
• 2:05
  It
• 2:05
  ate
• 2:06
  the
• 2:06
  grub,
• 2:06
  repositioned
• 2:07
  the
• 2:07
  spine
• 2:07
  and
• 2:07
  went
• 2:07
  right
• 2:07
  back
• 2:08
  in.
• 2:08
  I
• 2:08
  think
• 2:08
  it
• 2:09
  might
• 2:09
  be
• 2:09
  the
• 2:09
  only
• 2:09
  time
• 2:09
  I've
• 2:10
  ever
• 2:10
  watched
• 2:10
  a
• 2:10
  bird
• 2:10
  use
• 2:10
  a
• 2:11
  tool
• 2:11
  like
• 2:11
  that
• 2:11
  in
• 2:11
  the
• 2:11
  wild.
• 2:12
  And
• 2:12
  the
• 2:12
  thing
• 2:12
  that
• 2:13
  got
• 2:13
  me
• 2:13
  wasn't
• 2:13
  just
• 2:13
  the
• 2:14
  tool.
• 2:14
  It
• 2:14
  was
• 2:14
  the
• 2:14
  deliberateness,
• 2:15
  the
• 2:15
  patience.
• 2:16
  The
• 2:16
  bird
• 2:16
  was
• 2:16
  working.
• 2:17
  Which
• 2:17
  brings
• 2:18
  us
• 2:18
  to
• 2:18
  today's
• 2:18
  question.
• 2:19
  Okay,
• 2:19
  but
• 2:19
  what's
• 2:20
  in
• 2:20
  a
• 2:20
  bird's
• 2:20
  toolbox
• 2:21
  to
• 2:21
  help
• 2:22
  us
• 2:22
  unpack?
• 2:22
  The
• 2:22
  science
• 2:23
  of
• 2:23
  avian
• 2:23
  tool
• 2:23
  use.
• 2:24
  I'm
• 2:24
  talking
• 2:24
  with
• 2:24
  Dr.
• 2:25
  Alex
• 2:25
  Kiselnik,
• 2:26
  Emeritus
• 2:26
  professor
• 2:26
  at
• 2:27
  the
• 2:27
  University
• 2:27
  of
• 2:27
  Oxford,
• 2:28
  who
• 2:28
  has
• 2:28
  spent
• 2:29
  decades
• 2:29
  studying
• 2:29
  how
• 2:30
  New
• 2:30
  Caledonian
• 2:30
  crows
• 2:31
  think,
• 2:31
  innovate,
• 2:32
  and
• 2:32
  build
• 2:32
  tools
• 2:33
  that
• 2:33
  would
• 2:33
  impress
• 2:33
  an
• 2:33
  engineer.
• 2:35
  Because
• 2:35
  tool
• 2:35
  use
• 2:35
  in
• 2:35
  birds
• 2:36
  isn't
• 2:36
  just
• 2:36
  bird
• 2:37
  picks
• 2:37
  up
• 2:37
  stick.
• 2:38
  New
• 2:38
  Caledonian
• 2:39
  crows
• 2:39
  manufacture
• 2:40
  tools.
• 2:40
  They
• 2:40
  shape
• 2:40
  them.
• 2:41
  They
• 2:41
  choose
• 2:41
  materials.
• 2:42
  In
• 2:42
  one
• 2:43
  famous
• 2:43
  experiment,
• 2:43
  a
• 2:44
  crow
• 2:44
  was
• 2:44
  left
• 2:44
  with
• 2:44
  only
• 2:44
  a
• 2:45
  piece
• 2:45
  of
• 2:45
  wire
• 2:45
  and
• 2:46
  did
• 2:46
  something
• 2:46
  remarkable.
• 2:47
  And
• 2:47
  when
• 2:47
  researchers
• 2:48
  flipped
• 2:48
  the
• 2:48
  script
• 2:48
  and
• 2:49
  changed
• 2:49
  the
• 2:49
  circumstances,
• 2:50
  the
• 2:50
  crow
• 2:50
  did
• 2:50
  something
• 2:51
  even
• 2:51
  more
• 2:51
  impressive.
• 2:52
  So
• 2:52
  today
• 2:52
  we're
• 2:52
  going
• 2:52
  to
• 2:53
  dig
• 2:53
  into
• 2:53
  what
• 2:53
  tool
• 2:53
  use
• 2:54
  actually
• 2:54
  is
• 2:54
  and
• 2:54
  why
• 2:55
  it's
• 2:55
  so
• 2:55
  rare.
• 2:55
  We'll
• 2:56
  talk
• 2:56
  about
• 2:56
  what
• 2:56
  happens
• 2:57
  when
• 2:57
  a
• 2:57
  crow
• 2:57
  peels
• 2:57
  bark
• 2:58
  off
• 2:58
  a
• 2:58
  twig
• 2:58
  to
• 2:58
  thin
• 2:59
  it
• 2:59
  down
• 2:59
  or
• 2:59
  uses
• 3:00
  one
• 3:00
  tool
• 3:00
  to
• 3:00
  retrieve
• 3:01
  a
• 3:01
  second
• 3:01
  tool
• 3:02
  to
• 3:02
  get
• 3:02
  food.
• 3:03
  We'll
• 3:03
  ask
• 3:03
  whether
• 3:03
  these
• 3:04
  birds
• 3:04
  are
• 3:04
  born
• 3:04
  with
• 3:04
  a
• 3:05
  drive
• 3:05
  to
• 3:05
  manipulate
• 3:05
  objects
• 3:06
  and
• 3:06
  why
• 3:06
  ranking
• 3:07
  animals
• 3:07
  on
• 3:07
  a
• 3:07
  single
• 3:07
  ladder
• 3:08
  of
• 3:08
  intelligence
• 3:08
  misses
• 3:09
  the
• 3:09
  point
• 3:09
  entirely.
• 3:11
  After
• 3:11
  the
• 3:11
  break,
• 3:11
  Dr.
• 3:12
  Alex
• 3:12
  Kiselnik
• 3:13
  helps
• 3:13
  us
• 3:13
  open
• 3:13
  the
• 3:14
  toolbox
• 3:14
  and
• 3:14
  look
• 3:15
  inside.
• 3:15
  Stay
• 3:16
  tuned.
• 3:21
  Okay,
• 3:22
  well,
• 3:22
  thanks
• 3:22
  for
• 3:22
  taking
• 3:22
  the
• 3:23
  time
• 3:23
  to
• 3:23
  join
• 3:23
  us
• 3:23
  on
• 3:23
  the
• 3:23
  podcast
• 3:24
  today,
• 3:24
  Alex.
• 3:24
  I
• 3:24
  really
• 3:25
  appreciate
• 3:25
  it.
• 3:25
  It's
• 3:25
  a
• 3:25
  pleasure
• 3:26
  to
• 3:26
  be
• 3:26
  chatting
• 3:26
  to
• 3:26
  you.
• 3:27
  This
• 3:28
  idea
• 3:28
  of
• 3:28
  bird
• 3:29
  intelligence.
• 3:30
  So
• 3:30
  I
• 3:30
  think
• 3:30
  some
• 3:30
  people,
• 3:31
  when
• 3:31
  they
• 3:32
  think
• 3:32
  about,
• 3:32
  like,
• 3:32
  the
• 3:32
  intelligence
• 3:33
  of
• 3:33
  birds,
• 3:33
  maybe
• 3:33
  they
• 3:34
  think
• 3:34
  of
• 3:34
  an
• 3:34
  African
• 3:34
  grey
• 3:35
  parrot
• 3:35
  that
• 3:35
  can
• 3:35
  say
• 3:36
  a
• 3:36
  lot
• 3:36
  of
• 3:36
  different
• 3:36
  words.
• 3:37
  But
• 3:37
  when
• 3:38
  you
• 3:38
  think
• 3:38
  of
• 3:38
  bird
• 3:38
  intelligence,
• 3:39
  what's
• 3:39
  the
• 3:40
  kind
• 3:40
  of
• 3:40
  simplest
• 3:40
  definition
• 3:41
  in
• 3:41
  your
• 3:41
  mind
• 3:42
  of
• 3:42
  what
• 3:42
  demonstrates
• 3:43
  intelligence
• 3:44
  and
• 3:44
  in
• 3:44
  birds,
• 3:44
  if
• 3:45
  there
• 3:45
  is
• 3:45
  one?
• 3:46
  It's
• 3:46
  a
• 3:46
  good
• 3:47
  question
• 3:47
  because
• 3:48
  I
• 3:48
  should
• 3:49
  come
• 3:49
  clean
• 3:49
  and
• 3:49
  say
• 3:50
  from
• 3:50
  the
• 3:50
  beginning
• 3:50
  that
• 3:51
  I
• 3:51
  don't
• 3:51
  have
• 3:51
  a
• 3:51
  definition
• 3:52
  of
• 3:52
  intelligence.
• 3:53
  And
• 3:53
  to
• 3:54
  be
• 3:54
  honest,
• 3:54
  I
• 3:54
  think
• 3:55
  that
• 3:55
  most
• 3:55
  definitions
• 3:56
  that
• 3:56
  hang
• 3:56
  around
• 3:57
  are
• 3:58
  not
• 3:58
  particularly
• 3:59
  good.
• 3:59
  People
• 4:00
  use
• 4:00
  the
• 4:00
  term
• 4:01
  intelligence
• 4:02
  without
• 4:03
  clearly
• 4:04
  knowing
• 4:04
  what
• 4:05
  is
• 4:05
  it
• 4:05
  that
• 4:05
  they
• 4:05
  mean.
• 4:07
  There
• 4:07
  are
• 4:08
  three
• 4:08
  sources
• 4:09
  of
• 4:10
  know
• 4:10
  how.
• 4:11
  One
• 4:11
  is
• 4:12
  what
• 4:12
  you
• 4:12
  have
• 4:12
  from
• 4:12
  your
• 4:13
  genes
• 4:14
  that
• 4:14
  biology
• 4:15
  provides.
• 4:16
  The
• 4:16
  other
• 4:16
  is
• 4:16
  the
• 4:17
  things
• 4:17
  that
• 4:17
  you
• 4:17
  can
• 4:17
  learn
• 4:18
  from
• 4:18
  intelligence.
• 4:19
  And
• 4:20
  the
• 4:20
  rest
• 4:21
  is
• 4:21
  a
• 4:21
  spooky
• 4:22
  bit.
• 4:22
  When
• 4:23
  people
• 4:24
  or
• 4:25
  animals
• 4:25
  do
• 4:26
  things
• 4:27
  that
• 4:27
  we
• 4:28
  don't
• 4:28
  know
• 4:28
  how
• 4:28
  they
• 4:29
  do
• 4:29
  it.
• 4:30
  In
• 4:30
  general,
• 4:30
  people
• 4:31
  tend
• 4:31
  to
• 4:31
  think
• 4:32
  that
• 4:32
  intelligence
• 4:33
  is
• 4:33
  the
• 4:34
  kind
• 4:34
  of
• 4:34
  things
• 4:34
  that
• 4:35
  are
• 4:35
  neither
• 4:36
  inherited
• 4:36
  nor.
• 4:37
  Nor
• 4:38
  learned.
• 4:39
  But
• 4:40
  that's
• 4:40
  not
• 4:41
  very
• 4:41
  satisfactory,
• 4:42
  if
• 4:42
  you
• 4:43
  see
• 4:43
  what
• 4:43
  I
• 4:43
  mean.
• 4:44
  Yeah,
• 4:44
  yeah.
• 4:45
  I
• 4:45
  guess
• 4:45
  there's
• 4:45
  the
• 4:45
  famous
• 4:46
  quote,
• 4:46
  like,
• 4:46
  are
• 4:46
  we
• 4:47
  smart
• 4:47
  enough
• 4:47
  to
• 4:47
  know
• 4:47
  how
• 4:47
  smart
• 4:48
  animals
• 4:48
  are?
• 4:48
  And
• 4:48
  it'd
• 4:49
  be
• 4:49
  great
• 4:49
  to
• 4:49
  get
• 4:49
  your
• 4:49
  take
• 4:49
  on
• 4:50
  that
• 4:50
  in
• 4:50
  the
• 4:50
  context
• 4:50
  of
• 4:51
  birds
• 4:52
  and
• 4:52
  unpack
• 4:52
  this
• 4:52
  a
• 4:53
  little
• 4:53
  bit
• 4:53
  more.
• 4:53
  If
• 4:54
  you
• 4:54
  go.
