Latest / Ebbs of History / When a Soccer Game Started a Real War
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- Jason: Lessons we've learned today. Time for the Fun Fact Challenge! This day in History! Welcome to the Ubbs of History, the show where we dribble through the strangest, wildest, and sometimes downright creepiest stories the past has to offer. From haunted hat tricks to Extra executions. You'll laugh, you'll gasp, you'll even groan up my impeccable kid jokes. Red card for that one ref see myself out. ⁓ But importantly, you'll learn how history is way cooler than your textbook ever told you. We're history loving hosts, Zoe. Jason. And I'm Gavin. And today we're kicking off something special. Because in honor of the World Cup, which starts today, We've lined up a three part series of soccer themed episodes to air throughout the cup. Consider this our group stage of history, and trust me, we brought our A game. Speaking of which, today the three of us are diving into the story so wild it makes losing on penalties look reasonable. A tale of two nations, one referee and zero chill. So lace up your boots, grab your Vu Vuzela, and try s not to riot. Subbing in, subbing out, this is the ebbs of history. Hey there history lovers, ⁓ welcome back to another episode of the Edge of History. We're so glad here with us today. Zoe, Dad, how is everyone's week? Well it's been a day since we last recorded. So it's been a good day. I took a nap today. Awesome. It was awesome. Zoe? Kind of just a relaxing day. You've been playing Pokemon lately. I have. I have. I'm ahead of you now. I know. ⁓ my gosh. It's taken like two days. Yeah. I just set up a big ol' like shelf. ⁓ in my room so ⁓ my god it's so much better. It is nice. I like it, yes. it's my room looks so unorganized now. At least like that little area. it's so nice. From what it was to what it is now, major improvement. up before we start. Today's episodes incl includes the death of teenager suicide ⁓ in nineteen nine. talk about it carefully and we don't ⁓ dwell on it, ⁓ but if that's a hard topic for you right now, you might want to skip this one. If you ever need to talk to in the US, can call or text nine eighty eight. Okay. On with the show. ⁓ Today's is one of the most famously misunderstood henlines in twentieth century history. Soccer game started war. Did it? Kind of? Sorta? Actually, no. ⁓ We're going interrogate the legend and find the real story underneath, which is way more interesting. Alright guys. The story everyone tells goes like this. In nineteen sixty-nine, ⁓ two countries in Central America, El Salvador and Honduras, played three games against each other. Hated each other so much by the end that El Salvador invaded Honduras and that was the reason for the war. This thing was even nicknamed the Football War or the Soccer War. Or my personal favorite. The Hundred Hour War. Pick your poison. Sounds wild, right? Soccer game ends. Tanks roll. Zoe, Dad, quick question. On a scale of one to ten, how plausible does we got mad a at a soccer match and then went to war actually sound? I mean to me it sounds pretty plausible, I know. people take sports pretty seriously. As we've seen in past episodes, yeah, people do take sports really seriously. But starting a war That's for the government thing. Like it's a cool Yeah, I just don't know. Like maybe a two or a three. Hm. Okay. What about you, Zoe? What did you say anything? You didn't give a number. ⁓ I know I was supposed to give a number, sorry. ⁓ I would say probably about a six I would say about two. real warriors ⁓ need a little more feel than a bad ref call. Right. So today we're going to be detectives again. We're going to lay out what everyone thinks happened ⁓ and then we're going ask was it really the soccer? Spoiler, it was not. In nineteen sixty nine, El Salvador and Honduras ⁓ are two small ⁓ Shading a border in Central America ⁓ are very different. Honduras has tons land and not many people. El Salvador has tons of people ⁓ and very little land. Dad, what happens one country next door has empty land the other one is at the seams? I would think the country with not with a lot of people would start taking over the country with a lot of with w with less people. So they've got more land, so they're gonna want to take the empty land. Yeah, definitely. ⁓ they're I mean, if they're bursting at the seams of people with no land, of course they're gonna take the land ⁓ the one right next door. Mm-hmm. ⁓ has like basically not even like half the people that they do. Less than that. And they have more land. Right. By nineteen sixty nine, ⁓ somewhere between three hundred thousand ⁓ and three hundred fifty thousand Salvadorians ⁓ had crossed into Honduras looking for