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15 - Erasmus and the Age of Reformation by Johan Huizinga · Erasmus and the Age of Reformation

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  Speaker 1: Chapter fifteen of Erasmus and the Age of Reformation. This
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  Speaker 1: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox dot org. Erasmus and the Age of Reformation by
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  Speaker 1: Johann Huizinga, translated by Frederic Jan Hopmann. Chapter fifteen at
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  Speaker 1: Louva fifteen seventeen to eighteen. Erasmus Aluva fifteen seventeen. He
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  Speaker 1: expects the renovation of the Church as the fruit of
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  Speaker 1: good learning. Controversy with Lefevre the detapla Second Journey to
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  Speaker 1: Basul fifteen eighteen. He revises the addition of the New Testament,
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  Speaker 1: controversies with Latimus Briard and Lee. Erasmus regards the opposition
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  Speaker 1: of conservative theology merely as a conspiracy against good learning.
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  Speaker 1: When Erasmus established himself at Leuvain in the summer of
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  Speaker 1: fifteen seventeen, he had a vague presentiment that great changes
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  Speaker 1: were at hand. I fear. He writes in September that
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  Speaker 1: a great subversion of affairs is being brought about here.
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  Speaker 1: If God's favor and the piety and wisdom of princes
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  Speaker 1: do not concern themselves about human matters, but the forms
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  Speaker 1: which that great change would assume he did not in
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  Speaker 1: the least realize. He regarded his removal as merely temporary.
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  Speaker 1: It was only to last till we shall have seen
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  Speaker 1: which place of residence is best fit for old age,
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  Speaker 1: which is already knocking. There is something pathetic in the
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  Speaker 1: man who desires nothing but quiet and liberty, and who,
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  Speaker 1: through his own restlessness and his inability not to concern
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  Speaker 1: himself about other people, never found a really fixed abode
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  Speaker 1: or true independence. Erasmus is one of those people who
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  Speaker 1: always seem to say, to morrow, to morrow, I must
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  Speaker 1: first deal with this, and then, as soon as he
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  Speaker 1: shall be ready with the new edition of the New Testament,
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  Speaker 1: and shall have extricated himself from troublesome and disagreeable theological
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  Speaker 1: controversies in which he finds himself entangled against his wish,
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  Speaker 1: he will sleep, hide himself, seeing for himself and the muses.
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  Speaker 1: But that time never came where to live when he
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  Speaker 1: shall be free. Spain, to which Cardinal Zimenes called him,
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  Speaker 1: did not appeal to him. From Germany, he says, the
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  Speaker 1: stoves and the insecurity deter him. In England, the servitude
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  Speaker 1: which was required of him there revolted him. But in
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  Speaker 1: the Netherlands themselves he did not feel at his ease either.
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  Speaker 1: Here I embarked at a great deal, and there is
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  Speaker 1: no remuneration. Though I desired it ever so much, I
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  Speaker 1: could not bear to stay there long. Yet he remained
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  Speaker 1: for four years. Erasmus had good friends in the University
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  Speaker 1: of Leuven. At first he put up with his old host,
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  Speaker 1: Johannes Pallodonus, retor of the university, whose house he exchanged
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  Speaker 1: that summer four quarters in the college of the Lilly
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  Speaker 1: Martin doorp Or Dutchman, like himself, had not been estranged
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  Speaker 1: from him by their polemics about the Moriah. His goodwill
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  Speaker 1: was of great importance to Erasmus because of the important
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  Speaker 1: place Dorp occupied in the theological faculty. And lastly, though
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  Speaker 1: his old patron, Adrian of Utrecht afterwards Pope had by
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  Speaker 1: that time been called away from Leuvain two higher dignities,
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  Speaker 1: his influence had not diminished in consequence, but rather increased.
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  Speaker 1: For just about that time he had been made a cardinal.
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus was received with great complaisance by the Leuvin divines.
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  Speaker 1: Their leader. The vice chancellor of the university, Jean Briard
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  Speaker 1: of Ave, repeatedly expressed his approval of the addition of
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  Speaker 1: the New Testament, to Erasmus's great satisfaction. Soon Erasmus found
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  Speaker 1: himself a member of the theological faculty. Yet he did
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  Speaker 1: not feel at his ease among the theologians. The atmosphere
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  Speaker 1: was a great deal less congenial to him than that
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  Speaker 1: of the world of the English scholars. Here he felt
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  Speaker 1: a spirit which he did not understand and distrusted. In consequence,
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  Speaker 1: in the years in which the Reformation began, Erasmus was
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  Speaker 1: the victim of a great misunderstanding, the result of the
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  Speaker 1: fact that his delicate is thatic covering spirit understood neither
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  Speaker 1: the profoundest depths of the faith nor the hard necessities
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  Speaker 1: of human society. He was neither mystic nor realist. Luther
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  Speaker 1: was both. To Erasmus, the great problem of church and
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  Speaker 1: state and society seemed simple. Nothing was required but restoration
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  Speaker 1: and purification by return to the original, unspoilt sources of Christianity.
