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002 - The UN Offensive · Korean War - Brief Histories

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  Speaker 1: Section two of the Korean War Brief Histories by various
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  Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. The U
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  Speaker 1: N Offensive by Stephen L. Y Gammons introduction. The Korean
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  Speaker 1: War was the first major arm clash between free world
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  Speaker 1: and communist forces as the so called Cold War turned hot.
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  Speaker 1: The half century that now separates us from that conflict, however,
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  Speaker 1: has dimmed oark collective memory. Many Korean War veterans have
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  Speaker 1: considered themselves forgotten their place in history. Sandwich between the
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  Speaker 1: sheer size of World War Two in the fierce controversies
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  Speaker 1: of the Vietnam War. The recently built Korean War Veterans
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  Speaker 1: Memorial on the National Mall and the upcoming fiftieth anniversary
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  Speaker 1: commemorative events should now provide well deserved recognition. I hope
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  Speaker 1: that this series of brochures on the campaigns of the
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  Speaker 1: Korean War war will have a similar effect. The Korean
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  Speaker 1: War still has much to teach us about military preparedness,
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  Speaker 1: about global strategy, about combined operations and a military alliance
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  Speaker 1: facing blatant aggression, and about the courage and perseverance of
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  Speaker 1: the individual soldier. The modern world still lives with the
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  Speaker 1: consequences of a divided Korea and with a militarily strong,
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  Speaker 1: economically weak, and unpredictable North Korea. The Korean War was
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  Speaker 1: waged on land, on sea, and in the air over
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  Speaker 1: and near the Korean Peninsula. It lasted three years, the
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  Speaker 1: first of which was a seesaw struggle for control of
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  Speaker 1: the peninsula, followed by two years of positional warfare as
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  Speaker 1: a backdrop to extend it cease fire negotiations. The following
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  Speaker 1: essay is one of five accessible and readable studies designed
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  Speaker 1: to enhance understanding of the United States role and achievements
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  Speaker 1: in the Korean conflict. During the next several years, the
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  Speaker 1: Army will be involved in many fiftieth anniversary activities, from
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  Speaker 1: public ceremonies and staff rights to professional development discussions and
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  Speaker 1: formal classroom training. The commemoration will be supported by the
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  Speaker 1: publication of various materials to help educate Americans about the war.
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  Speaker 1: These works will provide great opportunities to learn about this
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  Speaker 1: important period in the Army's heritage of service to the nation.
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  Speaker 1: This brochure was prepared in the U. S. Army Center
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  Speaker 1: of Military History by Stephen L. Y Gammons. I hope
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  Speaker 1: this absorbing account with its list of further readings will
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  Speaker 1: stimulate further study and reflection. A complete listing of the
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  Speaker 1: Center of Military histories available works on the Korean War
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  Speaker 1: is included in the Centre's online catalog www dot Army
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  Speaker 1: dot mill slash c M H hyphen PG slash catalog,
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  Speaker 1: slash brochure HTM. John S. Brown, Brigadier General, USA Chief
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  Speaker 1: of Military History, the un offensive sixteen September through two
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  Speaker 1: November nineteen fifty. Following a surprise North Korean attack on
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  Speaker 1: twenty five June nineteen fifty, Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker's
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  Speaker 1: eighth Army fought desperate battles to halt the invasion before
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  Speaker 1: finally establishing a defensive line to protect the vital port
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  Speaker 1: city of Pusan on the southeast coast of the Korean Peninsula.
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  Speaker 1: By August, the Pusan perimeter stretched about one hundred miles
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  Speaker 1: north along the west bank of the Naktung River west
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  Speaker 1: of Pusan, and after turning east near knak Dung Nie,
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  Speaker 1: about fifty miles to the coast above Pohang Dung. As
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  Speaker 1: dividing ensued along the perimeter, more AMRI forces entered Korea
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  Speaker 1: to stem the communist tide. From the first days of
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  Speaker 1: the Korean attack, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Commander
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  Speaker 1: in Chief United Nations U N Command, perceived that the
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  Speaker 1: deeper the North Korean People's Army NKPA pushed into South Korea,
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  Speaker 1: the more vulnerable it would become to an amphibious envelopment.
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  Speaker 1: MacArthur naturally thought in terms of an amphibious landing in
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  Speaker 1: the enemy's rear area to win the Korean War. In
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  Speaker 1: World War II, after Batan, all of his campaigns in
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  Speaker 1: the Southwest Pacific had begun as amphibious operations. Such operations
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  Speaker 1: took advantage of American control of the sea and the
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  Speaker 1: enemy's weakness in his rear strategic setting. Even as the
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  Speaker 1: first U. S Army units arrived in Korea, MacArthur's staff
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  Speaker 1: began planning for the amphibious assault behind North Korean line.
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  Speaker 1: The best site was Inchon, a yellow seaport halfway up
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  Speaker 1: Korea's west coast. To the east lay the capital city
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  Speaker 1: of Seoul, where the main roads and rail lines converged.
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  Speaker 1: Magarthur reasoned that a force landing at Incheon would have
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  Speaker 1: to move inland only a short distance to cut the
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  Speaker 1: nkpe's main north south supply lines. A secondary, but significant
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  Speaker 1: consideration was Seoul's psychological importance as the traditional capital for
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  Speaker 1: all of Korea. Magarthur believed a landing and inchon, combined
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  Speaker 1: with the Eighth Army's northward advance, would blunt the enemy's offensive.
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  Speaker 1: As a result, the retreating enemy would either be cut
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  Speaker 1: off or forced to make a slow and difficult withdrawal
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  Speaker 1: through the mountains farther east. The nature and location of
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  Speaker 1: the planned landings dictated that it be directed by a
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  Speaker 1: tactical headquarters separate from Eighth Army. To that end, MacArthur
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  Speaker 1: created the Tenth Corps Headquarters from members of his own staff,
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  Speaker 1: naming his chief of Staff, Major General Edward M. Alman
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  Speaker 1: as Corps commander. The Tenth Corps was activated on twenty
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  Speaker 1: six August nineteen fifty as a separate command under the
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  Speaker 1: General Headquarters for East Command. Although pressed in meeting Eighth
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  Speaker 1: Army's troop requirements, MacArthur was able to shape a two
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  Speaker 1: division landing force consisting of the seventh Infantry Division and
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  Speaker 1: the first Marine Division in Japan performing occupation duties. The
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  Speaker 1: seventh Division had contributed key personnel to the twenty fourth
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  Speaker 1: and twenty fifth Infantry and First Cavalry Divisions as they
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  Speaker 1: loaded out for Korea. MacArthur rebuilt the vast understrength division
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  Speaker 1: by giving it high priority on replacements from the United
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  Speaker 1: States and by assigning it eighty six hundred South Korean
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  Speaker 1: recruits known as K eight tisa's from the Korean Augmentation
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  Speaker 1: to the United States Army program. The First Marine Division,
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  Speaker 1: which MacArthur acquired from the United States, was augmented by
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  Speaker 1: the First Provisional Marine Brigade from the Pusan Perimeter and
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  Speaker 1: by a Republic of Korea ROK Marine Corps Regiment. With
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  Speaker 1: these two divisions, along with artillery, engineer and other support elements,
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  Speaker 1: the Tenth Corps was to make the landing at Incheon.
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  Speaker 1: Except for the ROK seventeenth Regiment, which was reassigned from
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  Speaker 1: the Eighth Army to the Tenth Corps, no reinforcements were available.
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  Speaker 1: Naval officials and MacArthur's superiors judged the Incheon plan as dangerous.
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  Speaker 1: Navy planners considered the yelloc's extreme title variations, sometimes as
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  Speaker 1: high as thirty feet, and the narrow channel approaches to
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  Speaker 1: the port as major risks to shipping marine planners saw
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  Speaker 1: peril and landing in the middle of a built up
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  Speaker 1: area and having to scale high sea walls to get ashore.
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  Speaker 1: The Joint chiefs of Staff were concerned that MacArthur was
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  Speaker 1: committee his last major reserves at a time when no
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  Speaker 1: more units in the United States were available for deployment
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  Speaker 1: to the Far East. Four National Guard divisions had been
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  Speaker 1: federalized on one September, but none was yet ready for
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  Speaker 1: combat duty, and while the draft and the call ups
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  Speaker 1: of Organized Reserve Corps members were substantially increasing the size
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  Speaker 1: of the army, they offered MacArthur no prospect of immediate reinforcement.
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  Speaker 1: Should the landing run into strong opposition, no help could
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  Speaker 1: be expected, but MacArthur was willing to accept the risks
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  Speaker 1: in light of the uncertainties. His decision was a remarkable gamble,
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  Speaker 1: and given the results, one of exemplary boldness operations. As
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  Speaker 1: D day for the inch On landing approached, Walker was
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  Speaker 1: busy marshaling his forces for the breakout from the Pusan perimeter.
