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07 - New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter, J. Paul Hudson · New Discoveries at Jamestown

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  Speaker 1: Section seven of New Discoveries at Jamestown. This is a
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
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  Speaker 1: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
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  Speaker 1: This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina.
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  Speaker 1: New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Connor and J.
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  Speaker 1: Paul Hudson, Section seven Travel. During the seventeenth century, travel
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  Speaker 1: in Virginia was mainly by boat, as the roads leading
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  Speaker 1: from Jamestown to the nearby settlements were usually in deplorable condition,
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  Speaker 1: especially after heavy rains. The settlers preferred to travel by
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  Speaker 1: water whenever possible. As the colony grew and roads were
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  Speaker 1: improved somewhat, travel by horse became more common, especially for
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  Speaker 1: short trips. After sixteen fifty the use of wagons and goes,
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  Speaker 1: and records indicate that a few of the more prosperous
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  Speaker 1: planters imported fine carriages from England. Boats and ships. Boats
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  Speaker 1: used by the settlers varied in size from small, flat
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  Speaker 1: bottomed boats to fairly large sailing vessels, and included such
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  Speaker 1: types as small rowboats, pinnaises, barks bylanders, schooners, catches, and sloops.
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  Speaker 1: Living on a river and in a tidewater area of
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  Speaker 1: innumerable creeks, bays, and rivers. Practically all of the colonists
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  Speaker 1: were familiar with handling boats of one type or another. However,
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  Speaker 1: only a few objects relating to boats and ships have
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  Speaker 1: been unearthed at Jamestown small anchors, chains, oarlocks, ships, bolts
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  Speaker 1: and spikes, and tools used by shipwrights and ship's carpenters.
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  Speaker 1: Illustration caption some bits and bridle ornaments in the Jamestown collection.
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  Speaker 1: The artistic designs on many bridal balls are symbolic of
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  Speaker 1: beautiful handiwork performed by craftsmen of a bygone day. End
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  Speaker 1: of caption. Horses, wagons and carriages. The first English built
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  Speaker 1: road in America, in use by sixteen oh eight, ran
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  Speaker 1: one mile from Jamestown Island to Glasshouse Point. Later, as
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  Speaker 1: the colony grew, the road was extended to Governor Berkeley's plantation,
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  Speaker 1: about four miles from Jamestown and other nearby settlements. There
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  Speaker 1: is some evidence that it was known as the Old
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  Speaker 1: Road or Great Road. Illustration caption seventeenth century spur and
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  Speaker 1: Stirrup excavated at Jamestown and of caption. Illustration caption This
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  Speaker 1: branding iron was used by one of the colonists during
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  Speaker 1: the early days of the settlement end of caption. As
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  Speaker 1: early as sixteen oh nine, six mares and two horses
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  Speaker 1: were brought to Jameson Town. In sixteen eleven, seventeen horses
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  Speaker 1: and maores arrived, and in sixteen fourteen Captain Samuel Argall
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  Speaker 1: brought several more. Six years later, in sixteen twenty, twenty
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  Speaker 1: horses were shipped from England. It is most surprising, therefore,
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  Speaker 1: that the census of sixteen twenty five recorded only one
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  Speaker 1: horse for the entire colony. By sixteen forty nine, however,
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  Speaker 1: it was estimated that there were three hundred horses in Virginia,
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  Speaker 1: and most of the successful farmers and wealthy planters owned them.
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  Speaker 1: After sixteen fifty, during the following years, the number of
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  Speaker 1: horses increased greatly. Many well preserved metal objects relating to
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  Speaker 1: horse equipment and riding gear have been unearthed bits and
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  Speaker 1: bridal ornaments. Most bits are of the snaffel variety, although
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  Speaker 1: a few curb bits have been recovered. In those days,
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  Speaker 1: many bits had brass bosses attached to their cheek bars,
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  Speaker 1: and many of these attractive ornaments have been unearthed. Some
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  Speaker 1: bosses are decorated with raised designs, while others are plain.
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  Speaker 1: The majority are made of brass, although a few iron
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  Speaker 1: bosses have been excavated. Spurs and stirrups a few complete
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  Speaker 1: spurs have been excavated, while the majority are plain iron.
