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Why Did Ancient China Pay Tribute to Steppe Nomads? - Silk as Strategic Currency in the Han-Xiongnu Conflict | Sleepy Facts About History

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In 200 BCE, the founder of the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu, barely escaped a disastrous military encirclement by the Xiongnu in the freezing hills of Shanxi. This crisis forced a difficult realization: the new Chinese empire could not defeat the highly mobile steppe armies using traditional infantry and chariots. The resulting diplomatic solution, known as heqin, involved sending Han elite women, grain, wine, and massive quantities of silk to the Xiongnu leadership in exchange for frontier…

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