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  Speaker 1: A number of a Grecians to the faith rather ridiculous
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  Speaker 1: than revolting, had to be cleared away. All should be
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  Speaker 1: reduced to the nucleus of faith. Christ and the Gospel
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  Speaker 1: forms ceremonies, speculations, should make room for the practice of
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  Speaker 1: true piety. The Gospel was easily intelligible to everybody, and
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  Speaker 1: within everybody's reach and the means to reach all this
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  Speaker 1: was good learning bone nigh literari. Had he not himself,
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  Speaker 1: by his additions of the New Testament and of Jerome,
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  Speaker 1: and even earlier by the now famous en Caradion, done
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  Speaker 1: most of what had to be done. I hope that
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  Speaker 1: what now pleases the upright will soon please all. As
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  Speaker 1: early as the beginning of fifteen seventeen, Erasmus had written
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  Speaker 1: to voth Khan Fabricius Kapita in the tone of one
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  Speaker 1: who has accomplished the great task, will then take you
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  Speaker 1: the dorge from us. The work will henceforth be a
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  Speaker 1: great deal easier, and cause far less hatred and envy.
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  Speaker 1: We have lived through the first shock, Buddius writes to
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  Speaker 1: Dunstall in May fifteen seventeen. Was anyone born under such
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  Speaker 1: inauspicious graces that the dull and obscure discipline scholasticism does
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  Speaker 1: not revolt him? Since sacred literature, too cleansed by Erasmus's
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  Speaker 1: diligence has regained its ancient purity and brightness, But it
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  Speaker 1: is still much greater that he should have affected by
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  Speaker 1: the same lay the emergence of sacred truth itself out
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  Speaker 1: of that Marian darkness, even though divinity is not yet
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  Speaker 1: quite free from the dirt of the Southist school. If
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  Speaker 1: that should occur one day, it would be owing to
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  Speaker 1: the beginnings made in our times. The philologists Badeus believed
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  Speaker 1: even more firmly that Erasmus that faith was a matter
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  Speaker 1: of erudition. It could not but vex Erasmus that not
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  Speaker 1: everyone accepted the cleansed truth at once? How could people
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  Speaker 1: continue to oppose themselves to what to him seemed as
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  Speaker 1: clear as daylight and so simple. He who so sincerely
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  Speaker 1: would have liked to live in peace with all the world,
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  Speaker 1: found himself involved in a series of polemics. To let
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  Speaker 1: the opposition of opponents pass unnoticed was forbidden not only
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  Speaker 1: by his character, forever striving to justify himself in the
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  Speaker 1: eyes of the world, but also by the custom of
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  Speaker 1: his time, so eager for dispute. There were, first of
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  Speaker 1: all his polemics with Jacques Lefevre de Tapla, or in
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  Speaker 1: Latinized form, Barber Stapulensis, the Parisian theologian, who, as a
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  Speaker 1: preparer of the Reformation, may, more than any one else,
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  Speaker 1: be ranked with Erasmus. At the moment when Erasmus got
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  Speaker 1: into the traveling cart which was to take him to Levan,
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  Speaker 1: a friend drew his attention to a passage in the
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  Speaker 1: new edition of Faber's commentary on Saint Paul's Epistles, in
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  Speaker 1: which he controverted Erasmus's note on the Second Epistle to
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  Speaker 1: the Hebrews, verse seven. Erasmus at once bought Fober's book
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  Speaker 1: and soon published an apologia. It concerned Christ's relation to
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  Speaker 1: God and the angels, but the dogmatic pointed issue hinged
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  Speaker 1: after all, on a philological interpretation of Erasmus. Not yet
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  Speaker 1: accustomed to much direct wrangling, Erasmus was violently agitated by
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  Speaker 1: the matter, the more as he esteemed Faber highly and
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  Speaker 1: considered him a congenial spirit. What on earth has occurred
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  Speaker 1: to the man? Have others set him on against me?
