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45 - Story Of The World- A Simple History For Boys And Girls by Elizabeth O'Neill · Story Of The World- A Simple History For Boys And Girls

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  Speaker 1: Chapter forty five of the Story of the World A
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  Speaker 1: Simple History for Boys and Girls. This is a LibriVox recording.
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  Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. Or more
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  Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The
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  Speaker 1: Story of the World, A Simple History for Boys and
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  Speaker 1: Girls by Elizabeth O'Neill, Chapter forty five. The Remaking of Europe.
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  Speaker 1: The Congress at Vienna had now to begin again the
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  Speaker 1: work of putting order into the Europe with which Napoleon
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  Speaker 1: had been playing chess for so many years. France was
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  Speaker 1: reduced to the size it had been in seventeen eighty
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  Speaker 1: nine before the Revolutionary Wars began. Many of the provinces
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  Speaker 1: she had conquered on the Rhine were more French than German,
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  Speaker 1: but most of the German states were formed into a
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  Speaker 1: loose confederation, and these were included in it. The part
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  Speaker 1: of Poland which had been taken from Prussia was given
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  Speaker 1: to Alexander of Russia. Holland and Belgium were joined together
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  Speaker 1: as one kingdom and given to the Royal House of Orange.
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  Speaker 1: The former rulers of Holland. Holland and Belgium were two
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  Speaker 1: quite different nations. In race and in religion, but no
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  Speaker 1: notice was taken of nationality, although it was really the
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  Speaker 1: spirit of nationalism which had overthrown Napoleon. At last, the
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  Speaker 1: north of Italy was given back to Austria and Savoid
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  Speaker 1: the King of Sardinia. The King and Queen of Naples
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  Speaker 1: went back to their kingdom. Spain had already been given
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  Speaker 1: back to Ferdinand the seventh. The great kings of Europe
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  Speaker 1: looked on the French Revolution as a thing which was over.
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  Speaker 1: It was to them a kind of bad dream. Some
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  Speaker 1: of its ideas had already become part of the laws
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  Speaker 1: of the countries. But the Holy Alliance in which the
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  Speaker 1: Emperor of Austria, the Star of Russia, and the King
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  Speaker 1: of Prussia joined, made it quite clear that they believed
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  Speaker 1: in absolute government. They would try to do good things
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  Speaker 1: for the people, but the people must not do anything
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  Speaker 1: for themselves. So the nineteenth century began, but the ideas
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  Speaker 1: of the French Revolution were not dead, and all the
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  Speaker 1: nations had been slowly winning the liberty and equality which
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  Speaker 1: the Revolution had tried to teach. Louis the eighteenth was
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  Speaker 1: restored to the throne of France once more, but was
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  Speaker 1: understood that he was to give the nation a constitution.
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  Speaker 1: France was to have a parliament of two houses, like England.
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  Speaker 1: Louis the eighteenth with a sensible and rather clever man.
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  Speaker 1: He had spent his days in exile since the Revolution
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  Speaker 1: in Russia until he was driven away twice by the
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  Speaker 1: changing plans of both stars, and afterwards in England. He
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  Speaker 1: was prepared to be very tolerant and moderate, but the
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  Speaker 1: lower house of its first parliament was very violent. The
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  Speaker 1: elections had been made while emigres were pouring back to France,
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  Speaker 1: and many of the people, especially in the south, were
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  Speaker 1: full of relief that the old ways, as they thought,
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  Speaker 1: had come back. Many of the people who were known
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  Speaker 1: to have been in favor of the revolution were massacred
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  Speaker 1: by the peasants, who were full of revenge for all
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  Speaker 1: they and their church had suffered. These massacres were afterwards
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  Speaker 1: spoken of as the White Terror. The lower house insisted
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  Speaker 1: on the trial of some of Napoleon's greatest friends, and
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  Speaker 1: the brave Marshal Ney was tried and shot. Many others
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  Speaker 1: were driven from the country, but at last Louis dissolved
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  Speaker 1: this parliament and the next was much more moderate. The
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  Speaker 1: other countries of Europe had left a large army in France,
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  Speaker 1: and France had to pay a great sum of money
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  Speaker 1: to help to make up to these countries for the
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  Speaker 1: expenses of the wars against Napoleon. But now the army
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  Speaker 1: was withdrawn and things were quiet in France for some years.