• 4:54
  Some
• 4:54
  decades
• 4:55
  ago,
• 4:56
  people
• 4:57
  thought
• 4:57
  that
• 4:58
  the
• 4:58
  behavior
• 4:58
  of
• 4:59
  birds
• 4:59
  was
• 4:59
  rigid
• 5:00
  and
• 5:00
  instinctive,
• 5:01
  while
• 5:02
  the
• 5:02
  behavior
• 5:02
  of
• 5:03
  mammals,
• 5:04
  and
• 5:04
  particularly
• 5:06
  humans,
• 5:07
  was
• 5:07
  completely
• 5:08
  flexible
• 5:09
  and
• 5:09
  not
• 5:10
  encoded
• 5:10
  by
• 5:11
  genes.
• 5:12
  In
• 5:13
  fact,
• 5:13
  this
• 5:13
  originates
• 5:14
  in
• 5:14
  the
• 5:14
  fact
• 5:15
  that
• 5:15
  it
• 5:15
  is
• 5:16
  true
• 5:17
  that
• 5:17
  birds
• 5:18
  are
• 5:18
  notorious
• 5:19
  for
• 5:19
  knowing
• 5:19
  a
• 5:20
  number
• 5:20
  of
• 5:20
  things
• 5:21
  without
• 5:21
  needing
• 5:22
  to
• 5:22
  learn
• 5:22
  from
• 5:22
  them.
• 5:23
  But
• 5:23
  that
• 5:23
  doesn't
• 5:24
  mean
• 5:24
  that
• 5:24
  they
• 5:24
  can't
• 5:25
  also
• 5:25
  learn
• 5:26
  things
• 5:26
  and
• 5:27
  solve
• 5:27
  them
• 5:27
  creatively
• 5:28
  on
• 5:29
  the
• 5:29
  spot
• 5:29
  of
• 5:29
  the
• 5:29
  moment
• 5:30
  by
• 5:30
  reasoning
• 5:31
  in
• 5:31
  different
• 5:32
  ways.
• 5:33
  So
• 5:33
  in
• 5:34
  fact,
• 5:34
  the
• 5:35
  greater
• 5:35
  richness
• 5:37
  of
• 5:37
  instinctual
• 5:38
  behaviors,
• 5:39
  which
• 5:39
  you
• 5:39
  have
• 5:40
  said,
• 5:40
  oh,
• 5:41
  how
• 5:42
  clever
• 5:42
  they
• 5:42
  are,
• 5:43
  they
• 5:43
  can
• 5:44
  do
• 5:44
  certain
• 5:44
  things
• 5:44
  without
• 5:45
  learning,
• 5:45
  and
• 5:45
  in
• 5:45
  addition,
• 5:46
  they
• 5:46
  can
• 5:47
  learn
• 5:47
  and
• 5:47
  solve
• 5:48
  problems.
• 5:49
  People
• 5:49
  thought
• 5:49
  that
• 5:49
  if
• 5:49
  you
• 5:50
  knew
• 5:50
  a
• 5:50
  lot
• 5:50
  of
• 5:50
  things
• 5:51
  by
• 5:51
  instinct,
• 5:53
  then
• 5:54
  that
• 5:54
  would
• 5:54
  decrease
• 5:55
  the
• 5:55
  amount
• 5:55
  of
• 5:55
  intelligence
• 5:56
  that
• 5:57
  you
• 5:57
  may
• 5:57
  actually
• 5:58
  show.
• 5:59
  So,
• 5:59
  interesting.
• 6:00
  I
• 6:00
  think
• 6:01
  it's
• 6:01
  fair
• 6:01
  to
• 6:01
  think
• 6:02
  of
• 6:02
  intelligence
• 6:03
  as
• 6:03
  the
• 6:03
  kind
• 6:03
  of
• 6:04
  things
• 6:04
  that
• 6:05
  you
• 6:05
  can
• 6:05
  solve
• 6:06
  flexibly.
• 6:07
  If
• 6:08
  you
• 6:08
  can
• 6:09
  face
• 6:09
  different
• 6:09
  problems
• 6:10
  and
• 6:10
  if
• 6:11
  you
• 6:11
  only
• 6:12
  have
• 6:12
  one
• 6:12
  way
• 6:12
  to
• 6:13
  do
• 6:13
  it,
• 6:13
  and
• 6:13
  as
• 6:14
  soon
• 6:14
  as
• 6:14
  the
• 6:14
  thing,
• 6:15
  the
• 6:16
  problem
• 6:16
  changes
• 6:17
  one
• 6:17
  little
• 6:17
  bit,
• 6:18
  you
• 6:18
  can't
• 6:19
  solve
• 6:20
  it
• 6:20
  anymore,
• 6:21
  then
• 6:22
  that
• 6:22
  doesn't
• 6:22
  make
• 6:23
  sense
• 6:23
  to
• 6:23
  call
• 6:23
  it
• 6:24
  intelligent.
• 6:24
  But
• 6:25
  if
• 6:25
  you
• 6:25
  can
• 6:25
  accept
• 6:26
  all
• 6:27
  kind
• 6:27
  of
• 6:27
  transformations
• 6:28
  of
• 6:28
  the
• 6:28
  problems
• 6:29
  and
• 6:30
  still
• 6:31
  achieve
• 6:31
  your
• 6:31
  goals,
• 6:33
  then
• 6:33
  I
• 6:34
  would
• 6:34
  call
• 6:34
  that
• 6:34
  behavior
• 6:35
  intelligent.
• 6:37
  Yeah,
• 6:37
  yeah,
• 6:37
  I
• 6:37
  think
• 6:38
  that's
• 6:38
  a
• 6:38
  really
• 6:38
  satisfying
• 6:38
  way
• 6:39
  to
• 6:39
  think
• 6:39
  about
• 6:39
  it.
• 6:39
  So
• 6:39
  then
• 6:40
  for
• 6:40
  you
• 6:41
  and
• 6:41
  in
• 6:41
  the
• 6:41
  bird
• 6:41
  world,
• 6:42
  or
• 6:42
  you
• 6:42
  can
• 6:42
  go
• 6:42
  more
• 6:43
  broadly
• 6:43
  if
• 6:43
  you
• 6:43
  want,
• 6:43
  but
• 6:44
  what
• 6:45
  are
• 6:45
  some
• 6:45
  of
• 6:45
  the
• 6:45
  best
• 6:45
  examples
• 6:46
  of
• 6:46
  that?
• 6:46
  That
• 6:47
  flexibility,
• 6:47
  that
• 6:48
  kind
• 6:48
  of
• 6:48
  problem
• 6:48
  solving
• 6:49
  that
• 6:49
  you
• 6:49
  would
• 6:49
  infer
• 6:50
  to
• 6:50
  be
• 6:50
  intelligence
• 6:51
  versus
• 6:51
  just
• 6:52
  this
• 6:53
  is
• 6:53
  the
• 6:53
  thing
• 6:53
  I
• 6:53
  do
• 6:54
  and
• 6:54
  I
• 6:54
  can't
• 6:54
  be
• 6:55
  flexible.
• 6:56
  I'm
• 6:56
  going
• 6:56
  to
• 6:56
  be
• 6:56
  slightly
• 6:57
  biased
• 6:57
  and
• 6:58
  tell
• 6:58
  you
• 6:58
  the
• 6:58
  examples
• 6:59
  with
• 6:59
  which
• 6:59
  I've.
• 7:00
  Been
• 7:00
  involved,
• 7:01
  but
• 7:01
  yeah,
• 7:02
  that's
• 7:02
  why
• 7:02
  we
• 7:02
  invited
• 7:03
  you
• 7:03
  here.
• 7:04
  We
• 7:04
  started
• 7:05
  about
• 7:08
  25
• 7:09
  or
• 7:10
  close
• 7:10
  to
• 7:10
  30
• 7:10
  years
• 7:11
  ago
• 7:13
  to
• 7:13
  connect
• 7:14
  with
• 7:14
  the
• 7:14
  research
• 7:15
  on
• 7:15
  New
• 7:15
  Caledonian
• 7:16
  crows.
• 7:20
  But
• 7:21
  also
• 7:21
  some
• 7:21
  other
• 7:21
  researchers,
• 7:22
  colleagues,
• 7:23
  particularly
• 7:24
  one
• 7:24
  called
• 7:25
  Gavin
• 7:25
  Hunt
• 7:26
  and
• 7:27
  a
• 7:27
  few
• 7:27
  others,
• 7:28
  had
• 7:28
  been
• 7:28
  working
• 7:29
  for
• 7:29
  a
• 7:29
  few
• 7:29
  years
• 7:30
  on
• 7:31
  New
• 7:31
  Caledonian
• 7:31
  crows
• 7:32
  in
• 7:32
  the
• 7:32
  wild.
• 7:34
  And
• 7:34
  we
• 7:35
  connected
• 7:35
  to
• 7:35
  them
• 7:35
  and
• 7:36
  decided
• 7:37
  that
• 7:37
  we
• 7:37
  wanted
• 7:38
  to
• 7:38
  study
• 7:38
  in
• 7:38
  detail
• 7:39
  in
• 7:39
  the
• 7:39
  laboratory
• 7:40
  the
• 7:40
  conditions
• 7:42
  that
• 7:42
  led
• 7:42
  to
• 7:43
  tool
• 7:43
  use
• 7:43
  and
• 7:43
  the
• 7:44
  flexibility.
• 7:46
  We
• 7:47
  brought
• 7:47
  them
• 7:47
  to
• 7:47
  the
• 7:47
  lab
• 7:48
  and
• 7:48
  did
• 7:48
  a
• 7:48
  few
• 7:49
  studies.
• 7:50
  We
• 7:51
  showed
• 7:51
  that
• 7:52
  they
• 7:52
  did
• 7:52
  use
• 7:53
  tools,
• 7:53
  that
• 7:53
  they
• 7:53
  could
• 7:54
  use
• 7:54
  them,
• 7:54
  they
• 7:55
  could
• 7:55
  select
• 7:55
  the
• 7:56
  right
• 7:56
  length
• 7:56
  of
• 7:56
  tools
• 7:57
  to
• 7:58
  retrieve
• 7:59
  some
• 7:59
  food,
• 7:59
  et
• 8:00
  cetera.
• 8:00
  But
• 8:01
  there
• 8:01
  was
• 8:01
  something
• 8:01
  completely
• 8:02
  unexpected.
• 8:03
  One
• 8:04
  day
• 8:05
  we
• 8:06
  wanted
• 8:07
  to
• 8:07
  test
• 8:08
  if
• 8:08
  they
• 8:09
  picked
• 8:10
  a
• 8:10
  potential
• 8:10
  object
• 8:11
  to
• 8:11
  use
• 8:11
  as
• 8:12
  a
• 8:12
  tool,
• 8:13
  taking
• 8:13
  into
• 8:13
  account
• 8:14
  its
• 8:14
  functionality.
• 8:15
  And
• 8:16
  so
• 8:17
  we
• 8:17
  gave
• 8:18
  a
• 8:18
  pair
• 8:18
  of
• 8:20
  New
• 8:20
  Caledonian
• 8:21
  crows
• 8:21
  two
• 8:21
  objects.
• 8:22
  One
• 8:22
  was
• 8:23
  a
• 8:23
  straight
• 8:23
  piece
• 8:24
  of
• 8:24
  wire
• 8:25
  pipe
• 8:25
  cleaner
• 8:26
  actually,
• 8:27
  and
• 8:27
  the
• 8:27
  other
• 8:28
  was
• 8:28
  a
• 8:29
  bent
• 8:29
  one.
• 8:30
  And
• 8:31
  we
• 8:31
  put
• 8:31
  a
• 8:31
  vertical
• 8:32
  tube,
• 8:33
  the
• 8:33
  bottom
• 8:33
  of
• 8:34
  which
• 8:34
  there
• 8:34
  was
• 8:34
  a
• 8:35
  basket
• 8:36
  containing
• 8:37
  some
• 8:37
  food
• 8:37
  that
• 8:38
  they
• 8:38
  could
• 8:38
  see.
• 8:39
  But
• 8:39
  not
• 8:39
  reach.
• 8:40
  And
• 8:41
  we
• 8:41
  simply
• 8:41
  wanted
• 8:42
  to
• 8:42
  see
• 8:43
  if
• 8:43
  they
• 8:44
  would
• 8:44
  pick
• 8:44
  up
• 8:44
  the
• 8:45
  hook
• 8:45
  instead
• 8:46
  of
• 8:46
  the
• 8:47
  straight
• 8:47
  one,
• 8:48
  because
• 8:48
  that
• 8:48
  was
• 8:49
  useful
• 8:49
  to
• 8:50
  collect
• 8:50
  this.
• 8:51
  And
• 8:52
  what
• 8:52
  happened
• 8:52
  was
• 8:53
  very
• 8:54
  interesting.