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  Speaker 1: Some brass spurs in the collection are decorated with very
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  Speaker 1: attractive incised or embossed designs. Two or three of the
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  Speaker 1: highly decorated brass spurs are probably of Spanish origin. One
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  Speaker 1: of them, in excellent condition, was found near an early
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  Speaker 1: brick kiln. Illustration caption Wrought iron horseshoes and curry coombs
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  Speaker 1: used prior to sixteen fifty and of caption illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: settlers trading with the Indians, bartering, casting, counters and other
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  Speaker 1: trade goods for furs conjectural sketch by Sydney E. King
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  Speaker 1: and of all stirrups on Earth are made of wrought iron.
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  Speaker 1: Some of the steps or stirrup bars are solid, while
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  Speaker 1: others have a single slot. Horseshoes and currycombs. Horseshoes found
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  Speaker 1: vary considerably in size, although the majority are relatively small.
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  Speaker 1: Many shoes have both toe and heelcocks, and in most
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  Speaker 1: examples the cocks are well worn. The many small shoes
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  Speaker 1: that have been excavated may indicate that the horses used
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  Speaker 1: in Virginia three centuries ago were much smaller than the
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  Speaker 1: twentieth century breeds. All curry combs found are hand wrought,
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  Speaker 1: and many have pleasing designs on the backs formed by
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  Speaker 1: the curved iron strips which extend from the handle prong
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  Speaker 1: to the back of the comb. Branding irons. Parts of
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  Speaker 1: several branding irons were found, including a complete example with
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  Speaker 1: initials tr wagon and carriage parts. Archaeologists on Earth only
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  Speaker 1: a few metal parts from wagons and carriages, reminders of
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  Speaker 1: a day when horses and oxen were indispensable animals in
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  Speaker 1: the Virginia Settlements trade. Some interesting objects recovered at Jamestown
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  Speaker 1: relate to early trade. These include items used in trade
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  Speaker 1: with the Indians, as well as an excellent assortment of
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  Speaker 1: lead bale clips. These clips are decorated discs which are
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  Speaker 1: often attached to bales of goods, especially woolen cloth imported
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  Speaker 1: from England. One object, the heaviest unearthed at Jamestown, relates
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  Speaker 1: indirectly to trade. It is a thirteen hundred pound iron
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  Speaker 1: pile driver, which was once used to build wharfs and
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  Speaker 1: piers Indian trade. One reason why the colonists selected a
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  Speaker 1: site for Jamestown, some miles up the James River, was
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  Speaker 1: to develop the Indian trade over an extensive area. During
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  Speaker 1: the early years of the colony, trade with the natives
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  Speaker 1: was encouraged. It is clear from the early records that
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  Speaker 1: the settlers bartered such items as beads, cloth, penny knives, shears, bells,
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  Speaker 1: glass toys, whistles, hatchets, pots and pans, brass, casting counters,
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  Speaker 1: and similar objects in exchange for Indian corn and other vegetables, fish, game,
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  Speaker 1: fruits and berries, and furs. Many examples of English trade
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  Speaker 1: goods used for bartering with the Indians have been found
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  Speaker 1: on the island, but these can be described only briefly. Beads.
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  Speaker 1: The majority of glass beads were shipped from England, although
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  Speaker 1: some may have been made in Italy, probably in Venice.
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  Speaker 1: As no glass beads were found at or near the
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  Speaker 1: site of the glass factory, it is doubtful whether any
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  Speaker 1: were made there. Most beads in the collection are round
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  Speaker 1: or oval. A few are cylindrical, having been cut from
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  Speaker 1: colored glass rods. All beads excavated are of one or
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  Speaker 1: more colors, with the exception of two or three that
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  Speaker 1: are colorless. After three centuries, the attractive colors still persist,
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  Speaker 1: and looking at the colorful beads today, you can understand
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  Speaker 1: the charm they held for the Indians. Knives, small inexpensive
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  Speaker 1: knives called penny knives were often used for trading purposes
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  Speaker 1: during the years at Jamestown. A few folding knives and
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  Speaker 1: blade fragments which may also have been penny knives, have
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  Speaker 1: been recovered. Shears Several shears and scissors, highly prized by
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  Speaker 1: the Indians, were found on the island. A few are
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  Speaker 1: almost complete. Bells, brass and iron bells of types which
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  Speaker 1: were used for bartering with the Indians, have been excavated.
