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21 - Evolution of Modern Medicine by Sir William Osler · Evolution of Modern Medicine

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Speaker 1: Section twenty of the Evolution of Modern Medicine. This is
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Speaker 1: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
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Speaker 1: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
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Speaker 1: Recording by Rita Buttros. The Evolution of Modern Medicine by
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Speaker 1: Sir William Osler, Section twenty, Chapter four, The Renaissance and
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Speaker 1: the rise of anatomy and physiology. Vesalius the same year
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Speaker 1: fifteen forty two, saw a very different picture in the
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Speaker 1: far famed city of Padua, nursery of the arts. The
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Speaker 1: central figure was a man not yet in the prime
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Speaker 1: of life, and justly full of its pride, as you
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Speaker 1: may see from his portrait. Like Aristotle and Hippocrates, cradled
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Speaker 1: and nurtured in an Esculeepian family, Vesalius was from his
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Speaker 1: childhood a student of nature, and was now a wandering
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Speaker 1: scholar far from his Belgian home. But in Italy he
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Speaker 1: had found what neither Louvain nor Paris could give, freedom
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Speaker 1: in his studies and golden opportunities for research in anatomy.
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Speaker 1: What an impression he must have made on the student
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Speaker 1: body at Padua may be judged from the fact that
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Speaker 1: Shortly after his graduation, in December fifteen thirty seven, at
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Speaker 1: the age of twenty four, he was elected to the
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Speaker 1: chair of Anatomy and Surgery. Two things favored him, an
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Speaker 1: insatiate desire to see and handle for himself the parts
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Speaker 1: of the human frame, and an opportunity such as had
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Speaker 1: never before been offered to the teacher to obtain material
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Speaker 1: for the study of human anatomy. Learned, with all the
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Speaker 1: learning of the Grecians and of the Arabians, Vesalius grasped
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Speaker 1: as no modern before him had done, the cardinal fact
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Speaker 1: that to know the human machine and its working, it
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Speaker 1: is necessary first to know its parts, its fabric. To
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Speaker 1: appreciate the work of this great man, we must go
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Speaker 1: back in a brief review of the growth of the
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Speaker 1: study of anatomy among the Greeks. Only the Alexandrians knew
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Speaker 1: human anatomy. What their knowledge was we know its second hand,
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Speaker 1: but the evidence is plain that they knew a great deal.
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Speaker 1: Gallan's anatomy was first class, and was based on the
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Speaker 1: Alexandrians and on his study of the ape and the pig.
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Speaker 1: We have already noted how much superior was his osteology
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Speaker 1: to that of Mandinas. Between the Alexandrians and the early
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Speaker 1: days of the school of Salernum, we have no record
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Speaker 1: of systematic dissections of the human body. It is even
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Speaker 1: if these were permitted at Salernum. Newburger states that the
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Speaker 1: instructions of Frederic the second as two dissections were merely nominal.
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Speaker 1: How atrocious was the anatomy of the early Middle Ages
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Speaker 1: may be gathered from the cuts in the works of
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Speaker 1: Henri de Montville. In the Bodleian Library is a remarkable
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Speaker 1: Latin anatomical treatise of the late thirteenth century of English provenance,
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Speaker 1: one illustration from which will suffice to show the ignorance
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Speaker 1: of the author. Montanus of Bologna, one of the first
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Speaker 1: men in the Middle Ages to study anatomy from the subject,
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Speaker 1: was under the strong domination of the Arabians, from whom
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Speaker 1: he appeared to have received a very imperfect Gallenic anatomy.