• 8:54
  The
• 8:55
  male,
• 8:56
  which
• 8:56
  was
• 8:56
  a
• 8:56
  little.
• 8:57
  Well,
• 8:58
  in
• 8:58
  general
• 8:58
  are
• 8:59
  a
• 8:59
  little
• 9:00
  larger
• 9:00
  and
• 9:00
  dominant,
• 9:02
  took
• 9:02
  the
• 9:03
  hooked
• 9:04
  wire
• 9:04
  away.
• 9:06
  And
• 9:06
  the
• 9:06
  female
• 9:07
  was
• 9:07
  left
• 9:08
  with
• 9:08
  a
• 9:08
  piece
• 9:08
  of
• 9:09
  straight
• 9:09
  wire
• 9:10
  that
• 9:11
  she
• 9:12
  couldn't
• 9:12
  use
• 9:13
  to
• 9:13
  extract
• 9:14
  the
• 9:15
  basket,
• 9:15
  although
• 9:16
  she
• 9:16
  tried.
• 9:17
  And
• 9:17
  this
• 9:17
  is
• 9:18
  what
• 9:18
  happened,
• 9:18
  what
• 9:19
  surprised
• 9:19
  us.
• 9:20
  Female
• 9:21
  picked
• 9:22
  a
• 9:22
  straight
• 9:22
  wire,
• 9:23
  went
• 9:24
  away
• 9:24
  from
• 9:24
  the
• 9:26
  site
• 9:26
  of
• 9:26
  a
• 9:27
  problem,
• 9:28
  basically
• 9:30
  some
• 9:30
  30
• 9:30
  centimeters
• 9:31
  away,
• 9:31
  to
• 9:31
  a
• 9:32
  tray
• 9:32
  which
• 9:32
  had
• 9:33
  a
• 9:33
  crack
• 9:34
  in
• 9:34
  the
• 9:34
  plastic
• 9:35
  and
• 9:35
  jumped
• 9:36
  the
• 9:37
  tip
• 9:37
  of
• 9:37
  the
• 9:37
  wire
• 9:38
  in
• 9:38
  this
• 9:39
  crack
• 9:40
  and
• 9:41
  pulled
• 9:41
  from
• 9:41
  the
• 9:42
  other
• 9:42
  side
• 9:43
  until
• 9:43
  forming
• 9:44
  a
• 9:44
  hook
• 9:45
  and
• 9:45
  then
• 9:45
  went
• 9:45
  back
• 9:46
  with
• 9:46
  a
• 9:46
  hook
• 9:47
  and
• 9:47
  extracted
• 9:48
  the
• 9:48
  basket
• 9:48
  from.
• 9:49
  From
• 9:49
  the
• 9:50
  tube.
• 9:51
  And
• 9:52
  my
• 9:52
  student,
• 9:52
  Alex
• 9:53
  Weir,
• 9:54
  who
• 9:54
  had
• 9:54
  only
• 9:54
  been
• 9:55
  working
• 9:55
  in
• 9:55
  the
• 9:55
  lab
• 9:55
  for
• 9:56
  six
• 9:56
  months
• 9:56
  at
• 9:56
  the
• 9:56
  beginning
• 9:57
  of
• 9:57
  his
• 9:57
  PhD,
• 9:59
  so
• 9:59
  that.
• 10:00
  And
• 10:00
  fortunately
• 10:01
  he
• 10:01
  filmed
• 10:02
  it.
• 10:03
  Very
• 10:04
  fortunate.
• 10:04
  Yeah.
• 10:05
  And
• 10:05
  we
• 10:05
  saw
• 10:06
  that
• 10:06
  and
• 10:06
  we
• 10:06
  were
• 10:07
  completely
• 10:07
  flabbergasted.
• 10:08
  This.
• 10:09
  Yeah,
• 10:09
  this
• 10:10
  kind
• 10:10
  of
• 10:10
  behavior
• 10:11
  is
• 10:12
  not.
• 10:12
  That
• 10:12
  didn't
• 10:12
  happen,
• 10:13
  but
• 10:13
  hadn't
• 10:14
  been
• 10:14
  seen
• 10:15
  or
• 10:15
  documented
• 10:16
  in
• 10:16
  any
• 10:16
  other
• 10:17
  animal,
• 10:18
  not
• 10:18
  even
• 10:18
  in
• 10:19
  chimps
• 10:19
  at
• 10:19
  that
• 10:19
  stage.
• 10:20
  So
• 10:21
  at
• 10:21
  that
• 10:21
  stage,
• 10:21
  what
• 10:22
  year
• 10:22
  was
• 10:22
  that?
• 10:22
  That.
• 10:22
  That
• 10:23
  was
• 10:23
  documented
• 10:24
  then?
• 10:24
  2002.
• 10:26
  So
• 10:26
  that
• 10:26
  was
• 10:26
  the
• 10:26
  first
• 10:26
  time
• 10:27
  an
• 10:27
  animal
• 10:27
  was
• 10:28
  ever
• 10:28
  documented
• 10:29
  modifying
• 10:29
  a
• 10:30
  tool
• 10:30
  to
• 10:31
  then
• 10:31
  use
• 10:31
  the
• 10:31
  tool
• 10:32
  successfully,
• 10:32
  which
• 10:32
  is
• 10:33
  just
• 10:33
  incredible.
• 10:33
  Yes,
• 10:34
  yes.
• 10:34
  Modifying
• 10:34
  it
• 10:35
  in
• 10:35
  that
• 10:35
  particular.
• 10:36
  So
• 10:36
  sort
• 10:36
  of
• 10:37
  bending
• 10:37
  an
• 10:38
  artificial
• 10:40
  material,
• 10:41
  pliable
• 10:41
  material,
• 10:42
  to
• 10:42
  give
• 10:43
  it
• 10:43
  the
• 10:43
  right
• 10:43
  shape
• 10:44
  in
• 10:44
  the
• 10:44
  years
• 10:44
  after
• 10:46
  the
• 10:46
  hard
• 10:47
  work
• 10:47
  came.
• 10:48
  Because
• 10:48
  we
• 10:49
  said,
• 10:49
  well,
• 10:50
  maybe
• 10:51
  this
• 10:52
  is
• 10:52
  one
• 10:52
  of
• 10:52
  those
• 10:52
  things
• 10:53
  that
• 10:53
  animals
• 10:53
  know
• 10:55
  by
• 10:56
  genetic
• 10:57
  programming.
• 10:58
  Maybe
• 10:58
  in
• 10:59
  the
• 10:59
  wild
• 11:00
  they
• 11:00
  bend
• 11:01
  some
• 11:01
  twigs
• 11:02
  and
• 11:02
  they
• 11:03
  are
• 11:03
  just
• 11:03
  rigidly
• 11:05
  reproducing
• 11:06
  that
• 11:06
  behavior.
• 11:07
  So
• 11:07
  we
• 11:08
  said,
• 11:08
  well,
• 11:08
  there
• 11:08
  is
• 11:08
  one
• 11:08
  way
• 11:09
  to
• 11:09
  test
• 11:09
  their
• 11:09
  flexibility,
• 11:11
  and
• 11:11
  this
• 11:11
  was
• 11:11
  to
• 11:12
  put
• 11:13
  the
• 11:13
  food
• 11:14
  away
• 11:15
  from
• 11:15
  them
• 11:15
  at
• 11:15
  a
• 11:15
  distance
• 11:16
  and
• 11:17
  giving
• 11:17
  them
• 11:17
  a
• 11:18
  wire
• 11:18
  that
• 11:18
  was
• 11:18
  already
• 11:19
  bent
• 11:20
  so
• 11:21
  that
• 11:21
  it
• 11:21
  was
• 11:21
  too
• 11:21
  short
• 11:22
  to
• 11:23
  reach
• 11:23
  the
• 11:23
  full.
• 11:24
  And
• 11:24
  now
• 11:25
  if
• 11:26
  they
• 11:26
  were
• 11:26
  truly
• 11:27
  intelligent
• 11:27
  about
• 11:28
  it,
• 11:28
  they
• 11:29
  had
• 11:29
  to
• 11:30
  do
• 11:30
  the
• 11:30
  opposite.
• 11:31
  They
• 11:31
  had
• 11:31
  to
• 11:31
  straighten
• 11:32
  the
• 11:32
  wire
• 11:33
  in
• 11:34
  order
• 11:34
  to
• 11:34
  reach
• 11:34
  that.
• 11:35
  And
• 11:38
  to
• 11:38
  our
• 11:38
  delight,
• 11:39
  when
• 11:39
  we
• 11:39
  did
• 11:39
  this,
• 11:40
  they
• 11:40
  also
• 11:41
  did
• 11:41
  the
• 11:42
  right
• 11:42
  thing,
• 11:42
  which
• 11:43
  was
• 11:43
  really
• 11:44
  fantastic.
• 11:45
  That's
• 11:45
  amazing.
• 11:46
  And
• 11:47
  then
• 11:48
  there's
• 11:48
  a
• 11:48
  whole
• 11:48
  cascade
• 11:49
  of
• 11:49
  things.
• 11:49
  So
• 11:50
  I
• 11:50
  can
• 11:51
  only
• 11:52
  construct
• 11:52
  by
• 11:53
  the
• 11:53
  argument
• 11:54
  by
• 11:54
  telling
• 11:54
  you
• 11:54
  more
• 11:55
  cases.
• 11:56
  In
• 11:57
  one
• 11:57
  of
• 11:57
  them,
• 11:57
  for
• 11:57
  example,
• 12:00
  we
• 12:01
  gave
• 12:01
  them
• 12:01
  a
• 12:01
  situation
• 12:02
  where
• 12:02
  there
• 12:02
  was
• 12:02
  a
• 12:02
  tube
• 12:03
  with
• 12:03
  a
• 12:04
  small
• 12:04
  hole
• 12:05
  and
• 12:05
  they
• 12:05
  had
• 12:06
  to
• 12:06
  push
• 12:07
  a
• 12:08
  twig
• 12:09
  through
• 12:09
  the
• 12:09
  hole
• 12:10
  in
• 12:10
  order
• 12:10
  to
• 12:11
  push
• 12:11
  food
• 12:12
  to
• 12:12
  fall
• 12:12
  out
• 12:13
  of
• 12:13
  it
• 12:13
  through
• 12:14
  a
• 12:14
  vent
• 12:14
  and
• 12:14
  then
• 12:14
  they
• 12:15
  could
• 12:15
  consume
• 12:15
  it.
• 12:16
  And
• 12:18
  one
• 12:18
  of
• 12:19
  them
• 12:19
  picked
• 12:20
  up
• 12:20
  from
• 12:20
  the
• 12:20
  lab
• 12:22
  an
• 12:22
  unprepared
• 12:23
  twig
• 12:24
  and
• 12:24
  tried
• 12:25
  to
• 12:25
  put
• 12:25
  it
• 12:25
  in,
• 12:25
  but
• 12:26
  it
• 12:26
  turned
• 12:26
  out
• 12:26
  to
• 12:26
  be
• 12:26
  too
• 12:27
  thick.
• 12:28
  And
• 12:28
  it
• 12:28
  was
• 12:29
  kind
• 12:29
  of
• 12:29
  pushing
• 12:29
  it
• 12:29
  for
• 12:30
  a
• 12:30
  while,
• 12:30
  unsuccessfully,
• 12:32
  and
• 12:32
  then
• 12:33
  took
• 12:33
  it
• 12:33
  away
• 12:34
  and
• 12:34
  started
• 12:35
  to
• 12:35
  peel
• 12:36
  the
• 12:36
  bark
• 12:37
  of
• 12:37
  the
• 12:38
  twig
• 12:39
  until
• 12:40
  one
• 12:40
  of
• 12:40
  the
• 12:40
  sides
• 12:41
  was
• 12:41
  thin
• 12:41
  enough
• 12:42
  and
• 12:43
  it
• 12:44
  worked
• 12:44
  on
• 12:44
  that
• 12:44
  side
• 12:45
  of
• 12:45
  the
• 12:45
  twig
• 12:45
  and
• 12:46
  then
• 12:46
  went
• 12:46
  to
• 12:46
  the
• 12:46
  other
• 12:47
  side,
• 12:48
  picked
• 12:48
  it
• 12:48
  from
• 12:49
  the
• 12:49
  thick,
• 12:50
  the
• 12:50
  remaining
• 12:50
  thick
• 12:51
  part,
• 12:52
  inserted
• 12:52
  the
• 12:53
  thin
• 12:53
  one
• 12:53
  and
• 12:54
  pushed
• 12:54
  it
• 12:54
  in.