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  Speaker 1: Perhaps the thing which the French people felt most in
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  Speaker 1: the conditions of the peace of eighteen fifteen was that
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  Speaker 1: most of the beautiful works of art which Napoleon had
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  Speaker 1: stolen from all over Europe and brought to Paris had
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  Speaker 1: to be sent back. Louis the eighteenth reigned in France
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  Speaker 1: until he died in eighteen twenty four, and his brother
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  Speaker 1: became king and was called Charles the tenth. Charles the
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  Speaker 1: tenth was not such a wise man as Louis the eighteenth.
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  Speaker 1: He was not content to rule as a constitutional king.
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  Speaker 1: I would rather hugh would, he said, than be a
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  Speaker 1: king like the King of England. It was under Charles
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  Speaker 1: France one of years in the North of Africa, the
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  Speaker 1: most prosperous of the French possessions to day. But nothing
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  Speaker 1: could make Charles popular. He stopped the freedom of the press,
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  Speaker 1: and Paris rose in revolt once more. The tri color.
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  Speaker 1: The flag of the Revolution was seen in the streets.
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  Speaker 1: The soldiers and the citizens fought, but the soldiers had
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  Speaker 1: never really had much enthusiasm for fighting against the try color.
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  Speaker 1: The citizens won, for many of the soldiers went over
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  Speaker 1: to them. The palace of the Tulleries was again attacked,
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  Speaker 1: but the king was not there. When he said word
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  Speaker 1: that he was ready to grant freedom to the press again,
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  Speaker 1: he was told that it was too late. He fled to England,
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  Speaker 1: where William the Fourth was now king. Many of the
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  Speaker 1: Parisians had hoped for a republic once more, but this
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  Speaker 1: was not yet to be, and the French crown was
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  Speaker 1: offered to the Duke of Orleans, a member of the
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  Speaker 1: royal family who had fought as a young man when
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  Speaker 1: the armies of the Revolution were attacked by the invaders
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  Speaker 1: that follow me. But Louis Philippe, though he reigned until
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  Speaker 1: eighteen forty eight, never really suited the French. They wanted
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  Speaker 1: more reforms than he could grant. Once more. In eighteen
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  Speaker 1: forty eight, an attack was made on the Palace of
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  Speaker 1: the Tuileries and Louis Philippe had to abdicate. In his turn,
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  Speaker 1: he was seventy five when he fled away with his
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  Speaker 1: queen into exile. France now became a republic again, with
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  Speaker 1: Louis Napoleon, the nephew of the Emperor Napoleon, as its president.
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  Speaker 1: He was the son of Louis Bonaparte, the former King
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  Speaker 1: of Holland. Napoleon's own son, the King of Rome, had
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  Speaker 1: died at an age of twenty. He had always been
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  Speaker 1: a delicate boy, and he died worn out, with longing
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  Speaker 1: to be able to do something to win his father's
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  Speaker 1: empire back. It was not long before Prince Louis Napoleon
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  Speaker 1: was able to have himself proclaimed Emperor. He was called
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  Speaker 1: Napoleon the Third, as though he had a right to
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  Speaker 1: succeed to the son of Napoleon, who was therefore spoken
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  Speaker 1: of as Napoleon the Second. So France this was ruled
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  Speaker 1: by an emperor once more, though not for long. Meanwhile,
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  Speaker 1: changes in Europe had followed both the Revolution of eighteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty and this of eighteen forty eight. Belgium had rebelled
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  Speaker 1: against being joined with Holland and had become a separate
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  Speaker 1: kingdom under a German prince, the uncle or Princess Victoria,
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  Speaker 1: who became Queen of England in eighteen thirty seven. Hanover
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  Speaker 1: could not be held by women, and so no longer
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  Speaker 1: belonged to the English sovereign. It was soon joined to Prussia. Poland,
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  Speaker 1: filled with the spirit of nationality and wish for freedom,
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  Speaker 1: rose against Russia, but the rebellion was put down with
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  Speaker 1: the death of Ferdinand the Seventh in eighteen thirty three.
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  Speaker 1: Spain also got a constitution. For a time. Before this,
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  Speaker 1: the nations of Europe had been roused to enthusiasm by
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  Speaker 1: the struggle of the Greek people for independence against the Turks.
