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25 - Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire by James Headlam-Morley · Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire

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Speaker 1: Section twenty five book Pismuck and the Foundation of the
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Speaker 1: German Empire by James Headlam. This livery box recording is
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Speaker 1: in the public domain. Recording by Esses Chem Soul, South Korea,
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Speaker 1: Chapter fifteen, The New Empire eighteen seventy one to eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy eight, Part one. With the Peace of Frankfurt, Bismarck's
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Speaker 1: work was completed. Not nine years had passed since he
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Speaker 1: had become Minister. In that short time he completed the
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Speaker 1: work which so many statesmen before him had in vain attempted.
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Speaker 1: Nine years ago he had found the king ready to
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Speaker 1: retire from the throne. Now he had made him the
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Speaker 1: most powerful ruler in Europe. Prussia, which then had been
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Speaker 1: divided in itself and without influence in the councils of Europe,
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Speaker 1: was the undisputed leader in United Germany. Faith, which always
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Speaker 1: was so kind to Bismarck, was not to snatch him away,
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Speaker 1: as it did cover in the hour of his triumph.
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Speaker 1: Twenty years longer he was to preside over the state
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Speaker 1: which he had created, and to guide the course of
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Speaker 1: the ship which he had built. A weaker or more
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Speaker 1: timid man would quickly have retired from public life, he
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Speaker 1: would have considered that nothing that he could do could
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Speaker 1: add to his fame, and that he was always risking
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Speaker 1: the loss of some of the reputations he had attained.
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Speaker 1: Bismarck was not influenced by such motives. The exercise of
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Speaker 1: power had become to him a pleasure. He was prepared
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Speaker 1: if his king required it, to continue in office to
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Speaker 1: the end of his days, and he never feared to
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Speaker 1: hazard fame and popularity if he could thereby add to
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Speaker 1: the prosperity of the state. These latter years of Pismarck's
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Speaker 1: life we can nnerate in detail. Space alone would forbid it.
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Speaker 1: It would be to write the history of the German Empire.
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Speaker 1: And though events are not so dramatic, they are no
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Speaker 1: less numerous than in the earlier period. Moreover, we have
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Speaker 1: not material for a complete biographical narrative. There is, indeed
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Speaker 1: a great abundance of public records, but as to the
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Speaker 1: secret reasons of state by which, in the last resource
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Speaker 1: the policy of the government was determined, we have little knowledge.
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Speaker 1: From time to time, indeed, some illicit disclosure. The publication
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Speaker 1: of some confidential documents draws an unexpected light on a
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Speaker 1: situation which is obscure. But these disclosures so has urged
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Speaker 1: us to the good repute of the men who are
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Speaker 1: respe possible, and the country in which they are possible,
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Speaker 1: must be treated with great reserve. Prompted by motives of
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Speaker 1: private revenge or public ambition, they disclose only half the truths,
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Speaker 1: and a portion of the truth is often more misleading
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Speaker 1: than complete ignorance. In foreign policy, he was henceforward sole
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Speaker 1: undisputed master in Parliament and in the press. Scarcely a
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Speaker 1: voice was raised to challenge his pre eminence. He enjoyed
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Speaker 1: the complete confidence of the allied sovereigns and the enthusiastic
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Speaker 1: affection of the nation. Even those parties which often opposed
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Speaker 1: and criticized his internal policy, supported him always on foreign affairs.
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Speaker 1: Those only opposed him who were hostile to the Empire itself,
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Speaker 1: those whose ideas or interest were injured by this great
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Speaker 1: military monarchy, Poles and ultra montainous Guelphs and socialists. In
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Speaker 1: opposing Bismarck, they seemed to be traitors to their country,
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Speaker 1: and he and his supporters were not slow to divide
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Speaker 1: the nation into the loyal and the eyeish. Finally, he
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Speaker 1: deserved the confidence which was placed in him. He succeeded
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Speaker 1: in preserving to the newly founded Empire all the prestige
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Speaker 1: it had gained. He was enabled to suite the jealousy
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Speaker 1: of the neutral powers. He did so by his policy
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Speaker 1: of peace. Now he pursued peace with the same decision
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Speaker 1: with which but two years before, he had brought about war.