• 12:55
  And
• 12:55
  that
• 12:55
  meant
• 12:56
  that
• 12:56
  it
• 12:56
  could
• 12:57
  modify
• 12:58
  a
• 12:58
  tool
• 12:59
  appropriately.
• 13:01
  Also,
• 13:01
  after
• 13:01
  seeing
• 13:02
  that
• 13:02
  it
• 13:02
  didn't
• 13:03
  work.
• 13:04
  So
• 13:05
  if
• 13:05
  I
• 13:05
  carry
• 13:06
  on
• 13:06
  months
• 13:06
  later,
• 13:08
  we
• 13:08
  thought,
• 13:08
  well,
• 13:08
  what
• 13:09
  if
• 13:09
  you
• 13:09
  need
• 13:09
  a
• 13:09
  tool
• 13:10
  to
• 13:12
  reach
• 13:12
  another
• 13:12
  tool,
• 13:13
  which
• 13:14
  is
• 13:14
  the
• 13:14
  actual
• 13:14
  functional
• 13:15
  one?
• 13:15
  Can
• 13:16
  they
• 13:16
  detach
• 13:17
  themselves
• 13:17
  from
• 13:18
  the
• 13:18
  goal
• 13:19
  enough
• 13:20
  to
• 13:20
  take
• 13:20
  intermediate
• 13:21
  steps?
• 13:22
  So
• 13:22
  we
• 13:22
  created
• 13:23
  a
• 13:23
  situation
• 13:24
  where
• 13:25
  food
• 13:26
  was
• 13:26
  very
• 13:26
  far
• 13:27
  and
• 13:27
  there
• 13:28
  was
• 13:28
  an
• 13:28
  available
• 13:28
  tweak
• 13:30
  that
• 13:30
  was
• 13:30
  enough
• 13:30
  to
• 13:30
  reach
• 13:31
  into
• 13:33
  another
• 13:34
  tube
• 13:34
  containing
• 13:35
  a
• 13:35
  tool.
• 13:36
  But
• 13:37
  the
• 13:37
  tool
• 13:37
  they
• 13:38
  could
• 13:38
  reach
• 13:38
  was
• 13:39
  also
• 13:39
  too
• 13:39
  short
• 13:40
  and
• 13:40
  they
• 13:41
  could
• 13:41
  extract
• 13:42
  it
• 13:42
  and
• 13:43
  go
• 13:43
  to
• 13:43
  yet
• 13:43
  another
• 13:44
  tube
• 13:45
  when
• 13:45
  then
• 13:45
  there
• 13:46
  was
• 13:46
  a
• 13:46
  tool
• 13:47
  long
• 13:47
  enough
• 13:47
  to
• 13:48
  do
• 13:48
  the
• 13:48
  right
• 13:48
  thing.
• 13:49
  Again,
• 13:51
  to
• 13:51
  our
• 13:51
  delight,
• 13:52
  these
• 13:52
  animals
• 13:53
  solved
• 13:53
  that
• 13:55
  on
• 13:55
  first
• 13:55
  occasions.
• 13:57
  So
• 13:57
  in
• 13:57
  order
• 13:58
  to
• 13:58
  make
• 13:59
  a
• 13:59
  scene
• 14:00
  that
• 14:00
  you
• 14:01
  consider
• 14:01
  the
• 14:01
  animal
• 14:02
  to
• 14:02
  have
• 14:03
  the
• 14:03
  flexibility
• 14:04
  to
• 14:04
  call
• 14:04
  their
• 14:04
  behavior
• 14:05
  intelligent,
• 14:06
  you
• 14:06
  could
• 14:07
  not
• 14:08
  stop
• 14:08
  at
• 14:08
  one
• 14:09
  observation.
• 14:10
  And
• 14:11
  also,
• 14:12
  it's
• 14:12
  not
• 14:12
  enough
• 14:12
  to
• 14:13
  see
• 14:13
  what
• 14:13
  they
• 14:13
  do
• 14:14
  in
• 14:14
  nature.
• 14:15
  When
• 14:15
  you
• 14:15
  can't
• 14:16
  control
• 14:17
  the
• 14:17
  conditions
• 14:18
  in
• 14:18
  which
• 14:19
  it
• 14:19
  happens,
• 14:19
  you
• 14:20
  do
• 14:20
  experiments
• 14:21
  because
• 14:21
  you
• 14:21
  isolate
• 14:22
  the
• 14:22
  circumstances
• 14:23
  and
• 14:23
  you
• 14:24
  can
• 14:24
  actually
• 14:24
  tease
• 14:25
  apart
• 14:25
  what's
• 14:26
  going
• 14:26
  on.
• 14:31
  We
• 14:31
  wonder
• 14:31
  how
• 14:31
  much
• 14:32
  of
• 14:32
  these
• 14:32
  animals
• 14:34
  were
• 14:35
  pre
• 14:35
  programmed
• 14:36
  to
• 14:36
  do.
• 14:37
  And
• 14:37
  so
• 14:37
  what
• 14:37
  we
• 14:38
  did
• 14:38
  using
• 14:38
  the
• 14:39
  fact
• 14:39
  that
• 14:39
  some
• 14:40
  of
• 14:40
  them
• 14:40
  bred
• 14:40
  in
• 14:40
  captivity,
• 14:42
  is
• 14:42
  that
• 14:42
  we
• 14:42
  took
• 14:43
  some
• 14:43
  of
• 14:43
  the
• 14:43
  chicks
• 14:44
  and
• 14:45
  raised
• 14:45
  them
• 14:46
  in
• 14:46
  a
• 14:47
  room
• 14:47
  or
• 14:47
  in
• 14:48
  rooms
• 14:48
  where
• 14:50
  there
• 14:50
  was
• 14:51
  no
• 14:51
  other
• 14:52
  adult
• 14:52
  animals
• 14:54
  and
• 14:54
  there
• 14:55
  were
• 14:55
  no
• 14:55
  sticks
• 14:56
  and
• 14:57
  no
• 14:57
  human
• 14:57
  ever
• 14:58
  held
• 14:58
  objects
• 15:00
  in
• 15:00
  front
• 15:00
  of
• 15:00
  them,
• 15:02
  but
• 15:02
  they
• 15:02
  were
• 15:02
  fed
• 15:03
  and
• 15:03
  otherwise
• 15:04
  kept
• 15:04
  with
• 15:05
  all
• 15:05
  the
• 15:05
  other
• 15:05
  circumstances,
• 15:06
  all
• 15:06
  the
• 15:06
  other
• 15:07
  freedom
• 15:08
  in
• 15:08
  a
• 15:08
  rich
• 15:08
  environment.
• 15:10
  And
• 15:10
  one
• 15:10
  day
• 15:11
  we
• 15:11
  put
• 15:12
  sticks
• 15:12
  in
• 15:12
  the
• 15:12
  room
• 15:13
  and
• 15:14
  they
• 15:15
  were
• 15:15
  pretty
• 15:15
  young,
• 15:16
  about
• 15:16
  two
• 15:17
  months
• 15:17
  old
• 15:17
  at
• 15:17
  the
• 15:18
  time
• 15:18
  that
• 15:18
  we
• 15:18
  first
• 15:18
  started
• 15:19
  to
• 15:19
  see
• 15:19
  this.
• 15:20
  And
• 15:20
  what
• 15:20
  they
• 15:21
  did
• 15:21
  is
• 15:22
  picking
• 15:22
  up
• 15:23
  sticks
• 15:25
  and
• 15:25
  start
• 15:26
  to
• 15:26
  operate
• 15:27
  on
• 15:27
  these
• 15:27
  sticks
• 15:28
  in
• 15:29
  ways
• 15:30
  that
• 15:30
  were
• 15:30
  useless
• 15:31
  because
• 15:31
  there
• 15:32
  was
• 15:32
  no
• 15:32
  food
• 15:32
  available.
• 15:33
  But
• 15:34
  they
• 15:35
  were
• 15:35
  holding
• 15:36
  them
• 15:36
  and
• 15:36
  making
• 15:37
  some
• 15:37
  of
• 15:37
  the
• 15:37
  movements
• 15:38
  that
• 15:39
  they
• 15:39
  do
• 15:39
  when
• 15:40
  extracting
• 15:40
  food.
• 15:41
  And
• 15:42
  that
• 15:42
  proved,
• 15:43
  I
• 15:43
  should
• 15:43
  say,
• 15:44
  that
• 15:44
  other
• 15:44
  species
• 15:45
  of
• 15:45
  birds
• 15:45
  don't
• 15:46
  do
• 15:46
  this.
• 15:48
  That
• 15:48
  proved
• 15:49
  that
• 15:49
  in
• 15:49
  addition
• 15:50
  to
• 15:50
  being
• 15:50
  flexible
• 15:51
  and
• 15:52
  capable
• 15:53
  of
• 15:54
  solving
• 15:54
  different
• 15:55
  configurations
• 15:55
  of
• 15:56
  problems,
• 15:56
  they
• 15:57
  are
• 15:57
  also
• 15:59
  supplied
• 16:00
  by
• 16:00
  their
• 16:00
  genetic
• 16:01
  inheritance
• 16:03
  with
• 16:03
  abilities
• 16:04
  or
• 16:04
  tendencies
• 16:06
  to
• 16:07
  try
• 16:07
  that
• 16:08
  basically,
• 16:09
  it
• 16:09
  proves
• 16:09
  once
• 16:10
  again,
• 16:11
  as
• 16:11
  if
• 16:11
  it
• 16:11
  needed
• 16:12
  proof,
• 16:13
  that
• 16:13
  all
• 16:14
  animals
• 16:14
  Ability
• 16:15
  to
• 16:15
  solve
• 16:16
  problems
• 16:17
  are
• 16:17
  a
• 16:17
  mosaic
• 16:18
  of
• 16:19
  inherited
• 16:20
  traits
• 16:22
  and
• 16:23
  learned
• 16:23
  abilities
• 16:25
  and
• 16:25
  the
• 16:25
  capability
• 16:26
  to
• 16:26
  operate
• 16:27
  with
• 16:27
  those
• 16:27
  two,
• 16:28
  to
• 16:29
  make
• 16:29
  computations,
• 16:30
  to
• 16:30
  actually
• 16:31
  create
• 16:31
  novel
• 16:32
  solutions
• 16:33
  to
• 16:33
  novel
• 16:34
  problems.
• 16:34
  It
• 16:35
  sounds
• 16:35
  like
• 16:35
  every
• 16:35
  time
• 16:36
  you
• 16:36
  gave
• 16:36
  them
• 16:37
  a
• 16:37
  new
• 16:37
  challenge,
• 16:37
  they
• 16:37
  solved
• 16:38
  it.
• 16:38
  Which
• 16:38
  was
• 16:38
  both
• 16:39
  satisfying,
• 16:39
  but
• 16:39
  I'm
• 16:39
  also
• 16:40
  like,
• 16:40
  it
• 16:40
  must
• 16:40
  have
• 16:41
  been
• 16:41
  just
• 16:41
  so
• 16:41
  exciting
• 16:42
  to
• 16:42
  see
• 16:42
  how
• 16:43
  good
• 16:44
  at
• 16:44
  problem
• 16:44
  solving
• 16:44
  these
• 16:45
  birds
• 16:45
  were.
• 16:46
  It
• 16:46
  was
• 16:46
  exciting,
• 16:47
  and
• 16:48
  it
• 16:48
  continues
• 16:49
  to
• 16:49
  be.
• 16:49
  Another
• 16:50
  people
• 16:50
  continues
• 16:51
  to
• 16:51
  do
• 16:51
  work
• 16:52
  which
• 16:53
  discovering
• 16:53
  new
• 16:53
  abilities.
• 16:54
  But
• 16:55
  it's
• 16:55
  also
• 16:57
  instructive
• 16:58
  to
• 16:58
  us
• 16:59
  to
• 17:00
  see
• 17:00
  what
• 17:00
  kind
• 17:01
  of
• 17:01
  errors
• 17:01
  they
• 17:02
  commit,
• 17:03
  what
• 17:03
  kind
• 17:03
  of
• 17:04
  things
• 17:04
  they
• 17:05
  say
• 17:06
  an
• 17:06
  adult
• 17:07
  human
• 17:07
  being
• 17:08
  would
• 17:08
  not
• 17:08
  do.
• 17:09
  And
• 17:10
  they
• 17:10
  do,
• 17:11
  because
• 17:11
  that
• 17:11
  tells
• 17:12
  us
• 17:12
  a
• 17:12
  little
• 17:12
  bit
• 17:13
  how
• 17:13
  they
• 17:13
  think,
• 17:14
  how
• 17:14
  it
• 17:14
  is
• 17:14
  to
• 17:15
  be
• 17:15
  a
• 17:15
  crow,
• 17:15
  as
• 17:15
  it
• 17:16
  were.