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  Speaker 1: The Sultanate Constantinople left the government of the conquered states
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  Speaker 1: in the hands of rulers who governed them very much
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  Speaker 1: as they liked. These rulers, who were of course Mohammedans,
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  Speaker 1: were often very cruel to the the Christian people, like
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  Speaker 1: the Greeks, who had borne their rule for centuries. But
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  Speaker 1: the new spirit of nationalism was now felt by the
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  Speaker 1: Greeks and they rose in rebellion against the Turks. Terrible
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  Speaker 1: fighting took place, for the Greeks were as cruel as
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  Speaker 1: the Turks once they had risen, just as slaves are
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  Speaker 1: vicious when they have once risen against their masters. At first,
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  Speaker 1: the countries of Europe did not interfere, although Russia and
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  Speaker 1: England especially were in favor of the Greeks, but volunteers
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  Speaker 1: from these countries went to help the Greeks. Among them
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  Speaker 1: was the poet Lord Byron, who was full of memories
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  Speaker 1: of the great days of Greece and enthusiasm for its writers.
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  Speaker 1: The modern Greek could hardly be looked upon as the
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  Speaker 1: descendants of the old Greeks, for so many Romans and
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  Speaker 1: other people had since mingled with the people Still in
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  Speaker 1: Greece itself. There was a new enthusiasm for the study
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  Speaker 1: of the old Greek literature and language. The population of
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  Speaker 1: Greece was now largely made up of herdsmen and of soldiers,
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  Speaker 1: many of whom were brigands. Constantly worrying the Turkish rulers.
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  Speaker 1: Lord Byron hoped that the glories of old Greece might
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  Speaker 1: be restored, and was full of the stream when he
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  Speaker 1: landed in Greece to help them to fight in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: twenty four. He went on to Messalonhi, one of the
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  Speaker 1: strongest places on the west coast of Greece, but he
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  Speaker 1: got fever in the low swampy land and died. Still
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  Speaker 1: he had given the Greeks hope and courage. Messolonhi was
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  Speaker 1: besieged by sea and land. The siege lasted a year,
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  Speaker 1: and then all the food and powder were gone. But
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  Speaker 1: the Greeks would not surrender. They preferred to die, and
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  Speaker 1: when they could hold out no longer, men, women and
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  Speaker 1: children dashed out on the Turks and died fighting outside
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  Speaker 1: the town they had defended so long. At last England, France,
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  Speaker 1: and Russia sent help to the Greeks, and a great
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  Speaker 1: battle was fought in the Bay of Navarino. The Turks
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  Speaker 1: were defeated, but there were some years of fighting yet.
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  Speaker 1: England did not want to make Turkey too weak, because
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  Speaker 1: this would make Russia too strong. But at last, in
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  Speaker 1: eighteen thirty three, it was arranged that Greece should be
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  Speaker 1: a free kingdom under Otto of Bavaria, a prince only
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  Speaker 1: seventeen years old, as its first king. This new kingdom
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  Speaker 1: was to have a constitution too, So the work of
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  Speaker 1: the French Revolution was being slowly but surely done. Hungary,
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  Speaker 1: the beautiful country which had so long been under the
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  Speaker 1: rule of Austria, although it belonged to quite a different
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  Speaker 1: race from the people of that country now fought for
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  Speaker 1: freedom too. For many years, the Hungarians had chosen the
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  Speaker 1: Emperor to rule them, but now it had become a
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  Speaker 1: matter of course, and they had no share in their
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  Speaker 1: own government, and there was no freedom of the press.
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  Speaker 1: In the year eighteen thirty seven, a young Hungarian Louis
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  Speaker 1: Cossoth set up a newspaper in which the new ideas
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  Speaker 1: of liberty found a voice. This did not please the
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  Speaker 1: Austrian government, and Cossoth was put in prison for two years.
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  Speaker 1: At last, he was set free and started his newspaper again.
