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How Lightning Works · Stuff You Should Know

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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.
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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should Know
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Speaker 1: from House Stuff Works dot Com? M Hey, and welcome
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Speaker 1: to the podcast. That is a pretty mellow intron. I'm Josh.
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Speaker 1: That's Chuck that makes stuff you should know. That's Jim Morrison, Yes,
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Speaker 1: it was. That was the doors Riders on the Storm.
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Speaker 1: We have Jim in the studio with us today. Yeah, Hey, Jim,
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Speaker 1: did you ever see that gap ad where they show
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Speaker 1: Jim Morrison off that and old? No, it was a
1:03
Speaker 1: while ago, like probably ten years ago. They did some
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Speaker 1: of these sixties icons that passed away early as old people,
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Speaker 1: and like, really realistically, it's pretty funny. Yeah, I don't
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Speaker 1: recall that at all. And I've watched a lot of
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Speaker 1: TV where I used to I think it was a
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Speaker 1: magazine and pronounce oh, I read a lot of magazines.
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Speaker 1: Oh Fair used to alert for, used to alert um. So.
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Speaker 1: Riders on the Storm was released on the nineteen seventy
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Speaker 1: one album Ellie Woman, which we would imagine is available
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Speaker 1: at a wide variety of retailers online and at break
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Speaker 1: and mortar stores. Yeah. Great song. Yeah, and I'm kind
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Speaker 1: of over a lot of the Doors. But I like
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Speaker 1: that song, man, I go It's like, how I imagine
1:41
Speaker 1: a lot of people are with Zeppelin. It's like, oh,
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Speaker 1: I love Zeppelin. I'm in sixth grade. Um, and then
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Speaker 1: it just kind of goes away. But then you get
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Speaker 1: older and you're like, wow, they really were great. That
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Speaker 1: didn't happen to be with Zeppelin. I got over him
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Speaker 1: after sixth grade, you know that. But the Doors, that's
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Speaker 1: happened to me. You're back into them again. Well, I
1:57
Speaker 1: mean I just constantly am like in a state of
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Speaker 1: coming in or out of really appreciating the Doors. But
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Speaker 1: for the most part it's solidified as jelled. I love
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Speaker 1: the Doors. You know, if you want to keep that intact,
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Speaker 1: do yourself a favor and don't ever read any of
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Speaker 1: Jim Morrison's poetry books. I have I have. Have you
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Speaker 1: ever heard American Prayer? It's like one of the coolest
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Speaker 1: things anyone's ever made. I'm not a fan of his poetry. Well,
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Speaker 1: I mean, his songs were poetry. Writers on the Storm
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Speaker 1: is a poem set to music. He's the Lizard King. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: you can do anything, right, Um, So Chuck, have you
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Speaker 1: heard of a guy named Roy Sullivan. Yeah, I remember
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Speaker 1: him from being a kid, do you really Yeah? From
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Speaker 1: the old Guinness Book Record. Uh huh. I must have
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Speaker 1: skipped over his entry because I've read those two. I
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Speaker 1: remember when they come out and you'd be like, oh
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Speaker 1: my god. It would be like the Scholastic Book Fair,
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Speaker 1: which amounted to a couple of like cards with books
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Speaker 1: on him out the hallway and some guy who didn't
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Speaker 1: recognize standing there selling them. Um. I missed that one,
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Speaker 1: but let's tell everybody else. I haven't looked him up
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Speaker 1: since then, but if I remember correctly, he had the
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Speaker 1: record for being struck right lightning. Yeah, Roy Sullivan. He
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Speaker 1: was a ranger park ranger at Shenandoah National Park, okay
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Speaker 1: um and he died in Night three. In between nineteen
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Speaker 1: forty and nineteen seventy seven, he was struck seven times,
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Speaker 1: struck by lightning seven times. And actually there's two of
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Speaker 1: his rangers stets and hats that he was wearing while
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Speaker 1: he was struck that are in the Guinness World Record.
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Speaker 1: I guess museums and they have like burnt holes in them, right, yeah,
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Speaker 1: Well you're just smiling. I remember seeing the picture. I
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Speaker 1: could picture it in my head. He did not die
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Speaker 1: of being struck by lightning. He died what a full
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Speaker 1: six years after the last time he was struck. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: from like plugging in something in his house and getting shocked.
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Speaker 1: He's like stripped on a banana peal Right, um, so
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Speaker 1: it's it's I guess I bring this up because we're
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Speaker 1: talking about lightning, and you brought up a really excellent
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Speaker 1: point that his stets and hat was burned, but this
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Speaker 1: guy survived. Even the lightning is many, many, many times
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Speaker 1: more powerful than you know, a typical industrial electrocution voltage
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Speaker 1: that will just typically kill anybody. Lightning frequently people survive.
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Speaker 1: As a matter of fact, like two thirds of people
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Speaker 1: who are struck by lightning survive between two thirds depending
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Speaker 1: on who you ask. That's pretty good. So I am
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Speaker 1: very excited about this one. Classic. I love natural phenomena.
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Speaker 1: I do too. I love earth sciences. I don't know
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Speaker 1: I do because I get it. Once you get it,
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Speaker 1: it's like geometry, Like once you get geometry, you can't
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Speaker 1: get geometry, and all of a sudden, this whole segment
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Speaker 1: of of the of nature just becomes clear to you. Well,
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Speaker 1: I'm glad you're covering this side of the love because
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Speaker 1: I don't have it. You don't know. I mean, I
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Speaker 1: think it's neat enough, but I'm not I'm not as
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Speaker 1: into the earth sciences at the very least. The pictures
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Speaker 1: in this article are really, really awesome. Did you get
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Speaker 1: to see some of them? I mean those are pretty,
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Speaker 1: very pretty black and whiten. That's still worth looking at
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Speaker 1: that all those leaders If you want to go, if
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Speaker 1: you want to go to the website how stuff Works
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Speaker 1: dot com and type and lightning, it will bring up
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Speaker 1: a lot of these pictures, but in color. We just
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Speaker 1: don't print in color here occasionally, But do you if
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Speaker 1: it's something that I think should be in color, I
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Speaker 1: like to preserve Cian go Alright, So Chuck, let's talk lightning,
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Speaker 1: shall we? Sure you got your statman role? Did you
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Speaker 1: read that one thing? The NASA article. There's some stats
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Speaker 1: in there that I thought you'd just have a bonanza with.