• 17:17
  I
• 17:18
  can
• 17:18
  give
• 17:18
  you
• 17:18
  one
• 17:18
  example.
• 17:19
  One
• 17:19
  bird
• 17:20
  called
• 17:20
  Wassell
• 17:21
  was
• 17:21
  given
• 17:22
  a
• 17:23
  task
• 17:23
  in
• 17:24
  which
• 17:24
  the
• 17:24
  ground
• 17:25
  was
• 17:25
  agreed
• 17:26
  the
• 17:26
  roof
• 17:26
  of
• 17:26
  a
• 17:27
  box
• 17:28
  constructed
• 17:28
  with
• 17:29
  chicken
• 17:29
  wire.
• 17:30
  And
• 17:30
  it
• 17:31
  had
• 17:31
  a
• 17:31
  hole
• 17:31
  in
• 17:32
  the
• 17:32
  middle,
• 17:32
  a
• 17:33
  well
• 17:34
  about,
• 17:35
  I
• 17:35
  would
• 17:35
  say,
• 17:36
  about
• 17:36
  15
• 17:37
  centimeters
• 17:37
  deep
• 17:38
  with
• 17:39
  a
• 17:39
  basket
• 17:40
  in
• 17:40
  the
• 17:40
  bottom.
• 17:41
  And
• 17:42
  we
• 17:42
  provided
• 17:43
  a
• 17:44
  hook
• 17:45
  tool
• 17:46
  to
• 17:46
  examine
• 17:47
  how
• 17:47
  well
• 17:48
  the
• 17:48
  animal
• 17:49
  would
• 17:49
  actually
• 17:50
  adjust
• 17:50
  the
• 17:51
  motricity
• 17:52
  of
• 17:53
  getting
• 17:53
  there.
• 17:53
  We
• 17:53
  knew
• 17:54
  that
• 17:54
  they
• 17:54
  already.
• 17:55
  We
• 17:55
  already
• 17:55
  knew
• 17:56
  that
• 17:56
  they
• 17:56
  use
• 17:57
  hooks.
• 17:57
  So
• 17:58
  we
• 17:58
  gave
• 17:58
  it
• 17:58
  a
• 17:59
  hook
• 17:59
  to
• 17:59
  try
• 17:59
  to
• 18:00
  see
• 18:00
  how
• 18:00
  it
• 18:01
  did
• 18:01
  it.
• 18:02
  And
• 18:03
  this
• 18:04
  animal
• 18:04
  picked
• 18:05
  the
• 18:05
  hook
• 18:06
  and
• 18:07
  put
• 18:07
  it
• 18:08
  down
• 18:08
  the
• 18:09
  well
• 18:09
  and
• 18:10
  tried
• 18:10
  a
• 18:10
  few
• 18:10
  things.
• 18:12
  It
• 18:12
  failed
• 18:12
  at
• 18:13
  the
• 18:13
  beginning
• 18:13
  and
• 18:13
  eventually
• 18:14
  could
• 18:16
  engage
• 18:16
  the
• 18:17
  basket,
• 18:18
  take
• 18:18
  it
• 18:18
  up,
• 18:20
  consume
• 18:21
  the
• 18:21
  bait,
• 18:22
  and
• 18:22
  then
• 18:22
  started
• 18:23
  to
• 18:23
  look
• 18:23
  inside.
• 18:24
  And
• 18:25
  the
• 18:25
  basket
• 18:25
  was
• 18:25
  empty.
• 18:27
  And
• 18:28
  it
• 18:28
  hesitated
• 18:29
  for
• 18:29
  a
• 18:29
  bit.
• 18:30
  And
• 18:30
  then
• 18:31
  you
• 18:31
  know
• 18:31
  what
• 18:31
  it
• 18:31
  did?
• 18:32
  It
• 18:32
  picked
• 18:32
  up
• 18:33
  the
• 18:33
  hook
• 18:34
  and
• 18:34
  put
• 18:34
  the
• 18:35
  basket
• 18:35
  back
• 18:36
  down
• 18:36
  the
• 18:37
  well
• 18:38
  and
• 18:38
  then
• 18:39
  picked
• 18:40
  it
• 18:40
  up
• 18:40
  again
• 18:41
  and
• 18:41
  look
• 18:41
  at
• 18:41
  its
• 18:42
  content.
• 18:43
  That's
• 18:44
  amazing.
• 18:45
  So
• 18:45
  in
• 18:46
  a
• 18:46
  sense,
• 18:46
  you
• 18:47
  could
• 18:47
  say
• 18:48
  that's
• 18:48
  not
• 18:48
  very
• 18:49
  clever
• 18:49
  because
• 18:50
  the
• 18:50
  basket
• 18:51
  is
• 18:51
  empty.
• 18:52
  But
• 18:53
  then
• 18:53
  you
• 18:53
  think,
• 18:54
  how
• 18:54
  could
• 18:54
  the
• 18:54
  animal
• 18:55
  know?
• 18:55
  Maybe
• 18:56
  that's
• 18:56
  the
• 18:56
  way
• 18:56
  it
• 18:56
  gets
• 18:56
  filled,
• 18:57
  the
• 18:57
  way
• 18:58
  we
• 18:58
  actually
• 18:58
  get
• 18:59
  water
• 19:00
  from
• 19:00
  a
• 19:00
  well
• 19:01
  by
• 19:01
  lowering
• 19:02
  a
• 19:02
  bucket.
• 19:03
  And
• 19:03
  he
• 19:04
  did
• 19:04
  these
• 19:04
  two
• 19:04
  or
• 19:05
  three
• 19:05
  times,
• 19:05
  and
• 19:05
  when
• 19:06
  it
• 19:06
  didn't
• 19:06
  work,
• 19:07
  it
• 19:07
  went
• 19:07
  away,
• 19:09
  it
• 19:09
  dropped
• 19:10
  it.
• 19:10
  So
• 19:11
  an
• 19:12
  error
• 19:12
  like
• 19:12
  this
• 19:14
  tells
• 19:14
  you
• 19:14
  it's
• 19:15
  not
• 19:15
  an
• 19:15
  error,
• 19:15
  but,
• 19:16
  I
• 19:16
  mean,
• 19:17
  an
• 19:17
  unsuccessful
• 19:18
  behavior
• 19:18
  like
• 19:19
  this
• 19:19
  tells
• 19:20
  you
• 19:20
  that
• 19:20
  they
• 19:20
  are
• 19:21
  constantly
• 19:22
  exploring
• 19:23
  their
• 19:23
  environment
• 19:25
  and
• 19:25
  learning
• 19:26
  new
• 19:27
  features
• 19:28
  that
• 19:28
  they
• 19:29
  can
• 19:29
  incorporate
• 19:30
  in
• 19:30
  their
• 19:30
  repertoire.
• 19:31
  In
• 19:32
  research,
• 19:33
  there's
• 19:34
  a
• 19:34
  whole
• 19:34
  field
• 19:34
  called
• 19:35
  comparative
• 19:35
  cognition,
• 19:37
  where
• 19:37
  very
• 19:38
  often
• 19:38
  people
• 19:38
  study
• 19:39
  adult
• 19:39
  animals
• 19:40
  to
• 19:41
  show
• 19:41
  they
• 19:41
  have
• 19:41
  this
• 19:41
  ability
• 19:42
  or
• 19:42
  that
• 19:42
  ability.
• 19:43
  But
• 19:44
  the
• 19:44
  truth
• 19:44
  is,
• 19:45
  unless
• 19:45
  you
• 19:46
  examine
• 19:46
  how
• 19:47
  the
• 19:47
  animals
• 19:48
  are
• 19:48
  acquire
• 19:48
  these
• 19:49
  abilities,
• 19:50
  you
• 19:50
  are
• 19:50
  learning
• 19:52
  a
• 19:52
  very
• 19:52
  limited
• 19:53
  amount
• 19:54
  about
• 19:55
  what
• 19:55
  it
• 19:55
  means
• 19:56
  to
• 19:56
  be
• 19:56
  an
• 19:56
  animal
• 19:57
  of
• 19:57
  that
• 19:57
  nature,
• 19:58
  or
• 19:58
  how
• 19:58
  is
• 19:58
  it
• 19:59
  that
• 19:59
  they
• 19:59
  Learn.
• 20:01
  Yeah,
• 20:02
  that's
• 20:02
  super
• 20:02
  interesting
• 20:02
  to
• 20:03
  think
• 20:03
  about.
• 20:03
  In
• 20:03
  the
• 20:03
  context
• 20:03
  like,
• 20:04
  so
• 20:04
  New
• 20:04
  Caledonian.
• 20:05
  Crows
• 20:05
  are
• 20:06
  really
• 20:06
  this
• 20:06
  poster
• 20:06
  child
• 20:07
  for
• 20:07
  tool
• 20:08
  use
• 20:08
  and
• 20:08
  modification
• 20:09
  and
• 20:10
  all
• 20:10
  of
• 20:10
  these
• 20:10
  things,
• 20:10
  especially
• 20:11
  like
• 20:11
  across
• 20:12
  animals,
• 20:12
  not
• 20:12
  just
• 20:12
  in
• 20:12
  the
• 20:13
  bird
• 20:13
  world.
• 20:13
  There
• 20:13
  are
• 20:13
  other
• 20:14
  corvids
• 20:15
  that
• 20:15
  do
• 20:15
  use
• 20:16
  tools.
• 20:16
  There
• 20:16
  are
• 20:17
  other
• 20:17
  kinds
• 20:17
  of
• 20:17
  birds
• 20:18
  that
• 20:18
  use
• 20:18
  tools.
• 20:18
  What
• 20:18
  do
• 20:19
  you
• 20:19
  think
• 20:19
  it
• 20:19
  is
• 20:19
  about
• 20:20
  kind
• 20:20
  of
• 20:20
  the
• 20:20
  evolutionary
• 20:21
  history
• 20:21
  of
• 20:21
  the
• 20:21
  New
• 20:22
  Caledonian
• 20:22
  crow
• 20:23
  that
• 20:23
  has
• 20:23
  led
• 20:24
  to
• 20:24
  this
• 20:25
  combination
• 20:25
  of
• 20:26
  traits
• 20:26
  that
• 20:26
  you've
• 20:26
  been
• 20:26
  studying?
• 20:27
  I
• 20:27
  mean,
• 20:27
  they're
• 20:28
  an
• 20:28
  island
• 20:28
  population,
• 20:29
  but
• 20:29
  what
• 20:30
  more
• 20:30
  than
• 20:30
  that?
• 20:30
  Yeah,
• 20:31
  well,
• 20:33
  you
• 20:33
  could
• 20:33
  be
• 20:34
  hitting
• 20:34
  on
• 20:35
  the
• 20:35
  critical
• 20:35
  thing,
• 20:36
  but
• 20:36
  of
• 20:36
  course
• 20:37
  there
• 20:37
  are
• 20:37
  other
• 20:37
  island
• 20:38
  populations
• 20:39
  of
• 20:39
  birds
• 20:40
  that
• 20:40
  didn't
• 20:41
  acquire
• 20:42
  tool
• 20:42
  use.
• 20:43
  So
• 20:44
  there
• 20:44
  were
• 20:44
  other
• 20:44
  circumstances
• 20:45
  and
• 20:46
  we
• 20:46
  can't
• 20:46
  reproduce
• 20:47
  them,
• 20:47
  really.
• 20:49
  For
• 20:49
  example,
• 20:50
  there's
• 20:50
  an
• 20:50
  island
• 20:50
  in
• 20:51
  which
• 20:51
  there
• 20:52
  are
• 20:52
  no
• 20:52
  woodpeckers
• 20:53
  and
• 20:53
  there's
• 20:54
  rotten
• 20:54
  wood
• 20:55
  in
• 20:55
  trees
• 20:56
  which
• 20:56
  contains
• 20:57
  insects
• 20:57
  and
• 20:58
  insect
• 20:58
  larvae.
• 20:59
  So
• 20:59
  there
• 20:59
  is.
• 21:00
  That
• 21:00
  only
• 21:01
  tells
• 21:01
  you
• 21:01
  that
• 21:01
  there
• 21:01
  was
• 21:01
  an
• 21:02
  opportunity,
• 21:03
  there
• 21:03
  was
• 21:03
  kind
• 21:03
  of
• 21:04
  food
• 21:04
  waiting
• 21:05
  to
• 21:05
  be
• 21:05
  exploited
• 21:07
  and
• 21:08
  very
• 21:08
  few
• 21:08
  competitors.