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  Speaker 1: All theologians agree that I'm right, he asserts. It makes
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  Speaker 1: him nervous that Faber does not reply again. At once.
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  Speaker 1: Badius has told Peter Gillis that Faber is sorry about it. Erasmus,
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  Speaker 1: in a dignified letter, appeals to their friendship. He will
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  Speaker 1: suffer himself to be taught and censured. Then again he growls,
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  Speaker 1: let him be careful, and he thinks that his controversy
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  Speaker 1: with Faber keeps the world in suspense. There is not
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  Speaker 1: a meal at which the guests do not side with
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  Speaker 1: one or the other of them. But finally the combat
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  Speaker 1: abated and the friendship was preserved. Towards Easter fifteen eighteen,
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus contemplated a new journey to Basel, there to pass
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  Speaker 1: through the press during a few months of hard labor
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  Speaker 1: the corrected edition of the New Testament. He did not
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  Speaker 1: fail to request the chiefs of Conservative divinity at Levain
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  Speaker 1: beforehand to state their objections to his work. Briard Avath
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  Speaker 1: declared he had found nothing offensive in it, after he
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  Speaker 1: had first been told all sorts of bad things about it.
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  Speaker 1: Then the new edition will please you much better, Erasmus
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  Speaker 1: had said. His friend Dorpe, and James Latimus, also one
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  Speaker 1: of the chief divines, had expressed themselves in the same sense,
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  Speaker 1: and the Carmelite Nicholas of Egmund had said that he
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  Speaker 1: had never read Erasmus's work. Only a young englishman, Edward Lee,
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  Speaker 1: who was studying Greek, summarized a number of criticisms into
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  Speaker 1: ten conclusions. Erasmus had got rid of the matter by
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  Speaker 1: writing to Lead that he had not been able to
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  Speaker 1: get hold of his conclusions and therefore could not make
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  Speaker 1: use of them. But his youthful critic had not put
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  Speaker 1: up with being slighted, so and worked at his objections
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  Speaker 1: in a more circumstantial treatise. Thus Erasmus set out for
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  Speaker 1: Basel once more in May fifteen eighteen. He had been
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  Speaker 1: obliged to ask all his English friends, of whom Ammonius
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  Speaker 1: had been taken from him by death in fifteen seventeen,
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  Speaker 1: for support to defray the expenses of the journey. He
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  Speaker 1: kept holding out to them the prospect that after his
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  Speaker 1: work was finished, he would return to England. In a
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  Speaker 1: letter to Martin Lipsius, as he was going up the Rhine,
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  Speaker 1: he answered Lee's criticism, which had irritated him extremely. In
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  Speaker 1: revising his edition, he not only took it but little
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  Speaker 1: into account, but ventured moreover this time to print his
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  Speaker 1: own translation of the New Testament of fifteen o six
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  Speaker 1: without any alterations. At the same time he obtained for
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  Speaker 1: the new edition a letter of approval from the Pope,
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  Speaker 1: or a doubtable weapon against his cavilers. At Basil, Erasmus
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  Speaker 1: worked again like a horse in a treadmill, but he
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  Speaker 1: was really in his element even before the second edition
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  Speaker 1: of the New Testament, the end Cairodion and the Institutio
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  Speaker 1: Princippis Christiani repreprinted by Froben. On his return journey, Erasmus,
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  Speaker 1: whose work had been hampered all through the summer by indisposition,
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  Speaker 1: and who had on that account been unable to finish it,
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  Speaker 1: fell seriously ill. He reached Levin with difficulty twenty one
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  Speaker 1: September fifteen eighteen. It might be the pestilence an Erasmus,
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  Speaker 1: ever much afraid of contagion himself, now took all precautions
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  Speaker 1: to safeguard his friends against it. He avoided his quarter
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  Speaker 1: in the College of the Lily, and found shelter with
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  Speaker 1: his most trusted friend, Dirk. Might tense the printer, but
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  Speaker 1: in spite of rumors of the plague and his warnings,
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  Speaker 1: first Dorp and afterwards also Off came at once to
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  Speaker 1: visit him. Evidently the Leuvain professors did not mean so
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  Speaker 1: badly by him after all, but the differences between Erasmus
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  Speaker 1: and the Louvain faculty were deeply rooted. Lee, heard by
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  Speaker 1: the little attention paid by Erasmus to his objections, prepared
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  Speaker 1: a new critique, but kept it from Erasmus for the present,
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  Speaker 1: which irritated the latter and made him nervous. In the meantime,
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  Speaker 1: a new opponent arose. Directly after his return to Leuvain.