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Speaker 1: He was guided by the same motive as war had
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Speaker 1: then been for the benefit of Germany, so now was peace.
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Speaker 1: He had never loved war for the sake of war.
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Speaker 1: He was too good a tiplaromatist for this voice the
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Speaker 1: negotiation of diplomacy, and the statesman, who had recalls to
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Speaker 1: it most of the time give over the control to
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Speaker 1: other hands. It is always a clumsy method. The love
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Speaker 1: of war for the sake of war will be found
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Speaker 1: more commonly among autocratic sovereigns who are their own generals,
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Speaker 1: than among skilled and practiced ministers, and generally, voice the
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Speaker 1: last resource by which a weak diplomatist attempts to conceal
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Speaker 1: his blunders and to regain what he has lost. There
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Speaker 1: had been much anxiety in Europe how the new Empire
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Speaker 1: would deport itself. Who did use this power which had
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Speaker 1: been so irresistible for fresh conflicts. The excuse might easily
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Speaker 1: have been found. Bismarck might have put on his banner
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Speaker 1: the union of all Germans in one state. He might
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Speaker 1: have recalled, and he awakened the enthusiasm of fifty years ago.
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Speaker 1: He might have reminded the people that there were still,
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Speaker 1: in Holland, and in Switzerland, in Austria and in Russia
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Speaker 1: Germans who were separated from the country and languishing under
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Speaker 1: a foreign rule. Had he been an idealist, he would
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Speaker 1: have done so and raised in Germany a cry like
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Speaker 1: that of the Italian identists. Well, he might have claimed
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Speaker 1: for his country its natural boundaries. After freeing the upper
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Speaker 1: waters of the Rhine from foreign dominion, he might have
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Speaker 1: claimed that the great river should flow to the sea German.
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Speaker 1: This is what French had done under similar circumstances. But
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Speaker 1: he was not the man to repeat the crimes and
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Speaker 1: blunders of Luis and Napoleon. He knew that Germany desired peace.
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Speaker 1: A new generation must grow up in the new order
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Speaker 1: of things. The old wounds must be healed by time,
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Speaker 1: the old divisions forgotten. Long years of common work must
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Speaker 1: cemanty alliances that he had made till the jealousy of
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Speaker 1: the defeated was appeased, and the new Empire had become
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Speaker 1: as farm and indissoluble as any other state in Europe.
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Speaker 1: The chief danger came from France. In that on epic country.
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Speaker 1: The cry for events seemed the only link with the
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Speaker 1: pride which had been so rudely overthrown. The defeat and
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Speaker 1: the disgrace could not be forgotten. The recovery of the
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Speaker 1: lost provinces was the desire of the nation and the
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Speaker 1: program of every party. As you have seen, the German
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Speaker 1: statesman had foreseen the danger and deliberately divided. They cared
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Speaker 1: not for the hostility of France, now that they need
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Speaker 1: not fear her power. Ordering to Metuan against French demands
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Speaker 1: for institution, they presented a firm, an unchangeable negative. It
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Speaker 1: was kinder so and just to allow no opening for hope,
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Speaker 1: nor loophole for negotiations, no intervention by other powers. Arsas
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Speaker 1: Lorraine was German by the right of the one hundred
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Speaker 1: thousand German soldiers who had perished to conquer them, any
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Speaker 1: appearance of weakness would have led to hopes which could
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Speaker 1: never be realized, Discussions which could have had no result.
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Speaker 1: The answer to all suggestions was to be found in
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Speaker 1: the strength of Germany. The only diplomacy was to make
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Speaker 1: the army so strong that no French statesmen, not even
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Speaker 1: the mob of Paris, could dream of undertaking single handed
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Speaker 1: a war of revenge. This was not enough, It was
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Speaker 1: necessarily besides to isolate France. There were many men in
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Speaker 1: Europe who would have wished to bring about a new
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Speaker 1: coalition of the armies by whose defeat Germany had been
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Speaker 1: built up. France and Austria, Denmark and the Poles. Then
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Speaker 1: it was always to be expected that Russia, who had
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Speaker 1: done so much for Germany in the past, would cease
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Speaker 1: to regard with complacency the success of Protegee. After all,
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Speaker 1: the influence of the Czar in Europe had depended upon
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Speaker 1: the divisions of Germany as much as had that of France.
