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How many Higgs bosons are there? · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

0:08
Speaker 1: Any Daniel, I've been wondering, how do you keep track
0:11
Speaker 1: of all the Parkles there are? What do you mean, Well,
0:13
Speaker 1: You've got the Bosons and the Fermions, and the Massons,
0:16
Speaker 1: and the Drons and the Patreons and the Gluons. It's
0:20
Speaker 1: too many. I don't know. If you spend enough time
0:22
Speaker 1: with them, you just kind of get to know them.
0:24
Speaker 1: I mean like they have personalities. Yeah, they're all unique.
0:27
Speaker 1: They have different colors or flavors or spins. I guess
0:30
Speaker 1: my favorite one is the Higgs boson. Why you like
0:33
Speaker 1: the flavor of the Higgs boson. I think there's only
0:35
Speaker 1: one Higgs Boson that we have found so far. Don't
0:39
Speaker 1: don't dumb. Hi am Poor Handmay cartoonists and the creator
0:57
Speaker 1: of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a article physicist,
1:01
Speaker 1: and I'm bored of a universe with just one Higgs Boson.
1:04
Speaker 1: Are you bored in general or is it really related
1:07
Speaker 1: to particles? Daniel? I just want more, more and more,
1:10
Speaker 1: more particles, more discoveries, more everything, more clues as to
1:13
Speaker 1: the nature of the universe. And we've had this one
1:16
Speaker 1: Higgs boson for like almost ten years now. We're ready
1:19
Speaker 1: for another one. Don't you know they say that less
1:21
Speaker 1: is more. You get to learn to do more what
1:23
Speaker 1: you have. That's basically the a project of particle physics
1:26
Speaker 1: is boil all the particles down to one fundamental particle.
1:30
Speaker 1: But to do that, we got to see all of them.
1:31
Speaker 1: So we got to see them more and then make
1:33
Speaker 1: them less. Man, physicists are so greedy. Welcome to our
1:38
Speaker 1: podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe April that Chin
1:40
Speaker 1: of our Heart Radio, in which we try to make
1:43
Speaker 1: more out of the unknowns of the universe. Explain all
1:46
Speaker 1: of them to you, the things we do and do
1:49
Speaker 1: not understand, about how stars form, why planets whizz around them,
1:53
Speaker 1: whether there is alien life out there, how the universe began,
1:56
Speaker 1: whether you can teleport, is there another U out there?
1:59
Speaker 1: All crazy ideas that people have, all the questions that
2:03
Speaker 1: people ask. We try to tackle all of them and
2:05
Speaker 1: explain them to you. Yeah, because there are a lot
2:08
Speaker 1: of questions out there in the universe for us to
2:10
Speaker 1: explore and to try to find answers to things out
2:13
Speaker 1: there in space and also things right here in the
2:16
Speaker 1: palm of our hands. There are trillions and trillions of
2:19
Speaker 1: little particles even just in your fingertips, and there are
2:23
Speaker 1: many questions we can ask about them. That's right. And
2:26
Speaker 1: trillions sounds like an exaggeration, but it's actually not. It's
2:30
Speaker 1: an under exaggeration. There are bajillions zillions of particles all
2:34
Speaker 1: around you. Every single one of you is just a
2:37
Speaker 1: seething mass of quantum particles frothing in and out of existence,
2:41
Speaker 1: bubbling around and creating who you are. And one of
2:45
Speaker 1: the goals of this podcast, one of the goals of
2:47
Speaker 1: particle physics, and I dare say one of the goals
2:49
Speaker 1: of science is to peel that back and understand it
2:52
Speaker 1: at its most fundamental level. What is really going on
2:56
Speaker 1: in the universe at the smallest scales. Yeah, because it
2:59
Speaker 1: makes up everything that we are and everything around us,
3:02
Speaker 1: everything we eat, everything we touch, everything we right around
3:06
Speaker 1: in or serve, the entern it on. It's all made
3:09
Speaker 1: out of particles, and there are still big questions about
3:13
Speaker 1: what those particles are, or what those particles can be.
3:17
Speaker 1: That's right. We have a list of particles that we've discovered,
3:20
Speaker 1: six quarks, six left on, a few bosons, and the Higgs,
3:24
Speaker 1: of course, but we don't know how many particles there
3:28
Speaker 1: are We don't know if the particles we found are
3:31
Speaker 1: basically the whole picture, if it's everything, or if it's
3:34
Speaker 1: just the tip of the iceberg. If there are lots
3:37
Speaker 1: more particles waiting around the corner for us to create
3:40
Speaker 1: and explore. Did you lose some particles, Daniel? Do you
3:43
Speaker 1: think they're waiting to jump us or something? What are
3:45
Speaker 1: they waiting for? Why haven't they revealed themselves. I don't know.
3:48
Speaker 1: Maybe they're shy, you know, or maybe they're just picky.
3:51
Speaker 1: Their agents are holding out for like brown Eminem's before
3:54
Speaker 1: they make their appearance. I see, you need more Eminem's
3:56
Speaker 1: at the Large Hadron Collider. You need a green room.
3:59
Speaker 1: First of all, you don't have a green room for particles,
4:02
Speaker 1: that's true, You just have one big open We need
4:04
Speaker 1: to pamper our particles more, is what you're saying. It's right,
4:07
Speaker 1: it's a new field particle pampering. Particle pampering at the
4:10
Speaker 1: large Eminem collider. Yeah, there you go, maisons and molecules.
4:16
Speaker 1: But yeah, that's the weird thing about nature, I guess
4:18
Speaker 1: and the universe is that there are sort of a
4:21
Speaker 1: lot of possible particles out there, a lot of different
4:23
Speaker 1: quantum fields, but kind of on an everyday basis, we
4:27
Speaker 1: only interact or are only made up of stuff in
4:31
Speaker 1: three fields and three kinds of particles. Yeah, that's because
4:34
Speaker 1: the universe is mostly pretty cold. Like you can imagine,
4:38
Speaker 1: the universe has lots of different ways it can be.
4:40
Speaker 1: Energy can slash around between different kinds of fields, or
4:43
Speaker 1: if you like to think about particles can slash around
4:45
Speaker 1: between different kinds of particles. But these days, fourteen billion
4:49
Speaker 1: years into the life of the universe, things are pretty
4:51
Speaker 1: spread out in cold and say, everything's mostly relaxed down
4:54
Speaker 1: to the lowest mass, the lightest particles, the electrons, and
4:58
Speaker 1: the up and down corks that make up the protons
5:01
Speaker 1: and neutrons inside of us. But as you say, that
5:04
Speaker 1: doesn't mean there aren't those other possible particles out there,
5:07
Speaker 1: and to make them, to see them, we need to
5:09
Speaker 1: recreate some of those early conditions in the universe, put
5:12
Speaker 1: a lot of energy into one spot and try to
5:14
Speaker 1: excite the universe into revealing its secrets. Yeah, because there
5:17
Speaker 1: are all these other possible particles, and we know we
5:20
Speaker 1: don't see them in our everyday lives, but they are
5:22
Speaker 1: sort of there, and sometimes they do kind of show
5:25
Speaker 1: up in our atmosphere, right, and coming from the Sun.
5:28
Speaker 1: Sometimes these strange particles sometimes do form around us. Yeah,
5:32
Speaker 1: you're absolutely right. Our colliders are not the only conditions
5:35
Speaker 1: for making these crazy particles. There are some big accelerators
5:38
Speaker 1: out there sort of astrophysically speaking, shooting particles at us,
5:42
Speaker 1: and when they hit our atmosphere, those collisions can also
5:45
Speaker 1: make really big, rare, heavy particles and create these big
5:49
Speaker 1: showers which then filter on down to Earth. So, yeah,
5:52
Speaker 1: these particles are being created sort of all the time
5:54
Speaker 1: whenever there's an energetic particle smashing into another one. And
5:58
Speaker 1: so maybe one of the most famed particles I think, so,
6:01
Speaker 1: besides the maybe, the electron maybe and the corps, is
6:05
Speaker 1: this famous one that was discovered about eight years ago. Yeah,
6:08
Speaker 1: I was announced in twelve. It's the last major discovery
6:12
Speaker 1: of the Standard Model, and a lot of people describe
6:14
Speaker 1: it as sort of the last piece of the Standard Model.
