Latest / Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries / #442: Dark Matter Explosions & Galactic Ecliptics

Transcript

#442: Dark Matter Explosions & Galactic Ecliptics · Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Hi there, Welcome to a Q and A episode of
• 0:03
  Speaker 1: Space Nuts. I'm Andrew Dunkley and it's good to have
• 0:05
  Speaker 1: your company. As always, We've got a lot of questions today,
• 0:09
  Speaker 1: but we're three. We might squeeze in an extra one
• 0:12
  Speaker 1: time permitting. We'll just leave that one hanging in the
• 0:15
  Speaker 1: ether for the moment. But what would be the effect
• 0:18
  Speaker 1: on dark matter if something big exploded, like I don't
• 0:22
  Speaker 1: know a star. That's a question that has come into us.
• 0:26
  Speaker 1: Ryan wants to talk about the Sun's ecliptic. What does
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: that mean? I have no idea, but we will will
• 0:34
  Speaker 1: answer the question anyway by making something up. And we've
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: got a question from James about planetary rings. That's all
• 0:41
  Speaker 1: coming up on this Q and a episode of Space
• 0:44
  Speaker 1: Nuts fifteen in.
• 0:47
  Speaker 2: Channel ten nine ignition.
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: Space Nuts or three two Space Nurtes.
• 1:00
  Speaker 3: What it feels good? Yes?
• 1:02
  Speaker 1: I feel good?
• 1:02
  Speaker 3: He feels good. We all feel good?
• 1:04
  Speaker 1: How do you feel freend.
• 1:05
  Speaker 3: I feel terrible? Feel good to It's a feel good show?
• 1:13
  Speaker 3: Is space so you can't do anything else?
• 1:16
  Speaker 2: Well?
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: The Q and A edition tends to go that way.
• 1:19
  Speaker 3: We get all sorts.
• 1:21
  Speaker 1: We even get genuine questions sometimes, which is always nice.
• 1:26
  Speaker 1: Shall we just go straight for it.
• 1:30
  Speaker 3: I think we should. I think that's a really good idea.
• 1:32
  Speaker 1: And a big hesitation. I was a bit worried there
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: for a minute. We'll we'll go to our first question.
• 1:39
  Speaker 1: This comes from Damien on the Gold Coast. We're not
• 1:41
  Speaker 1: talking about West Africa. We're talking about Southeast Queensland, because
• 1:46
  Speaker 1: there's a Gold coast in both places. In regard to
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: dark matter, if there's five times the amount of it
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: to ordinary matter when Beetlejuice explodes, will the explosion blow
• 1:58
  Speaker 1: will blow away the dark matter as well? Would this
• 2:02
  Speaker 1: now make the neutron star one fifth of the mass
• 2:06
  Speaker 1: until the dark matter returned. That's from Damien on the
• 2:10
  Speaker 1: Gold Coast. Interesting question. We don't know much about dark matter,
• 2:14
  Speaker 1: but could or would it be affected by something as
• 2:18
  Speaker 1: dramatic as Beetlejuice or some other star exploding super novastyle.
• 2:26
  Speaker 1: No Ah, that's interesting because I thought the answer would
• 2:30
  Speaker 1: be yes.
• 2:31
  Speaker 3: I thought you might think that yeah, and it's no.
• 2:34
  Speaker 3: That's because dark matter does not interact with normal matter
• 2:44
  Speaker 3: at all, except by gravitation, So an explosion blowing things
• 2:50
  Speaker 3: away needs a physical push. It's usually a shock wave
• 2:54
  Speaker 3: that passes through a medium, and yes, if dark matter
• 2:58
  Speaker 3: responded that shock wave would compress the dark matter, you'd
• 3:02
  Speaker 3: have all kinds of phenomena. But dark matter doesn't interact
• 3:06
  Speaker 3: with normal matter, and so it ignores the explosion completely.