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  Speaker 1: A few days after the colonists reached Jamestown, one of
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  Speaker 1: them recorded that our captain presented to an Indian chief
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  Speaker 1: gifts of divers sorts as penny knives, shears, bells, beads,
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  Speaker 1: glass toys, etc. More amply than before and to illustration
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  Speaker 1: caption brass casting counters excavated on Jamestown Island. Many were
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  Speaker 1: made in Germany before fifteen seventy five for use by
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  Speaker 1: merchants on counting boards. In the New World, they were
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  Speaker 1: used for the Indian trade and of caption illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: a few objects unearthed at Jamestown which were used for
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  Speaker 1: trading with the Indians. Shown are glass speeds, scissors, iron knives,
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  Speaker 1: a hatchet and bell fragments, and of caption, hatchets. Many
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  Speaker 1: fine specimens of hand wrought hatchets have been found. These
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  Speaker 1: were valuable items during the early years of the settlement
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  Speaker 1: and much sought after by the Indians, so that a
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  Speaker 1: large number were used in trade with them, but hatchets
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  Speaker 1: were used primarily by the carpenter Cooper and other artisans.
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  Speaker 1: Pots and pans A pot or pan made of brass
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  Speaker 1: or copper was almost worth its weighting gold for trading purposes.
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  Speaker 1: A few complete examples, together with numerous fragments, have been recovered.
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  Speaker 1: Brass casting counters or jetons. Most of these thin brass
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  Speaker 1: tokens or counters similar in appearance to coins, were made
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  Speaker 1: in Germany during the second half of the sixteenth century.
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  Speaker 1: In Europe they were used on counting boards for making
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  Speaker 1: mathematical calculations, but in the New World it is believed
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  Speaker 1: that they were used in the Indian trade. Approximately a
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  Speaker 1: dozen have been found at Jamestown, Three were also found
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  Speaker 1: on Roanoke Island, sight of Raleigh's ill fated lost colony,
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  Speaker 1: and one was recovered in an Indian shell mound near
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  Speaker 1: Cape Hatteras, not too distant from Croatan Island known today
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  Speaker 1: as Okracoke Island. Many of the counters in the Jamestown
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  Speaker 1: collection were made by Hans Schuldis and Hans Laufer of Nuremberg,
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  Speaker 1: who manufactured such jetons between fifteen fifty and fifteen seventy four,
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  Speaker 1: at which time Nuremberg was a center for the making
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  Speaker 1: of casting counters. Some of the counters have holes punched
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  Speaker 1: through them, indicating that the Indians may have worn them
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  Speaker 1: around their necks like pendants suspended from leather thongs miscellaneous items.
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  Speaker 1: Other objects which the English used in trade with the
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  Speaker 1: Indians were colored cloth, glass toys, and whistles, but no
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  Speaker 1: examples of these have been recovered during archaeological explorations. Illustration
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  Speaker 1: caption a wharf scene arrival of a ship from the
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  Speaker 1: mother country. Conjectural sketch by Sydney E. King. English and
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  Speaker 1: foreign trade during the seventeenth century, active trade was carried
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  Speaker 1: on between the Virginia Colony and the mother country. Local
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  Speaker 1: commodities of timber wood products, soap, ashes, iron, ore, tobacco, pitch, tar, furs, minerals, salt,
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  Speaker 1: sassafras and other New World raw materials were shipped to
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  Speaker 1: England in exchange. English merchants sold to the colonists tools,
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  Speaker 1: farm implements, seeds, stock and poultry, furniture and household accessories, clothing, weapons, hardware,
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  Speaker 1: kitchen utensils, pottery, metalware, glassware, and certain foods and drinks.
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  Speaker 1: There is also good evidence that some trade was carried
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  Speaker 1: on with Holland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Mexico and
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  Speaker 1: the West Indies. Many artifacts on Earth, especially pottery, were
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  Speaker 1: made in the countries mentioned. It is believed that certain
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  Speaker 1: commodities were acquired by direct trade where the country where made,
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  Speaker 1: in spite of the district laws by which the colonial
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  Speaker 1: powers sought to monopolize the colonial trade for the benefit
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  Speaker 1: of the mother country. Led bail clips, a series of
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  Speaker 1: decorated leg clips which relate to seventeenth century trade, have
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  Speaker 1: been found at several places on Jamestown Island. As their
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  Speaker 1: name implies, these lead clips or seals were attached to
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  Speaker 1: bales of English goods, usually woolen cloth, to attest that
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  Speaker 1: the goods were of an approved quality and length and
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  Speaker 1: of a given amount. Each clip usually consisted of two
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  Speaker 1: discs connected by a narrow band, and when used for
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  Speaker 1: marking cloth, the name or initials of the maker of
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  Speaker 1: the material was often incised on one of the discs.