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Speaker 1: From this date we meet with occasional dissections at various schools,
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Speaker 1: but we have seen that in the elaborate curriculum of
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Speaker 1: the University of Padua in the middle of the fifteenth
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Speaker 1: century there was no provision for the study of the
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Speaker 1: subject even well into the sixteenth century, dissections were not common,
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Speaker 1: and the old practice was followed of holding a professorial
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Speaker 1: discourse while the butcher or barber surgeon opened the cavities
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Speaker 1: of the body. A member of the famous Basil family
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Speaker 1: of physicians, Felix Plater, has left us in his autobiography
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Speaker 1: details of the dissections he witnessed at Montpellier between November fourteenth,
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Speaker 1: fifteen fifty two and January tenth, fifteen fifty seven, only
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Speaker 1: eleven in number. How difficult it was at that time
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Speaker 1: to get subjects is shown by the risks they ran
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Speaker 1: in body snatching expeditions, of which he records three and
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Speaker 1: now came the real maker of modern anatomy. Andreas Vesalius
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Speaker 1: had a good start in life of a family long
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Speaker 1: associated with the profession. His father occupied the position of
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Speaker 1: apothecary to Charles the Fifth, whom he accompanied on his
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Speaker 1: journeys and campaigns. Trained at Leuvain, he had from his
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Speaker 1: earliest youth an ardent desire to dissect and cut up
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Speaker 1: mice and rats, and even cats and dogs. To Paris,
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Speaker 1: the strong school of the period, he went in fifteen
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Speaker 1: thirty three and studied under two men of great renown.
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Speaker 1: Jacob Silvius and Gintyrius. Both were strong Gallanis and regarded
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Speaker 1: the Master as an infallible authority. He had as a
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Speaker 1: fellow pro sector under the latter, the unfortunate Servitus. The
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Speaker 1: story of his troubles and trials in getting bones and
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Speaker 1: subjects un may read in Roth's life. Many interesting biographical
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Speaker 1: details are also to be found in his own writings.
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Speaker 1: He returned for a time to Luvain, and here he
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Speaker 1: published his first book, a commentary on the Almansor of Raises,
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Speaker 1: in fifteen thirty seven. Finding it difficult either in Paris
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Speaker 1: or Luvain to pursue his anatomical studies, he decided to
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Speaker 1: go to Italy, where at Venice and Padua the opportunities
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Speaker 1: were greater. At Venice he attended the practice of a
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Speaker 1: hospital now a barracks, which was in charge of the
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Speaker 1: Theatiner order. I show you a photograph of the building,
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Speaker 1: taken last year. And here a strange destiny brought two
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Speaker 1: men together. In fifteen thirty seven, another pilgrim was working
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Speaker 1: in Venice, waiting to be joined by his six disciples.
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Speaker 1: After a long years of probation, Ignacious Loyola was ready
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Speaker 1: to start on the conquest of a very different world.
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Speaker 1: Devoted to the sick and to the poor, he attached
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Speaker 1: himself to the theatin Or order, and in the wards
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Speaker 1: of the hospital and the quadrangle, the fiery, dark eyed
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Speaker 1: little Basque must frequently have come into contact with the sturdy,
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Speaker 1: young Belgian busy. With his clinical studies and his anatomy.
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Speaker 1: Both were to achieve phenomenal success, the one in a
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Speaker 1: few years to revolutionize anatomy, the other within twenty years
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Speaker 1: to be the controller of universities, the councilor of kings,
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Speaker 1: and the founder of the most famous order in the
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Speaker 1: Roman Catholic Church. It was in this hospital that Vesalius
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Speaker 1: made observations on the China Route, on which he published
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Speaker 1: a monograph in fifteen forty seven. The Paduan school was
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Speaker 1: close to Venice and a jsociated with it, so that
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Speaker 1: the young student had probably many opportunities of going to
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Speaker 1: and fro. On the sixth of December fifteen thirty seven,
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Speaker 1: before he had reached his twenty fourth year, and shortly
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Speaker 1: after taking his degree, he was elected to the chair
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Speaker 1: of Surgery and Anatomy at Padua. The task Vesalius set
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Speaker 1: himself to accomplish was to give an accurate description of
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Speaker 1: all the parts of the human body with proper illustrations.