• 3:13
  Speaker 3: We know this because of observations that have been made,
• 3:19
  Speaker 3: and I think there's at least two examples of this, Andrew,
• 3:24
  Speaker 3: where you've got clusters of galaxies which are colliding. Now,
• 3:33
  Speaker 3: you can use clusters of galaxies to basically reveal where
• 3:40
  Speaker 3: dark matter is in them, because you can look at
• 3:44
  Speaker 3: the way the space around them is distorted by gravity
• 3:47
  Speaker 3: and the dark matter contributes to that. And the way
• 3:50
  Speaker 3: you investigate that distortion of space is by looking at
• 3:53
  Speaker 3: distant galaxies beyond. You can look at their shapes and
• 3:58
  Speaker 3: you know the extent to which they're twisted or their
• 4:01
  Speaker 3: images are twisted, and figure out how much the space
• 4:05
  Speaker 3: in front of them is being distorted. And that distortion
• 4:07
  Speaker 3: comes from the matter of the galaxy clusters. So to
• 4:12
  Speaker 3: come back to the point, as I said, there's at
• 4:15
  Speaker 3: least a couple of examples of this where you've got
• 4:18
  Speaker 3: two galaxy clusters that have collided and basically ground to
• 4:22
  Speaker 3: a halt. Their hydrogen gas that the company's galaxy clusters
• 4:29
  Speaker 3: has sort of compressed itself and is excited enough to
• 4:34
  Speaker 3: emit radiation in the X rays. But you can sense
• 4:38
  Speaker 3: where the dark matter clouds that originally accompanied these galaxy
• 4:42
  Speaker 3: clusters have gone, and it turns out that they just
• 4:45
  Speaker 3: carry on going without batting an eyelid. So what you've
• 4:50
  Speaker 3: got is basically a cluster which is formed of two
• 4:54
  Speaker 3: clusters coming into collision. On either side of it, you've
• 4:58
  Speaker 3: got the dark matter cloud answer that were associated with
• 5:01
  Speaker 3: the original galaxy clusters, which have just carried on going
• 5:05
  Speaker 3: as though nothing had happened. And so that's an extraordinary
• 5:08
  Speaker 3: example that illustrates very cogently that we don't see any
• 5:14
  Speaker 3: interaction between normal matter and dark matter.
• 5:17
  Speaker 1: Ah Okay, I'm surprised. I thought I thought the two
• 5:21
  Speaker 1: potential answers were yes or we don't know.
• 5:26
  Speaker 3: There's no.
• 5:28
  Speaker 1: No.
• 5:29
  Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, it's pretty well known, and it's because you know,
• 5:32
  Speaker 3: that's if there was a reaction. If something did happen,
• 5:37
  Speaker 3: that will be great because we're able to detect the
• 5:39
  Speaker 3: dark matter and have a much better idea of what
• 5:41
  Speaker 3: it is than we have now. So, Damien, your question
• 5:45
  Speaker 3: is a good one, but has perhaps a surprising answer.
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: HM, okay, very interesting. All right, thanks Damien. Let's move
• 5:54
  Speaker 1: on to a next question, which comes from Ryan.
• 5:57
  Speaker 2: Hey guys, it's Ryan here from town in Delaware, voted
• 6:01
  Speaker 2: Delaware's third most okay as town.
• 6:04
  Speaker 3: I had a quick question for you.
• 6:06
  Speaker 2: I was thinking about how the Sun revolves or orbits
• 6:11
  Speaker 2: around our galaxy and granted takes, you know, millions, hundreds
• 6:15
  Speaker 2: of millions of years to make it make a trip around,
• 6:17
  Speaker 2: but I was wondering about our ecliptic in regards to
• 6:21
  Speaker 2: how the Sun is moving around the galaxy. Are we
• 6:25
  Speaker 2: orbiting the Sun like a you know, hoop around a
• 6:29
  Speaker 2: dancer as they go around. Are we orbiting more like
• 6:31
  Speaker 2: a halo around the Sun as we move around? What
• 6:34
  Speaker 2: is our orientation of the ecliptic as it pertains to
• 6:37
  Speaker 2: the Sun's orbit around our galaxy? Thanks a lot, guys,
• 6:41
  Speaker 2: keep up the great work.
