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NASA Is Getting Closer to Sending Astronauts to the Moon · Made of Stars

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Speaker 1: Warning. The following podcast contains an entertaining look at astronomy, physics,
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Speaker 1: and space news throughout the known universe. Listeners have been
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Speaker 1: known to learn about astronomical phenomenon, the scientific method, and
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Speaker 1: expand to vocabulary to include terms like quasar asterism and uranus. Listen,
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Speaker 1: that's your own risk. Go ahead.
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Speaker 2: When made of stars, made them stars, madies. When made
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Speaker 2: of stars, you could be from high they would new Mexicomas.
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Speaker 3: Where are.
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Speaker 2: Stars?
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Speaker 4: When we are made of stars? I'm Wes Carol, joined
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Speaker 4: by my good friend, doctor Shawn Cruz and executive director
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Speaker 4: of Columbus State University's Coca Cola Space Science Center. Hey, Sean,
1:10
Speaker 4: good morning.
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Speaker 3: We's good to be here today.
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Speaker 4: So we're doing the show on a Wednesday because it's
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Speaker 4: Thanksgiving week and you know we're going to be eating tomorrow.
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Speaker 4: I mean, that's what I'm planning to do.
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Speaker 3: All I'll be there with you, well not there with you,
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Speaker 3: but they're figuratively with you.
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Speaker 4: Yes, you're elsewhere, which I'm happy that you're enjoying time
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Speaker 4: with family for your Thanksgiving. So that's that's what it's about, right,
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Speaker 4: being thankful and appreciating each other and being thankful, for
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Speaker 4: the bounty that we can put together on Thursdays, or
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Speaker 4: even if it's just a frozen dinner that has turkey
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Speaker 4: in it, some people do that and being thankful for
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Speaker 4: that too, right.
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Speaker 3: Indeed, we're a blessed group of people. We're blessed to
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Speaker 3: get to do this podcast and do what we do.
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Speaker 3: And you know, I'm thankful for the show. I'm thankful
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Speaker 3: for our listeners, and thankful for a good many other things. Well, yes,
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Speaker 3: well said, celebrating Thanksgiving in the true sense of the word.
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Speaker 4: Let's start our show this week with Moon Mission talk,
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Speaker 4: because we've been talking about this. We went to Kennedy
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Speaker 4: Space Center to be there for a key moment in
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Speaker 4: this Moon mission as they're now a step closer to
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Speaker 4: this thing happening next year, early next year. And it's
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Speaker 4: so crazy to think we're knocking on the door of
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Speaker 4: December and in February. I mean, as of right now February,
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Speaker 4: we're you know, sending astronauts around the Moon, and that
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Speaker 4: hasn't happened in a really long time. So crazy to
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Speaker 4: think we're that close.
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Speaker 3: Could be as early as February, could be as late
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Speaker 3: as April. This is one of those things where it's
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Speaker 3: a little bit hard to tie NASA down. But their
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Speaker 3: official window of time begins in February and goes through
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Speaker 3: April of twenty twenty six, and so that's their launch
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Speaker 3: window for launching this vehicle to the Moon with astronauts
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Speaker 3: on board. As Wes said, for the first time since
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Speaker 3: the nineteen seventies. You know, we're talking about being thankful.
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Speaker 3: I'm thankful for NASA. I know that sounds weird, but
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Speaker 3: that's okay, I'll take it. I'm thankful that I live.
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Speaker 3: I'm thankful I live in a time in human history
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Speaker 3: that we have the National Aeronautics in Space Administration. In
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Speaker 3: other words, I'm thankful that I live in a time
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Speaker 3: in history where we are taking such great adventures to
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Speaker 3: outer space. We have the technological capability to do so,
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Speaker 3: and we have the vision and the sense of exploration
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Speaker 3: and curiosity that we want to go out and explore
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Speaker 3: places off the surface of the Earth. So that's what
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Speaker 3: this is all about. So twenty twenty six is coming
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Speaker 3: up and NASA is moving forward with its next launch
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Speaker 3: of human beings around the Moon. But this is the
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Speaker 3: first launch since the nineteen seventies, and it's going to be.
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Speaker 3: It's called Artemus too. It's going to be taking a
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Speaker 3: crude vehicle around the backside of the Moon, so they
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Speaker 3: can test out the spacecraft called the Orion Capsule. They
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Speaker 3: can test out all of the lunar exploration suits, the
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Speaker 3: space suits for this mission, they can test out the
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Speaker 3: life support systems, and actually they can test out that
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Speaker 3: new Moon rocket itself called the Space Launch System, so
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Speaker 3: to be the first time that that SLS rocket has
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Speaker 3: actually carried human beings. So all of these are very
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Speaker 3: important tests that are taking place. And again, the launch
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Speaker 3: window maybe as early as February. West and I are
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Speaker 3: both hoping it's February. We're going to try to actually
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Speaker 3: get down there and be a part of that and
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Speaker 3: you know, bring it to this podcast obviously when we
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Speaker 3: do that. So we're really looking forward to that. Right now,
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Speaker 3: the testing is going to be occurring not on the
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Speaker 3: launch pad, which a lot of pre launch tests do
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Speaker 3: occur on the launch pad. This particular set of tests
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Speaker 3: is going to be occurring inside the Vehicle assembly building.
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Speaker 3: We know it as the VAB WES and I know
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Speaker 3: it as a really lovely place to get a view
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Speaker 3: from the roof. It's pretty cool stuff we.
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Speaker 4: Do.
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Speaker 3: Indeed, we got a very awesome behind the scenes tour
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Speaker 3: one time where we actually got to go stand on
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Speaker 3: the roof of the VAB. It is a great time anyway.
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Speaker 3: So teams are working right now. They've already completed a
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Speaker 3: critical communications systems test. That means they're just testing all
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Speaker 3: the communications between the SLS itself, the Orion spacecraft, and
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Speaker 3: all of the ground systems necessary during the test, which
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Speaker 3: are into end testing with the near space network and
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Speaker 3: the deep space network, giant radio dishes that wants the
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Speaker 3: vehicle is heading out for the Moon. We need these
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Speaker 3: giant radio dishes to be able to communicate with the vehicle.