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  Speaker 1: At this time, Walker had under his direct command the
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  Speaker 1: second and twenty fifth Infantry Divisions and the first Corps
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  Speaker 1: under the Corps control were the twenty fourth Infantry and
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  Speaker 1: first Cavalry Divisions, the fifth Regimental Combat Team RCT, formed
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  Speaker 1: from the fifth Infantry, the British twenty seventh Infantry Brigade,
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  Speaker 1: and supporting troops. Earlier on seventeen July, MacArthur informed Walker
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  Speaker 1: that all ROK ground forces would be placed under his command.
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  Speaker 1: Pursuant to South Korean President singmund Ree's express desire, Walker
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  Speaker 1: planned to have First Corps forces break out of the
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  Speaker 1: perimeter's center near Wigwan, with the main effort directed at
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  Speaker 1: northward along the Tai Ku, kum Chan Tai Joon Suwon axis. Initially,
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  Speaker 1: the Redgemental Combat Team and the first Cavalry Division would
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  Speaker 1: seize a bridgehead over the Knocktung River near Waiguan, allowing
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  Speaker 1: the twenty fourth Division to drive toward kum Chan and Teijan.
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  Speaker 1: The first Cavalry Division would follow, securing the attacking division's
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  Speaker 1: rear and lines of communications. Concurrently, the second and twenty
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  Speaker 1: fifth Divisions on the eighth Army's left flank, and the
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  Speaker 1: ROK First and Second Course on the east and right
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  Speaker 1: flank would attack and fix enemy troops in their zones,
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  Speaker 1: exploiting any local breakthrough the plan had some problems. To
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  Speaker 1: supplement the fifth RCT's noctung bridgehead mission. Walker wanted the
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  Speaker 1: second and twenty fourth divisions to ford the river below Waiguan,
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  Speaker 1: and the rok first Division the portion above the town. However,
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  Speaker 1: the plan for multiple crossings was fraught with difficulties because
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  Speaker 1: the Eighth Army lacked the engineer, troop and bridging equipment
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  Speaker 1: for simultaneous river assaults. In fact, it had only enough
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  Speaker 1: equipment for two pontoon treadway bridges across the Noctungue. In addition,
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  Speaker 1: Walker was unable to concentrate a large force in the
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  Speaker 1: Pussan Perimeter's center for the breakout effort. Attacks by NKPA
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  Speaker 1: units had pinned down all of the divisions under Walker's
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  Speaker 1: command except the twenty fourth. Only on the eve of
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  Speaker 1: the offensive was he able to move that division and
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  Speaker 1: increments from the east to the perimeter's center. Essentially, the
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  Speaker 1: Eighth Army offensive constituted more of a holding action, allowing
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  Speaker 1: the tenth Corps to make the main effort. Walker's forces
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  Speaker 1: would then need to link up quickly with the tenth
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  Speaker 1: Corps to cut off a large body of North Koreans
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  Speaker 1: in the southwestern part of the peninsula. Walker anticipated that
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  Speaker 1: the news of the Inchon landing would have a demoralizing
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  Speaker 1: effect on the North Koreans while boosting the spirits of
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  Speaker 1: his troops. For that reason, he requested that the Eighth
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  Speaker 1: Army delay its attack till the day after the Inchon landing.
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  Speaker 1: The Inchon landing, the Invasion of Inchon, code named Operation Chromite,
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  Speaker 1: began on the morning of fifteen September, the objectives being
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  Speaker 1: to capture Inchon and then to liberate Seoul. The tenth
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  Speaker 1: Corps invasion force, numbering nearly seventy thousand men, arrived off
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  Speaker 1: the landing beaches one hundred and fifty miles behind enemy lines,
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  Speaker 1: the effort marking the first major amphibious assault by American
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  Speaker 1: troops since one April nineteen forty five in Okinawa during
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  Speaker 1: World War II. The initial phase called for the seizure
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  Speaker 1: of the fortified Wolmee Island that protected Inchon Harbor. The
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  Speaker 1: assault force, consisting of the third Battalion, fifth Marine's first
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  Speaker 1: Marine Division and a platoon of nine M twenty six
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  Speaker 1: tanks from Company A, first Marine Marine Tank Battalion, hit
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  Speaker 1: the island at six thirty three hours and moved rapidly
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  Speaker 1: inland against little resistance. Within a few minutes, more troops
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  Speaker 1: landed and moved across the island to seal off the
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  Speaker 1: causeway leading to Incheon. The reduction of Wolmey continued systematically
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  Speaker 1: and was completed at oh seven hundred and fifty hours.
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  Speaker 1: Marine casualties were seventeen wounded. Enemy losses were one hundred
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  Speaker 1: and eight soldiers killed and one hundred and thirty six captured.
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  Speaker 1: Pre invasion intelligence about Wolmey Island proved accurate. Enemy prisoners
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  Speaker 1: indicated that about four hundred soldiers of the third Battalion,
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  Speaker 1: two hundred and twenty six Independent Marine Regiment and some
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  Speaker 1: artillery troops of the nine hundred and eighteenth Artillery Regiment
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  Speaker 1: had defended the island. While the initial fighting had gone well,
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  Speaker 1: the battle was far from over. After the capture of Woolmey,
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  Speaker 1: an anxious pirroot prevailed when the tide began to fall,
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  Speaker 1: stopping further landing operations until late in the afternoon. Although
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  Speaker 1: the North Koreans were now fully alerted, they had few
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  Speaker 1: troops in the region. Moreover, American aircraft covered the countryside
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  Speaker 1: during the day, isolating the port to a distance of
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  Speaker 1: twenty five miles and naval gunfire the closer approaches to Inchon.
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  Speaker 1: Late in the afternoon, assault troops of the first and
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  Speaker 1: fifth Marines headed for separate landing areas designated Red and
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  Speaker 1: Blue Beaches on the Incheon shoreline. The Fifth Marine's first
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  Speaker 1: wave arrived at Red Beach at seventeen thirty three hours.
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  Speaker 1: Most of the men had to climb the sea wall
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  Speaker 1: with scaling ladders, although some made their way through holes
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  Speaker 1: in the wall created by the naval bombarden. Two objectives,
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  Speaker 1: Cemetery in Observatory Hills, lay in front of the assault
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  Speaker 1: force on the left flank of the landing area. An
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  Speaker 1: intense firefight ensued when a Marine platoon encountered North Korean
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  Speaker 1: soldiers and trenches in a bunker just beyond the sea wall. Nevertheless,
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  Speaker 1: Cemetery Hill was taken just twenty two minutes after the landing,
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  Speaker 1: with many of its defenders throwing down their weapons and surrendering.
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  Speaker 1: By midnight, other marine elements had fought their way against
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  Speaker 1: sporadic resistance to the top of Observatory Hill. Meanwhile, the
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  Speaker 1: First Marine's first wave reached Blue Beach at seventeen thirty
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  Speaker 1: two hours, and most of the men also had to
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  Speaker 1: climb a high sea wall that fronted the area. Fighting
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  Speaker 1: through the evening and into the night, the assault force
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  Speaker 1: had taken its final D Day objectives by zero one
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  Speaker 1: thirty hours sixteen September. Marine casualties were twenty men killed,
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  Speaker 1: one hundred and seventy four wounded, and one missing in action.
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  Speaker 1: The Inchanon landing had come as a complete surprise to
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  Speaker 1: the North Koreans, consistent with pre invasion estimates, Enemy prisoners
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  Speaker 1: related that the InChI garrison consisted of about two thousand
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  Speaker 1: men as garrison reinforcements. Elements of the twenty second Regiment
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  Speaker 1: had moved to Inchon before dawn on the fifteenth, but
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  Speaker 1: retreated to Seoul after the main landing that evening. Prepared
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  Speaker 1: defenses had been minimal and resistance uncoordinated. By the morning
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  Speaker 1: of sixteen September, the first and fifth Marines had joined
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  Speaker 1: forces and were advancing rapidly against late resistance. By evening,
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  Speaker 1: they had reached a pre arranged beachhead line six miles
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  Speaker 1: inland from the actual landing area. The line, which included
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  Speaker 1: the port as well as the high ground east of Inchon,
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  Speaker 1: was deep enough to prevent enemy artillery fire on the
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  Speaker 1: landing and unloading areas and served as a base to
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  Speaker 1: seize kim Poet Airfield, the next objective, About halfway between
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  Speaker 1: Inchon and Seoul. The fifth Marines reached the edge of
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  Speaker 1: the airfield by eighteen hundred hours on seventeen September, taking
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  Speaker 1: the southern part within the next two hours. The airfield's
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  Speaker 1: four hundred to five hundred defenders appeared surprised and were
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  Speaker 1: easily brushed aside. Several company sized counter attacks struck the
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  Speaker 1: airfield's perimeter positions during the night, but the North Koreans
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  Speaker 1: were repulsed, suffering heavy casualties and finally fleeing to the northwest.