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus had taken much trouble to promote the establishment of
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  Speaker 1: the Collegium Lingua, projected and endowed by Jerome bus Leiden
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  Speaker 1: in his Testament, to be founded in the university. The
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  Speaker 1: three Biblical languages Hebrew, Greek, and Latin were to be
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  Speaker 1: taught there now, and James Latimus, a member of the
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  Speaker 1: theological faculty and a man whom he esteemed, in a
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  Speaker 1: dialog about the study of those three languages and of theology,
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  Speaker 1: doubt of the utility of the former. Erasmus judged himself
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  Speaker 1: concerned and answered Latimus in an apologia. About the same
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  Speaker 1: time Springs fifteen nineteen, he got into trouble with the
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  Speaker 1: vice chancellor himself. Erasmus thought that Ath had publicly centered
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  Speaker 1: him with regard to his praise of marriage, which had
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  Speaker 1: recently appeared. Though Ath withdrew at once, Erasmus could not
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  Speaker 1: abstain from writing an apologia, however, moderate Meanwhile, the smoldering
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  Speaker 1: quarrel with Lee assumed ever more hateful forms. In vain
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  Speaker 1: did Erasmus's English friends attempt to restrain their young ambitious compatriot. Erasmus,
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  Speaker 1: on his part, irritated him furtively. He reveals in this
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  Speaker 1: whole dispute a lack of self control and dignity, which
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  Speaker 1: shows his weakest side. Usually so anxious as to decorm,
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  Speaker 1: he now lapses into invectives. The British added satan. Even
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  Speaker 1: the old taunt ascribing a tale to Englishmen has to serve.
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  Speaker 1: Once more. The points at issue disappear altogether. Behind the
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  Speaker 1: bitter mutual reproaches. In his unrestrained anger, Erasmus avails himself
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  Speaker 1: of the most unworthy weapons. He eggs his German friends
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  Speaker 1: on to write against Lee and to ridicule him in
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  Speaker 1: all his folly and brag. And then he assures all
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  Speaker 1: his English friends all Germany is literally furious with Lee,
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  Speaker 1: have the greatest trouble in keeping them back alack. Germany
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  Speaker 1: had other causes of disturbance. It is fifteen twenty and
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  Speaker 1: the three great polemics of Luther were setting the world
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  Speaker 1: on fire. The one may excuse the violence and the
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  Speaker 1: petty spitefulness of Erasmus in this matter as resulting from
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  Speaker 1: an over sensitive heart falling somewhat short in relate manly qualities.
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  Speaker 1: Yet it is difficult to deny that he failed completely
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  Speaker 1: to understand both the arguments of his adversaries and the
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  Speaker 1: great movements of his time. It was very easy for
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus to mock the narrow mindedness of conservative divines, who
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  Speaker 1: thought that there would be an end to faith in
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  Speaker 1: Holy Scripture. As soon as the emendation of the text
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  Speaker 1: was attempted, they correct the Holy Gospel, Nay, the potter
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  Speaker 1: gnoster itself. The preacher exclaims indignantly in the sermon before
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  Speaker 1: his surprised congregation, as if I caviled at Matthew and Luke,
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  Speaker 1: and not of those who, out of ignorance and carelessness,
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  Speaker 1: have corrupted them, what do people wish that the Church
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  Speaker 1: should possess Holy Scripture as correct as possible or not?
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  Speaker 1: This reasoning seemed to Erasmus, with his passionate neat of purity,
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  Speaker 1: a conclusive refutation. But instinct did not deceive his adversaries
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  Speaker 1: when it told them that doctrine itself was at stake
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  Speaker 1: if the linguistic judgment of a single individual might decide
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  Speaker 1: as to the correct version of attacks. And Erasmus wished
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  Speaker 1: to avoid the inferences which as sailed doctrine. He was
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  Speaker 1: not aware of the fact that his conceptions of the Church,
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  Speaker 1: the sacraments, and the dogmas were no longer purely Catholic,
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  Speaker 1: because they had become subordinated to his philological insight. He
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  Speaker 1: could not be aware of it because, in spite of
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  Speaker 1: all his natural piety and his fervent ethical sentiments, he
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  Speaker 1: lacked the mystic insight which is the foundation of every creed.