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Speaker 3: So all of that's already done, it just hasn't been
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Speaker 3: done with astronauts, right. So the teams are just checking
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Speaker 3: the radio and they're getting on the links so to speak,
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Speaker 3: and they're making sure all those links are working, yes,
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Speaker 3: between the rocket systems, but also between the communication systems
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Speaker 3: necessary for the astronaut. So quote from Sean Duffy, the
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Speaker 3: acting NASA administrator, and pause, we still don't have an
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Speaker 3: answer about the next NASA administrator. So there's no news
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Speaker 3: about Jared Isagman. So if you heard last week's show
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Speaker 3: where we talked a lot about Jared Isaac. Just nothing
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Speaker 3: really has happened since then. Okay, so we still have
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Speaker 3: an acting NASA Administrator, Sean Duffy, he said these words,
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Speaker 3: NASA remains focused on getting ready for safely to fly
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Speaker 3: four astronauts around the Moon and back. Our mission will
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Speaker 3: lay the groundwork for future missions to the lunar surface
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Speaker 3: and to Mars. Unquote Acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy. So
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Speaker 3: the point is there are very important pieces of the
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Speaker 3: puzzle that must be assembled before we are confident in
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Speaker 3: launching our NASA astronauts to the Moon. And that's what's
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Speaker 3: happening right now. So anyway, so this is good stuff. Friends.
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Speaker 3: We are living in a time where we're returning to
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Speaker 3: what we would consider planetary exploration. You leave low Worth orbit,
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Speaker 3: you go to another location in the Solar System. Yes,
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Speaker 3: this one happens to be the Moon in orbit around
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Speaker 3: the Earth, but it is preparing us to go to Mars.
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Speaker 4: Big steps have to be taken to get us one,
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Speaker 4: you know, phase closer to where this. Eventually we're going
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Speaker 4: to have boots on the ground again on the Moon,
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Speaker 4: and then eventually Mars. This is all part of those
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Speaker 4: steps that are taking place, and I just quickly want
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Speaker 4: to mention this, and again we don't really dive into politics.
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Speaker 4: Sometimes politics is part of the story, and you know,
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Speaker 4: read into this whatever you want. You mentioned, you know,
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Speaker 4: Sean Duffy and he, you know, last week or in
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Speaker 4: the last couple of weeks, we've talked about the fact
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Speaker 4: that the priority is to move these things forward safely.
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Speaker 4: That's always the priority. But to move these things forward
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Speaker 4: at a at a rate that will get boots on
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Speaker 4: the ground on the moon during this current president's second term.
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Speaker 4: That's the intention. That's the goal. And you know, so
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Speaker 4: if you think, wow, it seems like it's it's starting
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Speaker 4: to happen fast after so long of it taking forever,
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Speaker 4: there's a reason for it. And this administration wants to
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Speaker 4: be a part of this next phase.
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Speaker 3: Yeah, And you know, some might suggest those goals are
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Speaker 3: lofty because the timeframe is so short, and there's a
8:54
Speaker 3: balance between achieving lofty goals quickly and maintaining safety. And
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Speaker 3: I'm not saying that they are directly in an inverse relationship. However,
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Speaker 3: when for political reasons, we begin to accelerate these programs.
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Speaker 3: I do believe that a very needed increase in safety
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Speaker 3: awareness or maybe but just continued diligence, that's a better
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Speaker 3: way to say it. Continued diligence. In the utmost safety
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Speaker 3: for these crews is really really important because I personally
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Speaker 3: worry about safety of the astronauts. I know that the
9:42
Speaker 3: SLS program, the ARTEMS program, has seemed to chug along
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Speaker 3: at a little bit of a slow pace compared to say, oh,
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Speaker 3: the Apollo program. And there are many important points to
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Speaker 3: understand about the Apollo program and the global climate at
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Speaker 3: the time, in terms of geopolitical challenges that existed at
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Speaker 3: that time. I just in living through this time. I'm
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Speaker 3: excited about getting to the Moon. I want us to
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Speaker 3: go there quickly. I'm like a kid waiting for Christmas.
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Speaker 3: I want it to come soon. At the same time,
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Speaker 3: the adult part of me just says, however, we really
10:18
Speaker 3: need to keep our eyes on the safety of our
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Speaker 3: astronauts and not compromise that with schedules that are too accelerated.
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Speaker 3: So for lack of a you know, a better way
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Speaker 3: to explain it. And again, I don't want to dive
10:32
Speaker 3: into any politics either. I try to be kind of
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Speaker 3: politic agnostic on this whole thing. I love space. I
10:39
Speaker 3: want to see people go to space. I just want
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Speaker 3: them to be safe when they're doing it.
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Speaker 4: Yeah, and everybody that we've talked to when we were down,
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Speaker 4: you know, at Kennedy, and it was everybody had the
10:53
Speaker 4: same vision, the same intentions, the same goals. Safety was
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Speaker 4: obviously always their top priority and things just when there's
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Speaker 4: a new rocket being launched or a new method of
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Speaker 4: getting people off planet, you have to be extra careful
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Speaker 4: when there are going to be people on board, and
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Speaker 4: obviously that's the top of mind.
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Speaker 1: For all of us.
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Speaker 4: Let's transition over because there's been a pivot on behalf
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Speaker 4: of NASA. This isn't directly related directly immediately or is it.
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Speaker 4: It's eventually a good segue though it does. I mean,
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Speaker 4: it certainly could be indications of things to come. But yeah,
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Speaker 4: there's been a bit of a change with NASA doing
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Speaker 4: things with Boeing speaking of safety, Yeah, that's what I
11:43
Speaker 4: was trying to say without saying it, I know.