6:17
Speaker 1: It certainly wasn't missing piece. We needed the Higgs boson
6:21
Speaker 1: or something like it to explain what we were seeing
6:24
Speaker 1: in the Standard Model, and we found it about ten
6:27
Speaker 1: years ago, in twenty twelve, and that was very exciting.
6:30
Speaker 1: It's very interesting, but there are still, as you say,
6:33
Speaker 1: a lot of open questions. Yeah, and it's not only
6:35
Speaker 1: famous people think it's super important in the universe. Right.
6:38
Speaker 1: Some people even called it the God particle. I hate
6:43
Speaker 1: that name, the God particle. You hate God? No, I
6:47
Speaker 1: hate the publicist that came up with the title of
6:49
Speaker 1: that book. I think it was a physicist. I think
6:52
Speaker 1: it was a physicist publicist. If this book is a
6:55
Speaker 1: little dry, can you make it a little bit more snazzy,
6:58
Speaker 1: a little more grand maybe? But the Higgs is pretty
7:00
Speaker 1: important in the sense that it does sort of kind
7:03
Speaker 1: of hold the universe together in a way, right, to
7:06
Speaker 1: give things mass, And if things didn't have mass, they
7:08
Speaker 1: wouldn't feel gravity, and without that, things would just kind
7:12
Speaker 1: of float around and not do anything. It would be
7:13
Speaker 1: a very different universe if particles didn't have mass. Absolutely,
7:17
Speaker 1: And you can't say the same thing about like the Muan, right,
7:20
Speaker 1: how different with the university? Oh man, the poor Muan.
7:25
Speaker 1: The Muan's agent is going to be in here mad
7:27
Speaker 1: any second. Now. It's like, we need a better public
7:30
Speaker 1: But you're right, we don't actually need the Muan. In fact,
7:32
Speaker 1: when we discover the Muan, people were a little annoyed,
7:35
Speaker 1: and somebody said, like, who what are that? We got
7:37
Speaker 1: a pretty good system over here. We don't need the muan.
7:40
Speaker 1: One of the deepest questions in physics is why do
7:42
Speaker 1: we have particles like the muan and the town that
7:44
Speaker 1: are just copies of the electron? So you're right, some
7:47
Speaker 1: particles seem to have cousins or copies. Other ones don't yet, right, right,
7:53
Speaker 1: And so the Higgs is pretty important because it does
7:56
Speaker 1: give particles mass. It does give particles mass, and so
7:58
Speaker 1: it's really important. I guess are still big questions about
8:01
Speaker 1: the Higgs. I mean, we sort of found one, but
8:03
Speaker 1: we don't know all there is to know about the
8:05
Speaker 1: Higgs boson. That's right, There are still lots of fascinating mysteries. Yeah,
8:09
Speaker 1: and so today on the program, we'll be asking the
8:11
Speaker 1: question how many different Higgs bosons are there? Wait? I mean,
8:20
Speaker 1: like there are more than one Higgs boson. It's plural
8:23
Speaker 1: Higgs bosons. I know, the Higgs might not be so
8:26
Speaker 1: special after all. Wait, but if it has a twin
8:29
Speaker 1: it is kind of special. Well, who knows. We don't
8:31
Speaker 1: know how many higgs there are. There might just be
8:33
Speaker 1: one Higgs boson. There might be five higgs bosons. There
8:36
Speaker 1: might be twenties seven higgs bosons as usual. We don't
8:41
Speaker 1: know if we are looking at the entire ice cube
8:43
Speaker 1: or just the tip of the iceberg. Are you talking
8:45
Speaker 1: about whether there is more than one copy of it,
8:48
Speaker 1: or whether there's more than one type of higgs boson,
8:50
Speaker 1: more than one different kind of Higgs bosons, the way
8:54
Speaker 1: there are more than one kind of cork, or there
8:56
Speaker 1: are more than one kind of electron. Right, the miwank
8:59
Speaker 1: and the tower are not just other electrons. There are
9:02
Speaker 1: different kind of particles, you mean, like you would need
9:04
Speaker 1: different names even then, right, like the tall higgs boson,
9:07
Speaker 1: the blonde higgs boson, the funny higgs boson. Can I
9:11
Speaker 1: be in the naming committee? Or we could just keep
9:13
Speaker 1: using names of gods. You could have the Zeus particle
9:15
Speaker 1: and the hero particle, the demigod particle. There you go, Yes,
9:21
Speaker 1: you can be on the naming committee. In fact, I'm
9:22
Speaker 1: pretty sure you are. The naming committee. Oh good, does
9:26
Speaker 1: it have any actual power? I don't know. Give it
9:28
Speaker 1: a powerful name. Call it the powerful naming Committee. There
9:31
Speaker 1: you go, Yeah, the naming committee. There, just the name
9:35
Speaker 1: of the committee, the committee. There you go, well, this
9:38
Speaker 1: is a big question, and now I guess, and in
9:40
Speaker 1: particle physics is how many different kinds of Higgs bosons
9:43
Speaker 1: there are, which is pretty interesting. And so, as usually
9:46
Speaker 1: we'll be were wondering how many people out there were
9:48
Speaker 1: even aware that there could be different kinds of Higgs
9:50
Speaker 1: bosons out there. So Daniel went out there into the
9:52
Speaker 1: wilds of the internet to ask how many different Higgs
9:55
Speaker 1: bosons are there? And so, if you would like to
9:57
Speaker 1: be asked to questions about particle physics by a particle
10:01
Speaker 1: physicist without the opportunity to do any research whatsoever. If
10:04
Speaker 1: that sounds fun to you, then right to me. Two
10:07
Speaker 1: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Here's what people
10:10
Speaker 1: had to say. Honestly, I thought there was one, so one.
10:14
Speaker 1: I think it's just one. But I don't think I
10:18
Speaker 1: would be surprised and with them anymore. Since it is
10:22
Speaker 1: begot particle, we never know what kind of mysteries and
10:26
Speaker 1: surprises it might be holding. I thought there was only one,
10:29
Speaker 1: but given that you asked this question, I guess there's more.
10:34
Speaker 1: This feels a little bit of like a trick question,
10:37
Speaker 1: because as far as I know, there's only one Higgs Boson.
10:41
Speaker 1: But since there are the other ones are all coming paris,
10:44
Speaker 1: like six quarks or six leptons, I'd say, no, I'm
10:48
Speaker 1: going to stick to one. I guess there's one higgs
10:51
Speaker 1: Boson and goes it goes forward and backwards in time,
10:55
Speaker 1: and there's only one Higgs Boson. People thought there were
10:58
Speaker 1: there was only one and Tron that was responsible for
11:01
Speaker 1: the whole universe, you know, But it's it's not even electron.
11:04
Speaker 1: It's a higgs Boson that just builds everything. I thought
11:10
Speaker 1: there was only one's Higgs Boston. Isn't that the one
11:12
Speaker 1: that gives mass to particles? But after listening to your
11:17
Speaker 1: show long enough, there's probably a negative and a positive,
11:20
Speaker 1: and a left handed and right handed, and one that
11:23
Speaker 1: only appears on Fridays. But I thought there was only one.
11:26
Speaker 1: I think there's only one Higgs Boson because there's only
11:29
Speaker 1: one Peter Higgs. You imagined being it soon in the
11:33
Speaker 1: Big Party after discovering Higgs Boson, and then Daniel in
11:36
Speaker 1: the Dark Hood comes by and tells Storry not so fast.