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Speaker 1: I didn't get to it. Oh, buddy, all right, I'll
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Speaker 1: play the stat man role there because there there were
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Speaker 1: some good stats in there. Do you want me to
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Speaker 1: start out with a few, Chuck? I between between this
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Speaker 1: one's study of lightning strikes between ninety found that let's
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Speaker 1: see nine thousand, eight hundred and eighteen people were struck
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Speaker 1: by lightning in that time. Three thousand, two hundred and
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Speaker 1: thirty nine died died immediately like it was like, you're
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Speaker 1: just struck by lightning. You're over. Um that that's got
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Speaker 1: to be like a direct strike, right, all of them
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Speaker 1: are direct strikes as far as I understand, Yes, we're
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Speaker 1: all direct strikes. Like you can be struck directly like uh,
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Speaker 1: ranger Roy and he survived. Um. Men are four times
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Speaker 1: likelier than women to be struck by lightning. Um. The
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Speaker 1: two thirds of lightning casualties occurred between twelve pm and
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Speaker 1: four pm, with the maximum at four pm. Yes. Uh,
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Speaker 1: most of the most lightning casualties happened on a Sunday
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Speaker 1: or with and Wednesday is the second most frequent day,
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Speaker 1: and then July is the peak month. Florida is the
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Speaker 1: state that has the most reported lightning strikes for people.
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Speaker 1: So if it's four pm on a Wednesday in July
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Speaker 1: and you're in Florida, uh, and you're a man holding
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Speaker 1: like a golf club, kiss your but combining the good
7:06
Speaker 1: Lord would never stop the best game of golf, I think, Uh.
7:10
Speaker 1: I remember in a different podcast, we talked about the
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Speaker 1: fourth of July actually being the number one day. I
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Speaker 1: think I remember that as well, and I think that's
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Speaker 1: part and partial to the fact that July is the
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Speaker 1: biggest month and there are way more people outside recreating
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Speaker 1: your bodies of water on the fourth of July, which
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Speaker 1: you know, water of course could help. Yeah. I knew
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Speaker 1: this dude who public who actually printed the the alternative
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Speaker 1: paper that I helped found, and uh, he would say
7:39
Speaker 1: that he was vacating. We're gonna vacate for two weeks
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Speaker 1: to me and the family every going down to Disney
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Speaker 1: World to vacake. That's pretty funny. The only little cool
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Speaker 1: factoids I have are lightning is not necessarily always white
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Speaker 1: or white ash yellow and has to do with the background. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: and that lightning is only an inch y Yeah. I
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Speaker 1: saw it was one to two inches in diameter. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: that's it. And it's hot six degrees or six times
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Speaker 1: hotter than the surface of the sun. I saw sixty. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: I'd say that's in the same range. I mean, that's
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Speaker 1: six that's not much when you're up that I yeah,
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Speaker 1: it'll fry an egg for sure. Um, So you you
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Speaker 1: say that there are some cool fact toys associated with lightning.
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Speaker 1: I say that lightning as a whole is one cool
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Speaker 1: factoid made up of smaller component factoids. Yea. And also
8:36
Speaker 1: I'm sure somebody's can be like you guys used the
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Speaker 1: word factoid wrong, but we will decimate that person alright. Uh,
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Speaker 1: do we need to start with with clouds since we've
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Speaker 1: covered that so thoroughlier. I feel like we do because
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Speaker 1: with this process of cloud formation it is part and
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Speaker 1: parcel with lightning formation. They think we should really point
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Speaker 1: out here, man that it's not just this article, it's
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Speaker 1: not just how stuff works. That says that scientists aren't
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Speaker 1: really sure how all this happens. Um NASA says, so
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Speaker 1: the the um, oh, what's the what's the National Laboratory
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Speaker 1: begins with the A. Man, well, anyway, one of the
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Speaker 1: National Laboratory says though that I write about UM. So basically,
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Speaker 1: we don't fully understand how lightning forms, but it's invisible.
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Speaker 1: We have some good guesses it occurs within the second
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Speaker 1: So it's like, it's not the easiest thing in the
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Speaker 1: world to study. No, it's really not, you know about it.
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Speaker 1: We can recreate it, which is pretty neat. Okay, so UM.
9:35
Speaker 1: But yes, let's start with precipitation in the water cycle. Right,
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Speaker 1: You've got um water say here on the Earth's surface. Um,
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Speaker 1: when heat is transferred from the environment, remember he always
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Speaker 1: goes from something that's warm to something that's cold. That's
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Speaker 1: how heat transfer occurs. Something doesn't lose its cold, it
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Speaker 1: gains heat, right, that's right. Um. So when that happens,
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Speaker 1: water can vaporize and rise up into the atmosphere. That's
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Speaker 1: a VA operation. And once it reaches a certain point,
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Speaker 1: it's going to lose its heat to the external environment.