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  Speaker 1: The people looked on him as a leader. When the
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  Speaker 1: Revolution of eighteen forty eight took place in France, the
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  Speaker 1: Hungarians hoped more and more for liberty, and Louis Cosseoth
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  Speaker 1: was sent with some other chosen men to ask for
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  Speaker 1: reform in Hungary. The Emperor promised for he was frightened
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  Speaker 1: at the moment, but he he broke his promises, and
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  Speaker 1: then Hungary rose with Louis Cossuth as its leader in
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  Speaker 1: a war against Austria. The peasants flocked, armed with knives
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  Speaker 1: and hatchets to fight for their country. They defeated the
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  Speaker 1: Austrians many times, but Austria got help from Russia, and
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  Speaker 1: thousands of soldiers marched into Hungary. The Hungarians had to
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  Speaker 1: give in. Many of the leaders of the rebellion were shot,
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  Speaker 1: but Louis Cossath escaped from the country. The United States
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  Speaker 1: sent a ship to carry him over to their land,
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  Speaker 1: but afterwards he went to live in Italy, where he
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  Speaker 1: died in eighteen ninety four. But thirty years before this,
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  Speaker 1: Hungary had won her freedom after all. Although she remains
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  Speaker 1: under the Austrian Emperor, her government is quite independent of
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  Speaker 1: the government of Austria, and the countries ruled over by
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  Speaker 1: the emperor are now called together Austria Hungary. Soon after
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  Speaker 1: Napoleon the Third became Emperor of France, the French people
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  Speaker 1: joined the English in a war with Russia. Russia had
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  Speaker 1: won Finland and so became the chief country on the
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  Speaker 1: shores of the Baltic She longed to capture Constantinople and
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  Speaker 1: launch her ships on the Bosphorus. Turkey was in a
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  Speaker 1: very weak state. The Sar Nicholas told the English that
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  Speaker 1: Turkey was a sick man, a very sick man. He
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  Speaker 1: felt that it would be easy to steal all he
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  Speaker 1: wanted from the sick man. He was willing that England
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  Speaker 1: should take Egypt and the island of Crete, and would
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  Speaker 1: have liked to take the Turkish provinces in Europe for himself.
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  Speaker 1: But England did not want Russia to become too strong
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  Speaker 1: and refused. One reason why England did not care for
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  Speaker 1: the Russians to grow too strong was that Russia is
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  Speaker 1: the nearest country in Europe to India, which he might
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  Speaker 1: try to attack through the passes of the Himalayas. Russia
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  Speaker 1: made the Turkish treatment of the Christians in her provinces
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  Speaker 1: an excuse for attacking the Turkish fleet in the Black
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  Speaker 1: Sea in the year eighteen fifty four. The Turkish fleet
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  Speaker 1: was destroyed and four thousand Turks killed. So England and
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  Speaker 1: France made ready to attack Russia in the peninsula of
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  Speaker 1: the Crimea, and so began the famous Crimean War. The
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  Speaker 1: English commander was Lord Raglan, who had lost his arm
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  Speaker 1: at Waterloo. The English and French knew nothing about the Crimea,
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  Speaker 1: but they landed in September eighteen fifty five at a
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  Speaker 1: place near the mouth of the River Almah. The Russians
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  Speaker 1: were drawn up on a ridge of hills on the
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  Speaker 1: other side of the river. They fired on the English
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  Speaker 1: and French all the time they were crossing the river,
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  Speaker 1: but they went bravely on up the hill and broke
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  Speaker 1: the Russian line and so won the first battle of
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  Speaker 1: the war. Then they marched on to Balaklava, where again
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  Speaker 1: they defeated the Russians. But the Battle of Balaklava is
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  Speaker 1: best remembered because of the famous charge of the Light Brigade.
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  Speaker 1: Through some mistake, the brigade, a company of cavalry, was
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  Speaker 1: ordered to cross a mile and a half of the battlefield,
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  Speaker 1: where it would be fired on all the time, and
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  Speaker 1: charge of the Russian guns. It was a terrible order,
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  Speaker 1: for horse soldiers could not attack artillery in such a way.
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  Speaker 1: But though they knew it was a mistake, the brigade
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  Speaker 1: knew too that a soldier's first duty is obedience. They
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  Speaker 1: made the charge, and few came back to tell the tale.
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  Speaker 1: Everybody knows Tennyson's poem on the Charge of the Light Brigade.
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  Speaker 1: Their courage will never be forgotten. The French general, looking on, said,
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  Speaker 1: it is magnificent, but it is not war. As winter
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  Speaker 1: came m on, the English and French were besieging Sebastopool.
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  Speaker 1: The cold was terrible and the soldiers were short of clothes.
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  Speaker 1: Some ships carrying clothes and blankets were wrecked in Baccalaba Bay,
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  Speaker 1: and the things were all lost. When some things did arrive,
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  Speaker 1: it was seen that terrible mistakes had been made. Once
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  Speaker 1: a great case of boots was unpacked, they were all
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  Speaker 1: for the right foot. The men fell ill and thousands died.
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  Speaker 1: Florence Nightingale it was now that Miss Florence Nightingale, an
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  Speaker 1: English lady, took nurses out to care for the sick
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  Speaker 1: and wounded soldiers of Kutari, where the Turkish barracks had
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  Speaker 1: been made into a hospital. But at last, after a
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  Speaker 1: siege of three hundred and forty nine days, Sebastopool was taken.