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Speaker 3: But I said it because that's who I am, So
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Speaker 3: speaking of safety Boeing. We could just end it there. Okay, now,
11:55
Speaker 3: let's not pick on Boeing. Boeing's a very good commercial
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Speaker 3: space company, and they've been working very hard on a
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Speaker 3: vehicle called star Liner. And yes, Starliner to this point
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Speaker 3: has had somewhat of a checkered past. Let's remember that
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Speaker 3: a commercial crew program from NASA was the funding event
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Speaker 3: that led to both Boeing and SpaceX developing vehicles that
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Speaker 3: could potentially carry American astronauts to the International Space Station
12:23
Speaker 3: and then eventually other international astronauts to the space station.
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Speaker 3: Boeing was awarded nearly twice the amount of money that
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Speaker 3: SpaceX was. I feel it just really important to say
12:33
Speaker 3: that at times.
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Speaker 4: It is important to go there.
12:37
Speaker 3: Every now so so far Starliner has delivered one crew
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Speaker 3: successfully to the International Space Station. They had a few
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Speaker 3: problems along the way in their Starliner vehicle, and that
12:51
Speaker 3: the thrusters were malfunctioning as they were trying to dock
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Speaker 3: with the International Space Station. There were such problems with
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Speaker 3: those thrusters that they decided to abandon that vehicle in
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Speaker 3: terms of carrying astronauts, and those astronauts became the stranded
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Speaker 3: astronauts that West and I have spent so much time
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Speaker 3: talking about, No, not us that the United States news media, Well,
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Speaker 3: the international news media spent so much time talking about
13:15
Speaker 3: stranded astronauts aboard the International Space Station. Well one of
13:18
Speaker 3: them was actually the commander of the Space Station at
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Speaker 3: the time. But okay, they were just like imprisoned astronauts
13:23
Speaker 3: on board ISS for a while there. They came home
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Speaker 3: on a SpaceX Dragon.
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Speaker 4: Friends, as they speaking of eating frozen turkey dinners, I
13:31
Speaker 4: mean yeah.
13:32
Speaker 3: I mean they're having to eat freeze dried food. They
13:37
Speaker 3: don't have the benefit of gravity when using the toilet.
13:40
Speaker 3: These are terrible conditions. How oh wait, that's true for
13:43
Speaker 3: all astronauts. Okay, never mind anyway, So the point is
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Speaker 3: that Starliner has yet to fly a single crew to
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Speaker 3: the International Space Station and bring them back to the
13:54
Speaker 3: ground safely, whereas SpaceX Dragon has done it with twelve
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Speaker 3: NASA Cruz plus a demo crew. So so SpaceX is
14:08
Speaker 3: leading that fight. Anyway, they're leading in that contest. But
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Speaker 3: now NASA has come out and said, well, we're going
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Speaker 3: to change the contract with Boeing, and in fact, the
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Speaker 3: next flight, which would have been scheduled for astronauts once
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Speaker 3: all the repairs and corrections were made, NASA said NOE.
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Speaker 3: Part of that change in the contract is going to
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Speaker 3: be that a mission called star Liner one. Wait, is
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Speaker 3: this the first mission of star Liner. No, it's flown
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Speaker 3: several is flown two less than successful unpiloted vehicles, and
14:45
Speaker 3: then it flew the one mission. It was a demo mission,
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Speaker 3: so that's why it didn't get the star Liner one tag.
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Speaker 3: So if this next mission will be called Starliner one
14:54
Speaker 3: and it will be carrying exactly zero human beings, it's
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Speaker 3: going to be a cargo mission. We're gonna let them
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Speaker 3: fly twinkies, says NASA or something to that effect, twinkies
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Speaker 3: and toilet paper up to the International Space Station and
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Speaker 3: not people. So the original contract order to Boeing and
15:14
Speaker 3: SpaceX called for each to fly uncrewed demonstration flights to ISS,
15:18
Speaker 3: followed by crewde demo missions, and then conduct six regular
15:23
Speaker 3: crew rotation missions. Well, they are now changing the Boeing
15:28
Speaker 3: component of that contract to some unspecified number of human missions,
15:35
Speaker 3: but at least one more cargo sort of demonstration flight.
15:39
Speaker 3: It's not really a demonstration flight if it's carrying cargo,
15:42
Speaker 3: but okay, it's part of their contract now and it's
15:46
Speaker 3: hopefully hopefully everything works out well with their thrusters and
15:50
Speaker 3: with the rest of their components and Starlineer one will
15:55
Speaker 3: be a nominal flight. If that's true, according to the
15:58
Speaker 3: article I read on space flight now dot com, that
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Speaker 3: will open the door for Starliner two to potentially become
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Speaker 3: Boeing's first operational mission to the space station with a
16:09
Speaker 3: crew on board. There you go. So, so yeah, that's
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Speaker 3: just the space is hard, engineering is difficult. It seems
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Speaker 3: to be that Boeing is a bit behind. But they
16:23
Speaker 3: now have a new path forward with a modified contract
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Speaker 3: with NASA. So there's the news.
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Speaker 4: We talk about this from time to time. It shows
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Speaker 4: how we are in this age with private space companies
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Speaker 4: involved and part of the mix, and it just gives
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Speaker 4: more options, gives more opportunity, gives more chance to push
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Speaker 4: things forward. We're not only now in a space race
16:47
Speaker 4: with China, but we're also in a situation where you
16:51
Speaker 4: have these companies competing trying to work on, you know,
16:55
Speaker 4: putting the best product forward. Again, back to safety, we
16:58
Speaker 4: were just talking about all all of those things certainly apply.
17:01
Speaker 4: So just having more options in the mix should in
17:06
Speaker 4: theory create competition and cause the whole overall product to
17:10
Speaker 4: be better.