farmland and work. For a while this worked out Then it stopped working out. ⁓ In nineteen sixty Honduras passed a land reform law that over the next years started taking land away from farmers And redistributing it. and surprise, a of people losing that land ⁓ the Salvadorian migrants who Been farming it for years. Honduran nationalists started blaming the Salvadorians For unemployment, for poverty, for everything. Sounds familiar. is one of the oldest scapegoat playbooks in the ⁓ When the economy goes bad, blame newcomers. ⁓ Even when the newcomers had nothing to do it, the Salvadorian migrants were beaten, harassed, expelled, of thousands of them were forced back across the border ⁓ into an El Salvador that did not have room for them. Imagine your home country saying, Welcome back to fifty thousand people in one summer when you barely have enough farmland for the people who never left. Both governments started yelling at each other. The Salvadoran government accused Honduras of genocide The Honduran government denied everything. It was to use a technical historical term, a hot mess. saying like genocide is like serious thing. Like ⁓ just like that's a serious like you did that. Accusation, yeah. That's that's the word. That's a serious accusation. Yeah. Just crazy. Like they like just jumping so quick on it goes from like one to a hundred. Yeah. Right? Like So when I tell you the powder keg was already full of gunpowder before anybody mentioned the word soccer, ⁓ that is ⁓ I mean. ⁓ now enter the ⁓ In nineteen sixty ⁓ both countries are to qualify for the nineteen seventy FIFA World Cup, ⁓ which is being held Mexico. ⁓ Neither one has ever it in to a World Cup reward. This is a huge deal. ⁓ what historians like to call coincidence. ⁓ And what I to call the universe need a writing prompt, ⁓ the two countries drawn against each other ⁓ a three game qualifying series. a scale of one to ten, how good of an idea is it to make two countries that already hate each other ⁓ play three sporting events in three I don't know, that sounds like putting Russia and Ukraine together. Yeah. Like that's like that's kind of like the modern day equivalent that I can think of right now. It's just they're just like they're feuding, it's not gonna end well. That's term adding fuel to the fire seems very apropos here. ⁓ fuel to a powder keg that is already about to explode. That's right. ⁓ the two teams that have one never made it to the World Cup, and two ⁓ Soccer is the biggest sport in the world. No context. Passion is the word that comes to my head. Yeah. No contest. Okay. ⁓ Like the amount of pa The amount of passion that people have for soccer ⁓ mixed with already high tension. It's ⁓ the powder kit's explode. Match one, June eighth, nineteen sixty nine. ⁓ Teguose Galpa. Honduras. Honduras wins ⁓ zero. Salvadoran fans and players are mistreated all weekend, taunted, jostled, thrown stuff at But what next in El Salvador ⁓ that night what everyone remembers. An eighteen year old young woman ⁓ named Amelia Bolanos ⁓ watching game on TV. When Hondora scores the winning goal, ⁓ in the minute she takes her own life. I want to pause for a second because this is a part of s of the story where I think the soccer war legend really starts breaking down. Amelia was a young person who was clearly in enormous pain and I want to say very clearly that we know today that suicide is almost never about a single event. There's always more going on. but the Salvadoran ⁓ and press at time did something deliberate. They turned her into a national symbol overnight. Her funeral was broadcast on television. ⁓ The president of Salvador ⁓ attended. The national team served as her honor guard. The biggest Salvadoran ⁓ newspaper printed ⁓ that could not bear to her country defeated. I mean like I that just makes me sick a little bit. Like they took this this poor girl's death at her own hands and turned it into a PR stunt. Yeah. It's disgusting. Yeah. Ugh. They they used her pain and mental anguish anguish And her mental anguish and turned it into publicity. Yeah. That's unacceptable. Unacceptable. That is correct. God it's it it makes me sick to my stomach too. I mean, it's just like the pe the lengths that people go to to ⁓ get popularity and to be right. Yeah. And we see it ⁓ more ever today with ⁓ how the internet is. Yes. ⁓ Like people will take events and use it in their favor, twist the words and ⁓ they'll use a event in favor to give them publicity. ⁓ Or they'll do something themselves. That's That's crazy and offensive ⁓ and they'll ⁓ use it to popularity. To likes. ⁓ To get likes and views. Ugh, just ⁓ Whatever was actually happening in this young woman's life, the people in power chose to make her death about soccer and