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  Speaker 1: So ended the Crimean War. The Black Sea was opened
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  Speaker 1: to ships of all countries and Russia was allowed to
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  Speaker 1: keep only six warships on it. Ever since the Crimean War,
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  Speaker 1: the Christian nations under the Turks in Europe had been
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  Speaker 1: longing for their freedom. In eighteen seventy seven, Russia joined
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  Speaker 1: the Christians in their struggle, and Romania, Servia and Montenegro
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  Speaker 1: won their independence. Other provinces were put under the protection
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  Speaker 1: of Austria and afterwards became part of Austria Hungary. Bulgaria
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  Speaker 1: got its own government, but had to pay tribute. It
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  Speaker 1: is now quite free. Even today, the people of Albania
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  Speaker 1: and the districts to the north of Greece are struggling
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  Speaker 1: for their freedom from the Turks that are being helped
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  Speaker 1: by the Serbians and Bulgarians and other peoples who have
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  Speaker 1: already won their freedom. There are many who feel that
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  Speaker 1: things will not be right until the sick man of
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  Speaker 1: Europe is driven out of Europe altogether. The Turks are brave,
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  Speaker 1: if fierce people, but Christian peoples have never been happy
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  Speaker 1: under their rule. Immediately after the Revolution of eighteen forty
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  Speaker 1: eight in France, which once more filled the minds of
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  Speaker 1: men all over Europe with the longing of freedom, nearly
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: every one of the German states demanded a constitution from
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  Speaker 1: their princes. There was a feeling too that, after all,
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  Speaker 1: the Germans of all these little states belonged to one race,
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  Speaker 1: and that they would be much stronger if they could
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  Speaker 1: join together become one nation. A great meeting held at
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  Speaker 1: Frankfort to discuss this thing, but there were too many quarrels.
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  Speaker 1: Some people wanted to include Austria. Others felt that the
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  Speaker 1: Austrians were not really Germans and wanted all the other
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  Speaker 1: states to join with Prussia at their head. This is
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  Speaker 1: what happened afterwards, but for the time the idea was
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  Speaker 1: given up. But as the years went on, the Germans
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  Speaker 1: were more and more inclined to unite. The King of Prussia,
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: William the First, had for his chief statesman a great
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  Speaker 1: man called Audovon Bismarck. Bismarck was one of the greatest
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  Speaker 1: statesmen of modern times. He was stern and strong, and
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  Speaker 1: when he made up his mind to do a thing,
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  Speaker 1: he did it. The German problem, he said, cannot be
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  Speaker 1: solved by parliamentary decrees, but by blood and iron. He
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  Speaker 1: knew that before Prussia could make itself the head of
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  Speaker 1: a new German Empire, there must be a war with Austria.
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  Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty three, Christian the ninth, the father of
• 15:51
  Speaker 1: the Princess Alexandra, who married the Prince of Wales. Afterwards,
• 15:54
  Speaker 1: King Edward the seventh of England became King of Denmark.
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  Speaker 1: For many years, the little states of s Sheelsweg and Holstein,
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  Speaker 1: which were really German had belonged to Denmark, but now
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  Speaker 1: Prussia and Austria fought Denmark for them. The Danes fought,
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  Speaker 1: as they have always done, splendidly, but Denmark is too
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  Speaker 1: small a country to fight against two great powers, and
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  Speaker 1: in the end they had to give up Schwelzweg and
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  Speaker 1: Holstein to the enemy. Then Austria and Prussia fought for
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  Speaker 1: the states themselves in the Seven Weeks War. The powerful
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  Speaker 1: army which Bismarck had made for Prussia won the victory,
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  Speaker 1: and Austria gave up all her power in Germany. The
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  Speaker 1: new Prussian province of Schwelzig Holstein gave Germany more power
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  Speaker 1: on the Baltic coast. Right across the province there is
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  Speaker 1: now a canal which saves the German ships from sailing
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  Speaker 1: round the stormy coast of Denmark. It is in the
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  Speaker 1: harbor of Kiel that Germany is now building her dreadnoughts.