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Speaker 1: He must have had abundant material, more probably than any
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Speaker 1: teacher before him had ever had at his disposal. We
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Speaker 1: do not know where he conducted his dissections, as the
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Speaker 1: old amphitheater has disappeared, but it must have been very
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Speaker 1: different from the tiny one put up by his successor,
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Speaker 1: Fabricius in fifteen ninety four. Possibly it was only a
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Speaker 1: temporary building, for he says in the second edition of
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Speaker 1: the Fabrica that he had a splendid lecture theater which
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Speaker 1: accommodated more than five hundred spectators. With Vesalius disappeared the
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Speaker 1: old didactic method of teaching anatomy. He did his own dissections,
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Speaker 1: made his own preparations, and when human subjects were scarce,
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Speaker 1: employed dogs, pigs or cats, and occasionally a monkey. For
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Speaker 1: five years he taught and worked at Padua. He is
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Speaker 1: known to have given public demonstrations in Bologna and elsewhere
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Speaker 1: in the China route. He remarks that he once taught
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Speaker 1: in three universities in one year. The first fruit of
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Speaker 1: his work is of great importance in connection with the
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Speaker 1: evolution of his knowledge. In fifteen thirty eight he published
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Speaker 1: six anatomical tables, issued apparently in single leaves of the
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Speaker 1: famous Tabulae anatomic Ay. Only two copies are known, one
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Speaker 1: in the San Marco Library, Venice, and the other in
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Speaker 1: the possession of Sir John Stirling Maxwell, whose father had
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Speaker 1: it reproduced in fac simile thirty copies only in eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy four. Some of the figures were drawn by Vesalius himself,
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Speaker 1: and some are from the pencil of his friend and countryman,
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Speaker 1: Stephan Vancalsar. Those plates were extensively pirated about this time.
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Speaker 1: He also edited for the Giante some of the anatomical
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Speaker 1: works of Gellen. We know very little of his private
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Speaker 1: life at Padua. His most important colleague in the faculty
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Speaker 1: was the famous Montanas, professor of medicine. Among his students
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Speaker 1: and associates was the Englishman Caius, who lived in the
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Speaker 1: same house with him. When the output is considered, he
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Speaker 1: cannot have had much spare time at Padua. He did
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Speaker 1: not create human anatomy that had been done by the Alexandrians,
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Speaker 1: but he studied it in so orderly and thorough a
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Speaker 1: manner that for the first time in history it could
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Speaker 1: be presented in a way that explained the entire structure
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Speaker 1: of the human body. Early in fifteen forty two, the
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Speaker 1: manuscript was ready, The drawings had been made with infinite care,
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Speaker 1: the blocks for the figures had been cut, and in
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Speaker 1: September he wrote to a Poreness, urging that the greatest
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Speaker 1: pains should be taken with the book, that the paper
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Speaker 1: should be strong and of equal thickness, the workmen chosen
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Speaker 1: for their skill, and that every detail of the pictures
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Speaker 1: must be distinctly visible. He writes with the confidence of
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Speaker 1: a man who realized this significance of the work he
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Speaker 1: had done. It is difficult to speak in terms of
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Speaker 1: moderation of the Fabrica. To appreciate its relative value, one
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Speaker 1: must compare it with the other animal atomical works of
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Speaker 1: the period. And for this purpose I put before you
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Speaker 1: two figures from a textbook on the subject that was
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Speaker 1: available for students during the first half of the sixteenth century.
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Speaker 1: In the figures and text of the Fabrica, we have
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Speaker 1: anatomy as we know it, And let us be honest
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Speaker 1: and say too largely as Galen knew it. Time will
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Speaker 1: not allow me to go into the question of the
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Speaker 1: relations of these two great anatomists. But we must remember
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Speaker 1: that at this period Gallon ruled supreme and was regarded
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Speaker 1: in the schools as infallible. And now, after five years
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Speaker 1: of incessant labor, Vesalius was prepared to leave his much
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Speaker 1: loved Padua and his devoted students. He had accomplished an
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Speaker 1: extraordinary work. He knew, I feel sure what he had done.