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  Speaker 1: The Americans secured the airfield during the morning of eighteen September.
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  Speaker 1: As a result, the United Nations Command gained its first
• 17:29
  Speaker 1: ground air base north of the Pusan region, which greatly
• 17:32
  Speaker 1: eased its ability to support not only the attack on Seoul,
• 17:36
  Speaker 1: but also interdiction operations throughout South Korea. By now, the
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  Speaker 1: remaining Tenth Corps elements had arrived to join in the
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: battle for Seoul. Ships carrying the seventh Division from Japan
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  Speaker 1: reached Incheon Harbor on sixteenth September General Almond wanted the
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: troops disembarked as soon as possible to cover the area
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  Speaker 1: south of Seoul from any North Korean units that might
• 18:01
  Speaker 1: have been set north from the Pusan region. The Seventh
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  Speaker 1: Division's second Battalion, thirty second Infantry landed during the morning
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  Speaker 1: of the eighteenth. The remainder of the regiment went ashore
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  Speaker 1: later in the day. The next morning, the second battalion
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  Speaker 1: moved up to relieve the first Marine Division's second Battalion,
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  Speaker 1: first Marines, which was occupying positions on the right flank
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  Speaker 1: south of the Seoul Highway. Meanwhile, the seventh Division's thirty
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  Speaker 1: first Infantry came ashore at Inchon. Responsibility for the zone
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  Speaker 1: south of the Seoul Highway passed to the seventh Division
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  Speaker 1: at eighteen hundred hours nineteen September the Battle for Seoul.
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  Speaker 1: With Incheon and its harbor secured, the Tenth Corps now
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  Speaker 1: faced the daunting task of retaking Seoul itself. Seoul, twenty
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: five miles to the east, had been reinforced after the
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  Speaker 1: Inchon landings and now held over twenty thousand and soldiers.
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: Protecting Seoul to the south and southwest was the wide
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  Speaker 1: Han River, The city was heavily damaged and presented a
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  Speaker 1: formidable obstacle, with numerous street barricades and enemy positions on
• 19:14
  Speaker 1: the hills dominating its approaches. The assault on the city
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: would be aided somewhat by the recapture of Kimpo Airfield
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: and its subsequent use by American close air support aircraft,
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  Speaker 1: but indications were that the battle for the city would
• 19:30
  Speaker 1: be far greater than had been the action at Incheon
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: and the advance to the Han River. As the first
• 19:36
  Speaker 1: Marines fought its way east along the Inchan Seoul Highway
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  Speaker 1: into yeung Dongpo, about one and a half miles west
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  Speaker 1: of Seoul on the south side of the Han River,
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: the seventh Division protected the marine's right flank and engaged
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: enemy forces moving toward the battle area from the south,
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: seeking to cut the Seoul Sulu Highway. The thirty secon
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: Infantry attacked southeast toward Ayang Nie, about five miles south
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  Speaker 1: of yung Dungpo, until twenty September when its advance was
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: halted by an extensive minefield. Exploding mines damaged three tanks
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: of Company A seventy third Tank Battalion, completely blocking the
• 20:19
  Speaker 1: narrow dirt road the column was following. After engineer troops
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: removed more than one hundred fifty mins, the thirty second
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: Infantry resumed its advance toward anyang Ni, capturing dung Tuk
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: Mountain and part of Coppermine Hill. The thirty second Infantry
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: took the rest of Copper Mine Hill the following day
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: twenty one September, and captured the high ground northeast of
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: ayang Ni. When night fell, its third Battalion held blocking
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: positions astride the su Huan Highway two miles south of
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  Speaker 1: ayan Ni, and its first battalion the road east to
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  Speaker 1: the high ground northeast of the city. In the meantime,
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: seven miles northeast of ayong Ni, in the vicinity of
• 21:04
  Speaker 1: Hill two ninety, enemy forces ambushed the lead platoon of
• 21:08
  Speaker 1: Company B, first Battalion and seriously disorganized it. Closely pursued
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  Speaker 1: by the enemy, the company withdrew two miles southward toward
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  Speaker 1: the first battalion lines and halted the n k p
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  Speaker 1: A force. On the twenty third, the first Battalion resumed
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  Speaker 1: the offensive, seizing Hill two ninety, situated three miles below
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  Speaker 1: the Han River and seven miles southeast of Jung dung
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  Speaker 1: Po Hill two ninety dominated the southern approaches to the
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  Speaker 1: Han and to Seoul, while the tenth Course southern flank
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  Speaker 1: was being secured by the seventh Division. The heaviest fighting
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: in the Battle for Seoul began on the city's western
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: edge on twenty two September and lasted four days. The
• 21:52
  Speaker 1: n k p a's defensive line on the west side
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  Speaker 1: of Seoul was fixed firmly at the north on Hill
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  Speaker 1: two ninety six, just south of the Kaisan Highway and
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  Speaker 1: west of Seoul's Sudomen Prison. The n k p A
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  Speaker 1: line curved from the crest of Hill two ninety six
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  Speaker 1: and a gentle half moon sweep eastward and southward down
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  Speaker 1: spur ridges two and a half miles to the Han River,
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  Speaker 1: the concave side facing west toward the Yuan troops. Three
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  Speaker 1: hills known as Hills one O five North, Center and
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  Speaker 1: South formed the greater part of this uneven ridge line.
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  Speaker 1: Hills one O five Center and one O five South,
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  Speaker 1: through which the main Pussan Manchuria rail line and road
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  Speaker 1: coursed into Seoul, completely dominated the area and contained a
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  Speaker 1: variety of field fortifications capable of quick organization for defense.
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  Speaker 1: Two miles east of these positions in the center of
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  Speaker 1: the city, where the government house and main railroad station.
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  Speaker 1: The principal n k p A unit manning this line
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  Speaker 1: was the twenty fifth Brigade, formed a month earlier at
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: Choo One. It had begun moving to Seoul on the
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: day of the Inchon landing, with most of the unit
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: arriving in the city on nineteen September. The brigade numbered
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: about twenty five hundred men and probably consisted of two
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: infantry battalions, four heavy machine gun battalions, an engineer battalion,
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: a seventy six millimeter artillery battalion, a one hundred and
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: twenty millimeter mortar battalion, and miscellaneous service troops. Along with
• 23:30
  Speaker 1: the seventy eighth Independent Regiment. It defended both the military
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: and topographic crests. The slopes contained defensive positions, deep foxholes,
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: which offered protection from overhead shell air bursts, and concrete
• 23:44
  Speaker 1: caves which stored abundant supplies. More than fifty heavy machine
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: guns with interlocking fields of fire dotted these slopes. Starting
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: on twenty two September, the fifth Marines fought a series
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: of hard battles as it attempted to clear the North
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: Koreans from positions west of Seoul. The fifth was soon
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: joined by two other regiments as planned, but the enemy's
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: stubborn defense had begun to worry the American commanders. On
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: the twenty third, General Alman expressed to the first Marine
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: Division commander, Major General Oliver B. Smith his dissatisfaction with
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: the slow pace of the Marine's progress, giving him twenty
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: four hours to gain ground otherwise. Almond told Smith that
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: he would change the division boundaries and bring the seventh
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: Division's thirty second Infantry into the battle to envelop the
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: enemy's defenses from the south. On the morning of twenty
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: four September, the North Koreans were still holding the Marines
• 24:42
  Speaker 1: in check west of Seoul. After conferring with the seventh
• 24:46
  Speaker 1: Division commander, Major General David G. Barr, Alman changed the
• 24:51
  Speaker 1: boundary between Bars and Smith's units. Earlier the next morning,
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: Barr's forces would attack across the Han River into the
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: southeast portion of Seoul to support the seventh Division's crossing.
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: The tenth Core reinforced Bar with the Marine's first Amphibious
• 25:08
  Speaker 1: Tractor Battalion minus one company, two platoons of Company a
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: fifty six amphibious tank and tractor battalion and the Rok
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: seventeenth Regiment, the division's thirty second Infantry, which spearhead the attack,
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: with the crossing taking place at the Sinsare Ferry, three
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: miles east of the main rail and highway bridges over
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: at the Han River. The main rail line and highway
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: on the east side of the city passed about a
• 25:36
  Speaker 1: mile beyond the northern basis. South Mountain nam San its
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: nine hundred feet, making it the highest point in Seoul.