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Speaker 1: How soon would the Russian nation wake up as the
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Speaker 1: French had done, to the fact that the sympathies of
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Speaker 1: the Emperor had created a great barrier to Russian ambition
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Speaker 1: and Russian diplomacy. It was especially the clerical party who
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Speaker 1: wished to bring about some coalition. For them, the chief
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Speaker 1: object was the overthrow of Italy, and the world still
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Speaker 1: seemed to center in Rome. They could not gain the
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Speaker 1: assistance of Germany in this work, and they therefore looked
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Speaker 1: on the Great Protestant Empire as an enemy. They would
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Speaker 1: have liked by monarchical reaction to gain control of France,
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Speaker 1: by the success of the College movement to obtain that
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Speaker 1: of France, and then assisted by Austria, to overthrow the
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Speaker 1: new order in Europe. Against these Bismarck's chief energies were attracted.
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Speaker 1: We shall see how he fought the Ultra Mountains at home.
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Speaker 1: With regard to France, he was inclined to support the
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Speaker 1: Republic and refused all attempts which were made by some
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Speaker 1: German statesmen, and especially by Count Arnin, the ambassador at Paris,
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Speaker 1: to win German sympathy and support to the monarchical party.
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Speaker 1: In Spain, his support and sympathy were given to the government, which,
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Speaker 1: with difficulty, maintained itself against the Calists. A visit of
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Speaker 1: Victor Emmanue to Berlin confirmed the friendship with Italy over
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Speaker 1: which the action of Garibaldi in eighteen seventy had drawn
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Speaker 1: a cloud. The greatest triumph of Pismouth's policy was However,
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Speaker 1: the reconciliation with Austria. One of the most intimate of
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Speaker 1: his counselors. When asked which of Pismouth's actions he automired,
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Speaker 1: most specified this. It was peculiarly his own. He had
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Speaker 1: long worked for it, even while the War of eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty six was still being waged. He had foreseen that
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Speaker 1: the day would come when Germany and Austria, now that
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Speaker 1: they were separated, might become as they never had been,
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Speaker 1: when joined by an unnatural union, honest allies. It was probably,
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Speaker 1: to a great extent brought about by the strong regard
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Speaker 1: and confidence which the Austrian Emperor deposed in the German chancellor.
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Speaker 1: The beginnings of approximation were laid by the dismissal of Boist,
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Speaker 1: who himself now was to become a personal friend of
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Speaker 1: the statesman against whom he had for so long, and
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Speaker 1: with such ingenuity wasted on unequal conflict. The union was
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Speaker 1: sealed when, in December eighteen seventy two, to South Russia
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Speaker 1: and Francis Joseph came to Berlin as guests of the Emperor.
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Speaker 1: There was no signed contract, no written alliance, but the
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Speaker 1: old union of the Eastern monarchies under which our generation
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Speaker 1: before Europe had growned, was now restored. And on the
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Speaker 1: continent there was no place to which France could look
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Speaker 1: for help or sympathy. The years that followed were those
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Speaker 1: in each foreign affairs gave pismack least anxiety or occupation.
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Speaker 1: He even began to complain that he was dull. After
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Speaker 1: all these years of conflict and intrigue. He found the
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Speaker 1: security which he now enjoyed uninteresting. Now and again the
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Speaker 1: shadow war passed over Europe, but it was soon dispelled.
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Speaker 1: The most serious was in eighteen seventy five. It appears
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Speaker 1: that the French reforms of the army and some movements
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Speaker 1: of French troops had caused alarm at Berlin. I say alarm,
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Speaker 1: though it is difficult to believe that any serious concern
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Speaker 1: could have been felt. There was, however, a party who
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Speaker 1: believed that warmost come sooner or later, and it was better.