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Speaker 1: He knew that the manuscript contained something that the world
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Speaker 1: had not seen since the great Pergamenian sent the roles
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Speaker 1: of his Manual of Anatomy among his friends. Too precious
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Speaker 1: to entrust to any printer, but the best, and the
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Speaker 1: best in the middle of the sixteenth century was Transulpine.
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Speaker 1: He was preparing to go north with the precious burden.
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Speaker 1: We can picture the youthful teacher. He was but twenty
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Speaker 1: eight among students in a university which they themselves controlled,
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Speaker 1: some of them, perhaps the very men who five years
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Speaker 1: before had elected him. At the last meeting with his class,
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Speaker 1: perhaps giving a final demonstration of the woodcuts, which were
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Speaker 1: of an accuracy and beauty never seen before by student's eyes,
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Speaker 1: and reading his introduction, there would be sad hearts at
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Speaker 1: the parting, For never had anyone taught anatomy as he
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Speaker 1: had taught it. No one had ever known anatomy as
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Speaker 1: he knew it. But the strong, confident look was on
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Speaker 1: his face, and with the courage of youth and sure
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Speaker 1: of the future, he would picture a happy return to
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Speaker 1: attack new and untried problems. Little did he dream that
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Speaker 1: his happy days as student and teacher were finished, that
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Speaker 1: his work as an anatomist was over, that the most
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Speaker 1: brilliant and epoch making part of his career as a
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Speaker 1: professor was a thing of the past. A year or
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Speaker 1: more was spent at Basil with his friend Oporinus, supervising
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Speaker 1: the printing of the great work, which appeared in fifteen
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Speaker 1: forty three with the title De Humeni corporis Fabrica. The
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Speaker 1: worth of a book, as of a man, must be
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Speaker 1: judged by results, and so judged The Fabrica is one
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Speaker 1: of the great books of the world, and would come
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Speaker 1: in any century of volumes which embraced the richest harvest
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Speaker 1: of the human mind in medicine. It represents the full
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Speaker 1: flower of the Renaissance. As a book, it is a
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Speaker 1: sumptuous tome, a worthy setting of his jewel paper type,
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Speaker 1: and illustration to match, as you may see for yourselves
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Speaker 1: in this folio the chef d'uf of any medical library.
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Speaker 1: In every section, Vessaalius enlarged and corrected the work of
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Speaker 1: Galen into the details we need not enter. They are
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Speaker 1: all given in Roth's monograph, and it is a chapter
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Speaker 1: of ancient history, not specially illuminating. Never did a great
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Speaker 1: piece of literary work have a better setting. Vessaalius must
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Speaker 1: have had a keen appreciation of the artistic side of
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Speaker 1: the art of printing, and he must also have realized
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Speaker 1: the fact that the masters of the art had by
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Speaker 1: this time moved north of the Alps. While superintending the
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Speaker 1: printing of the precious work, in the winter of fifteen
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Speaker 1: forty two to forty three in Basel, Vessaalius prepared for
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Speaker 1: the medical school a skeleton from the body of an
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Speaker 1: executed man, which is probably the earliest preparation of the
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Speaker 1: kind in Europe. How little anatomy had been studied at
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Speaker 1: the period may be judged from that fact that there
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Speaker 1: had been no dissection at Basil since fifteen thirty one.
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Speaker 1: The specimen is now in the Versallianum, Basil, of which
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Speaker 1: I show you a picture taken by doctor Harvey Cushing.
