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28 - Henry VIIIs Wives Their Impact on History by Martin A. S. Hume · Henry VIIIs Wives Their Impact on History

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  Speaker 1: Section twenty seven of the Wives of Henry the Eighth
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  Speaker 1: and the parts they played in History by Martin Hume.
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  Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Fifteen forty
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  Speaker 1: two through fifteen forty seven Catherine Parr The Protestants Win
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  Speaker 1: the Last Trick, Part two. In July fifteen forty three,
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  Speaker 1: the English contingent to aid the Imperial troops to protect
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  Speaker 1: Flanders was sent from Guienne and Calais under Sir John Wallop.
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  Speaker 1: By the strict terms of the treaty, they were only
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  Speaker 1: to be employed for a limited period for the defense
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  Speaker 1: of territory invaded by the enemy. But soon after Wallop's
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  Speaker 1: arrival he was asked to take part in the regular
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  Speaker 1: seeds of Landresseis in Hainault that had been occupied by
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  Speaker 1: the French. Henry allowed him to do so under protest
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  Speaker 1: It was a waste of time, he said, and would
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  Speaker 1: divert the forces from what was to be their main object.
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  Speaker 1: But if he allowed it, he must have the same right.
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  Speaker 1: When the war in France commenced, to call upon the
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  Speaker 1: Imperial Contingent with him also to besiege a town if
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  Speaker 1: he wished to do so. Both the allies, even before
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  Speaker 1: the war really began, were playing for their own hands,
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  Speaker 1: with the deliberate intention of making use of each other.
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  Speaker 1: And in the dismal comedy of chicanery that followed and
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  Speaker 1: lasted almost to Henry's death, this siege of Landressy and
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  Speaker 1: that of Saint Desier were made the peg upon which
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  Speaker 1: countless reclamations and recriminations were hung. The Emperor was ill,
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  Speaker 1: in dire need of money, and overwhelmed with anxiety as
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  Speaker 1: to the attitude of the Lutheran princes during the coming struggle.
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  Speaker 1: His eyes were turned towards Italy, and he depended much
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  Speaker 1: upon the diversion that Henry's forces might effect by land
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  Speaker 1: and sea, and conscious that the campaign must be prompt
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  Speaker 1: and rapid if he was to profit by it, he
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  Speaker 1: sent one of his most trusted lieutenants, Ferrante Gonzaga, Viceroy
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  Speaker 1: of Sicily, to England at the end of the year
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  Speaker 1: fifteen forty three, to settle with Henry the plan of
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  Speaker 1: the campaign to be undertaken in the spring. His task
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  Speaker 1: was a difficult one, for Henry was as determined to
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  Speaker 1: use Charles for his advantage as Charles was to use him.
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  Speaker 1: After much dispute, it was agreed that Henry, as early
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  Speaker 1: in the summer as possible, should lead his army of
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  Speaker 1: thirty five thousand foot and seven thousand horse to invade
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  Speaker 1: France from Calais, whilst the Imperial troops were to invade
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  Speaker 1: by Lorraine, form a junction with the English on the Somme,
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  Speaker 1: and push on towards Paris. Rapidity was the very essence
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  Speaker 1: of such a plan, But Henry would not promise celerity.
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  Speaker 1: He could not, he said, transport all his men across
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  Speaker 1: the sea before the end of June, the fact being
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  Speaker 1: that his own secret intention all along was to conquer
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  Speaker 1: the Bolognais country for himself, gain a free hand in Scotland,
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  Speaker 1: and leave the Emperor to shift as he might. Utter
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  Speaker 1: Bad faith on both sides pervaded the affair from first
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  Speaker 1: to last. The engaging and payment of mercenaries by England,
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  Speaker 1: the purchase of horses, arms and stores, the hire of transport,
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  Speaker 1: the interference with commerce. Everything in which sharp dealing could
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  Speaker 1: be employed by one ally to get the better of
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  Speaker 1: the other was taken advantage of to the utmost. Henry,
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  Speaker 1: enfeebled as he was by disease and obesity, was determined
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  Speaker 1: to turn to his personal glory, the victory he anticipated
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  Speaker 1: for his arms. His own courtiers dared not remonstrate with him,
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  Speaker 1: and although Catherine prayed him to have regard for his safety,
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  Speaker 1: he brushed aside her remonstrances as being womanly fears for
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  Speaker 1: a dearly loved husband. Charles knew that if the king
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  Speaker 1: himself crossed the channel, the English army would not be
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  Speaker 1: at the imperial bidding. Envoys were consequently sent from Flanders
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  Speaker 1: to pray Henry for his health's sake, not to risk
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  Speaker 1: the hardships of a sea voyage and a campaign. The
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  Speaker 1: subject was a sore one with him, and when the
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  Speaker 1: envoy began to dwell too emphatically upon his infirmities, he
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  Speaker 1: flew into a passion and said that the Emperor was
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  Speaker 1: suffering from gout, which was much worse than any malady
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  Speaker 1: he Henry had, and it would be more dangerous for
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  Speaker 1: the Emperor to go to the war. Henry's decision to
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  Speaker 1: accompany his army at once increased the importance of Catherine, who,
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  Speaker 1: in accordance with President, would become regent in her husband's absence.