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Speaker 1: It's gonna turn back into water. It's gonna fall back
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Speaker 1: down to the ground. In the foreign precipitation, that's condensation, right,
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Speaker 1: So it's either going to get slightly chilly and be rained,
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Speaker 1: or it's gonna get really chilly and the snow or
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Speaker 1: freezing rain. Right. So, if you get enough water vapor
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Speaker 1: going up, and you get enough um condensation starting to
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Speaker 1: come down and they start knocking into each other. This
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Speaker 1: is what scientists think. Um, they can start knocking electrons
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Speaker 1: from one another. The electrons are gonna keep going down,
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Speaker 1: They're going to um stay say as a cloud forms,
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Speaker 1: they're gonna they're gonna accumulate around the bottom of the
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Speaker 1: cloud like a little, a little puffy cloud couch there
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Speaker 1: that at the bottom of the clouds all tuck the
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Speaker 1: just settle in and nestle down. And then for for
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Speaker 1: just for this um example sake, think of positively charged particles,
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Speaker 1: the ones that are now missing their electrons um are
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Speaker 1: just lighter, so they're gonna accumulate at the top, but
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Speaker 1: they're contained in the cloud. Right. So at the top
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Speaker 1: of the cloud you have all these positively charged particles,
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Speaker 1: at the bottom you have negatively charged particles electrons, and
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Speaker 1: all of a sudden you have what's called an electric
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Speaker 1: field charge separation, which is uh, can do some funky stuff. Well,
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Speaker 1: that's how batteries work because chuck, as you'll remember, nature
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Speaker 1: loves homeostasis. Yeah, if it's these things are separate, they
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Speaker 1: just want to bring them back together exactly. Electrons love
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Speaker 1: to flow toward the direction of positively charged particles to
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Speaker 1: neutralize it. And that's an electric charge. It's electricity is
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Speaker 1: just an electron flow. Okay, So you have a cloud
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Speaker 1: that's suddenly like a battery, a big honkin battery. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: and um as this as this uh, this charge separation
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Speaker 1: becomes more and more charged like that, there's more and
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Speaker 1: more positive particles, more and more negative particles. It actually,
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Speaker 1: as these negative particles are the electrons are accumulating at
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Speaker 1: the bottom of the cloud, they the charge can become
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Speaker 1: so great that here on the Earth's surface, dude, it
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Speaker 1: actually presses the electrons down into the earth. Yeah. And
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Speaker 1: it's hard to imagine this, but it happens when you're
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Speaker 1: walking around out there during a thunderstorm, like it is
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Speaker 1: being pushed below your feet, leaving the ground positively charged
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Speaker 1: and ready to join their little buddies up there in
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Speaker 1: the clouds. So you have this layer of electrons and
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Speaker 1: now you have to basically two electric fields that can
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Speaker 1: either go up within the cloud or it can go
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Speaker 1: down to the ground. Yeah, that's a common like that
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Speaker 1: was my first question was if these electrons within the
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Speaker 1: cloud are separated, why are they going all the way
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Speaker 1: down to Earth. Why don't they just you know, have
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Speaker 1: lightning inside the cloud. And the answer is, well, that
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Speaker 1: happens all the time. That's the most common form of lightning, uh,
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Speaker 1: is when the electrons form lightning within it's a little
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Speaker 1: fluffy buddy there with It's like cloud to cloud or
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Speaker 1: intra cloud lightning. Intra cloud is within the same cloud
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Speaker 1: between two clouds, but it's it's still falls in the
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Speaker 1: cloud to cloud category. So I think there's two main division,
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Speaker 1: cloud to cloud and cloud to ground, and then ground
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Speaker 1: to cloud is also ground to cloud still, but it's
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Speaker 1: not because it's going between the ground and cloud or
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Speaker 1: between a cloud and itself for another cloud. Yeah, I
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Speaker 1: like a little cloud on cloud action this one. Okay,
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Speaker 1: So you have this um do you have the Earth
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Speaker 1: suddenly taking on a positive charge on its surface. You
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Speaker 1: have a strong negative charge at the bottom of the um,
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Speaker 1: at the bottom of the cloud, and you have nature
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Speaker 1: going like what's to do? This is terrible, Like there's
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Speaker 1: an electrical potential here and it's making me nervous. Like
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Speaker 1: something has to change. So something does change. There's this
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Speaker 1: process called the ionization of air, and it's basically turning
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Speaker 1: air into what's called plasma by ripping it apart essentially. Yeah,
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Speaker 1: like to call it ionic separation. Up coined that term nice.
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Speaker 1: I don't know if it's what anyone else in science
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Speaker 1: calls it, but basically the air around the cloud breaks down, so, uh,
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Speaker 1: the electric field is really strong. It separates the ions.
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Speaker 1: Now they can move a lot more freely and can
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Speaker 1: conduct a lot more electricity. Well, yeah, it takes regular
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Speaker 1: air like the stuff we're breathing now, and it separates
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Speaker 1: the electrons from the positive ions. Yeah, but not they're
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Speaker 1: still within the same area. They're not like completely separate, right,
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Speaker 1: It's not like it's not like um opening the curtains
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Speaker 1: with two hands, but it is kind of in a
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Speaker 1: certain way. With these free electrons, it makes this little
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Speaker 1: bit of air that that's been ionized much more conductive,
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Speaker 1: like you said, plasma. Okay, so these things this happens
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Speaker 1: in little like fifty yard jolts, and they call those
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Speaker 1: step leaders. Each little each little rip, each little separation
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Speaker 1: of creation. The plasma creates a channel in the air
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Speaker 1: that it's very conductive, way more conductive than the surrounding air.
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Speaker 1: And it happened a little fifty yard branches. Yeah, and
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Speaker 1: they don't have to go straight down. They're basically looking
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Speaker 1: they're looking to get to the ground with a path
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Speaker 1: of least resistance. So if you see this. Discovery had
15:16
Speaker 1: a show did you see that on YouTube? The what
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Speaker 1: was it called Raging Planet. Discovery had a show called raging,
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Speaker 1: and for the first time they filmed a lightning strike
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Speaker 1: in the super slow mow. So when you see this
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Speaker 1: like with your naked eye, I mean it all happens
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Speaker 1: in a blip and you see a lightning strike. But
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Speaker 1: when you see it slowed down, you see the lightning
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Speaker 1: working its way down in the little fifty yard bits
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Speaker 1: and fracturing off to the left and to the right
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Speaker 1: and basically like disappearing again because it didn't find its
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Speaker 1: way all the way to the ground. Oh yeah, yeah,
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Speaker 1: it would just go like so left and then disappear,
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Speaker 1: and then it'll go down, and then it'll go to
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Speaker 1: the right and disappear. These channels that that form. Basically
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Speaker 1: you have a bunch of the step leaders coming down
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Speaker 1: and whichever reaches the ground first winds. But just because
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Speaker 1: one reach the ground doesn't mean the other ones automatically disappear.