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Speaker 1: From the typographical standpoint, no more superb volume on anatomy
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Speaker 1: has been issued from any press, except indeed the second edition,
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Speaker 1: issued in fifteen fifty five. The paper is, as Vesalius directed,
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Speaker 1: strong and good, but it is not, as he asked,
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Speaker 1: always of equal thickness. As a rule, it is thick
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Speaker 1: and heavy, but there are copies on a good paper
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Speaker 1: of a much lighter quality. The illustrations drawn by his
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Speaker 1: friend and fellow countrymen van Kalsar, are very much in
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Speaker 1: advance of anything previously seen, except those of Leonardo. The
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Speaker 1: title page, one of the most celebrated pictures in the
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Speaker 1: history of medicine, shows Vesalius in a large amphitheater, an
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Speaker 1: imaginary one of the artists I am afraid, dissecting a
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Speaker 1: female subject. He is demonstrating the abdomen to a group
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Speaker 1: of students about the table, but standing in the auditorium
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Speaker 1: are elderly citizens and even women. One student is reading
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Speaker 1: from an open book. There is a monkey on one
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Speaker 1: side of the picture and a dog on the other.
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Speaker 1: Above the picture, on a shield are the three weasels
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Speaker 1: the arms of vesal The reproduction which I show you
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Speaker 1: here is from the Epitome, a smaller work issued before
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Speaker 1: the Fabrica, with rather larger plates, two of which represent
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Speaker 1: nude human bodies, and are not reproduced in the great work.
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Speaker 1: The freshest and most beautiful copy is the one on Vellum,
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Speaker 1: which formerly belonged to doctor Meade, now in the British Museum,
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Speaker 1: and from it this picture was taken. One of the
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Speaker 1: most interesting features of the book are the full page
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Speaker 1: illustrations of the anatomy of the arteries, veins and nerves.
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Speaker 1: They had not, in those days the art of making
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Speaker 1: corrosion preparations, but they could in some way dissect to
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Speaker 1: their finest ramifications the arteries, veins and nerves, which were
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Speaker 1: then spread on boards and dried. Several such preparations are
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Speaker 1: now at the College of Physicians in London, brought from
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Speaker 1: Padua by Harvey. The plates of the mussels are remarkably good,
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Speaker 1: more correct, though not better perhaps on the hull, than
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Speaker 1: some of Leonardo's Vesalius had no idea of a general circulation.
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Speaker 1: Though he had escaped from the domination of the Great
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Speaker 1: Pergamenion in anatomy, he was still his follower in physiology.
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Speaker 1: The two figures annexed, taking from one of the two
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Speaker 1: existing copies of the Tabulae Anatomica, are unique in anatomical illustration,
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Speaker 1: and are of special value as illustrating the notion of
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Speaker 1: the vascular system that prevailed until Harvey's day. I have
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Speaker 1: already called your attention to Gallon's view of the two
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Speaker 1: separate systems, one containing the coarse venous blood for the
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Speaker 1: general nutrition of the body, the other the arterial full
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Speaker 1: of a thinner, warmer blood, with which were distributed the
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Speaker 1: vital spirits and the vital heat. The veins had their
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Speaker 1: origin in the liver. The superior vena cava communicated with
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Speaker 1: the right heart, and as Gallant taught, some blood was
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Speaker 1: distributed to the lungs, but the two systems were closed.
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Speaker 1: Though Gallan believed there was a communication at the periphery
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Speaker 1: between the arteries and veins, Bessalius accepted Galin's view that
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Speaker 1: there is some communication between the venus and arterial systems
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Speaker 1: through pores in the septum of the ventricles, though he
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Speaker 1: had his doubts, and in the second edition of his
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Speaker 1: book fifteen fifty five says that in spite of the
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Speaker 1: authority of the Prince of physicians. He cannot see how
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Speaker 1: the smallest quantity of blood could be transmitted through so
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Speaker 1: dense a muscular septum. Two years before this, fifteen fifty three,
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Speaker 1: his old fellow student Michael Cervitus, had in his CHRISTIANISMI
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Speaker 1: Restitutio anatomical touch with one another. The publication of the
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Speaker 1: Fabrica shook the medical world to its foundations. Galen ruled
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Speaker 1: supreme in the schools. To doubt him in the least
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Speaker 1: particular roused the same kind of feeling as did doubts
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Speaker 1: on the verbal inspiration of the Scriptures. Fifty years ago.