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  Speaker 1: A glimpse of her growing influence at this time is
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  Speaker 1: seen in a letter of hers dated third June fifteen
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  Speaker 1: forty four, to the Countess of Hertford that termagant and Stanhope,
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  Speaker 1: who afterwards was her jealous enemy. Hertford had been sent
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  Speaker 1: in March to the Scottish border to invade again, and
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  Speaker 1: this time utterly crushed Scotland, where Henry's pensioners had played
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  Speaker 1: him false and betrothed their infant queen to the Heir
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  Speaker 1: of France. The Countess, anxious that her husband should be
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  Speaker 1: at home during the king's absence, probably in order that
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  Speaker 1: if anything happened to Henry Hereford might take prompt measures
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  Speaker 1: on behalf of the new king his nephew and safeguard
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  Speaker 1: his own influence, wrote to Catherine praying for her aid.
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  Speaker 1: The Queen's answer is written on the same sheet of
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  Speaker 1: paper as one from Princess Mary to the Countess, whose
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  Speaker 1: letters to Catherine had been sent through the Princess quote,
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  Speaker 1: my Lord, your husband's coming hither is not altered, for
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  Speaker 1: he shall come home before the King's Majesty takes his
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  Speaker 1: journey over the seas. As it pleases his Majesty to
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  Speaker 1: declare to me of late, you may be right assured
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  Speaker 1: I would not have forgotten my promise to you in
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  Speaker 1: a matter of less effect than this, and so I
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  Speaker 1: pray you most heartily to think Katherine the Queen end quote.
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  Speaker 1: Since Henry insisted upon going to the war himself, the
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  Speaker 1: next bestuse thing, according to the Emperor's point of view,
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  Speaker 1: to keeping him away, was to cause some Spanish officer
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  Speaker 1: of high rank and great experience to be constantly close
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  Speaker 1: to him during the campaign. Except the little skirmishes on
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  Speaker 1: the borders of Scotland, Englishmen had seen no active military
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  Speaker 1: service for many years, and it was urged upon Henry
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  Speaker 1: that a general well acquainted with modern continental warfare would
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  Speaker 1: be useful to him. The Emperor's Spanish and Italian commanders
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  Speaker 1: were the best in the world, as were his men
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  Speaker 1: at arms, and a grandee, the Duke of Nahara, who
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  Speaker 1: was on his way from Planners to Spain by sea,
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  Speaker 1: was looked upon as being a suitable man for the
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  Speaker 1: purpose of advising the King of England. Henry was determined
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  Speaker 1: to impress him and entertained him splendidly, delaying him as
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  Speaker 1: long as possible in order that he might be persuaded
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  Speaker 1: to accompany the English forces. The accounts of Naharis stay
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  Speaker 1: in England show that Catherine had now the spring of
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  Speaker 1: fifteen forty four, quite settled down in her position as
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  Speaker 1: queen and coming regent. Chaphous mentions that when he first
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  Speaker 1: took Nahara to court, he quote visited the Queen and
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  Speaker 1: Princess Mary, who asked very minutely for news of the Emperor,
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  Speaker 1: and although the Queen was a little indisposed, she wished
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  Speaker 1: to dance for the honor of the company. The Queen
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  Speaker 1: favors the Princess all she can, and since the treaty
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  Speaker 1: with the Emperor was made, she has constantly urged the
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  Speaker 1: Princess's cause, insomuch as in this sitting of Parliament she
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  Speaker 1: Mary has been declared capable of succeeding in default of
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  Speaker 1: the Prince end quote. A Spaniard who had Nahara tells
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  Speaker 1: the story of the Duke's interview with Catherine somewhat more fully. Quote.