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: Thank you, Rian, and I hope you're enjoying being number
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: three most Okay town. I can tell you with absolutely
• 6:53
  Speaker 1: certainly THEO wouldn't write in the top three of anything
• 6:56
  Speaker 1: in this country. We cop a lot of stick from
• 6:59
  Speaker 1: the media, probably because of the name of our town.
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: It's very unfair and they're all wrong. But it's good
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: to be number three. Now I might get here or
• 7:12
  Speaker 1: explained for it, just to we sort of get our
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: heads around it. Does How does the Sun's orbit work
• 7:19
  Speaker 1: on a galactic level?
• 7:21
  Speaker 3: Yeah, it's a great question and it's got a great
• 7:24
  Speaker 3: answer as well, which is sixty two degrees thirty six minutes.
• 7:29
  Speaker 3: Oh okay, yeah, So that's the angle that the Sun's
• 7:34
  Speaker 3: path around the around the galaxy, around the center of
• 7:39
  Speaker 3: the galaxy. That's the angle it makes with the equator,
• 7:42
  Speaker 3: the equator of the Earth. So let me just step
• 7:46
  Speaker 3: back a bit because that, you know, the end of
• 7:50
  Speaker 3: Ryan's question was what's the orientation, and that's the answer,
• 7:53
  Speaker 3: sixty two degrees thirty six minutes. But we don't call
• 7:57
  Speaker 3: it the ecliptic for the galaxy. So remembering that the
• 8:01
  Speaker 3: ecliptic as seen from the Earth, is the path of
• 8:05
  Speaker 3: the Sun through the sky. It's tilted with respect to
• 8:09
  Speaker 3: the equator, and that means that the Earth, you know,
• 8:14
  Speaker 3: the Earth's axis of rotation is not perpendicular to the
• 8:19
  Speaker 3: plane of its orbit. It's not standing upright in its
• 8:21
  Speaker 3: orbit at twenty three and a half degrees. So that's
• 8:25
  Speaker 3: the ecliptic, as we call it, and it's the apparent
• 8:28
  Speaker 3: path of the Sun through the sky. Of course, it's
• 8:30
  Speaker 3: the Earth actually moving around the Sun, but that's what
• 8:34
  Speaker 3: we see now. In a similar fashion, we can think
• 8:38
  Speaker 3: about the path of the galactic center through the sky
• 8:43
  Speaker 3: as the Solar system moves around the center of our galaxy.
• 8:49
  Speaker 3: The difficulty with this is that it takes two hundred
• 8:52
  Speaker 3: million years to go around once, and so you don't
• 8:55
  Speaker 3: see it every year like you do with the eclipsic,
• 8:58
  Speaker 3: see the Sun going around every year. But we do
• 9:02
  Speaker 3: know that the Sun's path is fairly near what we
• 9:09
  Speaker 3: call the plane of the Milky Way galaxy, basically the disc,
• 9:17
  Speaker 3: the plane in which the disc of the galaxy lies.
• 9:20
  Speaker 3: The Sun's path is fairly close to that. It may
• 9:22
  Speaker 3: wabble a little bit up and down as it goes
• 9:25
  Speaker 3: around the galactic center. There may be disturbances caused by
• 9:29
  Speaker 3: giant molecular clouds and things like that as it passes,
• 9:32
  Speaker 3: but we know from the observations of the stars around
• 9:36
  Speaker 3: us that those are not particularly high level disturbances. The
• 9:40
  Speaker 3: thing is really going around mostly along the galactic plane,
• 9:46
  Speaker 3: and so what that means is that you can define
• 9:49
  Speaker 3: the angle that that makes with the equator of the Earth.
• 9:53
  Speaker 3: And it's what I said, sixty two degrees thirty six minutes.
• 9:56
  Speaker 3: So the Milky Way is tilted over at quite a
• 9:59
  Speaker 3: high angle compared with the Ecliptic, which is tilted over
• 10:03
  Speaker 3: at quite a small angle twenty three and a half degrees.