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  Speaker 1: The great warships which many Englishmen fear, are being prepared
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  Speaker 1: to attack England supremacy on the seas. When France, under
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  Speaker 1: its Emperor Apoleon the Third, saw the growing power of Germany,
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  Speaker 1: it grew alarmed. Bismarck was glad of the chain of war,
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  Speaker 1: and in eighteen seventy a war between France and Prussia
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  Speaker 1: broke out. The French people were still full of the
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  Speaker 1: memory of Napoleon and the great victories which his armies
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  Speaker 1: had won. They did not realize how strong the army
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  Speaker 1: of Prussia had grown and how weak their own now was.
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  Speaker 1: They went into the war with a light heart. The
• 17:18
  Speaker 1: German states joined readily with Prussia and sent their armies
• 17:21
  Speaker 1: to help the strong Prussian army against France. In all
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: the battles which the Germans won, the conquering army was
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: larger than the French army it defeated, but the Germans
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: were really better prepared for war in every way. The
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: French won the first battle, in which the young Prince Imperial,
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: the son of Napoleon the Third, fought nobly, but it
• 17:40
  Speaker 1: was their only victory. At the Great Battle of Saddan,
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: the French were surrounded, and though they thought madly, the
• 17:46
  Speaker 1: better trained soldiers of Prussia conquered them. Napoleon the Third
• 17:50
  Speaker 1: went wherever the shots were thickest. He was hoping to
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: be killed, but at last he made up his mind
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: to surrender and sent the message to old King William.
• 17:58
  Speaker 1: Not having been able to dig in the midst of
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: my troops, there was nothing left for me but to
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: give up my sword into the hands of your majesty.
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: An emperor who could not win battles would never be
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: tolerated by the French. This Napoleon the Third knew, and
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: he left France forever with the Empress Eugenie. He died
• 18:16
  Speaker 1: three years afterwards in England, broken hearted. The Everess Eugenie
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: lived for many years in England, loved and admired by
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: all who knew her. But the young Prince Imperial was
• 18:26
  Speaker 1: killed in the Zulu War, fighting nobly for the English people,
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: who had given his father and mother a home in
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: their exile. But though the Emperor had surrendered, Paris determined
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: to resist. For four months the siege went on. The
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: starving Parisians ate horses and paid large sums of money
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: for dogs and cats and rats. But at last they
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: had to give in, and when peace was made they
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: had to give up al Sauce and Lorraine, two more
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: of those Rhine provinces, which were much more French than German.
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: The French have never forgiven the Germans for their defeat
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: in the Franco Prussian War, and to get back Alsace
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: and Lorraine is the dream of many Frenchmen. Today. Provinces
• 19:03
  Speaker 1: themselves are still loyal to the French, and it is
• 19:05
  Speaker 1: said that if a visitor asks the peasant girl there
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: today to what country she belongs, she will look cautiously
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: round to see that no one is listening, and then
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: whisper eagerly France. But one great result of the Franco
• 19:17
  Speaker 1: Prussian War was that now, at last France became a
• 19:20
  Speaker 1: republic and has been won ever since, after nearly a
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: hundred years. The freedom which the first leaders of the
• 19:26
  Speaker 1: Revolution of seventeen eighty nine had longed for, and which
• 19:29
  Speaker 1: had caused so much suffering to France and to Europe,
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: was one. At the same time, the war made Germany
• 19:36
  Speaker 1: a nation. While the Prussian King was at the Palace
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: of Versailles, where he stayed during the Siege of Paris,
• 19:42
  Speaker 1: news came that the people of the German states had
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: made up their minds to unite in one empire, and
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: King William the First of Prussia became the first Emperor
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: of Germany. Each state still governs itself and has its
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: own prince in its own court, but in all things
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: connected with war and peace and trade, the government of
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: the emperor to sides for all. So, after many centuries,
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: the German states, which had remained separate since the Middle Ages,
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: became at last a nation, the making of Italy. Meanwhile, Italy,
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: that other country which had been for so long broken
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: up and in the power of other peoples, was becoming
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: a nation too. Early in the nineteenth century, the same
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: longing for freedom which had begun to spread through the
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: other countries of Europe, was felt in Italy too. Young
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: man like Joseph Mazzini, the first great hero of Italian independence,
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: longed to see their country freed from the foreigner and
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: united as one nation. His one thought was the sorrows
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: of Italy. He always wore black clothes to show how
• 20:40
  Speaker 1: he mourned for her. A society was formed of Italians
• 20:43
  Speaker 1: who would work for their country's freedom. It was called
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: Young Italy, and its watchword was God and the People.
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: After the Revolution of eighteen thirty, some of the Italians rose,
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: but only a few, and they were easily put down.