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  Speaker 1: The Duke kissed the Queen's hand and was then conducted
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  Speaker 1: to another chamber, to which the Queen and ladies followed,
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  Speaker 1: and there was music and much beautiful dancing. The Queen
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  Speaker 1: danced first with her brother very gracefully, and then Princess
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  Speaker 1: Mary and the Princess of Scotland, that is, Lady Margaret
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  Speaker 1: Douglas danced with other gentlemen, and many other ladies also danced.
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  Speaker 1: A Venetian of the king's household danced some galliards with
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  Speaker 1: such extraordinary activity that he seemed to have wings upon
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  Speaker 1: his feet. Surely never was a man seeing so agile.
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  Speaker 1: After the dancing had lasted several hours, the queen returned
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  Speaker 1: to her chamber, first causing one of the noblemen who
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  Speaker 1: spoke Spanish, to offer some presents to the Duke, who
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  Speaker 1: kissed her hand. He would likewise have kissed that of
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  Speaker 1: the Princess Mary, but she offered her lips, and so
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  Speaker 1: he saluted her and all the other ladies. The king
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  Speaker 1: is regarded as a very powerful and handsome man. The
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  Speaker 1: Queen is graceful and of cheerful countenance, and is praised
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  Speaker 1: for her virtue. She wore an underskirt showing in front
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  Speaker 1: of cloth of gold, and a sleeved overdress of brocade
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  Speaker 1: lined with crimson satin, the sleeves themselves being lined with
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  Speaker 1: crimson velvet, and the train was two yards long. She
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  Speaker 1: wore hanging from the neck, two crosses and a jewel
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  Speaker 1: of very magnificent diamonds, and she wore a great number
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  Speaker 1: of splendid diamonds in her head dress. The author of
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  Speaker 1: this curious contemporary document excels himself in praise of the
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  Speaker 1: Princess Mary, whose dress, on the occasion described was even
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  Speaker 1: more splendid than that of the Queen, consisting as it did,
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  Speaker 1: in entirely of cloth of gold and purple velvet. The
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  Speaker 1: house and gardens of Whitehall also moved the witness to
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  Speaker 1: wander and admiration. The green alleys, with the high hedges
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  Speaker 1: of the garden, and the sculpture with which the walks
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  Speaker 1: were adorned especially attracted the attention of the visitors, and
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  Speaker 1: the greatness of London and the stately River Thames are
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  Speaker 1: declared to be incomparable. The Duke of Nahara, unwilling to
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  Speaker 1: stay and apparently not impressing Henry very favorably went on
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  Speaker 1: his way and was immediately followed by another Spanish commander
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  Speaker 1: of equal rank and much greater experience in warfare, the
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  Speaker 1: Duke of Albuquerque, and he too was received with the
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  Speaker 1: splendor and ostentation that Henry loved, ultimately accompanying the King
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  Speaker 1: to the siege of Bologna as military adviser both the
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  Speaker 1: King and Queen, we are told, treating him with extraordinary favor.
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  Speaker 1: By the time that Henry was ready to cross the
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  Speaker 1: Channel early in July to join his army, which several
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  Speaker 1: weeks before had preceded him under the command of Norfolk
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  Speaker 1: and Suffolk, the short lived and insincere alliance with the
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  Speaker 1: Emperor from which Henry and Gardiner had expected so much,
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  Speaker 1: was already strained almost to the breaking point. The great
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  Speaker 1: Imperialist defeat at Sirasol in Savoy earlier in the year
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  Speaker 1: had made Henry more disinclined than ever to sacrifice Englishmen
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  Speaker 1: and treasure to fight indirectly the Emperor's battle in Italy.
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  Speaker 1: Even before that, Henry had begun to show signs of
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  Speaker 1: an intention to break away from the plan of campaign.