• 21:09
  So
• 21:10
  that's
• 21:10
  one
• 21:10
  thing
• 21:11
  we,
• 21:12
  we
• 21:12
  also
• 21:13
  know
• 21:13
  that
• 21:13
  even
• 21:14
  morphologically,
• 21:15
  the
• 21:16
  New
• 21:16
  Caledonian
• 21:17
  crows
• 21:18
  seem
• 21:18
  to
• 21:18
  have
• 21:19
  evolved
• 21:21
  some
• 21:21
  properties
• 21:22
  like
• 21:22
  the
• 21:22
  shape
• 21:23
  of
• 21:23
  their
• 21:23
  beak,
• 21:24
  which
• 21:24
  actually
• 21:25
  is
• 21:26
  well
• 21:27
  designed
• 21:27
  to
• 21:27
  accommodate
• 21:28
  their
• 21:29
  use
• 21:29
  of
• 21:29
  tool.
• 21:30
  So
• 21:30
  they,
• 21:31
  they
• 21:31
  really
• 21:32
  is
• 21:32
  straight,
• 21:33
  is
• 21:34
  straighter
• 21:34
  than
• 21:34
  other
• 21:35
  corvids,
• 21:35
  which
• 21:35
  tend
• 21:36
  to
• 21:36
  have
• 21:36
  a
• 21:37
  curvature
• 21:37
  and
• 21:37
  that
• 21:38
  allows
• 21:38
  them
• 21:38
  to
• 21:38
  pick
• 21:38
  up
• 21:39
  a
• 21:39
  stick
• 21:39
  and
• 21:40
  look
• 21:40
  at
• 21:40
  them
• 21:42
  in
• 21:43
  having
• 21:43
  it
• 21:44
  forward
• 21:44
  so
• 21:45
  that
• 21:45
  they
• 21:45
  can
• 21:45
  actually
• 21:45
  poke
• 21:46
  directly.
• 21:47
  So
• 21:48
  they
• 21:50
  obviously
• 21:51
  are
• 21:52
  adapted
• 21:53
  both
• 21:54
  psychologically
• 21:55
  and
• 21:56
  anatomically.
• 21:57
  In
• 21:58
  terms
• 21:58
  of
• 21:58
  evolutionary
• 21:59
  history.
• 22:00
  We
• 22:00
  can
• 22:00
  explain
• 22:01
  an
• 22:01
  elephant,
• 22:02
  but
• 22:02
  we
• 22:03
  can't
• 22:03
  predict
• 22:04
  an
• 22:04
  elephant.
• 22:05
  Nobody
• 22:05
  could
• 22:06
  tell
• 22:07
  how
• 22:08
  the
• 22:09
  ancestors
• 22:10
  would
• 22:10
  evolve
• 22:11
  to
• 22:11
  end
• 22:12
  up
• 22:12
  in
• 22:12
  the
• 22:12
  animal
• 22:12
  we
• 22:13
  see
• 22:13
  today.
• 22:14
  But
• 22:14
  when
• 22:14
  you
• 22:14
  see
• 22:15
  them,
• 22:15
  you
• 22:16
  can
• 22:16
  say,
• 22:17
  oh,
• 22:17
  these
• 22:17
  selective
• 22:18
  pressures
• 22:19
  led
• 22:20
  to
• 22:21
  there
• 22:22
  was
• 22:22
  this
• 22:22
  competition
• 22:23
  or
• 22:23
  there
• 22:23
  wasn't,
• 22:24
  and
• 22:24
  there
• 22:24
  was
• 22:24
  this
• 22:24
  fauna
• 22:25
  around
• 22:25
  and
• 22:26
  the
• 22:26
  food
• 22:26
  opportunities
• 22:27
  and
• 22:29
  other
• 22:30
  characteristics
• 22:31
  of
• 22:31
  this
• 22:31
  kind.
• 22:32
  Relatively
• 22:33
  hard
• 22:33
  to
• 22:33
  get
• 22:34
  food.
• 22:35
  That
• 22:35
  means
• 22:35
  that
• 22:35
  you
• 22:36
  have
• 22:36
  to
• 22:36
  be
• 22:36
  imaginative
• 22:37
  to
• 22:37
  do
• 22:37
  it.
• 22:38
  I
• 22:38
  think
• 22:38
  the
• 22:38
  most
• 22:38
  interesting
• 22:39
  thing
• 22:39
  about
• 22:39
  biology
• 22:41
  and
• 22:41
  science
• 22:41
  in
• 22:42
  general
• 22:42
  is
• 22:43
  to
• 22:43
  admit
• 22:43
  our
• 22:44
  ignorance
• 22:44
  of
• 22:44
  very
• 22:45
  fundamental
• 22:45
  problems
• 22:46
  because
• 22:46
  that's
• 22:47
  the
• 22:47
  reason
• 22:47
  to
• 22:48
  keep.
• 22:48
  That's
• 22:49
  the
• 22:49
  reason
• 22:49
  to
• 22:49
  keep
• 22:49
  working.
• 22:50
  So,
• 22:51
  yeah,
• 22:51
  I
• 22:52
  don't
• 22:52
  think
• 22:52
  anybody
• 22:53
  can
• 22:53
  tell
• 22:54
  what
• 22:54
  was
• 22:54
  special,
• 22:56
  unique
• 22:56
  about
• 22:57
  this
• 22:57
  species
• 22:58
  that
• 22:58
  led
• 22:59
  to
• 22:59
  this
• 22:59
  extraordinary
• 23:00
  adaptation.
• 23:01
  Now,
• 23:01
  as
• 23:01
  you
• 23:01
  said,
• 23:02
  other
• 23:02
  corvids
• 23:04
  have
• 23:04
  the
• 23:04
  general
• 23:05
  intelligence
• 23:06
  that
• 23:07
  allows
• 23:07
  them
• 23:08
  to
• 23:08
  start
• 23:08
  using
• 23:09
  tools
• 23:09
  in
• 23:10
  similar
• 23:10
  circumstances,
• 23:11
  but
• 23:12
  none,
• 23:12
  to
• 23:13
  my
• 23:13
  knowledge,
• 23:14
  has
• 23:15
  displayed
• 23:16
  the
• 23:16
  level
• 23:17
  of
• 23:17
  flexibility
• 23:19
  and
• 23:21
  intensity
• 23:22
  of
• 23:22
  tool
• 23:23
  use
• 23:23
  in
• 23:23
  everyday
• 23:24
  life
• 23:24
  as
• 23:25
  this
• 23:25
  particular
• 23:25
  species.
• 23:27
  So,
• 23:27
  yeah,
• 23:29
  I
• 23:29
  cannot
• 23:30
  offer
• 23:32
  an
• 23:32
  answer
• 23:33
  to
• 23:33
  that.
• 23:33
  And
• 23:33
  I
• 23:33
  hope
• 23:33
  that
• 23:34
  my
• 23:34
  colleagues
• 23:35
  that
• 23:36
  younger
• 23:36
  colleagues
• 23:37
  that
• 23:37
  will
• 23:37
  continue
• 23:38
  to
• 23:38
  work
• 23:38
  on
• 23:38
  these
• 23:39
  fascinating
• 23:39
  animals
• 23:40
  will
• 23:40
  actually
• 23:41
  uncover
• 23:41
  more
• 23:42
  and
• 23:42
  more
• 23:42
  information.
• 23:43
  Still,
• 23:44
  it's
• 23:44
  a
• 23:44
  difficult
• 23:45
  area.
• 23:46
  It
• 23:46
  is,
• 23:46
  for
• 23:47
  sure.
• 23:47
  Yeah.
• 23:47
  Like,
• 23:47
  if
• 23:47
  you
• 23:47
  think
• 23:48
  about
• 23:48
  other
• 23:49
  corvids,
• 23:50
  I
• 23:50
  mean,
• 23:50
  it'd
• 23:51
  be
• 23:51
  great.
• 23:51
  I
• 23:51
  think
• 23:52
  so.
• 23:52
  Rooks
• 23:52
  have
• 23:52
  been
• 23:53
  shown
• 23:53
  to
• 23:53
  use
• 23:53
  tools,
• 23:54
  but
• 23:54
  not
• 23:54
  in
• 23:55
  the
• 23:55
  wild,
• 23:55
  only
• 23:55
  in
• 23:56
  captivity,
• 23:56
  I
• 23:56
  think.
• 23:57
  I'm
• 23:57
  pretty
• 23:57
  sure
• 23:58
  the
• 23:58
  Hawaiian
• 23:58
  crow,
• 23:59
  which
• 23:59
  is
• 23:59
  unfortunately
• 24:00
  extinct
• 24:00
  in
• 24:01
  the
• 24:01
  wild,
• 24:01
  more
• 24:02
  or
• 24:02
  less.
• 24:02
  They're
• 24:02
  trying
• 24:02
  to
• 24:02
  reintroduce
• 24:03
  them,
• 24:03
  but
• 24:03
  avian
• 24:04
  malaria
• 24:04
  is
• 24:05
  causing
• 24:05
  a
• 24:05
  problem
• 24:06
  as
• 24:06
  well
• 24:06
  as
• 24:07
  the
• 24:07
  native.
• 24:07
  I
• 24:08
  think
• 24:08
  hawks
• 24:09
  kill
• 24:09
  them,
• 24:09
  but
• 24:10
  I
• 24:10
  think
• 24:10
  there's
• 24:10
  evidence
• 24:10
  of
• 24:11
  Hawaiian
• 24:11
  crows
• 24:11
  using
• 24:12
  tools.
• 24:12
  I
• 24:12
  don't
• 24:12
  know.
• 24:13
  I
• 24:13
  think
• 24:13
  that's
• 24:13
  got
• 24:14
  to
• 24:14
  just
• 24:14
  be
• 24:14
  in
• 24:14
  captivity.
• 24:15
  Almost
• 24:15
  certainly.
• 24:16
  If
• 24:16
  they
• 24:16
  use
• 24:16
  it
• 24:17
  intensely
• 24:18
  in
• 24:18
  captivity,
• 24:19
  I
• 24:20
  can
• 24:20
  see
• 24:20
  no
• 24:20
  reason
• 24:20
  why
• 24:21
  they
• 24:21
  wouldn't
• 24:21
  do
• 24:21
  it
• 24:21
  in
• 24:22
  the
• 24:22
  wild.
• 24:23
  Yeah,
• 24:23
  exactly.
• 24:24
  It
• 24:24
  is,
• 24:24
  as
• 24:24
  you
• 24:24
  say,
• 24:25
  a
• 24:25
  fascinating
• 24:26
  case
• 24:26
  in
• 24:27
  which
• 24:27
  we
• 24:27
  have
• 24:27
  another
• 24:28
  case.
• 24:29
  And
• 24:29
  in
• 24:29
  the
• 24:30
  case
• 24:30
  of
• 24:31
  the
• 24:31
  Hawaiian
• 24:32
  crow,
• 24:33
  researchers
• 24:34
  have
• 24:34
  found
• 24:34
  that
• 24:37
  they
• 24:37
  have
• 24:37
  the
• 24:37
  horse
• 24:38
  living
• 24:38
  species
• 24:40
  accessible
• 24:40
  because
• 24:41
  they
• 24:41
  are
• 24:41
  all
• 24:41
  captive
• 24:42
  and
• 24:42
  they
• 24:43
  can
• 24:43
  study
• 24:45
  the
• 24:45
  incidence
• 24:46
  of
• 24:46
  tool
• 24:46
  use
• 24:46
  across
• 24:47
  all
• 24:47
  of
• 24:47
  them.
• 24:48
  What
• 24:48
  is
• 24:48
  necessary
• 24:49
  is
• 24:50
  to
• 24:50
  follow
• 24:51
  the
• 24:51
  discovery
• 24:52
  and
• 24:52
  report
• 24:53
  of
• 24:54
  disability
• 24:55
  with
• 24:55
  an
• 24:55
  intense
• 24:56
  research
• 24:56
  program
• 24:57
  that
• 24:58
  controls
• 24:59
  the
• 25:00
  history
• 25:00
  of
• 25:01
  individual
• 25:01
  animals
• 25:02
  and
• 25:02
  offers
• 25:03
  them
• 25:03
  the
• 25:04
  sort
• 25:04
  of
• 25:04
  variation
• 25:06
  in.
• 25:07
  In
• 25:07
  challenges
• 25:08
  that
• 25:09
  leads
• 25:10
  to
• 25:10
  have
• 25:10
  a
• 25:10
  complete
• 25:11
  picture
• 25:11
  of
• 25:11
  the
• 25:12
  animal's
• 25:12
  cognitive
• 25:13
  ability.