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: Before this, Mizzini had gone into exile after being in
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: prison for some months. For Young Italy was a secret Society,
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: and it had been found out that he belonged to it.
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: He went, like so many exiles, to England, where he
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: stayed until a new movement began in Italy. After the
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: Revolution in France in eighteen forty eight, all North Italy
• 21:15
  Speaker 1: rose against Austria, and Mizzini went to Rome and set
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: up a republic. The Pope Pious and Ninth had at
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: first been very much in sympathy with the idea of
• 21:25
  Speaker 1: the liberty of the people, but had afterwards become frightened
• 21:28
  Speaker 1: at the violence of some misleaders. He now fled from Rome,
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: but in the north Austria brought a great army and
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: defeated the Italians, and Prince low Napoleon brought an army
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: of Frenchmen and won back Rome for the Pope, in
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: spite of the splendid fighting of Garibaldi, another leader of
• 21:43
  Speaker 1: the Young Italy movement. He too had been exiled soon
• 21:47
  Speaker 1: after Mazzini and had spent many years in war in
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: South America, until he also came back to Italy when
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: beheard that the people were ready to fight for their freedom.
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: When after weeks of fighting he was at last driven
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: from Rome, he fled with his wife, Anita, whom he
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: dearly loved, trying to reach Venice, but could not do so,
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: and he was hunted from place to place, over mountains
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: and through forests until his wife died. Worn out, At
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: last he got away to America, where he stayed until
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: ten years later. Italy made a last and successful attempt
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: to win its freedom. Many of the leaders of the
• 22:20
  Speaker 1: Young Italy movement would have liked to have made an
• 22:22
  Speaker 1: Italian republic, but they hoped to get help from the
• 22:25
  Speaker 1: other countries of Europe, and they knew they would only
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: get it if they tried to set up a kingdom
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: and not a republic. If they had won in their
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: rising in eighteen forty nine, Charles Albert of Sardinia was
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: to have been ruler of the lands conquered from Austria,
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: but Austria forced Charles Albert to abdicate, and his son,
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: Victory Manuel became king of Sardinia. Charles Albert went into
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: exile and died without knowing that success was to come
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: and that his son was to be king of all Italy.
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: Victory Manuel had for his chief statesman Cavour, the third
• 22:55
  Speaker 1: great leader in winning the freedom of Italy. He saw
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: that Italy could only conquer Austria if she were helped
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: by other countries. In eighteen fifty nine, a French army
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: under Napoleon the Third marched into Italy to help Caboor
• 23:07
  Speaker 1: against Austria. Nearly all Lombardy was won by them, and
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: then Napoleon, who thought he had done enough, made peace
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: with the Austrians. This would have left Venice and other
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: parts of North Italy to them, but Cavor was terribly
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: angry at Napoleon's behavior, and the people of North Italy
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: all wanted Victory Manuel for their king. Giribaldi helped in
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: the struggle, a dark, fierce man in the famous red
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: shirt which he always wore. At last, all of North
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: Italy except Venice belonged to Victory Manuel. There were still
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: the papal states Naples and Sicily to win. Giribaldi begged
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: the North Italians for money to get men and weapons
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: to fight against the King of Naples, who was, of
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: course a foreigner belonging to the French royal family. Giribaldi
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: took his men to Sicily and called on the peasants
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: to rise. The Islanders rose and drove the Neapolitan officers away,
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: Sicily was won for victory Manuel. Then the leader crossed
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: to Naples. The royal family fled and the people followed Giribaldi.
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: But at the royal palace there were still royal troops.
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: They might at any moment have fired, but Giribaldi stood
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: up in his carriage, looking steadily at them. Then they
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: too gave way to the enthusiasm of the people for
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: young Italy. Great cries of Viva Garibaldi, long lived Giribaldi
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: were heard on every side, and Naples was won also
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: for victory Manual. The greater part of the papal states
• 24:28
  Speaker 1: had been taken too. All Italy except Rome was now
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: joined under one rule for the first time since the
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: fall of the Roman Empire. In eighteen seventy. When France,
• 24:37
  Speaker 1: being at war, could no longer send an army to
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: defend the Pope, Rome was taken too and became the
• 24:42
  Speaker 1: capital of the new kingdom. An offer was made to
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: the Pope to pay him yearly a large sum of money.