about national pride. And that choice did real damage. ⁓ Dad, quick question What of story does that turn the next soccer match into? That's good question. think the next one would be ⁓ Like for the side she was Honduran? ⁓ yes. Yeah. So no, I could be wrong. No. She was also El Salvadoran because if the El Salvador government was losing it. So the El Salvadoran team would probably think we have to win this for her. Yeah. And then the Honduran team would have to say, Well, we really shouldn't win this game. Yeah. You know, because this girl died and you know, and all it it'd be kinda awkward, really, for the Honduran team. Yeah. You know? I mean like it's not their fault. It's a psychological part of sports. It's like the honor. Yeah. Or like just Although it's sports, it's just like It's disrespectful, honestly. If you win that. Like no, no, they're they're ⁓ for ⁓ Honduras. Like you still gonna try to win? I mean it's how you treat it, the situation, I think. 'Cause if you would go on that's kinda like But you're not gonna try as hard. I wouldn't think so. And if you like score any goals you would just not be like all like what Jo Zoe just did, like all like celebraty. Yep. Or even win. It's a different There's a different motivation. Instead of playing to win, it's playing for honor. It's playing for honoring someone's life. Because they technically the Honduran team doesn't have to win at this point. Yeah. Because it it seems like it's a best of three. Yeah, it is. So yeah. Yeah. So if Honduras wins, they advance to the World Cup. Correct. Because the morale of the team was already down. the morale of the El Salvadoran team was down as well. Like there's also that we're like there's not in the right headspace. That's a huge factor. Like the El Salvador team, they're like Hype, I guess, is way down and Honduras is just normal, maybe. Well, they may be a little bit lower, you know, it's tragic. ⁓ Match two. June fifteenth. ⁓ Nineteen sixty nine. San Salvador. Salvadoran fans surround the Honduran teams all night, throwing rocks, honking horns, ⁓ making absolutely sure ⁓ Nobody on the visiting team sleeps. The next day, on what is essentially zero hours of sleep, Honduras gets demolished. Three zero. Fans in the streets ⁓ attack citizens. ⁓ Violence breaks along the border. Salvadorans ⁓ in are ⁓ beaten and expelled. citizens Flea Salvadoran neighborhoods. Things are getting very bad. Match three. twenty sixth, nineteen nine. Mexico City, neutral ground. This ⁓ interesting. Yeah. This one into extra time. El Salvador wins three to two in overtime. They're going to the World Cup. ⁓ Now here is the part that everyone forgets. On that same day, June twenty sixth, ⁓ El Salvador formally cut ⁓ off diplomatic relations with Honduras, accusing them of genocide against Salvadorian ⁓ The soccer game and the diplomatic break happen on the same calendar That is n not ⁓ and then a soccer game started a war timeline. That is the war was already cooked and the soccer was the timer going a ding. Yeah. ⁓ I'm sure there is no coincidence that the diplomatic ties were cut off on that day, but this was brewing long, long before the soccer the three soccer games. Yeah, thousand percent. Yeah. And I mean what, n nineteen sixty two it was? Yeah. That it all started like five years before. Right. Yeah. This is like seven years now that this has just been booming in the pot. And it just reminds me, Zoe, ⁓ and Gavin of World War One. Yeah. Where it was going to happen no matter what. It was just what was going to set that off. Yeah. And that being the c killing of Archduke France Ferdinand. That just happened to be the same. That just happened to be exactly. But it was going to happen no matter what. Yep. This seems like the exact same situation. We've been using this phase a lot. This podcast, but it was just a powder keg about to explode. Yeah. With World War One and the killing of Archie Duke fans Ferdinand and this game. Yeah. Like, this is what set off the powder keg. Like it made it explode. This is how the powder keg theory works. three weeks later on fourteenth, ⁓ sixty nine, Bastille just for fun, El Salvador launched airstrikes against Honduras ⁓ and they drove tanks across the border. Except they weren't really tanks. ⁓ They were with quarter-inch steel plates welded the sides. I'm not making that up. A US diplomat at the time described it as a s as Salvadoran troops in Belgian aromatic weapons and homemade army jeeps facing on Honduran army with machetes and old hunting rifles. Both sides also had small air forces and got into actual dog fights using leftover World War Two propeller planes. Corsairs and Mustangs, which historians believe were the last propeller driven dog fights in the Western Hemisphere. ⁓ That just shows you how poor each country was. Yeah. That they didn't really have you know what we think an army would have even back then. I mean this is nineteen sixty nine, so it's not that long ago, but even you know, back then they they had jeeps with steel. Yeah. Not tanks, machetes, old used Belgian guns, old used Propeller airplanes. Yeah. Like it's just two poor countries fighting each other. It's like a military hand me down. Yes. Like Was this of the proxy wars ⁓ that Russia and the were f ⁓ b fighting during the Cold War? Or was this because it's just a standalone one? I'm not sure, but it does not sound like it. 