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Speaker 1: So that flow of electrons is going to fill up
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Speaker 1: all of the associated um ion channels UM with this
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Speaker 1: flow of electrons, right, So um, before that happens, though,
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Speaker 1: you've got these step leaders coming down from the clouds,
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Speaker 1: you also have something called um positive leaders, right, it's
16:30
Speaker 1: positive streamers. I'm sorry. You also have positive streamers coming
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Speaker 1: up from the ground. So a positive streamer is a
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Speaker 1: or a step leader is a plasma channel forming in
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Speaker 1: the direction of the flow of electrons. A positive streamer
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Speaker 1: is a plasma channel forming in the opposite direction of
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Speaker 1: the flow of electrons. So it's kind of stretching up.
16:53
Speaker 1: And it could come from the ground, it could come
16:54
Speaker 1: from your head, it could come from a tree or
16:57
Speaker 1: that golf club you're holding. And they've captured these in
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Speaker 1: photographic form, and it's the same thing. It looks like,
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Speaker 1: you know, a little purplish bolt of lightning coming up
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Speaker 1: from the ground trying to join up with its buddy
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Speaker 1: that's coming down from the sky. Yeah. And like you said,
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Speaker 1: I it can come from you. The reason your hair
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Speaker 1: lifts up when you're in like an electrical storm, you
17:15
Speaker 1: just become a positive streamer, which is not good. It
17:19
Speaker 1: sounds nice, it does, and you're glowing a little purplish,
17:22
Speaker 1: but you're in big trouble if it connects with you. Yeah,
17:25
Speaker 1: And it's the same concept. If you've ever uh shocked
17:28
Speaker 1: yourself on a door knob, it's the same thing. The
17:30
Speaker 1: closer you're and once you've built up that energy, the
17:34
Speaker 1: hand gets closer to the metal, and it leaps out
17:36
Speaker 1: from your finger and out from the door knob, and
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Speaker 1: you know you've got lightning. Okay, So I mean we're
17:42
Speaker 1: drawing this out like I'm about to hyperventilate and I'm
17:44
Speaker 1: so excited. Finally, at one point you have a step leader,
17:48
Speaker 1: and like you said, it's taken the path of least resistance, right,
17:51
Speaker 1: So it's not going to come straight down, largely because
17:53
Speaker 1: the shape of the cloud is not equal or is
17:55
Speaker 1: not totally flat. Particles in the air can get in
17:58
Speaker 1: the way, all kinds of stuff, right, So, um, they're
18:00
Speaker 1: coming down in little branches that branch off suddenly nowhere.
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Speaker 1: Eventually one comes down and a step leader connects with
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Speaker 1: a positive streamer, and all of a sudden, you have
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Speaker 1: a full uninterrupted path for these electrons to flow, and
18:15
Speaker 1: boy do they flow. What you have is lightning, right.
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Speaker 1: You have a sudden current exchange from the cloud down
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Speaker 1: to the earth and then from the earth back up
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Speaker 1: to the cloud. Because the lightning stroke isn't just from
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Speaker 1: the cloud to the ground. It goes down and then
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Speaker 1: back up immediately and it's on the back up. Yeah,
18:35
Speaker 1: return stroke, Yes, a return stroke. Thank you. On the
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Speaker 1: way back up. That's when you see the light literally,
18:43
Speaker 1: so lightning is we we don't actually see the electron flow.
18:47
Speaker 1: We see the local effects of the electron flow. And um,
18:51
Speaker 1: this electron flow produces a tremendous amount of heat energy
18:55
Speaker 1: Like what did you say? It was like hotter than
18:57
Speaker 1: the surface of the sun, six times hotter. So that's
19:00
Speaker 1: that's what you're seeing, right. There is an explosion of heat, right,
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Speaker 1: and then that heat actually explodes the air around it,
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Speaker 1: and that produces thunder. Yeah. Um, the way I understood
19:13
Speaker 1: it was the channel, the ionized plasma channel that's created
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Speaker 1: when it goes away, the air collapsing back in on
19:21
Speaker 1: itself is what creates that sound, that sound wave? Is
19:24
Speaker 1: that right? What I heard was that it's actually exploding
19:28
Speaker 1: outward and it's compressing the air, basically exploding the air
19:32
Speaker 1: around it. That converts into a shock wave in the
19:34
Speaker 1: form of sound that travels outward. That's how I understood it. Well,
19:38
Speaker 1: maybe it collapses in and explodes out that's very um,
19:42
Speaker 1: that's very democratic of you. And then one more thing
19:45
Speaker 1: about thunder, Chuck, get this, there's three segments to the
19:49
Speaker 1: sound of thunder. Did you know that I thought Pink
19:52
Speaker 1: Floyd said that was like four. Really, I'm just kidding, okay,
19:56
Speaker 1: because I remember delicates onund of thunder, but I don't
19:58
Speaker 1: remember four parts. Okay. So there's the first part um
20:02
Speaker 1: if I mean think about it. Think about when you've
20:04
Speaker 1: ever heard thunder. It's like a there's like a few
20:08
Speaker 1: sounds to it, right, So the first part is actually
20:12
Speaker 1: um caused by the step leaders. Right, that's a tearing sound.
20:16
Speaker 1: The second, a cracking sound, is actually caused by the
20:20
Speaker 1: positive streamers. And then the third part is the explosion
20:24
Speaker 1: of the air blowing up. But what you're hearing those
20:26
Speaker 1: first two parts is literally the air ripping open and
20:30
Speaker 1: they crazy yep. And if you are out in the country,
20:34
Speaker 1: you might be able to hear that as far away
20:37
Speaker 1: as fifteen miles. If you're in the city, maybe about
20:40
Speaker 1: five miles, you'll be able to hear that thunder. And
20:43
Speaker 1: it is true that you can divide by five and
20:47
Speaker 1: that is roughly how far away your lightning is from you.