11:39
Speaker 1: There are actually fifteen more Higgs Bosons to discover. In
11:43
Speaker 1: the standard model, there's like six quarks and like six leptons,
11:47
Speaker 1: so assuming it probably be about the same, maybe three
11:52
Speaker 1: higgs and like three anti higgs or something similar. Alright,
11:56
Speaker 1: everyone seems surprised that there could be more than one. No,
12:00
Speaker 1: that's why I was hoping we could do this episode
12:02
Speaker 1: to blow everyone's minds and open it up a little
12:04
Speaker 1: bit to the entire world of possibilities about Higgs bosons. Well,
12:08
Speaker 1: some people seem to sort of relate it to some
12:11
Speaker 1: of the other versions of other particles. Like someone said,
12:13
Speaker 1: maybe there are anti Higgs bosons. Yes, very clever. That's
12:16
Speaker 1: exactly the kind of thinking that we need to be doing.
12:19
Speaker 1: We see these patterns in the other particles that have pairs, right,
12:23
Speaker 1: the electron neutrino or a pair the up in the
12:25
Speaker 1: down or a pair the electron and the anti electron
12:28
Speaker 1: are another kind of pair. Why doesn't the Higgs have
12:31
Speaker 1: other particles it pairs with? Or does it? Right? Don't
12:35
Speaker 1: dune done? That's the suspense music right there. Maybe there
12:39
Speaker 1: are many different kinds of Higgs boson. Would it be
12:41
Speaker 1: then Higgs's Higgs's bosons? What would be the correct grammatical plural?
12:46
Speaker 1: I think it's like attorneys general, So it's higgs boson, Higgs,
12:50
Speaker 1: Higgs's or Higgs with the apostrophe. I don't know what
12:53
Speaker 1: in the field we say Higgs is. We don't say
12:55
Speaker 1: Higgs boson. We say Higgs's or Higgs bosons. Oh, I
12:59
Speaker 1: see you're in consistent. That's unusual. I'll take that. I'll
13:03
Speaker 1: take that on the chin. Yeah, I wouldn't think you
13:05
Speaker 1: anywhere else. Well, let's take us step back here for
13:08
Speaker 1: maybe people who are not familiar with what even the
13:10
Speaker 1: Higgs boson is. So step us through what is the
13:13
Speaker 1: Higgs boson in the first place? Right, So, the Higgs
13:17
Speaker 1: boson is a particle, and as usual, a particle is
13:20
Speaker 1: really just evidence of the existence of a quantum field,
13:23
Speaker 1: like the electron exists. It's a particle, But that particle
13:26
Speaker 1: really is just like the electron field getting excited in
13:30
Speaker 1: a little spot. You inject some energy into the electron
13:33
Speaker 1: field and you get an electron. So we think of
13:35
Speaker 1: fields is filling space, and so the Higgs boson is
13:39
Speaker 1: evidence that there exists this Higgs field, this thing where
13:42
Speaker 1: if you inject energy into it, a little Higgs boson
13:45
Speaker 1: pops out. I see, right, Like the whole universe is
13:49
Speaker 1: filled with these fields. Every part of space has all
13:52
Speaker 1: of the fields. Every particle that can exist, every part
13:55
Speaker 1: of space has all those fields all on top of
13:57
Speaker 1: each other. And when a particle exists point in space,
14:00
Speaker 1: what we really mean is one of those fields or
14:03
Speaker 1: several of them have some energy in them. And so
14:06
Speaker 1: we talk about the Higgs boson a lot, but really
14:09
Speaker 1: the interesting thing is the Higgs field, because it's the
14:11
Speaker 1: Higgs field that does cool and fascinating stuff like giving
14:15
Speaker 1: mass to other particles. Right, that's the big headline for
14:18
Speaker 1: the Higgs field and the Higgs boson. And so how
14:20
Speaker 1: does it give mass to particles? It gives mass to
14:23
Speaker 1: those particles by interacting with them. You have all these
14:26
Speaker 1: different fields sort of stacked on top of each other
14:28
Speaker 1: in space, but they don't ignore each other. They couple
14:30
Speaker 1: with each other, They interact with each other. They slash
14:33
Speaker 1: energy back and forth and interfere with each other in
14:35
Speaker 1: specific ways. And the Higgs field is different from all
14:39
Speaker 1: of the other fields and interacts with particles in a
14:41
Speaker 1: very different way, and it interacts with those particles in
14:44
Speaker 1: just the right way so that they moved through space
14:47
Speaker 1: as if they had inertia. Right. So the particles, we
14:51
Speaker 1: think without the Higgs boson would have no mass, it
14:54
Speaker 1: would be massless particles. The electron would be massless, just
14:56
Speaker 1: like the photon. But because it interacts with the Higgs field,
15:00
Speaker 1: it changes the way it moves through space. And one
15:03
Speaker 1: way to think about that is, oh, it's moving through
15:05
Speaker 1: space interacting with the Higgs field. Another totally mathematically equivalent
15:09
Speaker 1: way to think about it is it's moving through space
15:11
Speaker 1: and it has some mass, it has some inertia. Isn't
15:14
Speaker 1: more accurate than to say that the Higgs field gives
15:17
Speaker 1: particles inertia, not necessarily mass, yes, because when we talk
15:21
Speaker 1: about mass, it's like, what do you really mean by mass?
15:24
Speaker 1: Do I mean the thing that creates gravity? Or do
15:26
Speaker 1: we mean the property of objects to resist a change
15:29
Speaker 1: in their velocity? Right, something in motion stays in motion,
15:33
Speaker 1: something at rest stays at rest. That's really inertia we're
15:36
Speaker 1: talking about. So sometimes we call that inertial mass. And
15:39
Speaker 1: so the Higgs field is responsible for inertial mass, like
15:42
Speaker 1: it's not responsible for giving things gravity exactly, it's not
15:45
Speaker 1: responsible for giving things gravity. You can have inertial mass
15:49
Speaker 1: of a particle if it's out there in the middle
15:51
Speaker 1: of space, not interacting with anything else with no gravity
15:54
Speaker 1: at all, and so the Higgs has really nothing to
15:56
Speaker 1: do with gravity, right, So the reason I can't get
15:59
Speaker 1: up in the more ing is because of the Higgs field, right,
16:03
Speaker 1: The reason I can't run faster is because of the
16:05
Speaker 1: Higgs field, But the reason I can't jump higher is
16:08
Speaker 1: something totally different. That's right. You can always find somebody
16:10
Speaker 1: to blame, I'm sure. But also the Higgs field is
16:12
Speaker 1: the reason you're around, so it gets some credit as well,
16:15
Speaker 1: all right, So then that's how it's important. It gives
16:18
Speaker 1: things inertial mass, and I guess without inertial mass, things
16:21
Speaker 1: would be just kind of crazy, right, things, It would
16:23
Speaker 1: just be flying around at the speed of light all
16:25
Speaker 1: the time. Yeah, things would definitely be very different. It's
16:28
Speaker 1: possible to have a universe without inertial mass, like the
16:31
Speaker 1: Higgs field gives things mass because it's sort of stuck
16:34
Speaker 1: at this weird value for a reason we don't understand,
16:37
Speaker 1: and if that value collapsed down to zero, particles wouldn't
16:41
Speaker 1: have mass anymore. And we talked about this in a
16:43
Speaker 1: whole episode about could the Higgs field destroy the universe,
16:46
Speaker 1: And it's not like it would destroy the universe but
16:48
Speaker 1: it would make for a very very different universe. If
16:51
Speaker 1: the electron had no mass and up in the down
16:53
Speaker 1: corps had no mass, the laws of physics and chemistry
16:56
Speaker 1: and biology would just be totally different. So the reason
16:59
Speaker 1: the universe is the way it is is because the
17:01
Speaker 1: Higgs field exists and has a certain amount of energy
17:04
Speaker 1: sort of built into it, giving mass to all these particles, right,
17:07
Speaker 1: giving all the particles inertia, and so without inertia, thinks,
17:10
Speaker 1: which is zip around at top speed basically right, Yeah,
17:13
Speaker 1: electrons would move at the speed of light exactly, Yeah,
17:15
Speaker 1: and courts to everything, right, everything, all of it, all right,
17:18
Speaker 1: And so it also links to the big forces, the
17:21
Speaker 1: Higgs field, that's right. The reason that we think the
17:23
Speaker 1: Higgs exists came out of the attempt to combine electromagnetism,
17:28
Speaker 1: which is the force you're responsible for light and for
17:31
Speaker 1: magnetism and for lightning and all that kind of stuff,
17:33
Speaker 1: with this other weird little force, the weak nuclear force
17:37
Speaker 1: that usually you think about in terms of like radioactive
17:39
Speaker 1: decay and this kind of stuff, but it's actually very
17:42
Speaker 1: closely connected to electromagnetism. People realize that if you stuck
17:46
Speaker 1: these two things together, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force.