• 10:06
  Speaker 3: And in a way, you know, if you imagine the
• 10:10
  Speaker 3: way the Earth is the or sorry some and its
• 10:15
  Speaker 3: family of planets as they progress around their path around
• 10:19
  Speaker 3: the center of the galaxy, they're not lying in the
• 10:23
  Speaker 3: same plane as that path. They're sort of tilted upwards
• 10:25
  Speaker 3: to it at you know, quite quite a steep angle.
• 10:30
  Speaker 3: And so that's how the Sun and its planets move
• 10:34
  Speaker 3: around the center of the galaxy. It's not, as Ryan conjectured,
• 10:41
  Speaker 3: is not sort of moving around the halo of the
• 10:43
  Speaker 3: galaxy or anything like that. It is sitting firmly in
• 10:46
  Speaker 3: the plane. It's just an ordinary star in the main
• 10:49
  Speaker 3: part of the Milky.
• 10:50
  Speaker 1: Way, and it's doing what billions of other stars are doing,
• 10:56
  Speaker 1: and our planets are doing what billions upon billions of
• 10:59
  Speaker 1: planets are doing throughout galaxy. And it's just going around
• 11:03
  Speaker 1: and around. It's a slow motion dance that's happening fast
• 11:10
  Speaker 1: more or less frost motion dance that's happening slowly, which
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: could be both. It's all relative. Okay, thank you, Ryan.
• 11:20
  Speaker 1: This is Space Nuts Andrew Dunkley here with Professor Fred Watson.
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: Space Nuts. Now we've got a question from James Shalom Gents.
• 11:34
  Speaker 1: He says, I've got a question regarding planets with rings.
• 11:38
  Speaker 1: Could there be a planet with multiple sets of rings
• 11:40
  Speaker 1: that are different to each other. I'm envisioning something like
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: rings wrapping around an equator from gravity as per usual,
• 11:49
  Speaker 1: but some other materials possibly being caught in the north
• 11:53
  Speaker 1: to south magnetic field at a larger smaller diameter than
• 11:58
  Speaker 1: the equatorial rings. Thanks for entertaining my nonsense, James Greenfield,
• 12:04
  Speaker 1: It's not nonsense. It's a question and it deserves and answer. James.
• 12:08
  Speaker 1: We're going to tackle that one right now. Most rings,
• 12:11
  Speaker 1: like the ones around Saturn, which are the most prominent
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: in our Solar system, are made up of dust and
• 12:17
  Speaker 1: rocks and ice and bits and bobs. So what else
• 12:21
  Speaker 1: could they be made off? For him?
• 12:24
  Speaker 3: Well, yes, so it would be debris of some sort
• 12:27
  Speaker 3: or other gas dust. I think James's question.
• 12:33
  Speaker 1: I know the rings around Earth which are made of metal.
• 12:38
  Speaker 3: Yeah, that's right, they are, and they go around the
• 12:41
  Speaker 3: equator as well, like the rings of Saturn, like the
• 12:44
  Speaker 3: rings of Uranus and Jupiter and Neptune. So I think
• 12:50
  Speaker 3: James's question is, you know, could could there be rings
• 12:53
  Speaker 3: that go at a different angle from the equator of
• 12:59
  Speaker 3: other planet? And the answer is probably no, because this
• 13:05
  Speaker 3: debris tends to be squashed down into a disc. In
• 13:10
  Speaker 3: the case of Saturn, it is mostly ice, icy debris.
• 13:13
  Speaker 3: A bit of rock in it as well, but mostly ice,
• 13:16
  Speaker 3: and it's squashed down just by gravitational forces in connection
• 13:21
  Speaker 3: with the rotation of the planet, So it tends to
• 13:24
  Speaker 3: be forced into the equator of the planet. So a
• 13:27
  Speaker 3: ring that's tilted at some jaunty angle a little bit
• 13:31
  Speaker 3: like what we've just been talking about with the disc
• 13:33
  Speaker 3: of the galaxy, that is I think highly unlikely to happen.
• 13:37
  Speaker 3: Even if you envisiit ship being entrapped with magnetic fields
• 13:41
  Speaker 3: and things of that sort. I think we'd be struggling
• 13:45
  Speaker 3: to make a ring that would not be at the
• 13:47
  Speaker 3: equator of a planetry body.