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Speaker 3: You know, I look back at other at the evolution
17:16
Speaker 3: of other transportation mediums media in history, like aircraft, aviation,
17:24
Speaker 3: or railroads or even the interstate highway system. The government
17:31
Speaker 3: can be involved and be the lead engine of innovation
17:35
Speaker 3: for a while, but ultimately what's best for the American
17:40
Speaker 3: economy and the American people is for the government to
17:43
Speaker 3: step aside and let these private contractors take it over
17:47
Speaker 3: and let competition rain. That brings down prices, that raises quality,
17:53
Speaker 3: it accelerates the development of technology necessary for these functions,
17:58
Speaker 3: And right now we're seeing that playing out. Right, we're
18:01
Speaker 3: seeing the competitive process between a couple of different commercial
18:07
Speaker 3: space flight providers, and right now we're seeing kind of
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Speaker 3: a clear victor in that. It doesn't mean that SpaceX
18:15
Speaker 3: is going to win everything forever. It just means at
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Speaker 3: this moment for carrying astronauts, they are certainly winning that
18:21
Speaker 3: particular competition to low Earth orbit, to the International Space Station.
18:25
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19:53
Speaker 4: More Made of Stars Right after this, all right, let's
20:17
Speaker 4: talk about uh, this New Super Earth, this possibility of it.
20:24
Speaker 4: I'll be new. Have they just found this thing or
20:26
Speaker 4: is this something that's been around for a while. But
20:27
Speaker 4: it's a I guess newly identified now that they've given
20:30
Speaker 4: it a name. But it is a possibility life, something
20:35
Speaker 4: to search for, something to investigate, breaking news, clickbait. Science
20:41
Speaker 4: finds life on another No, but it's worth you know, obviously.
20:46
Speaker 4: This is what they do. They find something, they think, Hey,
20:48
Speaker 4: here's a possibility. This checks some boxes, this meets some requirements.
20:52
Speaker 4: There could be some amibas there.
20:56
Speaker 3: It could be. I mean, there could be.
20:57
Speaker 4: I know, we talk about that sometimes. And I don't
21:00
Speaker 4: think people when they hear like, oh, possible signs of life,
21:04
Speaker 4: they think little green men. They think, you know, starfleet,
21:07
Speaker 4: whatever it is that they're imagining.
21:09
Speaker 3: They're not ringy. So I always think of the FERINGI
21:12
Speaker 3: they must have giant ears and wrinkles on their foreheads.
21:15
Speaker 4: I think about the board. I mean, that's what I
21:17
Speaker 4: think about. I think I think about all of the
21:20
Speaker 4: horrible dangers that could be coming, and that's what I
21:23
Speaker 4: think about. But that's just maybe a reflection on me
21:26
Speaker 4: and how many science fiction or you know, things that
21:29
Speaker 4: get into you know, wolves and dogs and you know,
21:32
Speaker 4: get into each other and kill everybody on a at
21:36
Speaker 4: a base in the Arctic. But you know, great movie.
21:40
Speaker 4: I didn't I didn't rewatch that this year anyway. Or
21:43
Speaker 4: the Predator, you know, that's another thing that's fun to
21:45
Speaker 4: think about.
21:45
Speaker 3: But anyway, it's hard to beat Alien, the original, like
21:49
Speaker 3: Alien Alien, right.
21:51
Speaker 4: Yes, as far as being terrifying.
21:53
Speaker 3: Chasing Ridley around the you know the space vehicle, that's
21:57
Speaker 3: just pretty. That's that's a good one.
21:58
Speaker 4: Yeah, no, the wrong with that one. But possibility of
22:02
Speaker 4: life could mean just you know, tiny little microorganisms or
22:05
Speaker 4: tiny little things that could be there, or you know,
22:08
Speaker 4: some type of you know, water creature that we can't
22:11
Speaker 4: even imagine what it would look like, because some of
22:13
Speaker 4: the ones that we have look really weird and we
22:15
Speaker 4: haven't really you know, taken time to pay attention to
22:17
Speaker 4: them yet.
22:18
Speaker 3: So before we jump knee deep into the story, the
22:22
Speaker 3: truth is that we as human beings, have some innate
22:26
Speaker 3: curiosity when standing under a nighttime sky and having some
22:31
Speaker 3: concept of the vastness of the universe, to say to
22:35
Speaker 3: ask ourselves this question, are we one of one? Are
22:41
Speaker 3: we the only place where some form of life exists
22:47
Speaker 3: in this vast and seemingly unreachable universe in which we
22:52
Speaker 3: find ourselves floating like a mode of dust on the
22:56
Speaker 3: morning sky. That's a Carl Sagan right there, anyway. So
23:00
Speaker 3: the whole idea is when we look out at other stars,
23:05
Speaker 3: we are now developing the technology to tell whether those
23:08
Speaker 3: stars have other planets around them. We've gotten quite good
23:12
Speaker 3: at this. And as we identify these other planets, we
23:15
Speaker 3: call those exoplanets. And as we use the technology to
23:20
Speaker 3: find these planets, we can sometimes tell from that same
23:24
Speaker 3: data how close those planets are to their parents star
23:27
Speaker 3: and how large they are. Those two pieces of data
23:34
Speaker 3: can then lead to some astrophysical modeling about the conditions
23:40
Speaker 3: that must exist on that planet orbiting that distant star.
23:45
Speaker 3: And a lot of that is just what we know
23:47
Speaker 3: from modeling the planets in our own Solar system. How
23:50
Speaker 3: close they are to the Sun, do they have atmospheres?
23:54
Speaker 3: Are they hot, are they cold? What kind of chemistry
23:58
Speaker 3: does that develop? So we are living in an era,
24:03
Speaker 3: and again I'm thankful for this one more thanks one
24:05
Speaker 3: more thanksgiving. I'm thankful that we live in this era.
24:09
Speaker 3: I was in graduate school when the first ever planet
24:12
Speaker 3: was discovered and verified around another star. So now that
24:15
Speaker 3: we know about thousands of these things. Kind of thankful
24:19
Speaker 3: I'm living in this era because we get to talk
24:20
Speaker 3: about this as science and not just science fiction like speculation.