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: For the crossing, the thirty second Infantry had a strength
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: of over forty nine hundred soldiers, of which slightly more
• 25:50
  Speaker 1: than eighteen hundred were South Koreans. Its mission was threefold,
• 25:55
  Speaker 1: take and secure South Mountain Secure Hill one twenty at
• 26:00
  Speaker 1: two miles southeast of Seoul in season, hold Hill three
• 26:04
  Speaker 1: forty eight, a large high mass five miles east of
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: the city. The battle opened at six hundred hours on
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: twenty five September, when the forty eighth Field Artillery Battalion
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: began firing a thirty minute artillery preparation. Soon the heavy
• 26:20
  Speaker 1: mortars joined in to hammer the cliffs that lined the
• 26:23
  Speaker 1: opposite side of the river. At six thirty hours, under
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: the cover of ground fog, the second battalion thirty second
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: Infantry crossed the Han. On reaching the other side, the
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: soldiers scurried across the narrow river bank and scaled the
• 26:38
  Speaker 1: thirty to sixty foot cliffs. The river crossing apparently surprised
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: the North Koreans, whose defenses were lightly manned. The Americans
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: met only moderate resistance as they reached and cleared the
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: summit of South Mountain by fifteen hundred hours. Meanwhile, the
• 26:56
  Speaker 1: thirty second Infantry's first battalion crossed the Han at eight
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: thirty hours and moved east along the river bank toward
• 27:04
  Speaker 1: Hill one twenty. Its third battalion made its way to
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: the other side of the river a little after noon,
• 27:11
  Speaker 1: passed through the first battalion's ranks and took up positions
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: on Hill one twenty itself. The k seventeenth Regiment followed
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: immediately behind the third battalion and moved farther east to
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: the thirty second Infantry's extreme right flank, where at twenty
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: one fifty hours it commenced an all night attack against
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: Hill three forty eight, occupying a tight perimeter on top
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: of South Mountain. The second battalion soldiers waited quietly but
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: tensely throughout the night for the enemy's counter attack. The
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: early morning hours passed slowly without nearly a sound. Finally,
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: at five hundred hours on twenty six September, an NKPA
• 27:52
  Speaker 1: force of approximately one thousand men charged Company G on
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: the mountains higher western Knob and Company F on the
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: lower eastern Knob. Company G held its position, but F
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: was overrun. After two more hours of fighting, the Americans
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: restored their positions and forced the surviving North Koreans to
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: retreat down the slopes. The same morning, the first battalion
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: to the east also found itself heavily engaged, while the
• 28:21
  Speaker 1: third battalion moved from Hill one twenty to Hill three
• 28:24
  Speaker 1: forty eight en route the latter's cutney held commanded by
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: First Lieutenant Harry J. McCaffrey Junior, observed a large enemy
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: column on the highway leaving Seoul. Seizing the opportunity, McCaffrey
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: ordered his men to attack. Using surprise. The infantrymen destroyed
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: or captured five tanks, more than forty other vehicles, three
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: artillery pieces, and seven machine guns, as well as seized
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: two ammunition dumps, clothing, and other supplies. About five hundred
• 28:55
  Speaker 1: NKPA soldiers, possibly members of a corps headquarters, were killed
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: during the battle. American analysts believed that those killed constituted
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: the principal enemy command defending Seoul. During the thirty second
• 29:10
  Speaker 1: Infantry's assault on South Mountain, the Marines ground down the
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: hill defenses on Seoul's west side and entered Seoul proper
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: on twenty five September. By that time, the nkpa's eighteenth
• 29:23
  Speaker 1: division commander had decided that the battle was lost again,
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: withdrawing his unit, which had been fighting in the yung
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: Dungpo area south of the Han River, to cover the
• 29:35
  Speaker 1: division's northbound retreat. The North Koreans struck with desperate counter
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: attacks at every point of the tenth Corps advance into
• 29:43
  Speaker 1: the city. Day long street fighting ensued on the twenty sixth,
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: with stipers firing from houses and defenders manning barricades. Each
• 29:52
  Speaker 1: city block became a small battle field. By nightfall, tenth
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: Corps soldiers controlled approximately half of Seoul. Earlier that day,
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: General MacArthur had announced in a dispatch that Seoul had
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: been completely enveloped and held by the ROK seventeenth Regiment
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: and elements of these seventh Infantry and first Marine Divisions.
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: Day long street fighting, however, continued throughout the twenty seventh
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: The defenders in the center of Seoul built chest high
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: barricades crossed the streets, from which they fired anti tank
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: guns and machine guns. Rocket attacks and strafing runs by U. S.
• 30:29
  Speaker 1: Navy and Marine aircraft. Mortar attacks and fire from tanks
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: were used to reduce the barricades. In some cases, a
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: single barricade held up of battalions advanced by as much
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: as an hour during the night. The last defenders, except
• 30:46
  Speaker 1: for snipers and stragglers, finally withdrew from the city, and
• 30:50
  Speaker 1: all enemy resistance ended the next day. In a brief
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: ceremony on twenty nine September, General MacArthur returned control of
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: Seoul to President Ree. The victory achieved in the fight
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: for Inchan and Soul was not without cost. The tenth
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: Corps casualties totaled some three thousand, five hundred. The seventh
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: Division had one hundred and six killed, four hundred and
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: nine wounded, and fifty seven missing in action. These totals
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: included one hundred and sixty six kat usas and its
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: thirty second Infantry alone lost sixty six killed, two hundred
• 31:28
  Speaker 1: and seventy two wounded, and forty seven missing. The first
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: Marine Division suffered the heaviest losses, three hundred and sixty
• 31:36
  Speaker 1: four killed, fifty three of whom died of wounds, one thousand,
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: nine hundred and sixty one wounded, and five missing in action.
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: Enemy casualties were estimated at fourteen thousand killed, and prisoners
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: of war were confirmed at seven thousand. Breakout and pursuit
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: in the South, the eighth Army's battleon at its closest
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: point was one hundred eighty miles by air from the
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: Tenth Corps landing area in the enemy's rear. The winding
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: mountain roads that lay ahead of the army made that
• 32:09
  Speaker 1: distance even farther. After a slow start, however, the mileage
• 32:14
  Speaker 1: was quickly recovered as the American forces linked up south
• 32:17
  Speaker 1: of Seoul. As the tenth Corps secured Incheon on sixteen September,
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: General Walker's eighth Army pushed out of the Pusan perimeter.
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: The eighth Army began its breakout on schedule at nine
• 32:31
  Speaker 1: hundred hours. The offensive, however, was not simultaneous. Many Eighth
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: Army units were still repelling enemy attacks. The momentum of
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: the breakout built slowly in the face of strong enemy resistance,
• 32:45
  Speaker 1: centered on several hills that controlled the Eighth Army's main
• 32:48
  Speaker 1: avenues of advance northward south of wei Wang. Hill two
• 32:54
  Speaker 1: sixty eight represented a critical terrain feature for the main
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: highway ran along the east bank of the Noctung River.
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: The nkpa's tank supported third Division defended the southern approach
• 33:06
  Speaker 1: to the Waiguan Tegu Road. The hill was important tactically
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: because of a gap in the enemy line to the south.
• 33:14
  Speaker 1: The British twenty seventh Brigade held vital blocking positions at
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: the lower side of this gap, just above strong forces
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: of the nkpa's tenth Division moving along the east bank
• 33:27
  Speaker 1: of the Noctangue. On nineteen September, the fifth Regimental Combat Team,
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: which was attached to the first Cavalry Division, began a
• 33:35
  Speaker 1: full regimental assault against Hill two sixty eight. After a
• 33:39
  Speaker 1: hard day of fighting, the fifth took the hill except
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: for its northeast slope. By nightfall, the fifth Infantry's third
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: battalion was on the hill, its first battalion was pushing
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: northwest toward another enemy position, and its second battalion had
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: captured till one twenty one, one and a half miles
• 33:59
  Speaker 1: north Hill two sixty eight and one mile short of Waiguan.
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: The battle for Hill two sixty eight continued the next morning,
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: as more than two hundred NKPA soldiers and log covered
• 34:12
  Speaker 1: bunkers fought the third battalion. Three flights of US Air
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: Force F fifty one Mustang fighters dropped napalm, fire rockets
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: and strafed the enemy bunkers. Following the air strikes, the
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: fifth Regimental Combat Team again struck at the bunkers, where
• 34:29
  Speaker 1: in many cases the North Koreans fought to the last man.
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: By noon, the fifth control both the summit and slopes
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: of the position. With the loss of these key positions,
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: the Third Division's defenses around Waiguan broke apart, and its
• 34:45
  Speaker 1: troops began a panic stricken retreat across the Noctung. Aerial
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: observers estimated that fifteen hundred North Koreans crossed to the
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: left side of the Noctung just above Waiguan. Further reports
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: indicated that the roads north of the d town were
• 35:00
  Speaker 1: jammed with enemy soldiers in groups of ten to three hundred.