• 25:14
  So
• 25:14
  it's
• 25:14
  not.
• 25:15
  It's
• 25:15
  not
• 25:16
  enough
• 25:16
  to
• 25:16
  show,
• 25:17
  yes,
• 25:17
  they
• 25:18
  can
• 25:18
  use
• 25:18
  tools
• 25:20
  by
• 25:20
  now.
• 25:20
  This
• 25:21
  was
• 25:21
  good
• 25:21
  20
• 25:21
  years
• 25:22
  ago.
• 25:22
  Now
• 25:22
  we
• 25:22
  know
• 25:22
  that
• 25:24
  many
• 25:24
  do.
• 25:25
  So
• 25:25
  we
• 25:26
  need
• 25:26
  to
• 25:26
  go
• 25:26
  deeper
• 25:26
  into
• 25:27
  that.
• 25:28
  Definitely.
• 25:28
  And
• 25:28
  it's
• 25:29
  interesting
• 25:29
  to
• 25:29
  think
• 25:29
  about,
• 25:29
  like
• 25:30
  in
• 25:30
  the
• 25:30
  Hawaiian
• 25:30
  crow,
• 25:31
  with
• 25:31
  their
• 25:31
  population
• 25:32
  being
• 25:32
  reduced
• 25:33
  to
• 25:33
  so
• 25:33
  few
• 25:34
  individuals
• 25:34
  that
• 25:35
  even
• 25:35
  if
• 25:35
  there
• 25:35
  was
• 25:36
  widespread
• 25:37
  tool
• 25:37
  use
• 25:37
  in
• 25:38
  the
• 25:38
  original
• 25:38
  wild
• 25:38
  population,
• 25:39
  what
• 25:39
  has
• 25:40
  that
• 25:40
  population
• 25:41
  decline
• 25:41
  and
• 25:42
  necessarily
• 25:43
  inbreeding
• 25:43
  done
• 25:44
  to
• 25:44
  all
• 25:45
  of
• 25:45
  these
• 25:45
  factors
• 25:45
  that
• 25:46
  influence
• 25:46
  flexibility
• 25:47
  and
• 25:48
  intelligence
• 25:49
  in
• 25:49
  that
• 25:49
  sense
• 25:50
  of
• 25:50
  modifying
• 25:51
  tools
• 25:51
  and
• 25:51
  using
• 25:51
  them.
• 25:52
  But
• 25:52
  it's
• 25:53
  a
• 25:53
  sad
• 25:53
  case
• 25:53
  where,
• 25:54
  I
• 25:54
  guess,
• 25:55
  yeah,
• 25:55
  it's
• 25:55
  harder
• 25:55
  to
• 25:55
  study
• 25:56
  because.
• 25:56
  There
• 25:56
  are
• 25:56
  so
• 25:56
  few
• 25:56
  of
• 25:57
  those
• 25:57
  individuals.
• 25:57
  But
• 25:57
  New
• 25:58
  Caledonian
• 25:58
  crows,.
• 26:01
  Are
• 26:01
  they
• 26:01
  still
• 26:01
  quite
• 26:02
  common
• 26:02
  in
• 26:02
  the
• 26:02
  wild
• 26:02
  or
• 26:03
  are.
• 26:03
  They
• 26:03
  facing
• 26:03
  challenges
• 26:04
  there?
• 26:04
  Okay.
• 26:04
  No,
• 26:05
  they
• 26:05
  are
• 26:05
  very
• 26:05
  common.
• 26:06
  Of
• 26:06
  course,
• 26:06
  they
• 26:07
  are
• 26:07
  limited
• 26:07
  to
• 26:07
  one
• 26:08
  island
• 26:09
  and
• 26:10
  the
• 26:10
  smaller
• 26:10
  islets
• 26:11
  around
• 26:11
  it,
• 26:12
  but
• 26:12
  they
• 26:12
  are
• 26:13
  not
• 26:13
  endangered
• 26:14
  within
• 26:14
  the
• 26:15
  island.
• 26:15
  Can
• 26:15
  you
• 26:15
  talk
• 26:16
  to
• 26:16
  us
• 26:16
  a
• 26:16
  little
• 26:16
  bit
• 26:16
  about
• 26:16
  the
• 26:17
  comparative
• 26:17
  work
• 26:18
  that
• 26:18
  you've.
• 26:18
  Done
• 26:18
  between
• 26:18
  Kea
• 26:20
  and
• 26:20
  the
• 26:21
  New
• 26:21
  Caledonian
• 26:21
  crows?
• 26:22
  Because
• 26:22
  parrots
• 26:22
  are
• 26:22
  that
• 26:22
  kind
• 26:23
  of
• 26:23
  other
• 26:23
  group
• 26:23
  of
• 26:24
  birds
• 26:24
  that
• 26:24
  we
• 26:24
  think
• 26:25
  of
• 26:25
  as
• 26:26
  problem
• 26:26
  solvers.
• 26:27
  Or
• 26:27
  if
• 26:28
  you
• 26:28
  go
• 26:28
  on
• 26:28
  vacation
• 26:29
  in
• 26:29
  New
• 26:29
  Zealand,
• 26:29
  you
• 26:29
  have
• 26:30
  to
• 26:30
  be
• 26:30
  careful,
• 26:31
  they'll
• 26:31
  steal
• 26:31
  your
• 26:32
  keys
• 26:32
  and
• 26:32
  Those
• 26:32
  sorts
• 26:33
  of
• 26:33
  things,
• 26:33
  mischievous,
• 26:34
  like
• 26:34
  many
• 26:34
  parrots
• 26:34
  are.
• 26:35
  Indeed.
• 26:35
  Indeed.
• 26:35
  One
• 26:36
  particular
• 26:36
  study,
• 26:37
  one
• 26:37
  informative
• 26:37
  study,
• 26:38
  we
• 26:38
  offered
• 26:39
  this
• 26:39
  animal
• 26:40
  animals
• 26:41
  four
• 26:41
  different
• 26:42
  ways
• 26:43
  to
• 26:43
  get
• 26:44
  at
• 26:44
  a
• 26:44
  food.
• 26:46
  A
• 26:47
  bait.
• 26:48
  It
• 26:49
  was
• 26:49
  a
• 26:49
  box
• 26:50
  with
• 26:50
  multiple
• 26:51
  openings,
• 26:52
  and
• 26:53
  from
• 26:53
  each
• 26:53
  side
• 26:54
  you
• 26:54
  could
• 26:55
  obtain
• 26:56
  food
• 26:56
  by
• 26:56
  doing
• 26:56
  a
• 26:57
  particular
• 26:57
  manipulation.
• 26:58
  In
• 26:58
  one
• 26:58
  case,
• 26:59
  there
• 26:59
  was
• 27:00
  a
• 27:01
  food
• 27:02
  tied
• 27:02
  to
• 27:02
  a
• 27:03
  string
• 27:04
  and
• 27:04
  you
• 27:04
  simply
• 27:04
  had
• 27:05
  to
• 27:05
  pull
• 27:05
  to
• 27:05
  get
• 27:06
  it
• 27:06
  out.
• 27:07
  That
• 27:07
  one
• 27:08
  was
• 27:08
  so
• 27:08
  easy
• 27:09
  that
• 27:09
  all
• 27:09
  our
• 27:10
  animals
• 27:10
  did
• 27:10
  it
• 27:10
  within
• 27:11
  seconds
• 27:11
  and
• 27:12
  offered
• 27:12
  no
• 27:13
  interesting
• 27:13
  comparison.
• 27:15
  The
• 27:16
  other
• 27:16
  one
• 27:17
  was
• 27:19
  shoot
• 27:19
  a
• 27:20
  hole
• 27:20
  where
• 27:20
  you
• 27:20
  could
• 27:20
  push
• 27:21
  a
• 27:21
  little
• 27:23
  like
• 27:23
  a
• 27:23
  marble,
• 27:24
  a
• 27:24
  little
• 27:24
  ball
• 27:25
  that
• 27:25
  you
• 27:25
  could
• 27:26
  put
• 27:26
  in
• 27:26
  that
• 27:27
  hole,
• 27:27
  and
• 27:27
  it
• 27:28
  dropped
• 27:28
  a
• 27:28
  chute
• 27:29
  and
• 27:30
  displaced
• 27:33
  platform.
• 27:33
  And
• 27:34
  then
• 27:34
  food
• 27:34
  was
• 27:35
  delivered
• 27:35
  and
• 27:36
  they
• 27:36
  could
• 27:37
  eat
• 27:37
  it
• 27:39
  again.
• 27:40
  Both
• 27:40
  species
• 27:41
  did
• 27:41
  it,
• 27:42
  but
• 27:43
  the
• 27:45
  New
• 27:45
  Caledonian
• 27:46
  crows
• 27:46
  were
• 27:47
  more
• 27:48
  handy
• 27:49
  in
• 27:49
  actually
• 27:50
  picking
• 27:50
  the
• 27:51
  ball
• 27:51
  than
• 27:51
  the
• 27:51
  kias
• 27:52
  that
• 27:52
  have
• 27:52
  an
• 27:52
  extremely
• 27:53
  curved
• 27:54
  beak.
• 27:54
  Yeah,
• 27:55
  yeah.
• 27:55
  Then
• 27:56
  we
• 27:57
  gave
• 27:57
  them
• 27:57
  a
• 27:57
  door
• 27:59
  which
• 27:59
  had
• 27:59
  a
• 27:59
  little
• 28:00
  hook
• 28:00
  of
• 28:00
  a
• 28:01
  handle
• 28:01
  that
• 28:02
  they
• 28:02
  had
• 28:02
  to
• 28:03
  simply
• 28:04
  pick
• 28:04
  up
• 28:04
  the
• 28:04
  hook,
• 28:05
  open
• 28:05
  the
• 28:05
  door
• 28:06
  and
• 28:06
  put
• 28:06
  their
• 28:06
  heads
• 28:07
  through
• 28:07
  to
• 28:07
  do
• 28:07
  it.
• 28:08
  Now,
• 28:09
  the
• 28:09
  kias
• 28:09
  did
• 28:10
  it
• 28:10
  immediately.
• 28:11
  The
• 28:12
  New
• 28:12
  Caledonian
• 28:13
  crows
• 28:13
  had
• 28:13
  some
• 28:13
  trouble
• 28:14
  to
• 28:15
  do
• 28:15
  it.
• 28:16
  And
• 28:16
  then
• 28:16
  the
• 28:17
  fourth
• 28:17
  case
• 28:17
  was
• 28:18
  using
• 28:18
  a
• 28:18
  stick
• 28:18
  to
• 28:19
  push
• 28:19
  food
• 28:20
  that
• 28:20
  was
• 28:20
  on
• 28:20
  top
• 28:20
  of
• 28:20
  a
• 28:21
  platform
• 28:22
  and
• 28:22
  so
• 28:22
  that
• 28:22
  the
• 28:22
  food
• 28:23
  would
• 28:23
  simply
• 28:23
  fall
• 28:25
  out.
• 28:26
  Now,
• 28:27
  the
• 28:27
  New
• 28:27
  Caledonian
• 28:28
  closed
• 28:28
  this
• 28:29
  immediately
• 28:30
  and
• 28:30
  the
• 28:30
  kias
• 28:32
  took
• 28:32
  quite
• 28:33
  some
• 28:33
  time.
• 28:34
  But
• 28:35
  this
• 28:35
  was
• 28:35
  time
• 28:37
  that
• 28:37
  was
• 28:38
  caused
• 28:38
  by
• 28:39
  what
• 28:40
  is
• 28:40
  called
• 28:40
  an
• 28:40
  ergonomic
• 28:41
  difficulty,
• 28:43
  difficulty
• 28:43
  in
• 28:44
  manipulating
• 28:45
  the
• 28:46
  stick
• 28:46
  and
• 28:46
  putting
• 28:47
  it
• 28:47
  forward
• 28:47
  because
• 28:47
  the
• 28:48
  shape
• 28:48
  of
• 28:48
  that
• 28:49
  beak
• 28:49
  didn't
• 28:49
  allow
• 28:49
  it.
• 28:51
  So
• 28:52
  what
• 28:52
  was
• 28:52
  our
• 28:52
  conclusion
• 28:53
  of
• 28:53
  this
• 28:53
  kind
• 28:54
  of
• 28:54
  comparison?
• 28:56
  Conclusion
• 28:57
  was
• 28:57
  that
• 28:57
  overall,
• 28:59
  the
• 28:59
  two
• 28:59
  species
• 29:00
  were
• 29:00
  capable
• 29:01
  of
• 29:01
  flexible
• 29:02
  behavior.