• 13:50
  Speaker 1: Okay, so no one both counts. It's probably not going
• 13:54
  Speaker 1: to ever be made of anything else. And it's probably
• 13:57
  Speaker 1: not going to move beyond the.
• 14:00
  Speaker 3: Equatorial Yeah, that's right, rotation an equatorial plane.
• 14:05
  Speaker 1: Plane, that's the word I want to that's when you
• 14:07
  Speaker 1: think of it. So yeah, sorry, James, good good idea,
• 14:11
  Speaker 1: but not likely. Now have we got time for one more?
• 14:15
  Speaker 1: I reckon we could squeeze one more in.
• 14:17
  Speaker 3: Fred, Yes, yes, we can be quick on this one.
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: Yeah, all right, let's be quick on this one. Hello,
• 14:23
  Speaker 1: and best wishes to you both. A couple of questions
• 14:25
  Speaker 1: about solar activity? One? What are the differences between solar
• 14:29
  Speaker 1: flares and coronal mass ejections?
• 14:31
  Speaker 3: Two?
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: What predisposes red dwarf stars to the outbursts of solar
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: activity that would seem to challenge development of life on
• 14:39
  Speaker 1: planets in their solar systems. Thank you for the answers,
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: and thanks for very much for a terrific podcast. You
• 14:46
  Speaker 1: guys are stars. Bob Mark from Bloomington, Indie.
• 14:50
  Speaker 3: And a.
• 14:52
  Speaker 1: Question one, what's the difference between solar flares and coronal
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: mass ejections?
• 14:56
  Speaker 3: Thread, So it's mostly a much of degree, I think
• 15:00
  Speaker 3: the you know, the physical processes are different. A solar
• 15:05
  Speaker 3: flare is something that is generated by magnetic activity, tends
• 15:13
  Speaker 3: to come from sun spot regions when you know there's
• 15:17
  Speaker 3: a high level of magnetic activity there. And we think
• 15:21
  Speaker 3: of the magnetic field lines stretching between sun spots which
• 15:26
  Speaker 3: come in pairs, and one has a northern polarity and
• 15:29
  Speaker 3: one has a southern magnetic polarity. So when they are
• 15:32
  Speaker 3: particularly energetic, then you get solar flares. I think I'm
• 15:37
  Speaker 3: right in saying that coronal mass ejections start off the
• 15:42
  Speaker 3: same way. But if you get these magnetic field lines
• 15:45
  Speaker 3: breaking so that there is a kind of magnetic twang,
• 15:49
  Speaker 3: what you get is matter mass actually being expelled outwards
• 15:56
  Speaker 3: at a great velocity. It's almost like an elastic and
• 16:00
  Speaker 3: breaking on the gigantic scale, and that gives you a
• 16:04
  Speaker 3: significant ejection of material. That's a significant rejection of the
• 16:09
  Speaker 3: sub atomic particles which are there all the time in
• 16:12
  Speaker 3: this in the excuse me, in the solar wind. But
• 16:16
  Speaker 3: with a mass ejection, you're getting a very much enhanced
• 16:20
  Speaker 3: level of this subatomic particle is being ejected from the Sun.
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: And that's the thing that worries people around the world
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: in terms of the interference with electronics, and of course
• 16:32
  Speaker 1: the beautiful auror ray that we see in the north
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: and south of the of the planet. There's pros and
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: cons to coronal mass ejections, but with reliance on electronics,
• 16:45
  Speaker 1: that's becoming an area of concern. Well, it's not becoming.
• 16:49
  Speaker 1: It is an area of concern if we get hit
• 16:52
  Speaker 1: directly by something super nasty like that for it.