17:50
Speaker 1: You made a single, larger concept, which they called electroweak,
17:54
Speaker 1: which had some really nice mathematical properties. So that suggested
17:58
Speaker 1: that electromagnetism and the Week four are not totally separate ideas.
18:02
Speaker 1: They're really just sort of two sides of the same coin,
18:04
Speaker 1: and it made more sense to think about them together.
18:07
Speaker 1: But when people tried to do that, they ran into
18:09
Speaker 1: a problem. They're like, hold on a second, there's some
18:11
Speaker 1: big differences between electromagnetism and the weak force. For example,
18:15
Speaker 1: the photon doesn't have any mass, but the particles that
18:18
Speaker 1: convey the weak force, the ws and the Z, are
18:21
Speaker 1: really heavy. So how could you possibly have these two
18:24
Speaker 1: forces be linked together? And the Higgs is the answer
18:28
Speaker 1: to that puzzle. The Higgs came out of that puzzle.
18:31
Speaker 1: People hypothesized, maybe we need a particle like the Higgs
18:35
Speaker 1: to answer that puzzle. Yeah, that's how you sort of
18:37
Speaker 1: thought or knew that it was going to be there,
18:40
Speaker 1: and then in twelve they actually found it. You build
18:43
Speaker 1: this giant collider and then you hit particles together and
18:46
Speaker 1: out came the Higgs. Yeah, it's a really cool sort
18:48
Speaker 1: of triumph of theoretical physics. They were just looking at
18:52
Speaker 1: these patterns of the particles and noticing, wow, you could
18:55
Speaker 1: fit these particles together into a larger pattern, but then
18:58
Speaker 1: you need this one other piece for it to really
19:00
Speaker 1: click together and make sense. And then we went out
19:03
Speaker 1: and looked for it, and took about fifty years before
19:05
Speaker 1: we were able to create the conditions necessary to have
19:08
Speaker 1: a Higgs boson that we could see and study and understand.
19:11
Speaker 1: But yeah, then we found it's real. It's actually part
19:13
Speaker 1: of the universe. Yeah, you can see it like as
19:16
Speaker 1: a blip on grab and stuff like, it's there. It's
19:18
Speaker 1: part of reality for sure. It's part of reality for sure.
19:21
Speaker 1: And so you found one, and so the big question
19:24
Speaker 1: is could there be more? Could there be more than
19:27
Speaker 1: one kind of Higgs boson? So let's get into why
19:31
Speaker 1: we think we need more Higgs bosons and how will
19:34
Speaker 1: we ever find them? But first let's take a quick break. Alright,
19:49
Speaker 1: we're talking about the Higgs boson is the most plural
19:53
Speaker 1: of the Higgs bosons. Then you're saying there could be
19:56
Speaker 1: more than one, and why do we think there could
19:58
Speaker 1: be more than one? We think there might be more
20:00
Speaker 1: than one Higgs boson? Because we get a clue when
20:02
Speaker 1: we look at the weak nuclear force. So the Higgs
20:06
Speaker 1: boson is the thing that connects the weak nuclear force
20:09
Speaker 1: with electromagnetism, right, which means it's sort of part of
20:12
Speaker 1: the week nuclear force. It talks to the weak nuclear force,
20:15
Speaker 1: and the weak force has these really interesting structures like
20:17
Speaker 1: we were talking about before, It tends to pair particles
20:21
Speaker 1: together into these things we call doublets. For example, the
20:25
Speaker 1: up cork and the down cork are connected together by
20:28
Speaker 1: the weak nuclear force. Like when a W boson decays,
20:32
Speaker 1: it decays into that pair and up and down, or
20:35
Speaker 1: decays to an electron and a neutrino, sort of the
20:38
Speaker 1: same way you think about like a particle and an
20:41
Speaker 1: anti particle being paired, because a photon can decay to
20:44
Speaker 1: a particle and an antiparticle in the same way a
20:47
Speaker 1: W can decay into like an up and a down.
20:49
Speaker 1: So this is one doublet. For example. We call these
20:52
Speaker 1: particles with the pair them together, we call them a DOUBLET.
20:55
Speaker 1: But we have lots of these doublets in the weak force,
20:57
Speaker 1: and so very simply we just ask, like, maybe we
21:00
Speaker 1: have more than one Higgs doublet. Maybe there are more copies.
21:03
Speaker 1: Just like, there are copies of the electron, and there
21:05
Speaker 1: are copies of the corks. I see just from being
21:08
Speaker 1: associated with the weak force. You think that, hey, maybe
21:11
Speaker 1: the Higgs also has a twin out there, because most
21:14
Speaker 1: things that feel the weak force or interact with the
21:18
Speaker 1: weak force have a twin. Yeah, and they have more
21:20
Speaker 1: than one twin, right, The electron has two twins. There's
21:24
Speaker 1: the muan and there's the tow. The upper cork has
21:26
Speaker 1: two twins also, the charm and the top. And it's
21:30
Speaker 1: intriguing that both of those have exactly two twins, right,
21:33
Speaker 1: And so then we wonder, like, why is Higgs different?
21:36
Speaker 1: Maybe it's the same. One of the games of particle
21:39
Speaker 1: physics is looking for patterns, for symmetries, for connections, and
21:42
Speaker 1: drawing inspiration from one part and applying it to another
21:44
Speaker 1: and asking like, why is this different? Maybe it's not.
21:47
Speaker 1: I guess not all particles have these twins. Some particles
21:50
Speaker 1: don't have twins. But you're saying the ones that feel
21:53
Speaker 1: the weak force or interact with the weak fource do, well,
21:56
Speaker 1: all the particles interact with the weak force. There's no
21:58
Speaker 1: particle out there that doesn't interact with the weak force
22:01
Speaker 1: except maybe the gluon. I guess what about I guess like,
22:04
Speaker 1: the photon doesn't doesn't the photon does interact with the
22:07
Speaker 1: weak force. Yeah, if, for example, can decay into a
22:10
Speaker 1: pair of W bosons, right, the photon can turn into
22:13
Speaker 1: a W plus and a W minus. So the weak
22:15
Speaker 1: force is super duper weak, but it's fastening because it
22:18
Speaker 1: basically touches everything. But the photons don't have a twin,
22:21
Speaker 1: but we think maybe the Higgs might have a twin. Yeah,
22:23
Speaker 1: you're right. Photons don't have a twin as far as
22:25
Speaker 1: we know, and we don't know if there are other
22:28
Speaker 1: kinds of particles out there, and so the Higgs might
22:30
Speaker 1: have a twin. And we have some hints from theoretical
22:32
Speaker 1: physics that suggests that some other problems might be solved
22:36
Speaker 1: if there were more Higgs bosons. Interesting, so you're saying
22:40
Speaker 1: the god particle might have a god twin. Yeah, there
22:44
Speaker 1: might be more gods, right, Particle physics might be polytheistic
22:47
Speaker 1: after all. All right, Well, maybe step us through. What
22:49
Speaker 1: are some of the main reasons why we think that
22:53
Speaker 1: the Higgs boson could have these twins? All right, so
22:56
Speaker 1: my first and favorite reason is, just like why not.