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  Speaker 1: Agreed upon how dangerous it would be, he said for
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  Speaker 1: the Emperor to push forward into France with us out
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  Speaker 1: securing the ground behind him. Quote. Far better to lay
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  Speaker 1: siege to two or three large towns on the road
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  Speaker 1: to Paris than to go to the capitol and burn
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  Speaker 1: it down end quote. Charles was indignant and continued to
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  Speaker 1: send reminders and remonstrances that the plan agreed upon must
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  Speaker 1: be adhered to. Henry retorted that Charles himself had departed
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  Speaker 1: from it by laying siege to Laundressy. The question of
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  Speaker 1: supplies from Flanders, the payment and passage of mercenaries through
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  Speaker 1: the Emperor's territories, the free concession of trading licenses by
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  Speaker 1: the Queen Regent of the Netherlands, and a dozen other
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  Speaker 1: questions kept the relations between the allies in a state
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  Speaker 1: of irritation and acrimony even before the campaign well began.
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  Speaker 1: And it is clear thus early that Henry started with
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  Speaker 1: the fixed intention of conquering the territory of Bologna and
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  Speaker 1: then perhaps making friends with Francis, leaving the Emperor at war.
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  Speaker 1: With both the great rivals exhausted, he would be more
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  Speaker 1: sought after than ever. He at once laid siege to
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  Speaker 1: Montri and Bologna and personally took command, deaf to the
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  Speaker 1: prayers and remonstrances of Charles and his sister, that he
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  Speaker 1: would not go beyond Calais quote for his health's sake
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  Speaker 1: end quote, but would send the bulk of his forces
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  Speaker 1: to join the Emperor's army. Before Saint Desier, the Emperor
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  Speaker 1: had himself broken the compact by besieging Laundressy and Saint Desier,
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  Speaker 1: and so the bulk of Henry's army sat down before Bologna,
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  Speaker 1: whilst the Emperor, short of provisions, far in an enemy's country,
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  Speaker 1: with weak lines of communication, unfriendly Lorraine on his flank,
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  Speaker 1: and two French armies approaching him, could only curse, almost
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  Speaker 1: in despair, the hour that he trusted the word of
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  Speaker 1: his good brother, the King of England. Catherine bade farewell
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  Speaker 1: to her husband at Dover when he went on his
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  Speaker 1: pompous voyage, and returned forthwith to London. Fully empowered to
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  Speaker 1: rule England as regent during his absence, she was directed
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  Speaker 1: to use the advice and council of cranmer Ryothleously, the
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  Speaker 1: Earl of Hertford, who was to replace her if she
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  Speaker 1: became incapacitated, Thoroughby, and Peter Gardener accompanying the King as minister.
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  Speaker 1: The letters written by Katherine to her husband during his
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  Speaker 1: short campaign show no such instances of want of tact
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  Speaker 1: as did those of the first Katherine quoted in the
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  Speaker 1: earlier pages of this book. It is plain to read
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  Speaker 1: in them the clever, discreet woman determined to please a
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  Speaker 1: vain man, content to take a subordinate place and to
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  Speaker 1: shine by a reflected light alone quote, she thanks God
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  Speaker 1: for a prosperous beginning of his affairs. She rejoices at
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  Speaker 1: the joyful news of his good health end quote, and
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  Speaker 1: in a business like way, shows that she and her
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  Speaker 1: counsel are actively forwarding the interests of the King with
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  Speaker 1: a single hearted view to his honor and glory alone.
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  Speaker 1: During this time, the young Prince Edward and his sister
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  Speaker 1: Mary were at Hampton Court with the Queen, but the
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  Speaker 1: other daughter, Elizabeth, lived apart at Saint James. Though it
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  Speaker 1: is evident that the girl was generally regarded and treated
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  Speaker 1: as inferior to her sister, she appears to have felt
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  Speaker 1: a real regard for her stepmother, most the only person
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  Speaker 1: who since her infancy had been kind to her. Elizabeth
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  Speaker 1: wrote to the Queen on the thirty first July a
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  Speaker 1: curious letter in Italian quote envious fortune, She writes, for
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  Speaker 1: a whole year deprived me of your Highness's presence, and
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  Speaker 1: not content therewith has again despoiled me of that boon.