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Speaker 1: They said not to wait till France was again powerful
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Speaker 1: and had won allies. Surely the wisest thing was while
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Speaker 1: she was still weak and friendless, to take some excuse,
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Speaker 1: And how easy would it be to find the excuse
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Speaker 1: fall upon her and Crussia? Crussian destroyed so that she
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Speaker 1: could never again raise her head treat her as she
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Speaker 1: had in old days treated Germany. How far this plan
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Speaker 1: was deliberately adopted we do not know. But in the
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Speaker 1: spring of this year the signs became so alarming that
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Speaker 1: both the Russian and the English governments were seriously disturbed
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Speaker 1: and interfered. So sober or statesman as Lord Dolby, believed
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Speaker 1: that the danger was real. The Czar, who visited Berlin
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Speaker 1: at the beginning of April, dealt with the matter personally.
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Speaker 1: The Queen of England wrote a letter to the German Emperor.
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Speaker 1: In each she said that the information she had could
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Speaker 1: leave no doubt that an aggressive war on France was meditated,
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Speaker 1: and used her personal influence with the sovereign to prevent in.
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Speaker 1: The Emperor himself had not sympathized with the ideal of war,
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Speaker 1: and it is said did not even know of the
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Speaker 1: approaching danger. It did not require the intervention of other
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Speaker 1: sovereigns to induce him to refuse his assent to wanton war.
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Speaker 1: But this advice from foreign powers, of course, caused great
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Speaker 1: indignation in Bismarck. It was just the kind of thing
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Speaker 1: which always angled him beyond everything. He maintained that he
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Speaker 1: had had no warlike intentions, that the reports were untrue.
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Speaker 1: The whole story had its origin, he said, in the
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Speaker 1: Intrigues of the Ultra Mountains and the Vanity of Goshakov.
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Speaker 1: The object was to make it appear that France owed
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Speaker 1: her security and preservation to the friendly interference of Russia,
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Speaker 1: and thereby prepared a way for an alliance between the
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Speaker 1: two powers. It is almost impossible to believe that Bismarck
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Speaker 1: had seriously intended to bring about war. He must have
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Speaker 1: known that the other powers of Europe would not allow
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Speaker 1: a second and unprovoked attack on France. He would not
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Speaker 1: be likely to risk all he had achieved and bring
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Speaker 1: about a European coalition against him. On the other hand,
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Speaker 1: his explanation is probably not the whole truth. Even German
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Speaker 1: writers confessed that the plan of attacking France was meditated,
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Speaker 1: and it was the plan over nature to recommend itself
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Speaker 1: to the military party in Prussia. Yet this may have
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Speaker 1: been the beginning of diversions with Russia. The union had
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Speaker 1: depended more on the personal feelings of Pazzar than on
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Speaker 1: the wishes of the people. Were their real interests. The
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Speaker 1: rising pans Lavonic Party was anti German. Their leader was
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Speaker 1: generally ignative, but Goochakov, partly perhaps from personal hostility to Pismack,
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Speaker 1: partly from or just consideration of Russian interest, sympathized with
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Speaker 1: the anti Teutonic policy. The outbreak of disturbance in the
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Speaker 1: East roused that national feeling which had slept for twenty years.
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Speaker 1: In truth, the strong patriotism of modern Germany naturally created
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Speaker 1: a similar feeling in the neighboring countries. Just as the
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Speaker 1: Germans were proud to free themselves from the dominant culture
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Speaker 1: of France, so the Russians began to look with jealousy
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Speaker 1: on the Teutonic influence, which, since the days of Peter
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Speaker 1: the Great, had been so powerful among them. In internal matters,
18:16
Speaker 1: the situation was very different. Here. Bismal could not rule
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Speaker 1: in the same undisputed manner he had writers, critics, and colleagues.
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Speaker 1: The power of the Prussian Parliament and the Rakista was
18:31
Speaker 1: indeed limited, but without the ascent, no new law could
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Speaker 1: be passed Each year. The ascent must be obtained to
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Speaker 1: the budget. Though they had waived all claims to control
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Speaker 1: the foreign policy, the parties still criticized and often rejected
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Speaker 1: the laws proposed by the government. Then in Prussian affairs,
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Speaker 1: he could not act without the goodwill of his colleagues.