• 35:05
  Speaker 1: On nineteen September, the fifth Infantry's second battalion traversed the
• 35:09
  Speaker 1: Noktang River, took Weegwan, moved through the town to the
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: southwest slope of Hill three O three, and secured the
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: hill on the twentieth. By the afternoon of the following day,
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: the entire fifth Regimental combat team was on the other
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: side of the Noktang, and in a span of five days,
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: the fifth had crushed the third Division's right flank in
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: part of its center. The enemy's advanced positions on the
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: road to Tegu, where the first Cavalry Division's fifth Cavalry
• 35:40
  Speaker 1: found battle, were thus rendered indefensible. Meanwhile, along its defensive
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: line on the western edges of the Pusan perimeter, the
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: twenty fifth Division was still fighting the nkpa's six and
• 35:53
  Speaker 1: seventh divisions. On sixteen September, the enemy appeared stronger than
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: ever on the heights of battle Mountain Pilbang and sobuk San.
• 36:03
  Speaker 1: The twenty fourth Infantry, positioned in the center, faced the
• 36:07
  Speaker 1: brunt of the enemy's daily attacks. The twenty seventh Infantry
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: was on its left, and the thirty fifth Infantry on
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: its right astride the east west Masan Shinjou Road. To
• 36:20
  Speaker 1: counter the n k p a's offensive, the twenty fifth
• 36:24
  Speaker 1: Division's commander, Major General William B. Keene, assembled a composite
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: battalion sized task force to attack the enemy held heights
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: of Battle Mountain and Pilbong Heavily Supported by fire from
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: the eighth and ninetieth Field Artillery Battalions and by numerous
• 36:42
  Speaker 1: air strikes, the task force attacked these heights repeatedly on
• 36:46
  Speaker 1: the seventeenth and eighteenth. However, automatic weapons fire from well
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: prepared enemy positions drove back the Americans, who sustained heavy casualties.
• 36:58
  Speaker 1: Company a twenty seventh infantry alone suffered fifty seven casualties
• 37:02
  Speaker 1: in a period of twenty four hours on the eighteenth,
• 37:06
  Speaker 1: After failing to drive the enemy from the peaks, Keen
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: dissolved the task force. The next morning, he found that
• 37:13
  Speaker 1: the North Koreans had abandoned their positions on the crest
• 37:16
  Speaker 1: of Battle Mountain during the night, and the first battalion,
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: twenty fourth Infantry moved up and secured the area. On
• 37:24
  Speaker 1: nineteen September, the thirty fifth Infantry on the right or
• 37:28
  Speaker 1: northern flank, met light resistance until it reached the high
• 37:31
  Speaker 1: ground in front of Chung'am Nie. There, in cleverly hidden
• 37:35
  Speaker 1: spider holes, enemy troops fired on first battalion soldiers from
• 37:39
  Speaker 1: the rear. The next day, the first battalion captured chung
• 37:43
  Speaker 1: Nam Nie and the second battalion took the long ridge
• 37:46
  Speaker 1: line running northwest from chung nam Ni to the Nam
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: River to the south. Heavy fighting on the twenty fifth
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: division's left flank kept the twenty seventh Infantry busy as
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: it tried to move forward on the twenty first. Three
• 38:00
  Speaker 1: miles southwest of chung nam Ni, the thirty fifth Infantry
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: captured the well known notch and then moved rapidly west
• 38:08
  Speaker 1: eight air miles without resistance to the high ground at
• 38:12
  Speaker 1: the chung Yu Pass, only to be blocked by six
• 38:15
  Speaker 1: division elements protecting the unit's withdrawal across the Nam River
• 38:20
  Speaker 1: and through Chinju some six miles to the west. At
• 38:24
  Speaker 1: the same time, the twenty fourth Infantry in the center
• 38:27
  Speaker 1: and the twenty seventh Infantry on the left advanced, slowed
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: only by the rugged terrain. By the end of September,
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: the twenty fifth Division had seized the west coast port
• 38:38
  Speaker 1: of Kunsan on the right flank of the Pusan perimeter.
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: In the mountainous region of the Rok second Corps, Rok
• 38:47
  Speaker 1: sixth Division soldiers advanced slowly against the nkpa's eighth Division.
• 38:53
  Speaker 1: After four days of battle, the eighth Division was destroyed
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: as a combat force, suffering about four thousand cash. Enemy
• 39:01
  Speaker 1: survivors fled in disarray north toward Yi Chan. By twenty
• 39:06
  Speaker 1: one September, the Rok sixth Division, meeting little opposition, was
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: advancing northwest toward Yui Home. Farther to the east, the
• 39:17
  Speaker 1: Rok eighth Division found little opposition from the nkpa's fifteenth Division,
• 39:23
  Speaker 1: which had been practically annihilated. On sixteen September in the
• 39:27
  Speaker 1: Rok First Course sector, elements of the Rok Capitol Division
• 39:32
  Speaker 1: fought their way through the streets of angang Ni. The
• 39:35
  Speaker 1: next day, advancing from the west in the Rok Second
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: Course sector, a battalion of the Rok seventh Division linked
• 39:42
  Speaker 1: up with elements of the Rok Capitol Division, closing a
• 39:46
  Speaker 1: two week old gap between the Rok first and second Corps.
• 39:51
  Speaker 1: The nkpa's twelfth Division waged a series of stubborn, delaying
• 39:56
  Speaker 1: actions against the ROK Capitol Division in the vicinity of
• 40:00
  Speaker 1: of Kigyei. As the North Koreans retreated northward into the mountains,
• 40:05
  Speaker 1: Kighii fell on twenty two September in the harbor village
• 40:09
  Speaker 1: of Pohangdong. Fierce battles were fought between the ROK third
• 40:13
  Speaker 1: Division and the nkpa's fifth Division. The ROK units finally
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: captured the village during the morning of the twentieth. They
• 40:23
  Speaker 1: continued to attack aggressively, forcing a disorderly withdrawal by the
• 40:28
  Speaker 1: enemy toward yong Dak. As MacArthur had anticipated, the North
• 40:32
  Speaker 1: Korean army was cut off and in retreat. By twenty
• 40:36
  Speaker 1: three September, the enemy court on around the Pusan perimeter
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: had been destroyed. The North Korean soldiers in the South
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: had disintegrated as an effective military force. While some escaped
• 40:49
  Speaker 1: to the north and others became guerrillas in the south,
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: most were casualties. The breakout from the Pusan perimeter acrossed
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: the Eighth Army seven hundred and ninety killed and three thousand,
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: five hundred forty four wounded, but tenth Corps and Eighth
• 41:04
  Speaker 1: Army soldiers had captured twenty three thousand enemy personnel and
• 41:09
  Speaker 1: killed thousands more crossing the thirty eighth Parallel. As soon
• 41:15
  Speaker 1: as Yun leaders digested the Allied success, they began to
• 41:19
  Speaker 1: debate the advisability of crossing the thirty eighth Parallel into
• 41:22
  Speaker 1: North Korea. The National Security Council advised President Harry S.
• 41:27
  Speaker 1: Truman against moving north. The Council's position was that the
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: expulsion of the North Koreans from South Korea was a
• 41:35
  Speaker 1: sufficient victory. The Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed, however, claiming
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: military doctrine, demanded that the North Korean army be destroyed
• 41:44
  Speaker 1: completely to prevent renewed aggression. President Truman on eleven September
• 41:50
  Speaker 1: adopted the arguments of his military advisers, while heeding the
• 41:54
  Speaker 1: National Security Council's call to avoid provoking Communist China and
• 41:59
  Speaker 1: the Soviet Union. Thus, on twenty seven September, the Joint
• 42:03
  Speaker 1: Chiefs direct at General MacArthur to cross the thirty eighth
• 42:06
  Speaker 1: Parallel for the purpose of destroying North Korea's military forces,
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: providing that no Chinese or Soviet forces had entered or
• 42:15
  Speaker 1: threatened to enter North Korea. They further decreed that Yuan
• 42:19
  Speaker 1: troops were not to go into China or the Soviet Union,
• 42:23
  Speaker 1: and that only ROK soldiers should operate along these borders.
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall on the twenty ninth
• 42:31
  Speaker 1: sent MacArthur a personal message that confirmed his approval for
• 42:35
  Speaker 1: tactical and strategic operations north of the Parallel. This message,
• 42:40
  Speaker 1: MacArthur was told, had been personally endorsed by Truman. MacArthur
• 42:45
  Speaker 1: received a secondary mission to unite all of Korea if
• 42:49
  Speaker 1: possible under President Rei. The responses to this decision were
• 42:55
  Speaker 1: immediate and strong. On one October, Premier Choan Live worn
• 42:59
  Speaker 1: the NaNs China would not tolerate or stand aside if
• 43:02
  Speaker 1: Yuan forces invade at North Korea. This was a clear
• 43:07
  Speaker 1: threat that China would intervene if that should happen. On
• 43:10
  Speaker 1: the second, the Soviet delegate to the United Nations proposed
• 43:14
  Speaker 1: that a cease fire in Korea be called and that
• 43:17
  Speaker 1: all foreign troops be withdrawn. The following day, the Indian
• 43:21
  Speaker 1: delegate expressed his government's position that Yuan forces should not
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: cross the thirty eighth Parallel. General MacArthur on one October
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: sent a message to the Commander in chief of the
• 43:33
  Speaker 1: North Korean forces, demanding that the North Koreans lay down
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: their arms and seize hostilities under UN military supervision so
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: as to avoid further loss of life and destruction of property.