22:59
Speaker 1: You know, I guess we said this already, but I
23:01
Speaker 1: just want to underscore it, like we just don't really
23:03
Speaker 1: know what's out there, and particle physics is about exploration, right,
23:08
Speaker 1: We are going out there, we are looking for surprises.
23:11
Speaker 1: You never know when you turn on a collider what's
23:13
Speaker 1: going to pop out, and so we've got to keep
23:15
Speaker 1: an open mind. And when you find one of something,
23:17
Speaker 1: there might always be other copies. And so it seems
23:20
Speaker 1: to me like a great idea to sort of symmetrize
23:23
Speaker 1: the Standard model and add these other copies of the
23:26
Speaker 1: Higgs boson in the same way. But we also have
23:29
Speaker 1: extensions of the Standard Model, other problems in the Standard
23:33
Speaker 1: Model that we're trying to solve by thinking about what
23:36
Speaker 1: other new particles might be out there. One of them is,
23:39
Speaker 1: for example, supersymmetry. This is the one that looks at
23:42
Speaker 1: the fermions in the Standard model, the matter particles and
23:45
Speaker 1: the bosons, the force particles, and wonders like, why do
23:48
Speaker 1: we have two different kinds of particles? We have these
23:51
Speaker 1: matter particles and these forest particles. Why two different kinds
23:55
Speaker 1: And it suggests like, well, maybe there's some symmetry there.
23:59
Speaker 1: Maybe for every force particle, there's some matter particle we
24:03
Speaker 1: haven't found yet that's like a partner of it. And
24:05
Speaker 1: for every matter particle, there's some force particle we haven't
24:09
Speaker 1: found yet that's sort of the partner of it. So
24:12
Speaker 1: it says like, maybe there's this whole copy of the
24:14
Speaker 1: Standard Model all these other particles out there that are
24:17
Speaker 1: too heavy for us to have seen yet but might
24:19
Speaker 1: still exist. So this is a very popular idea in
24:23
Speaker 1: particle physics. It's called supersymmetry, and this is an extension
24:26
Speaker 1: of the Standard Model that would solve a bunch of
24:28
Speaker 1: theoretical problems. And if you have supersymmetry, then you definitely
24:32
Speaker 1: need to have more Higgs bosons. I see, like, maybe
24:34
Speaker 1: there's a supersymmetric version of the Higgs out there, Yes, exactly,
24:38
Speaker 1: why not? Why not? And the super fun thing is
24:41
Speaker 1: that the supersymmetric versions of these particles take the original
24:45
Speaker 1: name and add a little modification. So, for example, if
24:48
Speaker 1: you take a boson and you make a supersymmetric fermion,
24:51
Speaker 1: you add eno to the end. So a Higgs boson
24:54
Speaker 1: in the Standard model has a Higgs n no in supersymmetry.
24:58
Speaker 1: And so we're talking about eggist and higgsinos all the time.
25:01
Speaker 1: That's the most exciting part for you, starring that there's
25:04
Speaker 1: something called a higgsino. Yeah, these are fun words to say.
25:07
Speaker 1: You know, you've got to find pleasure in the daily
25:09
Speaker 1: craft sometimes, and so zeno and we know, and higgsino
25:12
Speaker 1: and photino. These are fun words to say. They also
25:15
Speaker 1: sound like cheb or D flavors. Why not? I think
25:19
Speaker 1: you should make that the title of your next physics proposal, Daniel,
25:22
Speaker 1: why not give me ten million dollars? Why? Why not?
25:26
Speaker 1: Whether I might as well ask for ten billion? You know?
25:28
Speaker 1: Because why why not? Yeah? Why not? Should be the
25:31
Speaker 1: title of our next book? Why not? And the key
25:34
Speaker 1: thing in supersymmetry is that we are creating other particles,
25:37
Speaker 1: but also other kinds of particles. This is like another
25:41
Speaker 1: way to reflect our particles. We see this all over
25:44
Speaker 1: the place in particle physics, that particles have these reflections,
25:47
Speaker 1: Like the electron has this reflection in its anti particle.
25:50
Speaker 1: It has reflection in the muan and in the tao
25:53
Speaker 1: has reflection in the electron neutrino, and so this is
25:56
Speaker 1: like another direction in which you can reflect the electron.
25:59
Speaker 1: The tron has this reflection now in the supersymmetric version
26:02
Speaker 1: of it, the selectron, but because the selectron is different
26:05
Speaker 1: from the electron, it needs a different kind of Higgs boson. Yeah,
26:09
Speaker 1: there's all these different ways to like find symmetries in
26:12
Speaker 1: physics and particle physics to reflect particles, and so you're
26:15
Speaker 1: saying one of them is the supersymmetry. There are others
26:18
Speaker 1: ways though, right, Yeah, there's lots of ways to look
26:21
Speaker 1: for these symmetries, especially when we see things that we
26:24
Speaker 1: don't understand. And sometimes we see something some behavior between
26:28
Speaker 1: the particles and it looks like they're obeying a rule,
26:31
Speaker 1: but we don't know what that rule is or why
26:33
Speaker 1: that rule exists. For example, something we see sometimes in
26:37
Speaker 1: particle physics is violation of some symmetries, like the weak
26:40
Speaker 1: force violates this symmetry we call parity, which says basically,
26:44
Speaker 1: if you invert the whole universe into a mirror, do
26:47
Speaker 1: the laws of physics change? And the weak force violates that,
26:51
Speaker 1: which is really strange. But this kind of violation doesn't
26:54
Speaker 1: appear in other parts of the standard model, specifically when
26:57
Speaker 1: you're talking about corks. You don't get these kinds of violations.
27:01
Speaker 1: And so we don't understand why, Like, why do you
27:03
Speaker 1: see sometimes these violations in the leptons but not in
27:06
Speaker 1: the corks where these things seem really similar and the
27:08
Speaker 1: rules seem really similar. Why is it broken here and
27:11
Speaker 1: not there? And so people invented other particles like the
27:14
Speaker 1: axion to try to protect these symmetries, to say, well,
27:17
Speaker 1: this maybe explains why it happens over here in the
27:20
Speaker 1: leftons but not in the corks. And if you want
27:23
Speaker 1: more details about the axon, we have a whole podcast
27:25
Speaker 1: episode about this crazy particle named after a detergent. Well
27:29
Speaker 1: least it's a clean name, you know. So how how
27:32
Speaker 1: would the Higgs explain the axon? Like, how would new
27:36
Speaker 1: kinds of Higgs bosons you know, resolve this axon problem? Well,
27:40
Speaker 1: actually you need a Higgs boson in order to let
27:42
Speaker 1: the axon resolve this problem. Like, the axon is something
27:46
Speaker 1: which exists in the early universe as the sort of
27:49
Speaker 1: the universe is relaxing. Remember we think about the universe
27:52
Speaker 1: is like starting out really hot and high energy and
27:55
Speaker 1: then sort of cooling down to the universe that we
27:58
Speaker 1: have today. Well, we think that when universe was really
28:01
Speaker 1: hot and dense, that it wasn't just like um higher temperature.