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  Speaker 1: I know, nevertheless that I have your love and that
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  Speaker 1: you have not forgotten me. In writing to the King,
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  Speaker 1: I pray you, in writing to his majesty deign to
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  Speaker 1: recommend me to him, praying him for his ever welcome blessing,
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  Speaker 1: Praying at the same time to Almighty God to send
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  Speaker 1: him good fortune and victory over his enemies, so that
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  Speaker 1: your Highness and I together may the sooner rejoice at
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  Speaker 1: his happy return. I humbly pray to God to have
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: your Highness in his keeping, and respectfully kissing your Highness's
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  Speaker 1: hand Elizabeth end quote. Catherine, indeed, in this trying time
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  Speaker 1: of responsibility comes well out of her ordeal. The prayer
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  Speaker 1: composed by her for peace at this period is really
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  Speaker 1: a beautiful composition, and the letter from her to her husband,
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  Speaker 1: printed by Stripe, breathes sentiment likely to please such a
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  Speaker 1: man as Henry, but in language at once womanly and dignified. Quote.
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  Speaker 1: Although the distance of time and account of days, she writes,
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  Speaker 1: neither is long, nor many of your Majesty's absence, Yet
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  Speaker 1: the want of your presence, so much beloved and desired
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  Speaker 1: by me, maketh me that I cannot quietly pleasure in
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  Speaker 1: anything until I hear from your Majesty. The time therefore
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  Speaker 1: seemeth to me very long, with a great desire to
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  Speaker 1: know how your Highness hath done since your departing. Hence
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  Speaker 1: whose prosperity and health I prefer and desire more than
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  Speaker 1: mine own. And whereas I know your Majesty's absence is
• 19:14
  Speaker 1: never without great need, Yet to love and affection compel
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  Speaker 1: me to desire your presence again, the same zeal and
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: affection forceth me to be best content with that which
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: is Your will and pleasure. Thus love maketh me in
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  Speaker 1: all things set apart mine own convenience and pleasure, and
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  Speaker 1: to embrace most joyfully His will and pleasure, whom I love. God,
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  Speaker 1: the knower of secrets, can judge these words to be
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  Speaker 1: not only written with ink, but most truly impressed upon
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  Speaker 1: the heart. Much more I omit, lest it be thought
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  Speaker 1: I go about to praise myself or crave a thank
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  Speaker 1: which thing to do? Mind nothing less but a plain,
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: simple relation of the love and zeal I bear your majesty,
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  Speaker 1: proceeding from the abundance of the heart. I make like
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  Speaker 1: account with your Majesty as I do with God, for
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  Speaker 1: His benefits and gifts heaped upon me daily, acknowledging myself
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  Speaker 1: to be a great debtor to him, not being able
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  Speaker 1: to recompense the least of his benefit, in which state
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  Speaker 1: I am certain and sure to die. Yet I hope
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  Speaker 1: for his gracious acceptance of my goodwill. Even such confidence
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  Speaker 1: have I in your Majesty's gentleness, knowing myself never to
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  Speaker 1: have done my duty as were requisite and meet for
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  Speaker 1: such a noble prince, at whose hands I have received
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  Speaker 1: so much love and goodness that with words I cannot
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  Speaker 1: express it. End quote. It will be seen by this
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: and nearly every other letter that Catherine wrote to her
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: husband that she had taken the measure of his prodigious
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: vanity and indulged him to the top of his bent.
• 21:08
  Speaker 1: In a letter written to him on the ninth August,
• 21:10
  Speaker 1: referring to the success of the Earl of Lennox, who
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: had just married Henry's niece Margaret Douglas and had gone
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  Speaker 1: to Scotland to seize the government in English interest, Catherine says, quote,
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  Speaker 1: the good speed which Lennox has had is to be
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  Speaker 1: imputed to his serving a master whom God aids he
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: might have served the French King, his old master, many
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  Speaker 1: years without attaining such a victory. End quote. This is
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  Speaker 1: the attitude in which Henry loved to be approached, and
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: with such letters from his wife in England confirming the
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: jove like qualities attributed to him. In consequence of his
• 21:52
  Speaker 1: presence with his army in France, Henry's short campaign before
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  Speaker 1: Bologna was doubtless one of the pleasant experiences in his life.