• 43:46
  Speaker 1: The message also called for the release of Uan prisoners
• 43:49
  Speaker 1: of war and civilian internees, but North Korea ignored the proposals.
• 43:55
  Speaker 1: MacArthur issued a last chance ultimatum for North Korea to
• 43:59
  Speaker 1: surrender on the night. While North Korea did not respond officially,
• 44:03
  Speaker 1: Premier Kim Il Song rejected it the following day in
• 44:07
  Speaker 1: a radio broadcast. Meanwhile, on the seventh, the U and
• 44:11
  Speaker 1: General Assembly had passed a resolution calling for the unification
• 44:15
  Speaker 1: of Korea and authorizing MacArthur to send troops across the
• 44:19
  Speaker 1: thirty eighth Parallel, while the Ninth Corps positioned to protect
• 44:24
  Speaker 1: the lines of communications south of the Han River, which
• 44:28
  Speaker 1: flows east to west south of Seoul. General Walker ordered
• 44:32
  Speaker 1: the First Corps with the first Cavalry twenty fourth Infantry
• 44:35
  Speaker 1: in ROK first Divisions to assemble in the vicinity of
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: Kai Song, northwest of Seoul, just below the thirty eighth Parallel.
• 44:44
  Speaker 1: Upon receipt of orders, the ROK Second Corps, composed of
• 44:48
  Speaker 1: the sixth, seventh, and eighth Divisions moved to the area
• 44:51
  Speaker 1: between chun Cho and Uijanbu in central Korea, and the
• 44:56
  Speaker 1: ROK First Corps, which consisted of the Capital and Third Divisions,
• 45:01
  Speaker 1: to the area between Yongpo and chung yung Jing up
• 45:05
  Speaker 1: on Korea's east coast. While these forces prepared to attack northward,
• 45:11
  Speaker 1: tenth Corps elements bought as ships at Inchan and Pusan
• 45:14
  Speaker 1: for an amphibious landy at won San, a major port
• 45:19
  Speaker 1: on North Korea's east coast, one hundred ten miles above
• 45:22
  Speaker 1: the thirty eighth parallel. On twenty nine September, a message
• 45:28
  Speaker 1: dropped from a light plane by an officer with the
• 45:31
  Speaker 1: Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea was delivered
• 45:35
  Speaker 1: to the u S advisor to the ROK third Division,
• 45:39
  Speaker 1: Lieutenant Colonel Rawlan c Imerich. According to the message, the
• 45:43
  Speaker 1: ROK third Division was to cross the thirty eighth Parallel
• 45:47
  Speaker 1: and proceed to Won San as soon as possible. The
• 45:50
  Speaker 1: next day, the division crossed the parallel and advanced up
• 45:54
  Speaker 1: the east coast. The ROK Capitol Division followed after establishing
• 46:00
  Speaker 1: command posted Yang Yang, eight miles north of the parallel.
• 46:04
  Speaker 1: On two October, both divisions proceeded to wan San and
• 46:09
  Speaker 1: captured the town on the tenth. Well before the tenth
• 46:12
  Speaker 1: Corps had landed at Kai Song, the first Cavalry Division
• 46:16
  Speaker 1: was ready to cross the line. The eighth Cavalry in
• 46:19
  Speaker 1: the center was to attack frontally from Kai Song to
• 46:23
  Speaker 1: kum Chong, fifteen miles north and along the main highway axis,
• 46:27
  Speaker 1: and the fifth Cavalry on the right was to move
• 46:30
  Speaker 1: east and then swing west in a circular flanking movement
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: designed to trap enemy forces south of kum Chong. In
• 46:38
  Speaker 1: the meantime, the seventh Cavalry on the division's left traversed
• 46:42
  Speaker 1: the Yisong River, advanced north on the road from pike
• 46:45
  Speaker 1: Cheong to the small town of han Po Ri, six
• 46:49
  Speaker 1: miles north of kum Chong, where the main pyeong Yang
• 46:53
  Speaker 1: Road crossed the Yissong River, and established a blocking position.
• 46:58
  Speaker 1: Defending the kum Chong area. North of Kisson were the
• 47:01
  Speaker 1: nkpa's nineteenth and twenty seventh divisions. Its forty third division
• 47:07
  Speaker 1: to the west defended the Yisone River crossing and the
• 47:10
  Speaker 1: coastal area beyond the river. At nine hundred hours on
• 47:15
  Speaker 1: nine October, the first Cavalry Division struck out across the
• 47:19
  Speaker 1: thirty eighth parallel. Initially, the advance was slow along the
• 47:24
  Speaker 1: main highway. The eighth Cavalry stopped repeatedly and waited for
• 47:28
  Speaker 1: engineer troops to clear mines from the road. Halfway to
• 47:32
  Speaker 1: kum Chong on the twelfth, the regiment was halted by
• 47:35
  Speaker 1: an enemy's strong point defended by tanks, self propelled guns,
• 47:39
  Speaker 1: and anti aircraft weapons. In spite of a sixteen plane
• 47:43
  Speaker 1: air strike and a one hundred and fifty five millimeter
• 47:47
  Speaker 1: howitzer barrage, the strong point held. The fifth Cavalry, which
• 47:51
  Speaker 1: also ran into trouble at the start, failed to cross
• 47:54
  Speaker 1: the parallel until ten October. The next day, its first
• 47:59
  Speaker 1: battalion encounters entered an enemy force holding a long ridge
• 48:02
  Speaker 1: with several knobs hills one seventy nine, one seventy five,
• 48:07
  Speaker 1: and one seventy four that dominated a past fifteen miles
• 48:11
  Speaker 1: northeast of Quayson. The infantrymen drove the defenders from the
• 48:16
  Speaker 1: ridge during the afternoon of the twelfth, but the fight
• 48:19
  Speaker 1: was fierce. In the battle for Hill won seventy four,
• 48:24
  Speaker 1: First Lieutenant Samuel S. Corson, a platoon leader in Company C,
• 48:29
  Speaker 1: observing that one of his men had entered a well
• 48:31
  Speaker 1: hidden gun emplacement thought to be unoccupied, and had taken
• 48:35
  Speaker 1: a bullet. Ran to his aid without regard for his
• 48:38
  Speaker 1: personal safety. Lieutenant Corson engaged the enemy in hand to
• 48:42
  Speaker 1: hand combat in an effort to protect the wounded soldier,
• 48:45
  Speaker 1: till he himself was killed. When his body was recovered
• 48:50
  Speaker 1: after the battle, seven enemy dead were found in the emplacement.
• 48:54
  Speaker 1: Corson's actions save the wound at soldier's life and eliminated
• 48:58
  Speaker 1: the main position of the enemy roadblock. For his actions,
• 49:02
  Speaker 1: Lieutenant Corson received the Medal of Honor posthumously. After much fighting,
• 49:08
  Speaker 1: the first Cavalry Division captured kum Cheong on fourteen October,
• 49:13
  Speaker 1: with first Corpse soldiers moving through the enemy's principal fortified
• 49:17
  Speaker 1: positions between the thirty eighth Parallel and Pyongyang, the North
• 49:21
  Speaker 1: Korean capital city. Enemy front lines as such ceased to exist.
• 49:27
  Speaker 1: On the nineteenth, Company f fifth Cavalry entered Pyongyang, followed
• 49:32
  Speaker 1: shortly thereafter by Rok first Division elements from the northeast.
• 49:37
  Speaker 1: The next morning, the fifteenth, the Rok first Division reached
• 49:41
  Speaker 1: the heart of the city and took the strongly fortified
• 49:44
  Speaker 1: administrative center without difficulty. The entire city was secured by
• 49:49
  Speaker 1: ten hundred hours that day. On Korea's east coast, the
• 49:54
  Speaker 1: Tenth Corps first Marine Division went ashore at monsoon on
• 49:58
  Speaker 1: twenty six October, and d in its seventh Division landed
• 50:01
  Speaker 1: unopposed at Iwan, eighty miles north of Wonsan on the
• 50:06
  Speaker 1: twenty ninth. Once in place, Tenth Corps forces began to
• 50:09
  Speaker 1: secure key industrial and communications areas, port installations, and the
• 50:15
  Speaker 1: power of irrigation plants in northeastern Korea. On twenty four October,
• 50:21
  Speaker 1: General Walker took personal command of his Advanced Eighth Army
• 50:25
  Speaker 1: headquarters in Pieongyang, located in the same building that had
• 50:29
  Speaker 1: been the headquarters of Premier Kim Il sung. In retrospect,
• 50:33
  Speaker 1: the Eighth Army had accomplished much in a short period
• 50:37
  Speaker 1: of time. Less than six weeks had passed since the
• 50:40
  Speaker 1: Army had fought desperately to hold its lines three hundred
• 50:43
  Speaker 1: and twenty miles to the south along the Pusan perimeter. Likewise,
• 50:48
  Speaker 1: the Inchon landing was less than six weeks in the past,
• 50:51
  Speaker 1: and it was four weeks since the recapture of Seoul,
• 50:55
  Speaker 1: having broken out of its embattled perimeter and pushing northward.