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Speaker 1: His old teachers in Paris were up in arms. Silvius
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Speaker 1: nostre etatus medicorum decus, as Visalius calls him, wrote furious
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Speaker 1: letters and later spoke of him as a madman. Vesenas.
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Speaker 1: The younger men were with him, and he had many friends,
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Speaker 1: but he had aroused a roaring tide of detraction, against
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Speaker 1: which he protested a few years later in his work
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Speaker 1: on the China Route, which is full of details about
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Speaker 1: the Fabrica. In a fit of temper, he threw his
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Speaker 1: notes on Gallon and other manuscripts in the fire. No
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Speaker 1: sadder page exists in medical writings than the one in
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Speaker 1: which Vesalius tells of the burning of his books and manuscripts.
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Speaker 1: It is here reproduced and translated. His life for a
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Speaker 1: couple of years is not easy to follow, but we
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Speaker 1: know that in fifteen forty six he took service with
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Speaker 1: Charles the fifth as his body physician, and the greatest
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Speaker 1: anatomist of his age was lost in the wanderings of
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Speaker 1: court and campaigns. He became an active practitioner, a distinguished surgeon,
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Speaker 1: much consulted by his colleagues, and there are references to
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Speaker 1: many of his cases, the most important of which are
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Speaker 1: to internal aneurysms, which he was one of the first
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Speaker 1: to recognize. In fifteen fifty five he brought out the
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Speaker 1: second edition of the Fabrica, an even more sumptuous volume
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Speaker 1: than the first. All these impediments I made light of,
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Speaker 1: for I was too young to seek gain by my art,
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Speaker 1: and I was sustained by my eager desire to learn
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Speaker 1: and to promote the studies in which I shared. I
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Speaker 1: say nothing of my diligence anatomizing. Those who attended my
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Speaker 1: lectures in Italy know how I spent three whole weeks
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Speaker 1: over a single public dissection. But consider that in one
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Speaker 1: year I once taught in three different universities. If I
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Speaker 1: had put off the task of writing till this time,
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Speaker 1: if I were now just beginning to digest my materials,
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Speaker 1: students would not have had the use of my anatomical labors,
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Speaker 1: which posterity may or may not judge superior to the
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Speaker 1: rechchaws formerly in use, whether of Mesua of gatinaria, of
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Speaker 1: some Stephanus or other on the differences causes and symptoms
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Speaker 1: of diseases, or lastly of a part of servitors pharmacopoeia.
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Speaker 1: As to my notes, which had grown into a huge volume,
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Speaker 1: they were all destroyed by me, and on the same
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Speaker 1: day there similarly perished the whole of my paraphrase on
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Speaker 1: the ten Books of of Razes to King al Mansar,
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Speaker 1: which had been composed by me with far more care
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Speaker 1: than the one which is prefaced to the ninth book.
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Speaker 1: With these also went the books of some author or
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Speaker 1: other on the formulae and preparation of medicines, to which
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Speaker 1: I had added much matter of my own, which I
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Speaker 1: judged to be not without utility. And the same fate
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Speaker 1: overtook all the books of Galen, which I had used
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Speaker 1: in learning anatomy, and which I had liberally disfigured in
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Speaker 1: the usual fashion. I was on the point of leaving
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Speaker 1: Italy and going to court. Those physicians you know of
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Speaker 1: had made to the Emperor and to the nobles a
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Speaker 1: most unfavorable report of my books and of all that
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Speaker 1: is published nowadays for the promotion of study. I therefore
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Speaker 1: burnt all these works that I have mentioned, thinking at
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Speaker 1: the same time that it would be an easy matter
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Speaker 1: to abstain from writing for them future. I must show
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Speaker 1: that I have since repented more than once of my impatience,
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Speaker 1: and regretted that I did not take the advice of
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Speaker 1: the friends who were then with me. There is no
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Speaker 1: such pathetic tragedy in the history of our profession. Before
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Speaker 1: the age of thirty, Vesalius had effected a revolution in anatomy.
25:23
Speaker 1: He became the valued physician of the greatest court of Europe.