24:24
Speaker 3: So a team from UC Irvine has identified a planet
24:28
Speaker 3: around a nearby M dwarf type star. M dwarf is
24:34
Speaker 3: an astrophysical categorization that means it's smaller than the Sun,
24:40
Speaker 3: and the M says that it's a whole lot cooler
24:42
Speaker 3: on its surface than the Sun. But this planet that
24:45
Speaker 3: was discovered around this dwarf star is closer to its
24:49
Speaker 3: parent star than we are to our own son, So
24:53
Speaker 3: therefore it lives in a potential Goldilock zone. Not too hot,
24:58
Speaker 3: not too cold. Just the planet is named GJ two
25:04
Speaker 3: fifty one. That's the name of the star. By the way,
25:07
Speaker 3: GJ two fifty one C, the letter C is in
25:11
Speaker 3: kat That is a designation for the third planet to
25:15
Speaker 3: be detected around this dwarf star. Okay, so GJ two
25:20
Speaker 3: fifty one C happens to live in that Goldilock zone
25:26
Speaker 3: and the team from UC Irvine that discovered it, we're
25:29
Speaker 3: also able to pull enough data from their discovery to
25:35
Speaker 3: talk a lot about the size of that star and
25:39
Speaker 3: I'm sorry, the stars, the size of that planet around
25:42
Speaker 3: that star, and figure out what the conditions would be
25:45
Speaker 3: like on the surface of that planet. And what they've
25:49
Speaker 3: what they've detected is a planet that's in a zone
25:53
Speaker 3: that tells them that it's probably a rocky world that
25:57
Speaker 3: could actually hold liquid water on its surface. Again the
26:02
Speaker 3: Goldilock zone. All right, So liquid water considered the essential
26:07
Speaker 3: for every form of life currently known. And we are
26:11
Speaker 3: quoting a story from Space Daily dot com. By the way,
26:13
Speaker 3: you can check out space daily dot com for more
26:15
Speaker 3: details on the story. So that planet lies in a
26:19
Speaker 3: relatively nearby part of the Milky Way. It's only eighteen
26:22
Speaker 3: light years away, which means it's a little bit easier
26:25
Speaker 3: to study. And so these data from the semi nearby
26:29
Speaker 3: planet have told us that this world is more massive
26:34
Speaker 3: than the Earth, so we categorize it as a super earth.
26:38
Speaker 3: But it again lives inside the Goldilock zone, the potential
26:42
Speaker 3: life zone, the potential perfect distance from its parents star
26:46
Speaker 3: where liquid water can be on its surface. So Paul
26:49
Speaker 3: Robertson from UC Irvine, who's an associate professor of physics
26:52
Speaker 3: and astronomy, says this quote, we have found so many
26:56
Speaker 3: exoplanets at this point that discovering a new one is
26:59
Speaker 3: not such a big deal. What makes this especially valuable
27:03
Speaker 3: is that its host star is close by, at just
27:07
Speaker 3: about eighteen light years away. Cosmically speaking, it's practically next
27:11
Speaker 3: door unquote. So there you go. You have a relatively
27:16
Speaker 3: nearby to Earth in the Goldilock Zone super Earth, potentially
27:21
Speaker 3: capable of holding water on its surface. And now we
27:26
Speaker 3: would really like to know what would it take to
27:30
Speaker 3: find out can this world host life? Well, it's suggested
27:35
Speaker 3: that an upcoming telescope that's currently being built by the
27:39
Speaker 3: University of California is a system called the thirty meter telescope.
27:45
Speaker 3: Meters about three feet that's that's almost one hundred feet across.
27:50
Speaker 3: The thirty meter telescope, a very large telescope is going
27:55
Speaker 3: to be able to possibly get more data from the
27:58
Speaker 3: surface of that world. It's going to be able to
28:01
Speaker 3: use spectroscopy to begin analyzing the atmosphere of that distant,
28:07
Speaker 3: not so distant exoplanet. So this is kind of like, hey,
28:11
Speaker 3: this is where we're going. We need mega telescopes to
28:14
Speaker 3: be able to point to find out more about this world.
28:17
Speaker 3: But it's a good candidate to go and look for
28:20
Speaker 3: possible signs of life, particularly in the chemistry of its atmosphere.
28:26
Speaker 4: Speaking of other planets and looking for things pretty exciting
28:29
Speaker 4: discovery on Mars.
28:31
Speaker 3: Imagine you could just go to Mars and look for
28:33
Speaker 3: things that just been pretty fun. Right, what are you
28:37
Speaker 3: doing a lot? I'm walking around on Mars, I'm looking
28:39
Speaker 3: for stuff. Maybe you've got a metal detector, you know,
28:42
Speaker 3: like those guys at the beach. You see them with
28:46
Speaker 3: the shorts and their socks pulled up all the way
28:47
Speaker 3: to their knees, and they got a metal detector. They're
28:49
Speaker 3: trying to find lost nickels that some kid fell out
28:52
Speaker 3: of some kid's swimsuit or something. Who knows. Yeah, imagine
28:55
Speaker 3: you could do that on Mars. You might find a
28:59
Speaker 3: giant nickel iron alloyed meteorite that came from somewhere else. Well,
29:06
Speaker 3: if you don't, if you can't get that ticket to
29:08
Speaker 3: go to Mars, and you know, take your knee high
29:10
Speaker 3: socks and your shorts and your metal detector. Don't worry
29:13
Speaker 3: because NASA's person Vere's rover is already up there. Yeah,
29:16
Speaker 3: and I don't know if it has its socks pulled
29:17
Speaker 3: up to its knees. But it is certainly examining Mars
29:20
Speaker 3: surface for treasures. It's treasure hunting on Mars, and it
29:24
Speaker 3: spotted this weird space rock on the surface. And this
29:28
Speaker 3: weird space rock, according to NASA, has quote sculpted high
29:34
Speaker 3: standing features and quote low lying and fragmented surrounding rocks unquote,
29:42
Speaker 3: which means it sort of stands out. It's like those
29:47
Speaker 3: times when I was a teenager and I had a
29:48
Speaker 3: giant ZiT on my face. It's kind of hard to
29:50
Speaker 3: hide that. Well, this is kind of like, it's really
29:54
Speaker 3: nothing like that at all. I don't know why I
29:56
Speaker 3: even said that, but this is like a giant rock
29:58
Speaker 3: that's just really standing out in some sort of an
30:01
Speaker 3: obvious and possibly embarrassing way on the surface of the
30:04
Speaker 3: planet Mars. And so when the NASA Perseverance rover was
30:08
Speaker 3: driving around and detected this rock, they said, I don't
30:11
Speaker 3: know if they actually said this, I'm just imagining, but
30:13
Speaker 3: I'm paraphrasing. They said, hmmm, wouldn't that rock be interesting
30:16
Speaker 3: to go take a closer look at. So they did,
30:19
Speaker 3: and when they did, they actually used something called the
30:23
Speaker 3: mass camera two it's mass Cam three, the mass camera
30:28
Speaker 3: to take a closer look at this thing, and they
30:30
Speaker 3: figured out that it really looks a lot different than
30:33
Speaker 3: the rest of the rocks nearby. So then they drove
30:37
Speaker 3: closer and they used a laser instrument known as the
30:40
Speaker 3: supercam to actually fire laser beams at this rock so
30:46
Speaker 3: they can make measurements of the chemistry of the rock.