20:53
Speaker 1: That's counting from the point the lightning strikes till you
20:56
Speaker 1: hear the thunder. Divide that amount of seconds by five.
21:00
Speaker 1: Ten seconds, it's two miles away. Is that how does
21:02
Speaker 1: that rule of thumb work? I mean, don't storms travel faster? Well, no,
21:06
Speaker 1: I think it has nothing to do with how faster traveling.
21:09
Speaker 1: It's um the speed of light versus the speed of sound.
21:11
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, because the speed of light travels at the
21:14
Speaker 1: speed of light travel. The speed of sound is far
21:17
Speaker 1: far slower, which is why the sound of thunder lags
21:19
Speaker 1: the the flash of lightning so much. You just explained
21:23
Speaker 1: it to yourself. Thank you. Thanks, So, I think it's
21:26
Speaker 1: time for lightning myth number one. Whoa, that's a good
21:31
Speaker 1: sound effect. All right, lightning myth number one? Once again,
21:38
Speaker 1: The tallest objects in a storm don't always get struck
21:41
Speaker 1: by lightning. Uh. It would make sense that lightning, if
21:45
Speaker 1: you know, if it's gonna be reaching something that's sticking
21:48
Speaker 1: up from the ground in the way of a positive streamer,
21:51
Speaker 1: that the tallest thing will always be that thing. And
21:54
Speaker 1: that is not the case because you can never really
21:57
Speaker 1: predict the path of lightning. No, I strike the ground
22:00
Speaker 1: right next to the tallest thing. It might also, yes,
22:03
Speaker 1: because the the that path of least resistance, whether it's
22:07
Speaker 1: dust or or the curvature of the earth or whatever.
22:10
Speaker 1: That's Yeah, you can't predict where it's gonna go. And
22:12
Speaker 1: even more than that, once the lightning is struck, it
22:15
Speaker 1: may jump. Oh yeah, that is a property of lightning,
22:18
Speaker 1: and may jump to something that has an even even
22:22
Speaker 1: lesser path of resistance. UM, and that could be you.
22:26
Speaker 1: So it could strike a tree that you're standing by
22:29
Speaker 1: and you could be like whoo and then yeah, uh
22:33
Speaker 1: the way, I guess, way to bust that myth? Thank you. UM.
22:36
Speaker 1: I think since you brought that up, we might as
22:39
Speaker 1: well talk about, um, the fact that when you see
22:42
Speaker 1: lightning and you see it in the clouds and then
22:45
Speaker 1: down on the ground and then flickering in the clouds afterward,
22:48
Speaker 1: and remnants branching off, that's like maybe forty or fifty
22:52
Speaker 1: lightning strikes. You're seeing all at once. It's the whole
22:55
Speaker 1: idea that lightning doesn't strike the same place twice. Every
22:59
Speaker 1: time it strikes it twice. It strikes it like like
23:02
Speaker 1: you said, um, yeah, it's this that that electron flow,
23:06
Speaker 1: the back and forth between the ground and the earth
23:08
Speaker 1: in this um which neutralizes the electrical charge. It's not
23:12
Speaker 1: just one stroke. It's forty or fifty and that's what
23:15
Speaker 1: you're more likely to see, even unless you just happen
23:17
Speaker 1: to be looking in the field of view with that
23:19
Speaker 1: original blast. That's why it's so tough to capture, like
23:23
Speaker 1: the Discovery Channel gown Raging Planet. Was he like, sits
23:26
Speaker 1: in the room with this little camera and I would
23:28
Speaker 1: just let the camera run. I don't know why he
23:30
Speaker 1: sat there with his finger on the button. It's like, dude,
23:33
Speaker 1: just press record and walk away. But I guess, well,
23:37
Speaker 1: I think maybe because it's such a high speed camera.
23:40
Speaker 1: Plus also hips thematic doesn't have a video function. But
23:44
Speaker 1: he likened it to fishing. He's it's a little like fishing.
23:48
Speaker 1: Did he say it like that like a jerk. Yeah,
23:50
Speaker 1: he was a little bored. Uh, but he got it.
23:52
Speaker 1: You know, it was all worth it in in the end.
23:53
Speaker 1: That's what counts, Okay, Josh, I think it's time to
23:56
Speaker 1: talk about various types of lightning. Yeah, so we talked
24:00
Speaker 1: about UM ground two or cloud to ground under an
24:05
Speaker 1: umbrella under which ground to cloud falls UM and this
24:11
Speaker 1: another way to put it is that's triggered or artificial
24:15
Speaker 1: and natural. Natural is when it comes down from the
24:18
Speaker 1: cloud to the ground. UM triggered or artificial is when
24:22
Speaker 1: some sort of man made structure, say a skyscraper initiates
24:26
Speaker 1: this lightning, so it's sending up a positive streamer like
24:28
Speaker 1: hey man, come on, let's do this, and the clouds
24:30
Speaker 1: like okay, and then it comes down rather than the
24:34
Speaker 1: cloud pressing down the electrons I think, on the earth
24:38
Speaker 1: surface and then just hitting a cow, because what's more
24:41
Speaker 1: natural than lightning striking a cow? That's right. Instant primary
24:46
Speaker 1: um types of lightning. Normal lightning, which pretty much is
24:50
Speaker 1: what we've been talking about. Sheet lightning is reflected in
24:53
Speaker 1: the clouds, and I guess that would paul under intra
24:56
Speaker 1: and inter cloud lightning. I would think so. Heat lightning
24:59
Speaker 1: is my favorite because that reminds me of growing up,
25:03
Speaker 1: going to Florida and swimming at my cousin's house. And
25:06
Speaker 1: heat lining is basically lightning this so far away you
25:08
Speaker 1: can't hear the thunder right, and it's hot enough. The
25:10
Speaker 1: reason they call it heat lightning um is because it's
25:13
Speaker 1: hot enough that it's being reflected a tremendous distance by
25:17
Speaker 1: this higher temperature atmosphere. It's a comforting lightning, though it
25:21
Speaker 1: is in during the summer months. Um Ball lightning, which
25:27
Speaker 1: we have talked about before, we were entirely certain back
25:31
Speaker 1: then that it actually existed. But I think since we've
25:33
Speaker 1: mentioned it that really is it super proven that we've
25:37
Speaker 1: figured out that it can exist but no one understands it. Yeah,
25:40
Speaker 1: that's the phenomenon where like you will see a ball
25:43
Speaker 1: of lightning going through your house. Correct, Yes, I remember
25:47
Speaker 1: it was like one of the some listener wrote wrote
25:50
Speaker 1: in about it. Yeah, was it like the um spontaneous combustion.