25:27
Speaker 1: But call no man happy till he is dead. A
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Speaker 1: mystery surrounds his last days. The story is that he
25:34
Speaker 1: had obtained permission to perform a post mortem examination on
25:39
Speaker 1: the body of a young Spanish nobleman whom he had attended.
25:43
Speaker 1: When the body was opened, the spectators, to their horror,
25:47
Speaker 1: saw the heart beating, and there were signs of life. Accused,
25:52
Speaker 1: so it is said by the inquisition of murder, and
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Speaker 1: also of general impiety. He only escaped through the intervention
26:00
Speaker 1: of the King, with the condition that he make a
26:03
Speaker 1: pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In carrying this out, in
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Speaker 1: fifteen sixty four he was wrecked on the island of Zante,
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Speaker 1: where he died of a fever or of exhaustion in
26:15
Speaker 1: the fiftieth year of his age. To the North American
26:19
Speaker 1: Review November nineteen o two, Edith Wharton contributed a poem
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Speaker 1: on Vesalius Inzante, in which she pictures his life so
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Speaker 1: full of accomplishment, so full of regrets, regrets accentuated by
26:35
Speaker 1: the receipt of an anatomical treatise by Fallopius, the successor
26:40
Speaker 1: to the chair in Padua. She makes him say, there
26:46
Speaker 1: are two ways of spreading light, to be the candle
26:49
Speaker 1: or the mirror that reflects it. I let my wick
26:52
Speaker 1: burn out. There yet remains to spread an answering surface
26:56
Speaker 1: to the flame that others kindle. But between Mondanus and Vesalius,
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Speaker 1: anatomy had been studied by a group of men to
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Speaker 1: whom I must, in passing pay a tribute. The great
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Speaker 1: artists Raphael Michelangelo and Albrecht Durer were keen students of
27:16
Speaker 1: the human form. There is an anatomical sketch by Michelangelo
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Speaker 1: in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, which I here reproduce. Drea's
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Speaker 1: famous work on human proportion, published in fifteen twenty eight,
27:31
Speaker 1: contains excellent figures, but no sketches of dissections. But greater
27:37
Speaker 1: than any of these, and antedating them, is Leonardo da Vinci,
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Speaker 1: the one universal genius in whom the new Spirit was incarnate,
27:46
Speaker 1: the Moses, who alone among his contemporaries saw the promised Land.
27:52
Speaker 1: How far Leonardo was indebted to his friend and fellow
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Speaker 1: student Delatorre at Pavia, we do not know, nor does
28:00
Speaker 1: it matter, in face of the indubitable fact that, in
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Speaker 1: the many anatomical sketches from his hand we have the
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Speaker 1: first accurate representation of the structure of the body. Glance
28:12
Speaker 1: at the three figures of the spine which I have
28:15
Speaker 1: had photographed side by side, one from Leonardo, one from Visalius,
28:21
Speaker 1: and the other from van Dyck Carter, who did the
28:24
Speaker 1: drawings in Grey's Anatomy first edition eighteen fifty six. They
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Speaker 1: are all of the same type scientific anatomical drawings, and
28:34
Speaker 1: that of Leonardo was done fifty years before Visalius. Compare
28:39
Speaker 1: to this figure of the bones of the foot with
28:42
Speaker 1: a similar one from Visalius. Insatiate in experiment, intellectually as
28:48
Speaker 1: greedy as Aristotle, painter, poet, sculptor, engineer, architect, mathematician, chemist, botanist, aeronaut, musician,
29:00
Speaker 1: and withal a dreamer and mystic. Full accomplishment in any
29:04
Speaker 1: one department was not for him. A passionate desire for
29:08
Speaker 1: a mastery of nature's secrets made him a fierce thing,
29:13
Speaker 1: replete with too much rage. But for us a record remains.
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Speaker 1: Leonardo was the first of modern anatomis, and fifty years
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Speaker 1: later into the breach he made Vesalius entered. End of
29:30
Speaker 1: section twenty