30:50
Speaker 3: And they found that nearly three foot long rock is
30:54
Speaker 3: made of iron and nickel. So they have a one
30:57
Speaker 3: meter long rock laying on the surface that looks nothing
31:01
Speaker 3: like the surrounding area. They hit it with the lasers
31:04
Speaker 3: and sure enough, it's iron nickel. Well what happens when
31:07
Speaker 3: we find a giant chunk of iron nickel just laying
31:10
Speaker 3: around in nature on Earth, Well, we don't find those
31:13
Speaker 3: very often, and typically when we do, they make really
31:18
Speaker 3: good candidates for a possible meteorite, something that came from
31:23
Speaker 3: the disrupted interior of another protoplanet in our own Solar system,
31:28
Speaker 3: where two giant worlds smashed together and the metal interior
31:32
Speaker 3: of those protoplanets were shattered and thrown off into space,
31:36
Speaker 3: and then they fall to the surfaces of other worlds
31:38
Speaker 3: like on Earth, and that's why you get giant lumps
31:42
Speaker 3: of iron and nickel alloy laying around on the surface
31:44
Speaker 3: of the Earth. So the folks at JPL said, huh,
31:48
Speaker 3: I wonder if this is some piece of the interior,
31:53
Speaker 3: some large asteroid or protoplanet from the early part of
31:56
Speaker 3: the Solar System. In other words, is this a meteor
31:59
Speaker 3: that came from space landed on the surface of Mars
32:03
Speaker 3: and is not native to the surface Right now? They
32:06
Speaker 3: think it's likely. And because they think it's likely, they
32:10
Speaker 3: think that rock is special. They gave it a cool name. Phipssla.
32:19
Speaker 3: You can seth doctor seuss No, sounds a bit like
32:24
Speaker 3: something from SEUs. It sounds Sussian, it does unless you're Norwegian,
32:29
Speaker 3: and then it sounds native. Right, So this is actually
32:33
Speaker 3: this is actually taken from an area in the Smalbard
32:38
Speaker 3: region of Norway. Why did they name this rock Phipsosla
32:42
Speaker 3: after an area in Svalbard, Norway. Well, because they had
32:46
Speaker 3: already nicknamed that general region of Mars after another broader
32:51
Speaker 3: region near Svalbard, Norway, So they of course picked a
32:55
Speaker 3: different Norwegian name when they found this rock, and they
32:58
Speaker 3: settled on Phipps. So, friends, we will be documenting the
33:05
Speaker 3: further discoveries about the giant meteorite on Mars called Phipsokla
33:09
Speaker 3: on the show, So stay tuned to future episodes of
33:12
Speaker 3: Native Stars as the Perseverance Rover continues to investigate this
33:17
Speaker 3: large sculptured, high standing, low flat and fragment the surrounding
33:21
Speaker 3: rocks area on the surface of Mars called Phipsokla.
33:24
Speaker 4: More made of stars. Right after this, all right, we'd
33:48
Speaker 4: like to talk about origin stuff for various things, especially
33:52
Speaker 4: when it comes to close to home for us. We
33:55
Speaker 4: transition from Mars over to THEA and object that may
34:00
Speaker 4: have collided with the Earth, created the Moon, given us
34:03
Speaker 4: the Moon. Do we have new information on this or
34:07
Speaker 4: is this just a continuing research on THEA and its role.
34:13
Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean I think both things are true, but
34:14
Speaker 3: there is new research. So it's interesting to segue off
34:18
Speaker 3: the last story where you're talking about finding little fragments
34:21
Speaker 3: of worlds that collided in the early part of the
34:23
Speaker 3: Solar System, finding those fragments on Mars, because this story
34:29
Speaker 3: about the formation of our own moon also involves big
34:33
Speaker 3: objects in the early Solar systems smashing into each other
34:37
Speaker 3: and throwing various fragments or materials out into the Solar
34:42
Speaker 3: System environment. That later coagulated or formed together to form
34:47
Speaker 3: what we see today. Okay, so here's the idea, for
34:52
Speaker 3: many years now, the leading concept of the formation of
34:57
Speaker 3: Earth's moon. We call that the moon, by the way,
35:01
Speaker 3: because we couldn't think of a name, we just said moon.
35:04
Speaker 3: So the Earth Moon system is unusual because there's a
35:09
Speaker 3: ratio of planetary size to the size of the Moon
35:12
Speaker 3: that is unusual. We are almost a double planet system.
35:17
Speaker 3: The Moon is large enough that the Earth Moon system
35:21
Speaker 3: could in fact be considered kind of a binary world
35:24
Speaker 3: rather than a big planet and a tiny moon, which
35:27
Speaker 3: we see in the rest of the Solar System. So
35:30
Speaker 3: this our moon's big compared to our our parent planet,
35:32
Speaker 3: the Earth. Okay, so how did it get that way?