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  Speaker 1: It was this personal luck in Erasmus which made him
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  Speaker 1: unable to understand the real grounds of the resistance of
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  Speaker 1: Catholic orthodoxy. How was it possible that so many, and
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  Speaker 1: among them men of high consideration, refused to accept what
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  Speaker 1: to him seemed so clear and i irrefutable. He interpreted
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  Speaker 1: the fact in a highly personal way. He the man
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  Speaker 1: who would so gladly have lived in peace with all
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  Speaker 1: the world who so yearned for sympathy and recognition of
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  Speaker 1: boar enmity, with difficulty saw the ranks of haters and
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  Speaker 1: opponents increase about him. He did not understand how they
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  Speaker 1: feared his mocking acrimony, how many wore the scar of
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  Speaker 1: a wound that the Moriah had made that real and
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  Speaker 1: supposed hatred troubled Erasmus. He sees his enemies as a sect.
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  Speaker 1: It is especially the Dominicans and the Carmelites, who are
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  Speaker 1: ill effected towards the new scientific theology. Just then a
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  Speaker 1: new adversary had arisen at Louvain, in the person of
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  Speaker 1: his compatriot, Nicholas of Egmund, prior to the Carmelites, henceforth
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  Speaker 1: an object of particular abhorrence to him. It is remarkable
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  Speaker 1: that at Erasmus found his fiercest opponents in some compatriots,
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  Speaker 1: in the narrower sense the word Benson Dirk's of Harlem,
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  Speaker 1: William of Vianen, Ruard Tapper. The persecution increases. The venom
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  Speaker 1: of slander spreads more and more every day, and becomes
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  Speaker 1: more deadly. The greatest and truths are impudently preached about him.
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  Speaker 1: He calls in the help of Ath the vice Chancellor,
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  Speaker 1: against them. But it is no use the hidden enemy's lap.
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  Speaker 1: Let him write for the aerudite, who are few, we
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  Speaker 1: shall bark to stir up the people. After fifteen twenty
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  Speaker 1: he writes again and again, I am stoned every day.
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  Speaker 1: But Erasmus, however much he might see himself, not without
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  Speaker 1: reason at the center good in fifteen nineteen and fifteen twenty,
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  Speaker 1: no longer be blind to the fact that the great
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  Speaker 1: struggle did not concern him alone. On all sides the
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  Speaker 1: battle was being fought. What is it that great commotion
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  Speaker 1: about matters of spirit and of faith? The answer which
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus gave himself was this, it is a great and
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  Speaker 1: wilful conspiracy on the part of the conservatives to suffocate
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  Speaker 1: good learning and make the old ignorance triumph. This idea
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  Speaker 1: recurs innumerable times in his letters after the middle of
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  Speaker 1: fifteen eighteen. I know quite certainly. He writes on twenty
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  Speaker 1: one March fifteen nineteenth to one of his German friends,
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  Speaker 1: that the barbarians on all sides have conspired to leave
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  Speaker 1: no stone unturned till they have suppressed Bonie LETTERAI. Here
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  Speaker 1: we are still fighting with the protectors of the old
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  Speaker 1: ignorance cannot Wolsey persuade the Pope to stop it. Here,
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  Speaker 1: all that appertains to ancient and cultured literature is called
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  Speaker 1: poetry by those narrow minded fellows. By that word they
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  Speaker 1: indicate everything that savors of a more elegant doctrine, that
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  Speaker 1: is to say, all that they have not learned themselves,
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  Speaker 1: all the tumult, the whole tragedy. Under these terms, he
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  Speaker 1: usually refers to the great theological struggle originates in the
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  Speaker 1: hatred of bone eie LITERI. This is a source and
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  Speaker 1: hot bed of all this tragedy, incurable hatred of linguistic
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  Speaker 1: study and the bone eye literie. Luther provokes those enemies
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  Speaker 1: whom it is impossible to conquer, though their cause is
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  Speaker 1: a bad one. And meanwhile envy harasses the bone eye literie,
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  Speaker 1: which are attacked at his Luther's instigation, by these gadflies.
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  Speaker 1: They are already nearly insufferable when things do not go
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  Speaker 1: well with them, But who can stand them when they triumph?
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  Speaker 1: Either I am blind, or they aim at something else
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  Speaker 1: than Luther. They are preparing to conquer the pheealanx of
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  Speaker 1: the Muses. This was written by Erasmus to a member
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  Speaker 1: of the University of Leipzig in December fifteen twenty. This
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  Speaker 1: one sided and academic conception of the great events, a
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  Speaker 1: conception which arose in the study of a recluse bending
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  Speaker 1: over his books, did more than anything else to prevent
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus from understanding the true nature and purport of the Reformation.
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  Speaker 1: End of chapter fifteen