• 50:59
  Speaker 1: The army was now one hundred sixty miles north of
• 51:02
  Speaker 1: Seoul and one hundred thirty miles inside North Korean territory.
• 51:07
  Speaker 1: After many hard fought battles between the perimeter and Pyeongyang,
• 51:11
  Speaker 1: it had seceded in overrunning the enemy's capital city was
• 51:15
  Speaker 1: about to breach the last important river barrier south of
• 51:18
  Speaker 1: North Korea's northern border, the Yalu River, where the North
• 51:25
  Speaker 1: Korean capital city secured, the Eighth Army continued its push
• 51:30
  Speaker 1: northward toward the Yalu River, Korea's traditional border with China.
• 51:35
  Speaker 1: The chung Chung River and its tributaries, the Kuryung and
• 51:40
  Speaker 1: Tereyung Rivers, all flowing from the north, formed the last
• 51:44
  Speaker 1: major water barrier in the western part of North Korea
• 51:47
  Speaker 1: short of the border. At this point in time, the
• 51:51
  Speaker 1: chung Chung River was the principal terrain feature in the
• 51:55
  Speaker 1: Eighth Army's field of operations, and it largely dictated the
• 52:00
  Speaker 1: army's deployment and tactical maneuvers. The Eighth Army's operations above
• 52:05
  Speaker 1: the chung Chung River were essentially a continuation of the
• 52:08
  Speaker 1: pursuit that started with a breakout from the Pusan perimeter.
• 52:13
  Speaker 1: Moving northward, the first Corps with the twenty fourth Division
• 52:16
  Speaker 1: and the attached British twenty seventh Brigade positioned on the left,
• 52:22
  Speaker 1: proceeded to the chung Chung The ro O K Second
• 52:26
  Speaker 1: Corps with the Roke first Division, advanced on the right
• 52:30
  Speaker 1: to the east. The ro O K eighth Division reached
• 52:32
  Speaker 1: Tokchung forty miles north of Pyeongyang during the night of
• 52:36
  Speaker 1: twenty three October, and then turned north and arrived at
• 52:40
  Speaker 1: Kucheng Dong on the kun Chun about ten miles from
• 52:44
  Speaker 1: tok Chun. Two days later, the ro O K sixth Division,
• 52:48
  Speaker 1: meeting little opposition and traveling fast up the chung Chun
• 52:52
  Speaker 1: River valley, reached Hui Cheung nearly sixteen miles north of
• 52:56
  Speaker 1: Kucheng Dong on the night of the twenty third, passing
• 53:00
  Speaker 1: through un Jiang twenty six miles from Hui Chan. During
• 53:04
  Speaker 1: the night of the twenty fourth, the seventh Regiment r
• 53:08
  Speaker 1: O K sixth Division turned north and advanced towards Cho San,
• 53:12
  Speaker 1: fifty miles away on the Yalu River. A reinforced reconnaissance
• 53:17
  Speaker 1: platoon from the seventh Regiment entered Cho San the next
• 53:21
  Speaker 1: morning and found the North Koreans retreating across the Yalu
• 53:25
  Speaker 1: went to China over a narrow floating footbridge. In the meantime,
• 53:29
  Speaker 1: on twenty two October, the twenty fourth Division, having been
• 53:33
  Speaker 1: relieved by the Second Division, moved northward from Pyongyang. Its
• 53:37
  Speaker 1: mission to push the North Koreans against the one hundred
• 53:40
  Speaker 1: and eighty seventh Airborne Infantry's blocking position, thus cutting off
• 53:45
  Speaker 1: the enemy's escape route and it was hoped rescuing prisoners
• 53:49
  Speaker 1: of war. Elements of the twenty fourth Division continued to
• 53:54
  Speaker 1: press northward, and the first Battalion twenty first Infantry reached
• 53:58
  Speaker 1: Chungo Dong, just southwest of sinyu Ju on the Yalu River.
• 54:04
  Speaker 1: The northernmost penetration of the Eighth Army China intervenes late
• 54:11
  Speaker 1: in October in the mountainous region above Pyongyang. The Eighth
• 54:15
  Speaker 1: Army was poised across the chung Chan River in full force.
• 54:19
  Speaker 1: On North Korea's east coast, crossed the formidable barrier of
• 54:23
  Speaker 1: the Taibek Mountains. Tenth Corps forces were landing and beginning
• 54:28
  Speaker 1: their drive to the Yalu. Moralem on the American and
• 54:31
  Speaker 1: Allied soldiers was high for many thought that this river
• 54:35
  Speaker 1: crossing would be the last brief phase of the war,
• 54:38
  Speaker 1: but then the unexpected happened. China entered the war on
• 54:45
  Speaker 1: twenty five October in the ROK second Core sector. The
• 54:49
  Speaker 1: third Battalion, second Regiment ROK sixth Division started northwest from Ungjiang,
• 54:56
  Speaker 1: about fifty miles from the Yalu toward Puchin, eight miles
• 55:01
  Speaker 1: west of Ojog. The third Battalion encountered what was thought
• 55:05
  Speaker 1: to be a small force of North Koreans, but was
• 55:08
  Speaker 1: in reality a Communist Chinese Forces c c F trap,
• 55:14
  Speaker 1: in which c c F troops destroyed the third Battalion
• 55:17
  Speaker 1: as an organized force. On the evening of the next day,
• 55:21
  Speaker 1: the division ordered its seventh regiment to withdraw south. Before
• 55:26
  Speaker 1: it could do so, however, it neededs supplies, which were
• 55:29
  Speaker 1: air dropped on the twenty eighth. As the seventh Regiment
• 55:33
  Speaker 1: head itself, the following morning, it ran into an enemy
• 55:37
  Speaker 1: roadblock about twenty miles south of Kojeng. More attacks followed
• 55:42
  Speaker 1: on thirty one October, as c c F troops broke
• 55:45
  Speaker 1: through the sector of the sixteenth Regiment r o K
• 55:48
  Speaker 1: eighth Division near its boundary with the r O K
• 55:52
  Speaker 1: First division. By the next day, the Chinese had pushed
• 55:56
  Speaker 1: the r o K seventh Division back to the vicinity
• 55:59
  Speaker 1: of Wang. The series of attacks forced the ROK Second
• 56:03
  Speaker 1: Corps to pivot facing east, causing a gap between its
• 56:08
  Speaker 1: left flank and the US First Corps. Walker quickly assembled
• 56:12
  Speaker 1: the second Division in the sun Chan area to meet
• 56:15
  Speaker 1: any possible emergency in this gap. Within a few days
• 56:19
  Speaker 1: of the first battles, the c CF troops had driven
• 56:22
  Speaker 1: back and severely crippled the ROK second Corps and had
• 56:26
  Speaker 1: moved south of the chung Chung River to the US
• 56:29
  Speaker 1: First Corp's open right flank in the far west. The
• 56:34
  Speaker 1: story was the same as part of the US first
• 56:37
  Speaker 1: Corps General advance on twenty five October, the ROK first
• 56:41
  Speaker 1: Division was spread out on the road that ran from
• 56:43
  Speaker 1: the chung Chun River to Usan. The division's fifteenth Regiment
• 56:48
  Speaker 1: passed through Yung Biong and continued toward Unsan without opposition.
• 56:54
  Speaker 1: In the lead were elements of copany D six Medium
• 56:57
  Speaker 1: Tank Battalion, which also passed through un San without incident.
• 57:02
  Speaker 1: Just before eleven hundred hours, as the tanks approached a
• 57:05
  Speaker 1: bridge one and a half miles northeast of the town,
• 57:08
  Speaker 1: enemy mortar fire blew the bridge, engaging the enemy force.
• 57:12
  Speaker 1: The South Korean soldiers reported a half hour later that
• 57:16
  Speaker 1: three hundred Chinese troops were in the hills just north
• 57:19
  Speaker 1: of un San. Second in the division column, the ROK
• 57:23
  Speaker 1: twelfth Regiment, turned west when it arrived at Unsan. It too,
• 57:27
  Speaker 1: ran into the Chinese just beyond the town. The CF's
• 57:32
  Speaker 1: attacks against the Rok first Division continued on the twenty sixth,
• 57:37
  Speaker 1: but east up the following day. As reports from the
• 57:41
  Speaker 1: front reached the eighth Army headquarters that prisoners captured by
• 57:44
  Speaker 1: Rok soldiers were Chinese, General Walker became concerned. On twenty
• 57:50
  Speaker 1: eight October, he relieved the First Cavalry Division of its
• 57:54
  Speaker 1: security mission in Pieongyang. The division's new orders were to
• 57:58
  Speaker 1: pass through the Rok first to y Division's lines at
• 58:01
  Speaker 1: un San and attacked toward the Yalu River leading the way.