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Speaker 1: In finance, in legal form, the management of church and schools,
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Speaker 1: the initiative belonged to the ministers responsible for each department.
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Speaker 1: Some of the difficulties of government would have been met.
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Speaker 1: Had Bismarck identified himself with a single party, formed the
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Speaker 1: party ministry and carried out their program. He always refused
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Speaker 1: to do. He did not wish in his old age
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Speaker 1: to become a parliamentary minister, for had he depended for
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Speaker 1: his support on the party, then if he lost their
19:33
Speaker 1: confidence or they lost the confidence of the country, he
19:37
Speaker 1: would have had to retire from office. The whole work
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Speaker 1: of his earlier years would have been undone. What he
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Speaker 1: wished to secure was the government party or Bismarck Party
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Speaker 1: Saint fraz who would always support all his measures in
19:53
Speaker 1: internal as well as external policy. In this, however, he
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Speaker 1: did not succeed. He was therefore reduced to another course.
20:03
Speaker 1: In order to get the measures of the government passed.
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Speaker 1: He executed citizen of alliances, now with one, now with
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Speaker 1: another party. In this, however, he had to give as
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Speaker 1: well as to receive, and it is curious to see
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Speaker 1: how easily his pride was offended and his anger roused
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Speaker 1: by any attempt of the party with which at the
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Speaker 1: time he was allowed to control and influence his policy.
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Speaker 1: No one of the alliances lasted long, and he seems
20:35
Speaker 1: to have taken peculiar pleasure and break away from each
20:39
Speaker 1: of them in turn. When the time came, the alliance
20:44
Speaker 1: with the Conservatives, which he had inherited from the older days,
20:49
Speaker 1: had begun to break directly after eighteen sixty six. Many
20:53
Speaker 1: of them had been disappointed by his policy in that year,
20:58
Speaker 1: the grant of universal suffree, which had alarmed them. They
21:02
Speaker 1: had wished that he would use his power to check
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Speaker 1: and punish the Parliament for its opposition. Instead of that
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Speaker 1: he asked foreign indemnity. They felt that they had borne
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Speaker 1: with him the struggle for the integrity of the Prussian monarchy.
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Speaker 1: No Suno was the victory one. Then he held out
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Speaker 1: his hand to the liberals, and it was to them
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Speaker 1: that the prize went. They were hurt and disappointed, and
21:31
Speaker 1: this personal feeling was increased by Bismarck's want of consideration,
21:37
Speaker 1: his brusqueness of manner, his refusal to consider complaints and demonstrances,
21:43
Speaker 1: even the success of eighteen seventy had not altogether reconciled them.
21:48
Speaker 1: These Prussian nobles, the men to whom in earlier days
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Speaker 1: he himself had belonged so with regret the name of
21:57
Speaker 1: King of Prussia hidden behind the new glory of the
22:00
Speaker 1: German Emperor. It is curious to read how ivan Jahn
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Speaker 1: speaks with something of contempt and discussed of this new title.
22:10
Speaker 1: I hope, he writes, Bismarck will be in a better
22:13
Speaker 1: temple now that the kaiser ad had been safely hatched.
22:18
Speaker 1: It was, however, the struggle with the Catholic Church which
22:22
Speaker 1: achieved the separation. The complete subjection of the church to
22:26
Speaker 1: the state, the new laws for school inspection, the introduction
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Speaker 1: of compulsory civil marriage, were all opposed to the strongest
22:35
Speaker 1: and the healthiest feelings of the Prussian conservatives. This does
22:40
Speaker 1: not seem to be matters in each the safety of
22:43
Speaker 1: the empire was concerned. Bismarck had simply gone over to
22:48
Speaker 1: and adopted the program of the liberals. He was supporting
22:53
Speaker 1: that all pervading power of the Prussian bureaucracy, which he
22:58
Speaker 1: in his earlier days had so bitterly attacked. Then came
23:03
Speaker 1: a proposal for change in the local government which would
23:07
Speaker 1: diminish the influence of the landed proprietors. The Conservatives refused
23:13
Speaker 1: to support these measures. The Conservative majority in the House
23:17
Speaker 1: of Laws threw them out. Pismarck's own brother, all his
23:22
Speaker 1: old friends and comelis were now ranged against him. He
23:27
Speaker 1: accepted opposition from them as little as from anyone else.