28:05
Speaker 1: We think that basically there were different laws of physics,
28:08
Speaker 1: not because somebody has changed the simulation, but just because
28:11
Speaker 1: in different conditions you get different effective laws. Like the
28:15
Speaker 1: way fluid flows is different if the water is cold
28:17
Speaker 1: or if the water is frozen, right, the fluid doesn't flow,
28:20
Speaker 1: So you need sort of like the different sets of
28:22
Speaker 1: laws for different conditions. And so we think that like
28:25
Speaker 1: the original set of laws sort of like cracked and
28:28
Speaker 1: broke into our set of laws in a very specific way,
28:31
Speaker 1: and the Axion protects it and make sure that it
28:33
Speaker 1: happens in this way to protect the corks so they
28:37
Speaker 1: don't violate this symmetry. But for the Axion to do that,
28:39
Speaker 1: there has to be a second special Higgs boson that
28:42
Speaker 1: only the Axion can talk to. Interesting like Higgs, but
28:46
Speaker 1: only for the axion. Yeah, exactly, like an action Higgs.
28:51
Speaker 1: That's right, a fitter version of the Higgs that doesn't
28:54
Speaker 1: sit around all day eating chips and watching TV. The
28:56
Speaker 1: movie Start Twin. You know, there's always to the to twins,
29:00
Speaker 1: the Hollywood Higgs. Yeah, that's right, the Arnold trash Neger Twin.
29:04
Speaker 1: Not that Danny de Vito twin. But that's not maybe
29:06
Speaker 1: even the most interesting or compelling reason why we might
29:09
Speaker 1: need more higgs bosons. There's more. There's more, of course,
29:12
Speaker 1: why not. In the end, all these Higgs bosons are
29:15
Speaker 1: trying to solve like problems we see in particle physics,
29:19
Speaker 1: and one of the deepest ones is this question of
29:22
Speaker 1: why is everything we see out there made of matter
29:25
Speaker 1: and not anti matter? Right? I made of matter, You're
29:27
Speaker 1: made of matter. We both matter. But when we look
29:30
Speaker 1: at particle physics, there seems to be this symmetry. There's
29:33
Speaker 1: no like preference for matter or anti matter. There are electrons,
29:37
Speaker 1: but there are also a positrons. Every particle has an antiparticle.
29:40
Speaker 1: So why is the universe seemed to be made out
29:43
Speaker 1: of matter instead of antimatter. We're looking through the laws
29:46
Speaker 1: of physics force on preference, but we really haven't found any,
29:49
Speaker 1: and so people think, like back in the very beginning,
29:52
Speaker 1: when the Big Bang happened, there was equivalent amounts of
29:55
Speaker 1: matter and anti matter made. But if that was the case,
29:57
Speaker 1: then you know, the whole universe should have basically is
30:00
Speaker 1: annihilated itself into a lot of photons. Clearly that didn't
30:03
Speaker 1: happen because you and I are here. So we're looking
30:05
Speaker 1: for like a preference to create matter over antimatter, and
30:09
Speaker 1: we haven't found one yet. So this is totally unexplained.
30:13
Speaker 1: But if you add a bunch more Higgs bosons to
30:16
Speaker 1: your theory, then you create all these ways for matter
30:20
Speaker 1: to be preferred over antimatter. You create all these processes
30:24
Speaker 1: that prefer to create matter rather than antimatter. And so
30:27
Speaker 1: it just sort of gives us a bunch more like
30:29
Speaker 1: knobs to tweak on our theory to allow us to
30:32
Speaker 1: potentially explain this matter antimatter asymmetry. I see, it's sort
30:35
Speaker 1: of like there's stuff you can't explain, so you just
30:37
Speaker 1: make stuff up. Generally, what I'm hearing from you here
30:42
Speaker 1: is that what physicists do. That's exactly the job description,
30:45
Speaker 1: and last time it worked, right. That's basically how we
30:47
Speaker 1: found the Higgs boson. We couldn't explain why the WS
30:51
Speaker 1: and disease were heavy and the photon was not, so
30:53
Speaker 1: we came up with the Higgs boson to explain it,
30:55
Speaker 1: and it turned out to be real. Now, you know,
30:58
Speaker 1: that's one example out of the many thousands of ideas
31:01
Speaker 1: we've had which turned out to not be real. But
31:03
Speaker 1: that's sort the job. I mean, you're talking to a
31:05
Speaker 1: cartoons it's my job to make stuff up. So I'm
31:08
Speaker 1: all for using your imagination here. But yeah, So the
31:11
Speaker 1: is the idea then that maybe these new undiscovered types
31:14
Speaker 1: of Higgs bosons might explain this imbalance between matter and antimatter,
31:20
Speaker 1: Like maybe these mystery higgs bosons somehow let us make
31:24
Speaker 1: more matter than antimatter. Yeah, these other Higgs bosons would
31:28
Speaker 1: be free to violate CP symmetry. We talked earlier about
31:32
Speaker 1: parody symmetry. That's P that says, take the universe and
31:35
Speaker 1: inverted in a mirror, do you get the same laws
31:38
Speaker 1: of physics? C means take the universe and change all
31:42
Speaker 1: the particles to antiparticles. So CP means take the universe
31:46
Speaker 1: inverted in a mirror, take all the particles, make them antiparticles.
31:50
Speaker 1: Do the same laws apply? And the reason we're talking
31:53
Speaker 1: about that is because if you have a process that
31:56
Speaker 1: violates CP symmetry, then you can create more matter than
32:00
Speaker 1: time matter. And a bunch of these new, extra complicated,
32:02
Speaker 1: fancy Hollywood higgs bosons are capable of doing just that,
32:06
Speaker 1: and so they can explain why in the early universe
32:10
Speaker 1: when matter and antimatter were created equally, some of that
32:13
Speaker 1: annihilation turned back into just matter instead of anti matter.
32:17
Speaker 1: And we are here today. So if that's true, then
32:20
Speaker 1: we extra the Higgs boson for our existence. You might
32:23
Speaker 1: even want to call the God particles because it's so
32:26
Speaker 1: so important, the God's particles, or would this be the
32:30
Speaker 1: anti God particles? Yeah? Thankically, would you have to call
32:34
Speaker 1: this one the anti Higgs boson? Yeah, some of these
32:36
Speaker 1: particles have charges, right, you have charged Higgs boson, So
32:40
Speaker 1: you can have H plus, you can have H minus,
32:42
Speaker 1: and they could be anti particles of each other, and
32:45
Speaker 1: you could have Higgs Higgs annihilation, all sorts of crazy stuff.
32:48
Speaker 1: It's gonna make great TV action anti Higgs boson. The
32:55
Speaker 1: scripts just write themselves. All right, Well, that's pretty cool,
32:58
Speaker 1: and so let's get into how we might ever find
33:01
Speaker 1: these new types of Higgs in it, or if we
33:03
Speaker 1: will ever and why did it all means? But first,
33:07
Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. Alright, we're talking about different
33:22
Speaker 1: kinds of Higgs bosons. There might be not just one
33:25
Speaker 1: Higgs boson, but maybe multiple kinds of Higgs bosons, ones
33:29
Speaker 1: that explain the different symmetries we see in other particles,
33:32
Speaker 1: or maybe even explain why we're here and not anti
33:36
Speaker 1: versions of us. So, Daniel, I guess the big question
33:39
Speaker 1: is are people looking for these new higgs and how
33:41
Speaker 1: are they looking for them? And do you think we'll
33:43
Speaker 1: ever find them? Yeah, we are definitely looking for them.
33:46
Speaker 1: As soon as we started looking for the Higgs boson,
33:48
Speaker 1: we were actually simultaneously looking for other Higgs bosons as well.