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  Speaker 1: To add to his satisfaction, he had not been at
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  Speaker 1: Calais a week before Francis began to make secret overtures
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  Speaker 1: for peace. It was too early for that, however, just yet,
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: for Henry coveted Bologna, and the sole use made of
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  Speaker 1: the French approaches to him was to impress the imperial
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  Speaker 1: agents with his supreme importance. The warning was not lost
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  Speaker 1: upon Charles and his sister, the Queen Regent of the Netherlands,
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  Speaker 1: who themselves began to listen to the unofficial suggestions for
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  Speaker 1: peace made by the agents of the Duchess Detrompe, the
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: mistress of Francis, in order if possible, to benefit herself
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: and the Duke of Orleans in the conditions to the
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: detriment of the Dauphin Henry. Thenceforward, it was a close
• 22:55
  Speaker 1: game of diplomatic finesse between Henry and Charles as to
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  Speaker 1: which should make terms first and arbitrate on the claims
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  Speaker 1: of the other. Saint Desier capitulated to the Emperor on
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  Speaker 1: the eighth August, and Charles at once sent another envoy
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  Speaker 1: to Henry at Boulogna, praying him urgently to fulfill the
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  Speaker 1: plan of campaign decided with Gonzaga or the whole French
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  Speaker 1: army would be concentrated upon the Imperial forces and crush them.
• 23:30
  Speaker 1: But Henry would not budge. From before Boulogna and Charles,
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  Speaker 1: whilst rapidly pushing forward into France and in serious danger
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  Speaker 1: of being cut off by the Dauphin, listened intently for
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: sounds of peace. They soon came through the Duke of Lorraine,
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: and before the end of August, the Emperor was in
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: close negotiation with the French, determined, come what might, that
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: the final settlement of terms should not be left in
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: the hands of the King of England. Henry's action at
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: this juncture was pompous, inflated and stupid, whilst that of
• 24:12
  Speaker 1: Charles was statesmanlike, though unscrupulous. Even during the negotiations, Charles
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: pushed forward and captured a pernae and Chateau Thei, where
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: the Dauphin's stores were. This was on the seventh September,
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: and then, having struck his blow, he knew that he
• 24:32
  Speaker 1: must make peace at once. He therefore sent the young
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: Bishop of Arres Grenville with a message to Henry, which
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: he knew would have the effect desired. The King of
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: England was again to be urged formerly but insincerely, to
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: advance and join the Emperor. But if he would not,
• 24:53
  Speaker 1: the Emperor must make peace, always providing that the English
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: claims were Satisfactori he settled Urus arrived in the English
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: camp on the eleventh September. He found Henry in his
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: most faunting mood for only three days before the ancient
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: tower on the harbor side opposite Boulogna had been captured
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: by his men. He could not move forward. He said,
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: it was too late in the season to begin a
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: new campaign, and he was only bound by the treaty
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: to keep the field four months in a year. If
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: the Emperor was in a fix, that was his lookout.
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: The terms moreover, suggested for the peace between his ally
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: in France were out of the question, especially the clause
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: about English claims. The French had already offered him much
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: better conditions than those. Urus pushed his point, the Emperor
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: must know definitely. He urged whether the King of England
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: would make peace or not. As affairs could not, he
• 26:00
  Speaker 1: left pending. Then Henry lost his temper as the clever
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: imperial ministers knew he would do, and blurted out in
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: a rage, quote, let the Emperor make peace for himself
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: if he likes, but nothing must be done to prejudice
• 26:15
  Speaker 1: my claims end quote. It was enough for the purpose
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: desired for In good truth, the Emperor had already agreed
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: with the French, and us posted back to his master
• 26:30
  Speaker 1: with Henry's hasty words, giving permission for him to make
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: a separate peace in Vain. For the next two years,
• 26:38
  Speaker 1: Henry strove to unsay, to palliate, to disclaim those words. Quarrels,
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: bursts of violent passion, incoherent rage, indignant denials were all
• 26:52
  Speaker 1: of no avail. The words were said and vouched for
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: by those who heard them, and Charles hurriedly ratified the
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: peace already practically made with France on terms that surprised
• 27:06
  Speaker 1: the world and made Henry wild with indignation. The Emperor Victor,
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: though he was in appearance, gave away everything, His daughter
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: or niece was to marry Orleans with Milan or Flanders
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: as a dowry. Savoye was to be restored to the Duke,
• 27:28
  Speaker 1: and the French were to join the Emperor in alliance
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: against the Turk. None knew yet, though Henry may have
• 27:37
  Speaker 1: suspected it, that behind the public treaty there was a
• 27:42
  Speaker 1: secret compact by which the two Catholic sovereigns agreed to
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: concentrate their joint powers and extirpate a greater enemy than
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: the Turk, namely the rising power of Protestantism in Europe.