'Cause 'cause they have they don't have very good ⁓ Stuff and if they were involved in any way, shape, or form they would be These are just two neighbors fighting, it sounds like. Yeah. Well I just know it's in the same time frame, so I didn't know if that was one of them. Alright, Zoe. What is the most darkly funny thing you can imagine happening to an invading army that is using welded jeep tanks? probably the metal falling off of the tanks. Yeah. ⁓ Yeah. ⁓ Or just like the pure sight of seeing like modified Jeeps rolling into your country and like what is that? It's like Jeep and in tank cosplay. Yeah. Pretty much. ⁓ tanks ran out of gas. ⁓ Salvadoran army ⁓ it about twenty to thirty kilometers in Honduras and literally ran out of fuel. The whole invasion just stopped. They were stuck. For us Americans out there, twenty to thirty is approximately twelve point to eighteen point six miles. ⁓ So they stalled out real quick. Yeah. That's what? Like from where we are to like P V maybe less. No, that's about six miles up to where you guys go school. So up and down. Up and down, yes. Up and down from school. There you go. Like that is very little. Mm-hmm. I must say. Must I must say. Sorry. Alright. So we were savage on civilians. estimates of total death range is from about two thousand to as many as several thousand depending on who's counting. ⁓ but it was over fast. Four days after started, on july eighteenth, the Organization of American States ⁓ negotiated a ceasefire. Why so fast? Because the OAS ⁓ threatened both countries economic isolation ⁓ if they didn't stop. Salvador withdrew, ⁓ the war had lasted, give or take, one hundred hours. more of a battle than a war. Right? Yeah. I mean there's been shorter wars, but ⁓ wasn't the shortest war thirty minutes? Thirty some minutes? Yeah, think it was thirty six minutes. I w I learned about it in my history class. Battleton. It's must have been in the era. Here's the part w that will hurt your soul. ⁓ Remember why all this started? El Salvador wanted to go to the nineteen seventy World Cup. ⁓ They did. The next year they showed up in Mexico, played three matches, lost all three, and scored exactly zero goals. They went home in last place. The whole thing. The matches, the riots, the death of a y young woman, the invasion, the dead civilians, and El Salvador's reward was finishing last in their World Cup group with a goose egg on a scoreboard. Jeez that stinks. All of that A whole war. Well Yeah. Give me take. And then they just go on to lose three zero like series wise. ⁓ and three, yep. With zero goals the entire time. in the diplomatic relationship. The two countries did not sign a formal peace treaty until 1980, ⁓ eleven years after this incident. The migration tensions ⁓ land disputes that actually caused the war ⁓ went away. The land was still scarce. The were still displaced. The poverty was still grinding. In nineteen seventy-nine, ⁓ ten years after the soccer ⁓ El Salvador slid into a civil war that lasted twelve brutal years and killed roughly seventy five thousand people. Many historians believe the war was a major contributor because it deepened the economic crisis ⁓ and forced ⁓ the of huge of displaced workers ⁓ into an already broken Salvadoran's economy. Yeah, that reminds me of something you said that they didn't sign the peace treaty for eleven years. It reminds me that I read something recently. Do you guys know when the Korean War happened? Yeah. No. What decade? not the exact decade, but I know it was during the Cold War. It was during the Core War. It in the fifties. It was never signed. It was never signed and is technically still happening today. ⁓ my god. The Korean War. Yeah. Like technically. Interesting, right? Technically, yeah. I it's definitely not North and North and South Korea. Yep. ⁓ my god. It was never signed. Hmm. So when someone tells you a soccer game started a war, what they should really say is a soccer game gave a war an excuse and the consequences of that war kept rolling on for the next forty years. And the soccer game itself, yeah, it didn't cause any of that, but