23:32
Speaker 1: The consent of the king was obtained to the creation
23:35
Speaker 1: of new peers, and by these means the obnoxious measures
23:40
Speaker 1: were forced through the unwilling house. Bismarck, by his speeches,
23:45
Speaker 1: intensifying the bitterness, he came down himself to make an
23:48
Speaker 1: attack on the Conservatives. The government is disappointed, he said,
23:53
Speaker 1: who had looked for confidence from the Conservative party. Confidence
23:58
Speaker 1: is a delicate plant. If it is once destroyed, it
24:02
Speaker 1: does not grow again. We shall have to look elsewhere
24:06
Speaker 1: for support. A crisis in his relations to the party
24:11
Speaker 1: came at the end of eighteen seventy two. Of this
24:15
Speaker 1: time on had still remained in the government. Now, in
24:19
Speaker 1: consequence of the manner in each the creation of peers
24:23
Speaker 1: had been decired upon, he cast it permission to resign.
24:28
Speaker 1: The King who could not bear to part with him,
24:31
Speaker 1: and who really, in many matters of internal policy, had
24:35
Speaker 1: more sympathy with him than with Bismuck, refused to accept
24:39
Speaker 1: the resignation. The crisis which arose had on unexpected ending.
24:46
Speaker 1: Bismarck himself resigned the office of Minister President of Prussia,
24:50
Speaker 1: which was transferred to Rome. Keeping all the dead of
24:54
Speaker 1: foreign minister and Chancellor of the Empire. A letter to
24:59
Speaker 1: Ron shows the deep depression under which he labored at
25:03
Speaker 1: this time, chiefly the result of ill health. It was
25:08
Speaker 1: he said, unhard, honormally that the foreign minister of a
25:12
Speaker 1: great empire should be responsible also for internal affairs, and
25:18
Speaker 1: yet he himself had arranged that it should be so.
25:22
Speaker 1: The desertion of the Conservative Party, had, he said, deprived
25:26
Speaker 1: him of his footing. He was dispreted by the loss
25:30
Speaker 1: of his old friends and the illness of his wife.
25:34
Speaker 1: He spoke of his advancing ears and his conviction that
25:39
Speaker 1: he had not much longer to live. The king scarcely
25:42
Speaker 1: knows how he is riding a good horse to death.
25:46
Speaker 1: He would continue to do what he could in foreign affairs,
25:50
Speaker 1: but he would no longer be responsful for colleagues over
25:53
Speaker 1: whom he had no influence except by requests and for
25:57
Speaker 1: the wishes of the Emperor, which he could not share.
26:01
Speaker 1: The arrangement lasted for a year, and then Horn had
26:05
Speaker 1: again to request, and this time received permission to retire
26:08
Speaker 1: into private life. His health would no longer allow him
26:12
Speaker 1: to endure the constant anxiety of office. His retirement occasioned
26:18
Speaker 1: genuine grief to the King, and of all the severances
26:23
Speaker 1: which he had to undergo, this was probably that which
26:26
Speaker 1: affected his mark most. For none of his colleagues could
26:30
Speaker 1: he ever have the same affection he had had for Horn.
26:35
Speaker 1: He it was who had brought him into the ministry
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Speaker 1: and had gone through with him all the days of
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Speaker 1: storm and trouble. It will be lowly for me, he
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Speaker 1: writes in my work. Even more so the old friends
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Speaker 1: become enemies, and one makes no new ones, as God will.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy three he again assumed the presidency. The
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Speaker 1: risking national one was followed by a complete bridge with
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Speaker 1: the party of the krouz Zytom. The more moderate of
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Speaker 1: the Conservatives split off from it and continued to support
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Speaker 1: the government. The remainder entered the campaign of fectious opposition.
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Speaker 1: End of Section twenty five,