35:35
Speaker 3: How did it form? Did the Earth just capture another
35:38
Speaker 3: planet it was as it was zipping by with its
35:40
Speaker 3: gravity or were they Did they form next to each
35:44
Speaker 3: other in place? Did they coagulate in the same orbit
35:47
Speaker 3: and then Earth kind of just became the more dominant
35:50
Speaker 3: gravitational body or this idea the most the most prevalent
35:55
Speaker 3: of the most scientifically supported idea is that something hit
35:59
Speaker 3: the proth in the early part of the Solar System
36:03
Speaker 3: and formed the current Earth and the Moon that we
36:06
Speaker 3: see today, and the object that is thought to have
36:09
Speaker 3: done that has been given the name THEA. So THEA
36:16
Speaker 3: was thought to be a Mars sized proto planet that
36:21
Speaker 3: existed in the very very early part of our solar
36:25
Speaker 3: system when protoplanets were first coming together, and somehow found
36:30
Speaker 3: its way into our part of the Solar system and
36:33
Speaker 3: collided with the then forming Earth, the proto Earth about four
36:38
Speaker 3: and a half billion years ago. This collision turned both
36:41
Speaker 3: objects into molten lava, and it eventually coalesced and cool
36:45
Speaker 3: to form the Earth and the Moon. And again the story,
36:48
Speaker 3: it's a great story. Check it out on Universe today
36:51
Speaker 3: dot com. But none of that is a new idea
36:53
Speaker 3: that's called the giant impact hypothesis, and it's been around
36:56
Speaker 3: for quite some time. Okay. So one of the things
37:01
Speaker 3: though that scientists have been trying to work out about
37:03
Speaker 3: this idea for ever since we came up with a
37:06
Speaker 3: notion that that's probably the leading model for how the
37:09
Speaker 3: Moon formed is where did that THEA proto world come from?
37:15
Speaker 3: Did it come from a deeper, more further away part
37:19
Speaker 3: of our own solar system, or did it come from
37:22
Speaker 3: right here next to the Earth, or did it even
37:25
Speaker 3: come from something closer that formed closer to the Sun
37:28
Speaker 3: than we are. All of those potentially hypothetical proto worlds
37:34
Speaker 3: would have had very different chemistries. And this is where
37:38
Speaker 3: it becomes kind of like an episode of CSI. It's
37:43
Speaker 3: called CSI Solar System. We're investigating the crime scene. We
37:48
Speaker 3: are looking for micro details to help us stitch together
37:52
Speaker 3: the story of how our moon formed. And when we
37:56
Speaker 3: look very carefully at the chemist of rocks on the
38:01
Speaker 3: surface of the Earth, as well as some very important
38:05
Speaker 3: lunar samples that came back from the Moon with the
38:09
Speaker 3: Apollo missions, then we begin to find out some of
38:14
Speaker 3: the trace chemistry of the composition of that world called
38:18
Speaker 3: thea that existed before the giant collision with the Earth.
38:22
Speaker 3: All right, now, I'm going to tell you my most
38:24
Speaker 3: favorite part of the story West, which is simply this,
38:28
Speaker 3: in twenty twenty five, we are still doing brand new
38:33
Speaker 3: science with samples that came from our first trips to
38:37
Speaker 3: the moons in the nineteen sixties and seventies. That, friends,
38:43
Speaker 3: is a monumental tribute to the success of the Apollo missions.
38:49
Speaker 3: So I'd like to just get your thoughts right there
38:51
Speaker 3: before we move.
38:51
Speaker 4: On, Oh any sort of Like I said, whenever we
38:58
Speaker 4: have these stories that just sort of continue on from
39:02
Speaker 4: these successes that have taken place, it's always fascinating just
39:09
Speaker 4: to see that progression not only of science, but also
39:12
Speaker 4: of technology, also of discovery. It encompasses all of those
39:16
Speaker 4: things that you said at the beginning when you talked
39:18
Speaker 4: about being thankful for NASA, and.
39:21
Speaker 3: Really seriously, I am grateful that I grew up in
39:24
Speaker 3: a time where I got to be inspired by those
39:27
Speaker 3: Apollo missions, but then all of the subsequent space missions
39:30
Speaker 3: that have gone as well, and a lot of times
39:33
Speaker 3: as a space scientist, I have people ask me. I
39:37
Speaker 3: have people ask me questions that the answer is far
39:39
Speaker 3: bigger than the question, right, but they ask questions like this, well,
39:42
Speaker 3: how do you know that? Or how do we know that?
39:46
Speaker 3: And it's always asked with that sort of, you know,
39:48
Speaker 3: semi skeptical kind of tone, which I actually appreciate because
39:54
Speaker 3: that's how science begins. Science begins with those great kinds
39:57
Speaker 3: of questions. How do we know there was a proto
40:00
Speaker 3: planet that ran into the Earth and formed the Moon?
40:04
Speaker 3: And how do we know where it came from in
40:07
Speaker 3: our solar system? Well, Okay, there are answers to these questions,
40:10
Speaker 3: but it requires going into the details of the forensics,
40:14
Speaker 3: which we don't have time to fully expose here on
40:17
Speaker 3: this podcast. But I'm going to talk through just a
40:21
Speaker 3: little bit of that and say, remember that this came
40:25
Speaker 3: as a result of directly sampling lunar rocks from the
40:29
Speaker 3: surface of the Moon returning them back to the Earth
40:32
Speaker 3: in the nineteen sixties and seventies. So what this team
40:36
Speaker 3: of scientists did is they looked at fifteen Earth rocks
40:41
Speaker 3: and six lunar samples, and they compare them with one
40:45
Speaker 3: another and also with a collection of many meteorites, and
40:50
Speaker 3: they said, what's different between these three samples of rocks
40:56
Speaker 3: and what's similar. And one of the things they looked
40:59
Speaker 3: at was the ratio of iron isotopes in all of
41:05
Speaker 3: these rock samples compared to each other. And in addition
41:11
Speaker 3: to that, they compared isotopes from silica and carbon and
41:16
Speaker 3: other very important building block materials that are chemically building
41:23
Speaker 3: blocks for what we find here on the Earth and
41:25
Speaker 3: on other planets. And they also looked at things like
41:30
Speaker 3: chromium and molybdomon and zirconium, which are long lived elements
41:34
Speaker 3: which could have easily survived the collision between these worlds
41:39
Speaker 3: and have actually been part of that original protoplanet, THEA.