• 58:05
  Speaker 1: On the twenty ninth, the eighth Cavalry departed Pyongyang and
• 58:09
  Speaker 1: reached yung San Dong that evening. The fifth Cavalry arrived
• 58:14
  Speaker 1: the next morning with a mission to protect the eighth
• 58:16
  Speaker 1: Cavalry's rear. With the arrival of the eighth Cavalry at Ansan.
• 58:21
  Speaker 1: On the thirty first, the Rok first Division redeployed to
• 58:24
  Speaker 1: positions northeast, east and southeast of un San. The eighth
• 58:29
  Speaker 1: Cavalry took up positions north west and south of the town. Meanwhile,
• 58:33
  Speaker 1: the Rok fifteenth Regiment was desperately trying to hold its
• 58:37
  Speaker 1: position east of the eighth Cavalry across the Santan River.
• 58:42
  Speaker 1: During the afternoon of one November, the CSI f's attack
• 58:46
  Speaker 1: north of un San gained strength against the Rok fifteenth
• 58:50
  Speaker 1: Regiment and gradually extended to the right flank of the
• 58:53
  Speaker 1: first Battalion eighth Cavalry. At nightfall, the first Battalion controlled
• 58:58
  Speaker 1: the northern approaches to the Santan River, except for portions
• 59:02
  Speaker 1: of the Rok fifteenth regiment's zone on the east side.
• 59:06
  Speaker 1: The battalion's position on the left was whak. There were
• 59:10
  Speaker 1: not enough soldiers to extend the defensive line to the
• 59:13
  Speaker 1: main ridge leading into Unsan. This left a gap between
• 59:17
  Speaker 1: the first and second battalions east of the Santan The
• 59:21
  Speaker 1: Rok fifteenth Regiment was under heavy attack, and shortly after
• 59:25
  Speaker 1: midnight it no longer existed as a combat force. The
• 59:30
  Speaker 1: Ordeal of the eighth Cavalry now began at nineteen hundred
• 59:34
  Speaker 1: and thirty hours on one November, the Chinese attacked the
• 59:38
  Speaker 1: first Battalion Eighth Cavalry all along its line. At twenty
• 59:42
  Speaker 1: one hundred hours, CCF troops found the weak link in
• 59:46
  Speaker 1: the ridge line and began moving through it and down
• 59:48
  Speaker 1: the ridge behind the second battalion, penetrating its right flank
• 59:53
  Speaker 1: and encircling its left. Now, both the first and second
• 59:57
  Speaker 1: battalions were engaged by the enemy on sides. Around midnight,
• 1:00:02
  Speaker 1: the eighth Cavalry received orders to withdraw southward to Ipsuk.
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 1: As of oh one thirty hours on two November, there
• 1:00:11
  Speaker 1: were no reports of enemy activity in the third battalion
• 1:00:14
  Speaker 1: sector south of Unsang, but as the Eighth Cavalry withdrew,
• 1:00:18
  Speaker 1: all three battalions became trapped by c CF roadblocks south
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 1: of Unsang. During the early morning hours, members of the
• 1:00:27
  Speaker 1: first Battalion who were able to escape reached the Ipsuk area.
• 1:00:32
  Speaker 1: A head count showed that the battalion had lost about
• 1:00:35
  Speaker 1: fifteen officers and two hundred and fifty enlisted men. Members
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 1: of the second Battalion, for the most part, scattered into
• 1:00:43
  Speaker 1: the hills Many of them reached the Rok lines near Ipsak.
• 1:00:47
  Speaker 1: Others met up with a third battalion, the hardest hit.
• 1:00:51
  Speaker 1: Around three hundred hours the Chinese launched a surprise attack
• 1:00:55
  Speaker 1: on the battalion command post. Hand to hand fighting ensued
• 1:00:59
  Speaker 1: for about half an hour before the enemy was driven
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 1: from the area. The disorganized members of the third Battalion
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 1: formed a corps of resistance around three tanks on the
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 1: valley floor and held off the enemy until daylight. By
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 1: that time, only six officers and two hundred enlisted men
• 1:01:17
  Speaker 1: were still able to function. More than one hundred and
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 1: seventy were wounded, and there was no account of the
• 1:01:23
  Speaker 1: number dead or missing. Attempts by the fifth Cavalry to
• 1:01:27
  Speaker 1: relieve the beleaguered battalion were unsuccessful, and the third Battalion
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 1: Eighth Cavalry soon ceased to exist as an organized force.
• 1:01:37
  Speaker 1: The enemy force that brought tragedy to the Eighth Cavalry
• 1:01:40
  Speaker 1: at Unsan was the CCF's one hundred and sixteenth Division.
• 1:01:45
  Speaker 1: Elements of the one hundred and sixteenth three hundred and
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 1: forty seventh Regiment were responsible for the roadblocks south of Unsan.
• 1:01:54
  Speaker 1: Also engaged in the Unsan action was the c CF's
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 1: one hundred and fifteenth Division. The arrival of the Chinese
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 1: was obviously now going to have a dramatic impact on
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 1: the course of the war. Analysis for the United Nations Forces,
• 1:02:12
  Speaker 1: victory was in the air by early October nineteen fifty.
• 1:02:15
  Speaker 1: The inch On landing and the breakout from the Pusan
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 1: perimeter had destroyed the North Korean units operating south of
• 1:02:21
  Speaker 1: the thirty eighth Parallel. With a return of Soul to
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 1: the South Korean government, the Republic of Korea regained the
• 1:02:28
  Speaker 1: status it had enjoyed before the twenty five June invasion.
• 1:02:33
  Speaker 1: To stop at this juncture would have been consistent with
• 1:02:36
  Speaker 1: America's policy of containment. However, substantial reasons existed for carrying
• 1:02:41
  Speaker 1: the war into North Korea. An estimated thirty thousand NKPA
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 1: soldiers had escaped over the border, with an additional thirty
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 1: thousand and Northern training groups. Combined, these numbers represented enough
• 1:02:56
  Speaker 1: troops to fill six divisions. In South Korea's military forces were,
• 1:03:01
  Speaker 1: if anything, even weaker than they had been before the invasion.
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 1: At best, a halt would have compelled the United Nations
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 1: Command to maintain a presence along the thirty eighth Parallel
• 1:03:12
  Speaker 1: indefinitely or risk another invasion of South Korea. For all appearances,
• 1:03:18
  Speaker 1: a complete military victory was within easy grasp. However, the
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 1: decision to cross the thirty eighth Parallel appears in retrospect
• 1:03:27
  Speaker 1: to have been the turning point in the Korean War.
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 1: Communist China had warned that it might intervene if foreign
• 1:03:33
  Speaker 1: forces crossed the parallel. The warning had gone unheated. In response,
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: nearly one hundred eighty thousand c CF soldiers secretly crossed
• 1:03:44
  Speaker 1: the Yalu River between fourteen October and one November. General MacArthur,
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: unaware of the full extent of Communist China's commitment, believed
• 1:03:54
  Speaker 1: that the attack on twenty five October was a token
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 1: gesture rather than a serious intercession. But by early November,
• 1:04:02
  Speaker 1: intelligence officers had amassed undeniable evidence that the Chinese had
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: indeed intervened In strength. Eighth Army troops found themselves once
• 1:04:12
  Speaker 1: more on the defensive, being pushed southward. The course of
• 1:04:16
  Speaker 1: the war had changed again. Further readings Appleman roy E
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 1: south to the Noktung north to the Yalu. June through
• 1:04:26
  Speaker 1: November nineteen fifty, United States Army in the Korean War, Washington,
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 1: d c U S Army Center of Military History, nineteen
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 1: sixty one. Sandler Stanley Editor, The Korean War in Encyclopedia
• 1:04:42
  Speaker 1: Military History of the United States, Volume four, New York,
• 1:04:47
  Speaker 1: Garland Publishing, nineteen ninety five. Somers Harry G. Junior, Korean
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 1: War Almanac, New York Facts on File, nineteen ninety United
• 1:04:58
  Speaker 1: States Military Academy, Department of Military Art and Engineering, Operations
• 1:05:04
  Speaker 1: in Korea, West Point, New York, United States Military Academy,
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 1: nineteen fifty six. United States Military Academy, Department of Military
• 1:05:15
  Speaker 1: Art and Engineering. The West Point Atlas of American Wars,
• 1:05:19
  Speaker 1: edited by Vincent J. Espezito Wvollium two nineteen hundred through
• 1:05:24
  Speaker 1: nineteen fifty three, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, nineteen fifty nine,
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 1: and of section two The un Offensive by Stephen L. Y.
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 1: Gammons