33:53
Speaker 1: You know, we didn't know at the time was there
33:55
Speaker 1: one Higgs boson, Was there even any Higgs boson in
33:57
Speaker 1: our universe, and so we were open to lots of
34:00
Speaker 1: different ideas and a bunch of theories predicted that we
34:03
Speaker 1: wouldn't just find one Higgs boson it once, that we
34:05
Speaker 1: would find a bunch all at the same time. But
34:07
Speaker 1: we only found the one so far. That doesn't mean
34:10
Speaker 1: that there aren't more, and so we are looking for
34:12
Speaker 1: them at the large hGe On collider all the time,
34:15
Speaker 1: very actively, Yeah, meaning like you're looking at the collisions
34:18
Speaker 1: and you're looking for strange things that pop out or
34:21
Speaker 1: that don't match what you think you will see. Yeah,
34:23
Speaker 1: what we do is we smash the protons together and
34:26
Speaker 1: hope that new interesting particles are created. Right, we can't
34:30
Speaker 1: control what happens when two protons smashed together. Quantum mechanics
34:33
Speaker 1: decides from the list of possibilities what gets made. And
34:38
Speaker 1: if we have enough energy so that like a heavy
34:40
Speaker 1: Higgs boson, a crazy new Higgs boson is on the menu,
34:44
Speaker 1: then sometimes it will be made, and then we can
34:46
Speaker 1: look for its distinctive pattern because we think we know
34:49
Speaker 1: what that would look like. We think, for example, that
34:51
Speaker 1: there might be a Higgs boson that has positive to
34:54
Speaker 1: electric charge Higgs plus plus, and that would decay to
34:59
Speaker 1: another particle and the other particles and it would leave
35:01
Speaker 1: sort of a distinctive spray in our detectors. So that's
35:05
Speaker 1: the kind of thing that we are looking for. Wait,
35:07
Speaker 1: what like the Higgs would have double positive charge. Yeah,
35:10
Speaker 1: there would be many of these higgs is. The thing is,
35:13
Speaker 1: once you start adding higgses, you very quickly get a
35:16
Speaker 1: lot more Higgs because you might not be aware. But
35:19
Speaker 1: in the standard model, our current theory, we actually secretly
35:23
Speaker 1: have four higgs is, not just one. Wait what the
35:26
Speaker 1: theory already predicts four higgses. The theory predicts four higgs is,
35:30
Speaker 1: but three of them got eaten. So the W plus,
35:34
Speaker 1: the W minus, and the Z boson eight three of
35:37
Speaker 1: the Higgs bosons. That's how they got their math. What
35:41
Speaker 1: do you mean they got eaten? What does that even mean?
35:44
Speaker 1: It means that in a universe without a Higgs field,
35:46
Speaker 1: you would have not have the W plus, the W minus,
35:49
Speaker 1: and the z boson. You have other particles that were
35:51
Speaker 1: like pure electroweak particles, but the Higgs field is there,
35:55
Speaker 1: creates four particles, and three of those combined with the
35:58
Speaker 1: W plus, the W minus the z to make these
36:01
Speaker 1: like weird mixtures of particles. So the W plus is
36:04
Speaker 1: not just actually a week boson, it's a week boson
36:08
Speaker 1: mixed in with a bunch of Higgs boson, and that's
36:10
Speaker 1: why it has mass. Whoa wait, what does it mean
36:13
Speaker 1: for quantum fields to make like they act together they
36:17
Speaker 1: merge into one? What does that even mean? It means
36:20
Speaker 1: that they act together. You know that you can have,
36:21
Speaker 1: for example, superpositions of different states, right, You can have
36:25
Speaker 1: like an electron is partially spin up and partially spin down. Well,
36:29
Speaker 1: a W plus boson is partially pure electro weak field
36:33
Speaker 1: and partially one of these Higgs boson fields. In the
36:36
Speaker 1: standard model. You have. One of these is called the
36:38
Speaker 1: Higgs doublet that actually gives you four Higgs bosons. Three
36:42
Speaker 1: of them get eaten by the W plus, the W minus,
36:44
Speaker 1: and the Z and one of them is left over.
36:47
Speaker 1: That's the one that we found. So what happens if
36:49
Speaker 1: you add a second Higgs doublet, Well, you get four
36:52
Speaker 1: more Higgs bosons. So you can't just go up from
36:55
Speaker 1: like one higgs boson to two. You go from four
36:57
Speaker 1: to eight, five of which would now be visible because
37:01
Speaker 1: three of them have been eaten. Well, once you go, hey,
37:03
Speaker 1: you gotta go full higgs. Like you get a order
37:05
Speaker 1: the whole family. The whole family comes to visit at
37:07
Speaker 1: Saint It's family style everything at the Higgs boson restaurant.
37:12
Speaker 1: And so some of these new higgs is would be
37:14
Speaker 1: positively charged, negatively charged. Some of them might have plus
37:18
Speaker 1: two charges, right, Higgs plus plus. And that's not something
37:21
Speaker 1: we've ever seen before, the particle with positive to electric charge.
37:25
Speaker 1: So then what are you saying that we have found
37:27
Speaker 1: other higgs. But they're just kind of I don't know,
37:29
Speaker 1: they're part of the other the W boson, do you
37:32
Speaker 1: know what I mean? Like we have them, they're just
37:34
Speaker 1: kind of like, you know, part of these other particles. Yeah, exactly,
37:38
Speaker 1: that's a nice way to say it. We found this
37:40
Speaker 1: one independent Higgs boson, and it's three sort of siblings
37:44
Speaker 1: got eaten by the other one, so we know that
37:46
Speaker 1: they are there. If they weren't there, then the W
37:49
Speaker 1: and the Z would also have zero mass and the
37:52
Speaker 1: weak force wouldn't be very weak. Well, maybe eating is
37:55
Speaker 1: just maybe not the right way to say. It's just
37:56
Speaker 1: like it got merged, or it is part of these
37:59
Speaker 1: other particles that's to eat, is how the theoretical physicists
38:02
Speaker 1: call it. They say that these degrees of freedom got
38:04
Speaker 1: eaten by the ws and disease, and so that's the
38:07
Speaker 1: way they like to talk about it. Locked in maybe
38:11
Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like it didn't get digested.
38:13
Speaker 1: It's just there's but it's just not free. It's not independent. Yeah,
38:17
Speaker 1: it's not free. It's not independent, which means it's not
38:18
Speaker 1: its own field that you can create in a collider
38:21
Speaker 1: and study. So those are you might never see, but
38:24
Speaker 1: you could maybe see other kinds of independent higgs. Yea,
38:27
Speaker 1: if you make another doublet, there's no more ws and
38:29
Speaker 1: zas to eat parts of them or to absorb parts
38:31
Speaker 1: of them, or whatever your word you want to use,
38:33
Speaker 1: and so all the four particles from that doublet would
38:36
Speaker 1: then be free to make new Higgs fields, and so
38:40
Speaker 1: those might be out there. There might be two Higgs doublets,
38:43
Speaker 1: meaning that there would be a total of five free
38:46
Speaker 1: Higgs bosons running around the universe, or there might be
38:49
Speaker 1: three Higgs doublets, which would give you nine Higgs bosons
38:53
Speaker 1: free to run around the universe. And we could make
38:56
Speaker 1: these at the particle collider if we had enough energy
38:59
Speaker 1: to read them and study them. That's always the key
39:02
Speaker 1: with particle colliders. So maybe the question is not like
39:05
Speaker 1: does the Higgs boson have other versions? It does, but
39:08
Speaker 1: it's like how many free versions does it have that
39:11
Speaker 1: we might be able to see on their own exactly?
39:13
Speaker 1: So far we've only seen the one free Higgs, but
39:15
Speaker 1: there could be other ones running around. Well, you might
39:18
Speaker 1: have to pay for those, right, Higgs max you can upgrade.
39:23
Speaker 1: You gotta pay for the it's a subscription model to
39:27
Speaker 1: get the better premium version. I want the ad free Higgs. Please. Yeah,
39:32
Speaker 1: all these physics is talking in your ear. I would
39:34
Speaker 1: pay for that for sure. I'll see what I can do.
39:37
Speaker 1: So it is an active thing that you guys are
39:39
Speaker 1: looking for in the particle colliders. You are like sitting
39:43
Speaker 1: through the data looking for the evidence of these other
39:45
Speaker 1: free Higgs bosons. We are all the time. There are
39:48
Speaker 1: people devoting their pH dpcs two looking for these things.