• 29:03
  Keas
• 29:04
  overall
• 29:05
  showed
• 29:06
  out
• 29:06
  of
• 29:06
  this
• 29:07
  limited
• 29:07
  set
• 29:07
  of
• 29:08
  tasks
• 29:09
  a
• 29:09
  margin
• 29:10
  of
• 29:10
  greater
• 29:11
  flexibility
• 29:13
  and
• 29:13
  innovativeness
• 29:14
  that
• 29:14
  the
• 29:14
  New
• 29:14
  Caledonian
• 29:15
  crows.
• 29:16
  But
• 29:16
  we
• 29:16
  don't
• 29:16
  make.
• 29:17
  This
• 29:17
  was
• 29:17
  in.
• 29:18
  In
• 29:18
  this
• 29:18
  limited
• 29:19
  context,
• 29:19
  and
• 29:19
  it
• 29:19
  shouldn't
• 29:20
  be
• 29:20
  read
• 29:21
  as
• 29:21
  meaning
• 29:21
  that
• 29:22
  one
• 29:22
  species
• 29:22
  is
• 29:23
  more
• 29:23
  intelligent
• 29:24
  than
• 29:24
  the
• 29:24
  others,
• 29:24
  because
• 29:24
  you
• 29:25
  would
• 29:25
  need
• 29:25
  to
• 29:26
  have
• 29:26
  a.
• 29:27
  There
• 29:27
  is
• 29:27
  no
• 29:27
  ranking.
• 29:28
  They
• 29:28
  have
• 29:28
  different
• 29:29
  abilities.
• 29:29
  You
• 29:30
  know,
• 29:30
  you
• 29:30
  may
• 29:30
  be
• 29:31
  very
• 29:31
  good
• 29:32
  for
• 29:32
  playing
• 29:32
  piano
• 29:33
  and
• 29:33
  I
• 29:33
  may
• 29:33
  be
• 29:34
  very
• 29:34
  good
• 29:34
  for
• 29:34
  playing
• 29:35
  chess
• 29:36
  and.
• 29:36
  Yeah,
• 29:36
  and
• 29:37
  then
• 29:37
  that.
• 29:38
  How
• 29:38
  could
• 29:38
  you
• 29:38
  tell
• 29:39
  who
• 29:39
  is
• 29:39
  more
• 29:39
  intelligent?
• 29:40
  Is
• 29:40
  a
• 29:41
  matter
• 29:41
  of
• 29:42
  preference.
• 29:42
  So
• 29:43
  different
• 29:43
  species
• 29:44
  have
• 29:44
  minds
• 29:45
  evolved
• 29:46
  to
• 29:46
  solve
• 29:47
  the
• 29:47
  typical
• 29:47
  problems
• 29:48
  they
• 29:48
  face
• 29:48
  in
• 29:48
  nature.
• 29:50
  And
• 29:50
  in
• 29:51
  this
• 29:51
  case,
• 29:52
  these
• 29:52
  two
• 29:52
  species
• 29:54
  excel
• 29:55
  in
• 29:55
  that
• 29:56
  and
• 29:56
  in
• 29:57
  a
• 29:57
  big
• 29:57
  repertoire
• 29:58
  of
• 29:58
  different
• 29:58
  species,
• 29:59
  different
• 29:59
  tasks,
• 30:00
  but
• 30:02
  we
• 30:02
  can't
• 30:02
  put
• 30:02
  them
• 30:03
  reliably,
• 30:04
  and
• 30:04
  it
• 30:04
  doesn't
• 30:05
  make
• 30:05
  sense
• 30:05
  to
• 30:05
  put
• 30:06
  them
• 30:06
  reliably
• 30:07
  one
• 30:07
  above
• 30:07
  the
• 30:08
  other.
• 30:09
  Totally.
• 30:09
  We've
• 30:10
  reached
• 30:10
  the
• 30:10
  part
• 30:10
  of
• 30:10
  the
• 30:10
  show.
• 30:11
  That
• 30:11
  we
• 30:11
  call
• 30:11
  that's
• 30:11
  BS
• 30:12
  or
• 30:12
  that's
• 30:12
  bird
• 30:12
  stuff
• 30:13
  where
• 30:13
  we
• 30:13
  give
• 30:13
  our
• 30:13
  guests.
• 30:13
  An
• 30:14
  opportunity
• 30:14
  to
• 30:14
  debunk
• 30:15
  a
• 30:15
  myth
• 30:15
  that
• 30:15
  ruffles
• 30:15
  their
• 30:16
  feathers.
• 30:16
  So,
• 30:16
  Alex,
• 30:17
  what
• 30:17
  do
• 30:17
  you
• 30:17
  want
• 30:17
  to.
• 30:17
  Call
• 30:18
  BS
• 30:18
  on
• 30:18
  I
• 30:19
  would
• 30:19
  give
• 30:20
  a
• 30:20
  very
• 30:21
  heartfelt
• 30:21
  advice
• 30:22
  to
• 30:22
  most
• 30:22
  of
• 30:23
  our
• 30:23
  listeners,
• 30:24
  and
• 30:24
  this
• 30:24
  is
• 30:24
  that
• 30:25
  whenever
• 30:26
  they
• 30:26
  want
• 30:26
  to
• 30:26
  insult
• 30:27
  someone
• 30:28
  very,
• 30:28
  very
• 30:28
  deeply,
• 30:29
  next
• 30:29
  time
• 30:29
  they
• 30:30
  have
• 30:30
  a
• 30:30
  conflict,
• 30:31
  they
• 30:31
  don't
• 30:31
  call
• 30:31
  it
• 30:32
  bird
• 30:32
  brain.
• 30:33
  I
• 30:33
  think
• 30:34
  that
• 30:34
  would
• 30:35
  be
• 30:35
  a
• 30:36
  very
• 30:36
  inappropriate
• 30:37
  insult.
• 30:38
  I
• 30:39
  love
• 30:39
  that.
• 30:39
  Amazing.
• 30:40
  Awesome.
• 30:40
  Well,
• 30:41
  thanks
• 30:41
  so
• 30:41
  much
• 30:41
  for
• 30:41
  taking
• 30:41
  the
• 30:42
  time
• 30:42
  to
• 30:42
  join
• 30:42
  us.
• 30:42
  I've
• 30:43
  really
• 30:43
  enjoyed
• 30:43
  hearing
• 30:44
  more
• 30:44
  about
• 30:45
  your
• 30:45
  research
• 30:45
  and
• 30:46
  these
• 30:46
  amazing
• 30:46
  New
• 30:47
  Caledonian
• 30:47
  crows.
• 30:48
  So
• 30:48
  thanks
• 30:48
  for
• 30:48
  taking
• 30:48
  the
• 30:49
  time.
• 30:49
  It's
• 30:49
  been
• 30:49
  a
• 30:50
  pleasure.
• 30:54
  Birds
• 30:55
  are
• 30:55
  dinosaurs,
• 30:55
  and
• 30:55
  around
• 30:56
  here
• 30:56
  we
• 30:56
  like
• 30:56
  our
• 30:56
  snacks.
• 30:57
  So
• 30:57
  we
• 30:57
  end
• 30:57
  each
• 30:57
  episode
• 30:58
  with
• 30:58
  a
• 30:58
  dinosaur
• 30:58
  nugget.
• 30:59
  Today's
• 30:59
  nugget.
• 31:00
  Out
• 31:00
  of
• 31:00
  roughly
• 31:01
  11,000
• 31:01
  bird
• 31:02
  species,
• 31:02
  only
• 31:02
  a
• 31:03
  handful
• 31:03
  regularly
• 31:04
  use
• 31:04
  tools.
• 31:05
  But
• 31:05
  what
• 31:05
  Alex
• 31:05
  showed
• 31:06
  us
• 31:06
  is
• 31:06
  that
• 31:06
  the
• 31:06
  interesting
• 31:07
  question
• 31:07
  isn't
• 31:07
  whether
• 31:08
  a
• 31:08
  bird
• 31:08
  can
• 31:08
  use
• 31:08
  a
• 31:09
  tool.
• 31:09
  It's
• 31:09
  whether
• 31:10
  it
• 31:10
  can
• 31:10
  adapt
• 31:10
  when
• 31:10
  the
• 31:10
  problem
• 31:11
  changes.
• 31:11
  Can
• 31:12
  it
• 31:12
  bend
• 31:12
  a
• 31:12
  wire
• 31:12
  into
• 31:13
  a
• 31:13
  hook?
• 31:13
  Straighten
• 31:14
  one
• 31:14
  when
• 31:14
  the
• 31:14
  situation
• 31:15
  demands
• 31:15
  it?
• 31:16
  Use
• 31:16
  one
• 31:16
  tool
• 31:16
  to
• 31:17
  retrieve
• 31:17
  a
• 31:17
  second
• 31:18
  tool
• 31:18
  to
• 31:18
  reach
• 31:18
  food?
• 31:19
  New
• 31:19
  Caledonian
• 31:20
  crows
• 31:20
  do
• 31:20
  all
• 31:21
  of
• 31:21
  that.
• 31:21
  And
• 31:21
  when
• 31:21
  researchers
• 31:22
  raised
• 31:22
  crow
• 31:23
  chicks
• 31:23
  in
• 31:23
  total
• 31:23
  isolation,
• 31:24
  no
• 31:24
  adults,
• 31:25
  no
• 31:25
  sticks,
• 31:25
  no
• 31:25
  demonstrations,
• 31:27
  those
• 31:27
  chicks
• 31:27
  still
• 31:28
  picked
• 31:28
  up
• 31:28
  objects
• 31:28
  and
• 31:29
  started
• 31:29
  manipulating
• 31:29
  them
• 31:30
  at
• 31:30
  just
• 31:30
  two
• 31:30
  months
• 31:30
  old.
• 31:31
  For
• 31:32
  New
• 31:32
  Caledonian
• 31:32
  crows,
• 31:33
  at
• 31:33
  least,
• 31:33
  there's
• 31:33
  an
• 31:33
  innate
• 31:34
  drive
• 31:34
  to
• 31:34
  interact
• 31:34
  with
• 31:34
  objects
• 31:35
  as
• 31:35
  tools,
• 31:36
  and
• 31:36
  flexibility
• 31:37
  builds
• 31:37
  on
• 31:37
  top
• 31:37
  of
• 31:37
  that,
• 31:38
  as
• 31:38
  Alex
• 31:39
  reminded
• 31:39
  us,
• 31:39
  this
• 31:39
  isn't
• 31:40
  an
• 31:40
  Olympic
• 31:40
  ranking.
• 31:41
  It's
• 31:41
  about
• 31:41
  understanding
• 31:41
  how
• 31:42
  minds
• 31:42
  work,
• 31:42
  including
• 31:43
  the
• 31:43
  ones
• 31:43
  inside
• 31:43
  a
• 31:44
  brain
• 31:44
  the
• 31:44
  size
• 31:44
  of
• 31:44
  a
• 31:45
  walnut.
• 31:45
  That's
• 31:46
  a
• 31:46
  wrap
• 31:46
  on
• 31:46
  this
• 31:46
  week's
• 31:47
  episode.
• 31:47
  Ok,
• 31:47
  but
• 31:48
  what's
• 31:48
  in
• 31:48
  a
• 31:48
  bird's
• 31:48
  toolbox?
• 31:49
  If
• 31:49
  you're
• 31:49
  an
• 31:50
  Apple
• 31:50
  listener,
• 31:50
  good
• 31:51
  news.
• 31:51
  You'll
• 31:51
  be
• 31:51
  able
• 31:51
  to
• 31:51
  toggle
• 31:52
  on
• 31:52
  the
• 31:52
  video
• 31:52
  version
• 31:53
  of
• 31:53
  the
• 31:53
  podcast
• 31:53
  beginning
• 31:54
  later
• 31:54
  this
• 31:54
  spring.
• 31:55
  Thanks
• 31:55
  for
• 31:55
  supporting
• 31:56
  our
• 31:56
  show.
• 31:56
  We'll
• 31:56
  catch
• 31:57
  you
• 31:57
  next
• 31:57
  time.
• 31:57
  Byeeee.
• 32:01
  Okay,
• 32:03
  But...
• 32:04
  Birds
• 32:04
  is
• 32:05
  hosted
• 32:05
  by
• 32:05
  Scott.
• 32:05
  Taylor,
• 32:06
  with
• 32:06
  production
• 32:07
  and
• 32:07
  creative
• 32:07
  by
• 32:08
  Zach
• 32:08
  Karl.