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: He was to have his court like a king, and
• 24:50
  Speaker 1: his soldiers, but he was not to rule over any
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: part of the land. But the Pope would not agree
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: to this. He still lives in his palace as a
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: Vatican but has never given his consent to the law
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: of the papal states. This question of the temporal power,
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: as the pope's rule over the papal States was called,
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: is still discussed among Catholics today. There are many who
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: think that the Pope can rule better and more spiritually
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: over the Church now that he is no longer a
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: temporal prince, but others think that he has been robbed
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: of his rights. Especially in Roman society, does the quarrel
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: go on. The people are divided between the whites, who
• 25:24
  Speaker 1: are all for the Pope, and the blacks, who are
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: in favor of the king. Meanwhile, the royal and papal
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: courts go on side by side. Certainly, it would have
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: been impossible for the great dream of Italian unity to
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: come true if the temporal power had been kept. And
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: so now at last all Europe was divided into nations,
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: and all had constitutions more or less free, except the
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: one country of Russia. Nowhere any longer were there serfs,
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: except indeed in Russia until eighteen sixty one, where there
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: too the Tsar set them free. But in Russia alone
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: there is very little freedom of government. Yet the Tsar
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: is as absolute as any king before the French Revolution,
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: or more so. There is no freedom of the press
• 26:04
  Speaker 1: in Russia and no freedom of thought. For years, all
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: men or women who have dared to speak against the
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: government have been sent as prisoners to Siberia, that great
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: tract of land stretching across the north of Asia, which
• 26:15
  Speaker 1: Russia won in the sixteenth century. There the exiles used
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: to be driven in crowds, marching in chains for thousands
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: of miles to the prisons. They were never more to leave.
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: Prisoners are still sent to Siberia, but they go by
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: the wonderful trans Siberian Railway, which stretches from Europe to
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: the Pacific Ocean. Many Russian exiles are to be found
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: in all the countries of Europe, waiting and hoping till
• 26:37
  Speaker 1: their country too shall be free. There are some who
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: have grown desperate and would destroy all governments if they could.
• 26:44
  Speaker 1: Everywhere else, the peoples of Europe are free, and so
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: too in America and Africa and Australia. At the beginning
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: of the nineteenth century, all South America, except two little
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: districts in the north which belonged to England, were under
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: Spain and Portugal, the people were partly Spanish and Portuguese,
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: but there were many more natives and many two half
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: breeds or creoles, people descended from Spaniards who had married natives.
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: When the United States won their freedom from England and
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: the news of the French Revolution reached South America, ideas
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: of revolution began to spread through South America. Io then,
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: when the Spanish and Portuguese kings were deposed by Napoleon,
• 27:21
  Speaker 1: the South Americans hardly knew who were supposed to be
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: their rulers. This encouraged the ideas of independence, which were
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: already spreading. The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil, but
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: soon after they had returned to Portugal, Brazil became a
• 27:34
  Speaker 1: separate state, with the Portuguese Prince as its constitutional emperor.
• 27:37
  Speaker 1: At last, in eighteen eighty nine, Brazil became a republic,
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: but things were not done so peacefully in the greater
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: part of South America, which belonged to Spain. In these
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: provinces there were many royalists as well as Republicans, and
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: there were many bitter struggles before the Republicans won. One
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: of the great heroes of the struggle was a man
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: named San Martin. For four years he fought against the
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: Royalists in the rich country round the Plata the Great
• 28:02
  Speaker 1: Silver River, but in eighteen sixteen he was able to
• 28:05
  Speaker 1: set up the Republic of Argentina. Then Chile arose, but
• 28:09
  Speaker 1: the Royalists of Peru defeated the Republicans. There there were
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: many strange people in South America, and the leader of
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: the Chileans was an irishman named O'Higgins. But San Martin
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: marched to his help across the great mountain range of
• 28:21
  Speaker 1: the Andes, and Chile too won its independence after many
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: bitter struggles. Venezuela also won its freedom, though it was
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: twice won back again, and then Bolivar, the hero of Venezuela,
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: joined with Saint Martin to win Peru. At last, Spanish
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: North America was divided into nine republics. At first, they
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: were often governed by dictators soldiers who would helped to
• 28:43
  Speaker 1: win their freedom for them, but in the end they
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: all became ruly free republics, and South America rapidly became
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: rich and strong. So here too the work of the
• 28:52
  Speaker 1: French Revolution spread, and now even the peoples of Asia
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: are waking up to the idea of freedom, and we
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: may hope before long all the peoples of the earth
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: will have their liberty. End of Chapter forty five. Recording
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: by Todd