25:56
Speaker 1: I don't know that I've ever seen it captured though
25:58
Speaker 1: on film Ernie thing. Has it been? Yes, it's been recreated,
26:02
Speaker 1: that's I don't think it's been. Someone hasn't caught the
26:06
Speaker 1: natural version of it. But yeah, so we've proven it
26:09
Speaker 1: can exist. Um. But yeah, it'll burn you and then
26:13
Speaker 1: it'll blow up. It's really dangerous, scary, crazy lightning that
26:16
Speaker 1: no one gets. Josh, is it time for lightning? Myth
26:20
Speaker 1: number two? It sounds like it number two. And this
26:27
Speaker 1: is something I learned today. A search protector will not
26:31
Speaker 1: save your computer and your television from a lightning strike.
26:35
Speaker 1: I thought that's what they were for. Apparently they're only
26:38
Speaker 1: for They can only um save your computer or TV
26:43
Speaker 1: if it's something that the power company has searched. It's
26:46
Speaker 1: a searge from your electrical supply. So what you need
26:51
Speaker 1: is something called a what's it called a lightning arrested
26:55
Speaker 1: And I've seen that, um, and they're relatively inexpensive, and
27:00
Speaker 1: it's filled up with a gas that well, I mean
27:04
Speaker 1: it was like thirty bucks. Oh yeah, that's not bad. Yeah.
27:06
Speaker 1: I thought you're gonna be like compared to a new Volvo.
27:09
Speaker 1: Well that's what I thought. A lightning arrestaurant sounded and
27:11
Speaker 1: it was filled with gas that diffuses the charge. I
27:14
Speaker 1: thought it'd be like ten bucks. But now even with
27:18
Speaker 1: gas prices today, that's right. Um. So we talked about
27:22
Speaker 1: types of lightning. We should probably talk about lightning rods
27:24
Speaker 1: at some point, like maybe now, So do you know
27:27
Speaker 1: Ben Franklin actually invented these things? And I went and
27:31
Speaker 1: double checked, like I was like, this sounds like four
27:34
Speaker 1: year old textbook stuff. Yeah, but it's true, wouldn't it.
27:37
Speaker 1: And I also remembered, oh, wait, like his kite experiment
27:40
Speaker 1: he ripped off a couple of frenchmen. I went and
27:42
Speaker 1: checked that out, and no, actually he Franklin had conducted
27:47
Speaker 1: some sort of experiments and possibly proposed a kite experiment
27:51
Speaker 1: and these frenchmen. He published his results in the early
27:54
Speaker 1: seventeen fifties and a couple of frenchmen, um like, carried
27:57
Speaker 1: him out. So the Frenchman actually did did do this,
28:01
Speaker 1: um But Ben Franklin did develop lightning rods as early
28:04
Speaker 1: as like the seventeen forties, I believe. But he did
28:07
Speaker 1: have a kite key experiment, right he did. Okay, I
28:10
Speaker 1: don't know if he it's not certain that he actually
28:14
Speaker 1: carried out the gutch the key on the kite experiment
28:17
Speaker 1: or just said, you know, this theoretically could work. It's
28:20
Speaker 1: a thought experiment. Don't be so stupid to go do this. Well,
28:23
Speaker 1: let's call that lightning my number three okay, and here's
28:26
Speaker 1: some retroactive lightning for that one in thunder. WHOA all right?
28:33
Speaker 1: But he did develop the lightning rod. And basically a
28:37
Speaker 1: lightning rod is a metal rod on the roof of
28:40
Speaker 1: the building that is attached to a metal wire that
28:44
Speaker 1: runs into the ground and it's it's job is to
28:48
Speaker 1: either divert that direct lightning strike into the ground and
28:52
Speaker 1: diffuse it quickly, or if it's jumping around, to collect
28:55
Speaker 1: that and diffuse it so it doesn't cause like super
28:58
Speaker 1: lots of damage to the cry for building. Right, but
29:01
Speaker 1: it doesn't attract lightning. It says, hey, lightning, I got
29:05
Speaker 1: a positive streamer and I'm not gonna resist you at all.
29:09
Speaker 1: Just take me and um, the lightning will be like, hey,
29:12
Speaker 1: you look pretty good, and um, there you go. But
29:15
Speaker 1: it doesn't attract lightning. And I know the article says
29:17
Speaker 1: that's nitpicking, but it's really not. There's not a different
29:21
Speaker 1: thing offering a good path of least resistance lightning and
29:24
Speaker 1: attracting it. Yeah, because the whoever wrote this article, who
29:28
Speaker 1: was this, Yeah, I don't, I'd never I didn't recognize
29:31
Speaker 1: the name. I think it's an old article basically said
29:34
Speaker 1: the lightning is gonna be happening anyway, so it's not
29:36
Speaker 1: like it's going to cause lightning to strike there. So
29:39
Speaker 1: that made that made a lot of sense. They also
29:41
Speaker 1: made a pretty good point that, um, because lightning rods
29:45
Speaker 1: conduct electricity so well, that makes them they're not going
29:49
Speaker 1: to be singed or burned or whatever it's when you
29:52
Speaker 1: resist that, lightning burns you. Right. So like if lightning
29:57
Speaker 1: strikes the like the wood of a house, Um, then
30:00
Speaker 1: the woods not a very good conductor, which means it's
30:03
Speaker 1: going to be a high amount of burning heat damage
30:06
Speaker 1: because of resistance produces this heat energy. That makes sense. Yeah, Um,
30:13
Speaker 1: what else do we have? Do we have another lightning myth? Man,
30:17
Speaker 1: they're just coming hard and fast these days. We saved
30:20
Speaker 1: them all, right, Lightning myth number four, the Faraday cage. Right, So, um,
30:28
Speaker 1: you are in a car and it's a lightning storm.