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: Henry was thus betrayed and was at war alone with France,
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: all of whose forces were now directed against him. Bologna
• 28:10
  Speaker 1: fell to the English on the fourteenth September, three days
• 28:14
  Speaker 1: after Aus arrived in Henry's camp, and the king hurried
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: back to England in blazing wrath with the Emperor and
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: inflated with the glorification of his own victory, eager for
• 28:27
  Speaker 1: the applause of his subjects before his laurels faded and
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: the French beleaguered. The captured town Gardener and Paget, soon
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: to be joined temporarily by Hertford remained in Calais in
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: order to continue, if possible, the abortive peace negotiations with France,
• 28:49
  Speaker 1: but it was a hopeless task now for Francis, free
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: from fear on his northeast frontier, was determined to win
• 28:58
  Speaker 1: back Bologna at any cost. The Dauphin swore that he
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: would have no peace whilst Boulogna remained in English hands,
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: and Henry boastfully declared that he would hold it forever
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: now that he had won it. Thenceforward, the relations between
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: Henry and the Emperor became daily more unamiable. Henry claimed
• 29:23
  Speaker 1: under the treaty that Charles should still help him in
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: the war, but that was out of the question when
• 29:30
  Speaker 1: in fifteen forty six the French made a descent upon
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: the Isle of Wight once more, the treaty was invoked
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: violently by the King of England. Almost daily, claims, complaints,
• 29:43
  Speaker 1: and denunciations were made on both sides with regard to
• 29:47
  Speaker 1: the vexed question of contraband of war for the French
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: mostly Dutch herrings, and the right of capture by the English.
• 29:56
  Speaker 1: The Emperor was seriously intent upon keeping henrye on fairly
• 30:00
  Speaker 1: good terms and certainly did not wish to go to
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: war with him, but he had submitted to the hard
• 30:07
  Speaker 1: terms of the Peace of Crespy with a distinct object,
• 30:11
  Speaker 1: and dared not jeopardize it by renewing his quarrel with
• 30:16
  Speaker 1: France for the sake of Henry. Slowly, it had forced
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: itself upon the mind of Charles that his own Protestant vassals,
• 30:26
  Speaker 1: the princes of the small Caldic League, must be crushed
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: into obedience, or his own power would become a shadow.
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: And his aim was to keep all Christendom friendly until
• 30:40
  Speaker 1: he had choked Lutheranism at its fountain head. From the
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: period of Henry's return to England, in these circumstances, growing
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: sympathy for those whom a papal and imperial coalition were
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: attacking caused the influence of the Catholic Party in his
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: council's graduate but spasmodically to decline. Chapoos, who himself was
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: hastening to the grave, accompanied his successor Van Derdelft as
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: ambassador to England at Christmas fifteen forty four, and describes
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: Henry as looking very old and broken, but more boastful
• 31:21
  Speaker 1: of his victory over the French than ever He professed
• 31:25
  Speaker 1: no doubt, sincerely a desire to remain friendly with the Emperor,
• 31:31
  Speaker 1: and after their interview with him, the ambassadors, without any
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: desire being expressed on their part, were conducted to the
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: Queen's oratory during divine service. In reply to their greetings
• 31:44
  Speaker 1: and thanks for her good offices, for the preservation of friendship,
• 31:49
  Speaker 1: and her kindness to Princess Mary, Catherine replied very graciously
• 31:55
  Speaker 1: that she did not deserve so much courtesy from your
• 31:58
  Speaker 1: Majesty the Emperor. What she did for Lady Mary was
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: less than she would like to do, and was only
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: her duty in every respect. With regard to the maintenance
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: of friendship, she said she had done and would do
• 32:16
  Speaker 1: nothing to prevent its growing still firmer, and she hoped
• 32:20
  Speaker 1: that God would avert the slightest dissension, as the friendship
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: was so necessary and both sovereigns were so good ende
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: end of Section twenty seven.