it sure made a great headline. I'm sure the tensions were high, but it was not the cause of an actual war. Right? Yeah. Historiography ⁓ So how did this all come to be known as the Football War? A lot of the blame honestly goes to one guy, a Polish journalist, ⁓ I'm not even going to attempt to pronounce. I wish you could see the script right now, it is insane. ⁓ wrote a famous book called The Soccer War in nineteen seventy eight. This Polish journalist was a beautiful writer. later historians pointed out a writer sometimes embellished things. His book made the world fall in love with the idea that a soccer game caused a war and the nickname stuck forever. The Amelia story in particular got told and retold with details we honestly don't know are true. Hm. That's interesting. Yeah. ⁓ Like this writer that not gonna try to pronounce. Because he could write well and tell a good story. Yeah. And he embellished some of the facts in it. I feel like you can kinda take like a different example. This might not have happened, but it can. ⁓ artist trying to depict like a historical time, like a whole historical event and just kinda like twisting it. ⁓ what a thousand percent happened. ⁓ yeah. Like yeah. I don't know the first thing. What when you say that, the first thing I think of is Stalin editing out pictures. And people out of Yeah. That's the first thing I thought of was just propaganda. It twists it. It's like twisting the event and twisting the words of what actually happened. Right. A good example of that, ⁓ way minor of course, is the you know, the whole Napoleon with his hand in his Yeah. Thing. He never did that. Mm-hmm. Yeah. It's just the artist interpretation. One famous thing can change the entire perspective, even though it's not true. Correct. Alright. Latin American historians ⁓ spent the last few decades pushing back hard. ⁓ The matches a trigger, not a cause. The actual causes were land ⁓ scarcity, ⁓ migration, scapegoating, ⁓ and two that failed to protect vulnerable people for years before any soccer was played. the Uruguayan writer Eduardo Gleno it best. Soccer can tensions to a boil, but the feel for for boil comes from somewhere entirely. the football war ⁓ name catchy. also misleading. Real history rarely fits on a bumper sticker. what have we learned today? I think one of the biggest ones ⁓ is something that we always kinda go over and it's a sensational headline or name of something doesn't really tell the truth. Not all the time. Like soccer war or emu war. That really wasn't a war against emus. It was three guys out in the you know, the Australian Outback. The in the Australian Outback ⁓ at birds with machine guns. Yeah. This was a ⁓ war ⁓ Or y and it wasn't even caused by soccer. It was the ⁓ soccer was a component of it. Yeah. I learned that we need to be skeptical ⁓ of sensational headlines. Don't just take things at face Yeah. Don't look at the thing that caused something, look also at the build up. 'Cause we've gone over this multiple times this episode. It wasn't the soccer game that caused it. ⁓ was the build up and then the soccer game which caused an explosion. Yeah. ⁓ a few takeaways from today. When something terrible happens watch what the people in power do with it. The Salvadoran government took a real young person tragedy and used to whip up ⁓ rage for a They were probably already That is a thing that powerful people still do today with news cycles instead of newspapers. Just like I was saying earlier, like people do things ⁓ for clout and likes, yep. Second lesson. the easy explanation is almost always wrong. ⁓ A suck caused a war is satisfying because it is simple. But leaves ⁓ out ⁓ migrants, land, the racism, the hundred years of unbalance before kickoff. Always ask, What is the boring, complicated answer underneath the catchy one? And third, short crises can have long shadows. The football war helped destabilize Central America for decades and contributed to El Salvador's twelve years civil war that followed. a hundred hours of fighting, ⁓ fifty years of consequences. It's like cause and effect. Yeah, absolutely. I mean we look at it today. ⁓ the effects of the war in Iran right now are going to be long lasting ⁓ for decades. Yeah. Like still ongoing, but it was you know, it's we can ⁓ look back in our see what happened to them, and just imagine what's gonna happen to us. Yeah. Because history repeats. Absolutely. If if we don't educate ourselves, history is going to repeat. ⁓ We're obviously not educating ⁓ as a nation. ⁓ Three ho ⁓ no, three ones today actually. ⁓ I did them, so Question one. What were the three nicknames of the war? Three? Locked in. I gotcha. Okay. Yeah, all three of them. I got I locked in. You have all three of them? I