• 16:57
  Speaker 3: Yes, that's correct. So the second part of Mark's question
• 17:03
  Speaker 3: is a good one, and it's right that red dwarfs
• 17:07
  Speaker 3: are much more active on this sort of scale. We
• 17:12
  Speaker 3: know that they are more you know, the outbursts of
• 17:18
  Speaker 3: sub atomic particles are much more prevalent, and I think,
• 17:23
  Speaker 3: thinking back to my studies of stellar evolution and things
• 17:27
  Speaker 3: of that sort, these stars have star spots on them
• 17:33
  Speaker 3: which are huge. They are very large compared with the
• 17:37
  Speaker 3: star itself, and I think that might be the one
• 17:42
  Speaker 3: of the reasons why you've got much more activity, because
• 17:45
  Speaker 3: they have enormous star spots on them. And in fact,
• 17:50
  Speaker 3: I was just talking only today to a couple of
• 17:52
  Speaker 3: my colleagues who are the experts on exactly that in
• 17:56
  Speaker 3: this country at the University of Southern Queensland, Brad Carter
• 18:01
  Speaker 3: and Stephen Marsden. They did research on this and I've
• 18:04
  Speaker 3: worked with him in the past on it. They can
• 18:07
  Speaker 3: actually map where these star spots are on stars. They
• 18:12
  Speaker 3: do it with a technique called ZAM and Doppler imaging,
• 18:15
  Speaker 3: which is a fairly esoteric technique but allows you to
• 18:19
  Speaker 3: make maps of the surface of stars, and their Red
• 18:22
  Speaker 3: dwarfs have got very big star spots, which I'm sure
• 18:26
  Speaker 3: is why you get big, big solar flares. Now, Mark's
• 18:30
  Speaker 3: next question, if he was able to talk to us,
• 18:33
  Speaker 3: will be why do they have such big star spots.
• 18:36
  Speaker 3: The answer to that is, well, I'll go and ask
• 18:38
  Speaker 3: my colleagues because I don't know the answer to that,
• 18:41
  Speaker 3: but it's totally something in the evil.
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: That bloke you were talking about, Samon Doppler, he might know.
• 18:47
  Speaker 3: That's two blocks actually hair Doppler, And yeah, it would
• 18:52
  Speaker 3: be hair as well as Emma was Dutch, So there
• 18:56
  Speaker 3: you go.
• 18:58
  Speaker 1: It was probably the big spot that are causing red
• 19:01
  Speaker 1: doors to be so nasty, so their planets where it's
• 19:06
  Speaker 1: very difficult to establish life. By the sound of it,
• 19:09
  Speaker 1: We've talked about that before. That's probably what prompted the
• 19:12
  Speaker 1: question from Mars. I'm sure a good question too. Thank you,
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: Yes it is, Thank you Mark. Thank you to everyone
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: who contributed. Don't forget to send your questions into us
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: via our website, Space nuts podcast dot com, Space nuts
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: dot io. Click on the AMA link at the top.
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: It's right next to about and support, which you can
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: also do. And yeah, you can send text and audio
• 19:34
  Speaker 1: questions there or send us the audio questions from the
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: send us your Questions button on the right hand side.
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: As long as you've got a device with a microphone,
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: you are set. Don't forget to tell us who you
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: are and where you're from and what your town's ranking is.
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: We really want to know that in terms of libability.
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: Maybe well, no, tell us something about where you live.
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: We'd love to find out. It's always good to know.
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: And don't forget to follow us on social media and
• 20:01
  Speaker 1: subscribe on YouTube. I've been reliably informed that we only
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: need nine point four million more followers to get pay
• 20:08
  Speaker 1: the dollar a year. Big money, big money and social media. Yeah,
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: thank you, Fred, we are done again.
• 20:18
  Speaker 3: It sounds great and great to talk to you as always,
• 20:21
  Speaker 3: Andrew look forward to the next time.
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: Indeed, catch you soon, Fred, what's an astronomer at large?
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: And thanks to Hugh in the studio who wasn't in
• 20:29
  Speaker 1: the studio today. Thanks anyway, and from me Andrew Dunkley.
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: Thanks for your company. We'll catch you next time on
• 20:35
  Speaker 1: another edition of Space Nuts.
• 20:37
  Speaker 4: By bye you best to the Space Nuts podcast, available
• 20:44
  Speaker 4: at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or your favorite podcast player.
• 20:49
  Speaker 1: You can also stream on demand at bides dot com.
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: This has been another quality podcast production from nights dot com.