30:32
Speaker 1: You've actually saw shelter in a car. Good move. And
30:37
Speaker 1: most people think that's because the tires on the car
30:40
Speaker 1: are touching the ground and they're rubber and they're a
30:43
Speaker 1: good insulator. Not true. In a lightning storm, rubber actually
30:46
Speaker 1: becomes pretty conductive when especially when it's struck by lightning.
30:50
Speaker 1: But if your car struck by lightning, you should be
30:52
Speaker 1: fairly protected because of this thing called the Faraday cage,
30:56
Speaker 1: named after Michael Faraday, the early electrical genius, but I
31:00
Speaker 1: think the eighteenth century. Yeah, I think he's the one
31:02
Speaker 1: that first described what an electrical field is period. Yeah,
31:05
Speaker 1: he was just a very smart guy. The fact that
31:08
Speaker 1: he didn't die of electrocution is really something that means
31:11
Speaker 1: he's super smart. But he realized that if you if
31:13
Speaker 1: you put something in a metal cage and apply an
31:15
Speaker 1: electrical charge current to the cage. What's inside the cage
31:19
Speaker 1: will be fine because electricity passes that along the outside
31:22
Speaker 1: of the metal cage, the Faraday cage. Well engineers incorporate
31:26
Speaker 1: that into automobile design. So it's a pretty good place
31:29
Speaker 1: to seek shelter. You don't want to be laying naked
31:31
Speaker 1: on the hood of your car, no, but being inside
31:35
Speaker 1: your car would be would be a pretty good place
31:37
Speaker 1: to be. Uh. Yeah, Just it has nothing to do
31:40
Speaker 1: with your tires stuff. Don't be a dummy. And I
31:42
Speaker 1: guess that's our first tip if we're going to give
31:44
Speaker 1: some lightning tips. If you are out out and about
31:48
Speaker 1: and if you're driving around Kansas. I don't know why,
31:51
Speaker 1: I God forbid you would be doing anything like that,
31:53
Speaker 1: But stay in your car or get in your car. Yeah,
31:57
Speaker 1: if you don't have a car. Don't go under a tree.
32:00
Speaker 1: Don't go climb the flagpole. Right. Uh. They say to
32:04
Speaker 1: put your feet close together and crouch down to the ground. Yes,
32:09
Speaker 1: but keep your head as low to the ground as
32:11
Speaker 1: you can get it without touching the ground. Do not
32:15
Speaker 1: don't let anything but the bottom of your shoes touch
32:18
Speaker 1: the ground because when lightning strikes, it sends an electrical
32:22
Speaker 1: current across the ground as well. Right, So if your
32:25
Speaker 1: head happens to be touching all of a sudden, you
32:27
Speaker 1: just had a struck or some sort of neurological damage
32:30
Speaker 1: because you just got struck by lightning. Drest at the
32:32
Speaker 1: very least. Yeah. Um. But and also if you are
32:36
Speaker 1: crouched down, you're providing less of a chance to create
32:39
Speaker 1: a positive streamer with your body. So you want to
32:43
Speaker 1: find shelter. And if you can't find shelter, you want
32:46
Speaker 1: to crouch down, keep your head low and but not
32:49
Speaker 1: touching the ground. And also there's a study in Japan,
32:53
Speaker 1: Chuck that found that, Um, once you hear thunder, there
32:58
Speaker 1: is no safe interval where you're not vulnerable to a
33:02
Speaker 1: direct lightning strike. By the time you hear thunder, it's
33:04
Speaker 1: already there. It's already too late. You could be struck
33:07
Speaker 1: by lightning in any second. So there's no warning sound. Then, no,
33:12
Speaker 1: And you also want to get out of pools because
33:14
Speaker 1: they are really good at conducting electricity. Yeah, don't stand
33:19
Speaker 1: around in water. No, it's not a good idea. Um,
33:21
Speaker 1: stay off the telephone. If you still have a telephone
33:26
Speaker 1: that's plugged into a cord on a wall. If you
33:29
Speaker 1: buy things that have the s C N on TV label.
33:32
Speaker 1: Stay off the phone means you're also in Kansas too, interestingly, Um,
33:38
Speaker 1: and they say, you know, stay out of the bathtub
33:40
Speaker 1: a because it's got water. But one of the other
33:43
Speaker 1: reasons if you're in an older house, um, you're plumbing
33:45
Speaker 1: pipes are gonna be uh pretty good conductors and attractors
33:50
Speaker 1: of that electricity. But the newer house probably PBC right exactly,
33:54
Speaker 1: So if you didn't skimp when you redid your house,
33:57
Speaker 1: you might have paid for copper. Yeah, it's true. You
34:01
Speaker 1: you really want to remember or we should just be like,
34:05
Speaker 1: let's just not take a bath for a shower while
34:07
Speaker 1: there's a lightning storm. Um. And then I guess is
34:11
Speaker 1: that it for the lightning myths too? Um? I think
34:14
Speaker 1: so I have uh no more little factoids on my
34:19
Speaker 1: sheet either, I've got one. All right, let's hear it.
34:22
Speaker 1: Carol Apathy caro onopathy. It's the study of lightnings effects
34:28
Speaker 1: on the human body, the study of the pathology of
34:31
Speaker 1: light I was mentioned in there. Okay, isn't that cool though,
34:35
Speaker 1: like talk about a specialized field like not not the
34:39
Speaker 1: effects of electricity on the human body and the effects
34:42
Speaker 1: of lightning striking the human body. Did they study people
34:45
Speaker 1: like Sullivan? I imagine he was he saw a karenopathist
34:50
Speaker 1: or two. I bet you, like he had to have
34:54
Speaker 1: become more susceptible, right, Like, is that possible? I don't know.