do. You you gotta give at least two. I got all three. I got all three, baby. Okay, I think of it. The soccer war. The football war. The one hundred hour war. Okay, good job. Point down. I didn't have the soccer war. I only had the football war in the hundred hours war. And I you literally Said you're not gonna need that. Why are you writing that down? No, I did say we weren't gonna need it. I said why are you taking notes right now? No, I was saying why wasn't I? Why wasn't ⁓ no, he asked why I was taking notes at that point in time. I was asking for I was saying you should really take notes. I question two. What year was the World Cup and where was it? Locked in. it was nineteen seventy it was in Mexico. Okay, good job. Alright, we tie. Let's see who wins. Question three. What day did the war start and long did it last? In days? dual math here. Locked in. Okay, Zoe. A July sixteenth. ⁓ July eighteenth. ⁓ think that's close enough. ⁓ but I mean dil via. You didn't give him a chance to answer. No, that's fine. I think that's close enough. That's that's ⁓ No, but how much days did it last? ⁓ days. Okay, yeah, you got that. ⁓ Do I give it to her? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, she won that. No, but you didn't give him days off. You didn't give him an answer. Because I wasn't gonna come up with that. ⁓ I won Some other things happen on June eleventh across history. Fifteen ⁓ nine, King Henry the Eighth of England married Catherine of Aragon, ⁓ the of his eventual six wives. Their later divorce would help kick off the English Reformation. I mean ⁓ last wasn't it ⁓ the head the ⁓ one the churches, the head of the Protestant church? The canterburn the the I know what it was. The Archbishop. The Archbishop of Canterbury nullified his second wife's marriage. No. Or said it was okay. Of course. He said it yeah, he He said his he said his marriage to ⁓ Boleyn was okay. That's right. Which going against the Pope. The Pope said nope. The Pope said nope. Ha ha ha. Yeah. I let's go back to the start or like the mid part of this question. He's eventually six wives. Yeah. Yeah, he had quite a bit. Yeah. There's a little jingle now. ⁓ you have. Divorced, beheaded, and died. I'm trying to think of the Kunk on Earth one that she's like, he was a Cath he he married like four Catherines. He was like He was a Catherine Holic short, Catholic. Or something like that. It was like there there was a pun about him being a catholic. Short Catholic. Yeah. Yeah. Right. Nineteen thirty-five. Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in Akron Ohio by Bill Wilson and Doctor Bob Smith. beginning what would become the world's most influential addiction recovery ⁓ story. Bill ⁓ W., ⁓ who is one of creators of AA ⁓ was actually at Canterbury Cathedral. No, Canterbury. Winchester Cathedral. ⁓ Which right there on our wall. Cathedral. ⁓ And in the graveyard there or cemetery there, he saw someone had died. of alcoholism basically. And it when he read how young he was, it inspired him to try and change his ways. Huh. Yeah. Wow, 'cause was he an alcoholic? Yeah, ⁓ yeah. ⁓ yeah. And he and his doctor, they were he was trying you know, he went to this doctor and they tried everything that they could to stop him from drinking and it just wasn't working. they couldn't figure it ⁓ But then they stumbled upon this. But that in that Winchester Cathedral cemetery stone ⁓ was what inspired him to start the whole entire AA thing. Interesting, right? It all it all connects back to It does. It all connects to Europe for you, Dad. All roads lead to Europe. To England, really. All roads lead to England. nineteen sixty three, two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood became the first African Americans ⁓ enroll at the University of Alabama after Governor George Wallace's ⁓ infamous in the schoolhouse door was forced aside by federal authority. That's huge step. Yeah. Do you guys remember that from Poor Scrum? Yep. ⁓ Mm-hmm. was I wanna watch that again. Yep. ⁓ ⁓ The war wasn't really about football. It was about migration and two governments failing their people. just struck the match. That's it for this episode. Thanks for traveling through time with us on the Ebbs of History. If you like today's story, share with a teacher, a friend, or your family on Instagram at Ebbs of History. If you have any show ideas, corrections, or questions, ⁓ can contact us at questions at ebbsofhistory dot com. Signing off, this has been your co-host, Jason. Zoe. And me, Gavin. Reminding you that history is not just about and battles. ⁓ Is about people, curiosity, weird wonderful choices that shaped our world. ⁓ Until time, keep wondering. Keep laughing. And keep learning. Do the ebbs of history My God that was.