41:45
Speaker 3: So you have to do a lot of chemistry, and
41:48
Speaker 3: you have to do a lot of science and modeling
41:50
Speaker 3: to figure out what your chemistry is telling you, and
41:53
Speaker 3: then you can put all that together in a narrative
41:55
Speaker 3: and a story, and then you release it to all
41:58
Speaker 3: your buddies and you argue about this at scientist meetings,
42:01
Speaker 3: and eventually it results in a publication that is what
42:03
Speaker 3: is called peer reviewed. And this is how we know
42:07
Speaker 3: we put all of these pieces together. So this study
42:12
Speaker 3: was out of the mox Plank Institute for Solar System Research.
42:15
Speaker 3: It examined all of the kinds of chemistries that I
42:18
Speaker 3: just talked about, and based on the team's analysis, they
42:21
Speaker 3: determined that THEA likely formed closer to the Sun than
42:26
Speaker 3: our own planet. Then it came and hit our protoplanet
42:31
Speaker 3: and formed the chemistries that we now find both on
42:33
Speaker 3: the Moon and on Earth. And a quote from the
42:36
Speaker 3: team lead, his name is Timo Hopp, the team lead
42:40
Speaker 3: from mox Plunk Institute says, the most convincing scenario is
42:43
Speaker 3: that most of the building blocks of Earth and THEA
42:46
Speaker 3: originated in the inner Solar System. Earth and THEA are
42:51
Speaker 3: likely to have been neighbors. So the supposition is that
42:58
Speaker 3: even though THEA might have been lightly closer to the
43:01
Speaker 3: Sun than we are, it was right here where the
43:04
Speaker 3: proto Earth was, which means it was also in the
43:07
Speaker 3: vicinity of Venus. So so imagine we call we sometimes
43:13
Speaker 3: called Venus our twin, our sister planet. Imagine three sisters.
43:19
Speaker 3: But one of them had just a slightly skewed orbit
43:23
Speaker 3: that was a little bit more stretched out and caused
43:26
Speaker 3: it to cross the Earth's orbit now and again, and
43:29
Speaker 3: eventually it collided with that proto Earth. That's the story
43:33
Speaker 3: that's now unfolding because of all this fantastic chemical analysis
43:38
Speaker 3: being done by scientists at the Max Blunk Institute Solar
43:41
Speaker 3: System Research and other science institutions around the world. So
43:45
Speaker 3: there you go, friends, an origin story for the Moon
43:50
Speaker 3: that has really interesting background in the early part of
43:54
Speaker 3: the Solar System.
43:55
Speaker 4: All right, let's talk about holidays with Columbus State University's
43:59
Speaker 4: Cocolas Space Science Center and talk about holiday hours and
44:03
Speaker 4: just kind of the way things shift around just a
44:05
Speaker 4: little bit.
44:06
Speaker 3: Yeah, I'm in favor of them.
44:08
Speaker 4: I'm aware that you are. Yes, yes, friends.
44:13
Speaker 3: We are going to be open through the first three
44:15
Speaker 3: weeks of December and then maybe a little bit past that.
44:19
Speaker 3: But the Space Science Center is now going to be
44:21
Speaker 3: running a great show after the Thanksgiving holiday. If you're
44:24
Speaker 3: listening to this podcast real time, we are closed on
44:28
Speaker 3: Thanksgiving Day and the Friday after, so no Black Friday
44:32
Speaker 3: Planetarium shows for us. But we will open again on
44:36
Speaker 3: the Saturday after Thanksgiving, which is the twenty ninth, and
44:39
Speaker 3: we will stay open until that week of Christmas, and
44:44
Speaker 3: we will be showing a great show in our Amosphere
44:47
Speaker 3: Theater for this time of year. It's called the Mystery
44:50
Speaker 3: of the Christmas Star. We often take recordings of sky
44:56
Speaker 3: events from ancient texts, or from petroglyphs, or from other
45:03
Speaker 3: kinds of ancient writings in stone, and we try to
45:06
Speaker 3: say it way, they were talking about something that happened
45:09
Speaker 3: in the sky. Can we go back and piece together
45:12
Speaker 3: the forensics of that event? Well, if you like that
45:15
Speaker 3: sort of thing. There's a certain star that's mentioned in
45:19
Speaker 3: the Book of Luke and other places in the Bible.
45:22
Speaker 3: It's an interesting story about a star that led oracles
45:27
Speaker 3: or wise men from the eastern part of the Middle
45:30
Speaker 3: East to the western part of the Middle East, even
45:33
Speaker 3: though in those ancient texts it said they saw the
45:35
Speaker 3: object in the sky in the east. They saw it
45:39
Speaker 3: in the east, but they decided to go west. If
45:42
Speaker 3: you want to know why such a thing would have happened,
45:45
Speaker 3: come down and check out the Mystery of the Christmas
45:47
Speaker 3: Star planetarium show in the Atmosphere Theater at Columbus State
45:50
Speaker 3: University's Coca Cola Space Science Center from now basically after
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Speaker 3: the Thanksgiving holiday up through the week of Christmas. You
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Speaker 3: can check out all the information for all our shows
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Speaker 3: in our times by visiting our website. Go to www
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Speaker 3: dot cc SSC dot org, Charlie Charlie SamSam Charlie dot
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Speaker 3: org and make sure you bring your friends and check
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Speaker 3: out the Mystery of the Christmas Star in the Atmosphere
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Speaker 3: Theater at CSU's Coca Cola Space Science Center.
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Speaker 4: Sean and I thank you for listening. We wish you
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Speaker 4: a very happy Thanksgiving and we will do this again
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