35:00
Speaker 1: I think could be a lightning myth that we might
35:01
Speaker 1: not dispel at this time. I mean, I would think
35:04
Speaker 1: of the guy got I mean, granted, he's a park ranger,
35:06
Speaker 1: so he's out there at least that you mentioned his
35:08
Speaker 1: stetson having a burn. So despite the fact that like lightning,
35:12
Speaker 1: UM is six times hotter than the sun, produces heat
35:16
Speaker 1: six times hotter than the sun, heats the air to
35:18
Speaker 1: like eighteen thou degrees, causing it to explode, it can
35:21
Speaker 1: still hit a human and the only burn wounds typically
35:25
Speaker 1: are at the point of entry in the point of exit.
35:28
Speaker 1: How does it not kill people all the time? I
35:30
Speaker 1: don't know that one thing that they say is possible UM.
35:35
Speaker 1: The one possible explanation is that it happens so fast
35:39
Speaker 1: that it doesn't have the same amount of time that
35:43
Speaker 1: a UM like an industrial electrocution has. Interesting and remember
35:48
Speaker 1: the hysterical strength thing. Do you want to tell him
35:50
Speaker 1: why people are thrown with electricity. Uh what was it?
35:54
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's right. It's it's not the actual blast,
35:57
Speaker 1: it's the surge of adrenaline is so great that you
36:00
Speaker 1: have this superhuman strength and sort of leap back from it,
36:03
Speaker 1: and your muscles can track so hard and so fast
36:06
Speaker 1: that you throw yourself. Yeah, that's crazy. With lightning, I
36:08
Speaker 1: don't think that's true. I think the shock wave can
36:10
Speaker 1: actually throw you. You know my grandfather, Uh that eventually
36:13
Speaker 1: led to his death. He was electrician. Oh yeah, I
36:16
Speaker 1: think I might have told the story. He was at
36:17
Speaker 1: the top of a thing and used to test electricity
36:20
Speaker 1: with the back of your hand so it doesn't latch on,
36:24
Speaker 1: and it popped him out. He hit a live war
36:26
Speaker 1: and it knocked him out of a telephone pole and
36:29
Speaker 1: he laid on his head. Oh man, and it was
36:31
Speaker 1: like bedridden for the rest of his life. And oh man, yeah,
36:35
Speaker 1: are you serious? I did not know that. Yeah, wow,
36:39
Speaker 1: that was Granddaddy Bryant. I was a little kid. I
36:42
Speaker 1: mean he died when I was like six, So all
36:44
Speaker 1: I ever knew of him was he was kind of
36:46
Speaker 1: this big scary guy in hospital bed who gave you candy.
36:51
Speaker 1: Candy and like Buffalo Nichols. Well, okay, that was a
36:55
Speaker 1: bummer way to end this one. Yeah. Um, let's see
36:58
Speaker 1: you got any other terrible stories now, okay, well, then
37:02
Speaker 1: let's go to listener mail. Oh wait, at first I
37:06
Speaker 1: didn't even say how stuff works? What is wrong with me?
37:09
Speaker 1: Do you want to see some very pretty lightning pictures? Um,
37:12
Speaker 1: and read more about lightning? You can just type that in.
37:16
Speaker 1: This is like a seminal article for how stuff works.
37:19
Speaker 1: It's like bread and butter stuff lightning search bar how
37:23
Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. Now it's time for listener mail,
37:27
Speaker 1: josh Im. We call this uh email I just received,
37:30
Speaker 1: you know, ten minutes ago. Oh okay, hot off the presses.
37:34
Speaker 1: Guys and Jerry have been wanting to write for ages,
37:36
Speaker 1: and now I actually have things to say. I've been
37:38
Speaker 1: listening to the podcast for years, and I probably listen
37:41
Speaker 1: to them and never listened to the few in the
37:44
Speaker 1: beginning before you two teamed up. Now that's pretty nice. Um,
37:48
Speaker 1: I learned so much from them. Your podcast is the
37:51
Speaker 1: reason I survived mowing lawns for a summer without my
37:54
Speaker 1: brain becoming much from the endless walking back and forth.
37:57
Speaker 1: What I really want to write and say, though, is,
37:59
Speaker 1: thanks for helping me get into my college. My main
38:02
Speaker 1: essay for applying to colleges was about your podcast. I
38:06
Speaker 1: entitled it Healthcare to zoot Suits, and I talked all
38:09
Speaker 1: about the things I've learned from your podcast, hoping it
38:12
Speaker 1: would show the college is um that I was curious,
38:14
Speaker 1: well rounded, and had a thirst for knowledge. Apparently worked,
38:18
Speaker 1: because I was accepted to several colleges. I will be
38:20
Speaker 1: a freshman at st Olaf College next year next fall.
38:26
Speaker 1: I don't know if they had a team, saying Olaf,
38:28
Speaker 1: they're like the fighting roses from Golden Girls. Really, that's
38:32
Speaker 1: where rose from Golden Girls from st Olaf? Really? Yeah,
38:36
Speaker 1: I didn't watch Golden Girls. What had I don't know
38:39
Speaker 1: it didn't It's not too late so on lifetime every days.
38:42
Speaker 1: Far than all right? So Aaron M. From Green Bay, Wisconsin. Uh,
38:48
Speaker 1: congratulations for getting into st Olaf College. Jesus, thanks for
38:51
Speaker 1: the inspiration and good luck in college is gonna be great.
38:55
Speaker 1: It only gets better from from there. In my opinion,
38:59
Speaker 1: life A agree, but then it starts to go down.
39:03
Speaker 1: But that'll be a while. But I thought that was
39:04
Speaker 1: like fifty when that happened. Uh yeah, well we'll see. Okay,
39:09
Speaker 1: so congratulations Aaron. Um, if you are someone who has
39:14
Speaker 1: used us to further your own agenda, say like getting
39:18
Speaker 1: into college or getting a date or whatever, we want
39:21
Speaker 1: to hear that kind of story. UM. You can tweet
39:24
Speaker 1: to us at s Y s K podcast. You can
39:27
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