39:52
Speaker 1: And you know, one of the most popular theories is
39:54
Speaker 1: called a two Higgs doublet model, which would be adding
39:57
Speaker 1: another Higgs doublet to the theory, creating for more free
40:00
Speaker 1: Higgs bosons, and people are looking for that all the time.
40:02
Speaker 1: They're writing papers about it. People are also looking for
40:05
Speaker 1: new Higgs bosons within supersymmetry. Supersymmetry a very very active
40:10
Speaker 1: area of research. Maybe like half of the people at
40:12
Speaker 1: the Large Adon Collider are looking for supersymmetric particles because
40:16
Speaker 1: it's such an exciting theory. So far, nobody has seen anything,
40:20
Speaker 1: Like there's no hint of basically any new particles past
40:23
Speaker 1: the Higgs boson we already saw. I see. So you've
40:26
Speaker 1: been searching for man almost ten years or more, but
40:29
Speaker 1: so far no hints at all, like no small clues,
40:33
Speaker 1: no those small blips, no small you know, encouraging results,
40:37
Speaker 1: no small hints from ATLAS or from CMS. These two
40:41
Speaker 1: experiments that collide protons and look at what comes out.
40:44
Speaker 1: But we do have some very intriguing hints from other
40:47
Speaker 1: experiments that suggests that there might be these weird new
40:50
Speaker 1: heavy particles out there which could be additional Higgs bosons.
40:54
Speaker 1: And you probably heard about the Muan G minus too
40:56
Speaker 1: experiment for example. Yeah, we just talked about it on
41:00
Speaker 1: a previous episode, And this is exactly the kind of
41:02
Speaker 1: thing that the Muan g menas To experiment is great
41:04
Speaker 1: at the saying are there other particles out there? Are
41:08
Speaker 1: there well more specifically other fields out there in the universe,
41:12
Speaker 1: So when a Muan is flying through and some of
41:14
Speaker 1: the energy from the Muan slashes into those other fields,
41:17
Speaker 1: does it create momentarily these other heavy particles which could
41:21
Speaker 1: be dark matter, but they could also be a new
41:24
Speaker 1: heavy Higgs boson if that heavy Higgs boson field is
41:28
Speaker 1: out there for the Muan energy to slash into. Now,
41:31
Speaker 1: they can't tell when they do that experiment what it
41:34
Speaker 1: is the Muan is slashing its energy into. But they
41:37
Speaker 1: do see a discrepancy as we talked about, when they
41:39
Speaker 1: look at how the Muan's magnetic field wobbles. It doesn't
41:42
Speaker 1: wobble the way they expect. And one explanation for that
41:46
Speaker 1: is that there are other heavy particles out there, too
41:49
Speaker 1: heavy for the large Hagon collider to make directly, but
41:51
Speaker 1: that are influencing the way the energy from the Muan
41:54
Speaker 1: sort of slides through the universe. So you're looking for hints,
41:58
Speaker 1: a little little you know, of relations that made there's
42:01
Speaker 1: more to two particles out there, and including these maybe
42:04
Speaker 1: anti higgs, yeah, including these anti higgs. And this is
42:08
Speaker 1: the pattern in particle physics. Before we find a particle
42:10
Speaker 1: like directly explicitly at a collider, we usually have hints
42:14
Speaker 1: from other experiments that suggest there's a new heavy particle
42:17
Speaker 1: out there. For example, before we saw the top cork,
42:20
Speaker 1: we were pretty sure it's there because we saw a
42:23
Speaker 1: results from other experiments that didn't have the energy to
42:25
Speaker 1: make the top cork but could be influenced by the
42:28
Speaker 1: top cork in loops in exactly the same way. And
42:31
Speaker 1: so now we have that with the Muan, g mightus
42:34
Speaker 1: to experiment is suggested that maybe there's a new particles
42:37
Speaker 1: around the corner, and it's not the only one. Is
42:40
Speaker 1: this other experiment involving Penguin diagrams that we talked about
42:44
Speaker 1: on the podcast recently that comes from a different experiment
42:47
Speaker 1: at certain that in the same way suggest there might
42:50
Speaker 1: be new heavy particles at play in how some weird
42:54
Speaker 1: b particles decay. And again, we don't know what that means.
42:57
Speaker 1: It could do this. It could be that it could
42:58
Speaker 1: be just a mistake. But if it's real, it's suggests
43:01
Speaker 1: that there are extra particles out there, and they could
43:03
Speaker 1: be Higgs is all right, So if you find that,
43:06
Speaker 1: that would be a pretty big deal. But what happens
43:08
Speaker 1: if you don't find them? What could it mean? Yeah,
43:10
Speaker 1: if we don't find them, it means we're marking up
43:12
Speaker 1: the wrong tree. And it doesn't mean that the standard
43:14
Speaker 1: model is wrong. It just means that we don't have
43:17
Speaker 1: an answer to the big questions like why is there
43:19
Speaker 1: more matter than antimatter? Why are there three copies of
43:23
Speaker 1: the electron? Why are the corks and the left on
43:25
Speaker 1: so similar when our theory says that they're kind of independent.
43:28
Speaker 1: We just don't have the answer to those questions, and
43:31
Speaker 1: so it might just mean that we need to think
43:32
Speaker 1: more deeply. We need to like stare at the puzzle
43:35
Speaker 1: the way you know sometimes you look at those magic
43:37
Speaker 1: eye paintings and all of a sudden boom, something pops
43:40
Speaker 1: out at you when you're looking at a picture of
43:41
Speaker 1: a parrot. It might just be that we need to
43:43
Speaker 1: stare at the periodic table, the fundamental particles and see
43:46
Speaker 1: a new idea, see a new pattern, ask a new
43:49
Speaker 1: kind of question, and something else to look for. You're
43:52
Speaker 1: right in your proposals as well. Give me ten billion
43:55
Speaker 1: dollars to stare at my computer screen, and why not?
43:58
Speaker 1: That's basically theoretical physic X right there. Yes, But I'm
44:01
Speaker 1: an experimentalist. I say give me ten billion dollars. I'm
44:03
Speaker 1: gonna go try to make these particles and prove they exist,
44:06
Speaker 1: or I'm gonna ignore the theorist. I'm gonna go try
44:08
Speaker 1: to make some new particle we didn't expect, find something
44:12
Speaker 1: totally surprising that isn't anticipated, and it gives us a
44:15
Speaker 1: clue as to how the universe works. And don't forget
44:18
Speaker 1: the coffee. You guys need a coffee. That's important part
44:20
Speaker 1: of physics to r that's like ten percent of the
44:22
Speaker 1: budget right there. Ye, well that's a minute dollars and coffee.
44:26
Speaker 1: Have you steen prices at Starbucks recently? Oh my gosh?
44:29
Speaker 1: All right, Well, I guess let's see if we find
44:31
Speaker 1: more Higgs bosons, because that would make a lot of
44:33
Speaker 1: sense in this universe with all these strange particles and
44:36
Speaker 1: strange phenomenon, and it would sort of complete our picture
44:40
Speaker 1: of the universe. It certainly would. It would answer a
44:42
Speaker 1: lot of questions. It would give us clues as to
44:44
Speaker 1: how things are working at the deepest level, and maybe
44:47
Speaker 1: it would finally help us figure out what the next
44:49
Speaker 1: layer of reality is deeper below these corks and leptons.
44:53
Speaker 1: What's really going on? Are they tiny strings? Are the
44:56
Speaker 1: little quantized units of space? Is it something else? Totally
45:00
Speaker 1: be different we never imagined And what's the correct way
45:02
Speaker 1: to write it's plural version? And who's going to be
45:06
Speaker 1: on that community? I'm already too many mini is Danniel?
45:11
Speaker 1: All right? We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us,
45:13
Speaker 1: See you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that
45:23
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of
45:26
Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. For more podcast for my Heart Radio,
45:30
Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
45:33
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. Yea