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  Speaker 1: The clips, too, were often embossed with a decorative device,
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  Speaker 1: such as a coat of arms, crest, crown, name or
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  Speaker 1: initials of a king, numerals, king's head, royal, arms, animal,
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  Speaker 1: or flower. Over a dozen of these small leg clips
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  Speaker 1: have been unearthed and serve as reminders of a past
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  Speaker 1: day when majestic English merchantmen sailed to Jamestown laden with
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  Speaker 1: bales of goods from the mother country. Illustration caption lead
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  Speaker 1: bale clips used for sealing bales of woolen cloth and
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  Speaker 1: other goods. Once a clip had been attached to a bale,
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  Speaker 1: it attested that the goods were of an approved quality,
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  Speaker 1: in length or amount. End of caption. Illustration caption. This
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  Speaker 1: thirteen hundred pound iron pile driver, used for driving piles
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  Speaker 1: in the building of small wharves, was found at Jamestown.
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  Speaker 1: End of caption. Illustration caption building a wharf about sixteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty conjectural sketch by Sydney E. King end of caption.
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  Speaker 1: Piers and wharfs in order to accommodate such large sailing vessels,
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  Speaker 1: peers and wharfs had to be built. At Jamestown. A
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  Speaker 1: thirteen hundred pound iron pile driver was found in the
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  Speaker 1: basement of a seventeenth century building in nineteen fifty five.
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  Speaker 1: It was probably used three centuries ago for driving piles
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  Speaker 1: in the James River during construction of a small wharf.
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  Speaker 1: Worshiping the Jamestown colonists were for the most part religious
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  Speaker 1: and God fearing people. The majority were members of the
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  Speaker 1: Church of England. One of the first settlers, the Reverend
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  Speaker 1: Robert Hunt, was an ordained minister of that church. Whenever possible,
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  Speaker 1: services were held every morning and evening, and sermons delivered
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  Speaker 1: twice on Sundays. A few ornamental brass book clasps excavated
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  Speaker 1: near Jamestown may have been used on early Bibles and
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  Speaker 1: prayer books. Under the care of Bruton Parish Episcopal Church
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  Speaker 1: in Williamsburg are four pieces of care communion silver which
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  Speaker 1: were used in the church at Jamestown. Two pieces an
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  Speaker 1: exquisite chalice and patten were donated to the Jamestown Church
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  Speaker 1: by Lieutenant Governor Francis Morrison or Maury's son, in sixteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty one. Inscribed on both is the legend quote mixed
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  Speaker 1: not holy things with profane end quote. A second patent,
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  Speaker 1: made in London in sixteen ninety one to ninety two,
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  Speaker 1: was given to the Jamestown Church by Governor Edmund Andros
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  Speaker 1: in sixteen ninety four. Another patent, where a collection plate,
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  Speaker 1: also made in London, bears the inscription quote for the
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  Speaker 1: use of James City Parish Church end quote. Illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: decorated brass book class found near Jamestown, which may have
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  Speaker 1: been used on an early Bible or prayer book. End
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  Speaker 1: of caption. The officials of the Virginia Company of London,
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  Speaker 1: admonishing the first settlers to serve and fear God in
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  Speaker 1: order to plant a successful and prosperous colony, advised lastly
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  Speaker 1: and chiefly, the way to prosper and achieve good success
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  Speaker 1: is to make yourselves all of one mind for the
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  Speaker 1: good of your country and your own, and to serve
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  Speaker 1: and fear God. The Giver of all goodness, for every
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  Speaker 1: plantation which our heavenly Father hath not planted shall be
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  Speaker 1: rooted out seemingly. The advice was carried out, for from
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  Speaker 1: the small settlement on a tiny island in the James
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  Speaker 1: River grew a great and mighty nation. Illustration caption Communion
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  Speaker 1: silver used in the Jamestown Church after sixteen sixty one.
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  Speaker 1: Both the chalice and patent were made in London and
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  Speaker 1: donated to the church by Lieutenant Governor Francis Morrison or
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  Speaker 1: Moryson in sixteen sixty one. On both pieces, as the
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  Speaker 1: legend mixed not holy things with profane and of caption
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  Speaker 1: and of book