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National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 06. June 1898-National Geographic Society · National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 06. June 1898

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  Speaker 1: Section one of the National Geographic Magazine, volume nine, May
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  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight. This is a liprivox recording. All LibriVox
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  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
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  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit liprivox dot org. Recording by Avalli
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  Speaker 1: in November twenty twenty The Philippine Islands, Part one by F. F. Hilder.
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  Speaker 1: To the southeast of the continent of Asia lies a
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  Speaker 1: vast archipelago, of which a considerable portion is occupied by
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  Speaker 1: the group called the Philippine Islands, or in Spanish is
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  Speaker 1: last Philippinas. The number of islands included under this denomination
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  Speaker 1: is not definitely known, and this uncertainty has given rise
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  Speaker 1: to some rather wild guessing. Some English authorities state the
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  Speaker 1: number is six hundred, while a late consular report issued
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  Speaker 1: by the Department of State places the number at two thousand,
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  Speaker 1: but this may perhaps be intended to include the Marianas
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  Speaker 1: or Ladones, the Carolines, and the Palau Islands, as all
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  Speaker 1: of these are included under the jurisdiction of the Governor
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  Speaker 1: General of the Philippines. Some of the Philippines are mere
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  Speaker 1: islets too small for occupation, but others are important in
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  Speaker 1: size and resources, and are very populous. The principal island's
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  Speaker 1: rank according to size in the following order Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan,
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  Speaker 1: Samar Panay, Mindoro, Letho, Negros, Cebu Bejol, and Mascato. The
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  Speaker 1: northern island Luzon, on which Manila, the capital is situated,
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  Speaker 1: is the largest, having an area of about forty one
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  Speaker 1: thousand square miles, corresponding in size to the state of Ohio. Meantanao,
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  Speaker 1: the southernmost island contains about thirty seven five hundred thousand
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  Speaker 1: square miles. As no accurate survey of even the larger
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  Speaker 1: islands has ever been made, it is impossible to make
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  Speaker 1: a definite statement as to the aggregate land area of
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  Speaker 1: the group, but the most reliable estimate is one hundred
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  Speaker 1: fourteen thousand, three hundred fifty six square miles, which is
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  Speaker 1: equal to the combined area of New York, New Jersey,
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  Speaker 1: Pennsylvania and Maryland. The islands are situated directly on the
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  Speaker 1: line of volcanic energy, which extends from Japan to Java,
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  Speaker 1: and volcanic forces have largely contributed to their formation and shaping,
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  Speaker 1: as is testified not only by the existence of active
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  Speaker 1: volcanoes but by the still larger number of mountains which
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  Speaker 1: show evidences of former igneous activity, the traces of its
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  Speaker 1: effect on the surrounding country, and the abundant of thermal springs,
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  Speaker 1: which are found in different localities in which the temperature
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  Speaker 1: of the water ranges from one hundred eighty degrees fahrenheit
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  Speaker 1: to the boiling point. Although situated in a region peculiarly
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  Speaker 1: adapted to the growth of corals, they do not exist
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  Speaker 1: to any great extent on the coasts of the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: Occasional traces, sometimes amounting to a fringing reef, are met
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  Speaker 1: with in favorable places along the west coast of Luzon
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  Speaker 1: and some of the other islands of the group. This
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  Speaker 1: scarcity of coral formation may be accounted for by the
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  Speaker 1: presence of volcanic fires and the occasional deluges of hot
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  Speaker 1: water emanating from their outlets, which prevent the growth of
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  Speaker 1: the polyps. All the islands are generally hilly and mountainous,
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  Speaker 1: but none of the summits much exceed eight thousand feet
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  Speaker 1: in height. The loftiest peaks are perhaps up Or and
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  Speaker 1: Malindang in Mindanao, Halcon in Mindoro, and Mayon in Luzon.
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  Speaker 1: The latter is an active volcano which has been the
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  Speaker 1: scene of several disastrous eruptions within the past hundred years.
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  Speaker 1: As a consequence of these subterraneous forces, earthquakes are frequent
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  Speaker 1: and violent. An English writer says, the destructive ravages and
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  Speaker 1: changes produced by earthquakes are nowhere more remarkable than in
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  Speaker 1: the Philippines. They have overturned mountains, they have filled up valleys,
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  Speaker 1: they have desolated extensive plains. They have opened passages for
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  Speaker 1: the sea into the interior and from lakes into the sea.
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  Speaker 1: That this is not an exaggeration is proved by historical records,
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  Speaker 1: which contain many accounts of such disasters since the Spaniards
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  Speaker 1: first occupied the territory, and proofs that they have produced
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  Speaker 1: great geographic changes in that of sixteen twenty seven. One
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  Speaker 1: of the most elevated of the mountains of Kangayan disappeared
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  Speaker 1: in sixteen seventy five in the island of Mindanao, a
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  Speaker 1: passage was opened to the sea and a vast plane
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  Speaker 1: was emerged end. The more recent of these convulsions occurred
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  Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty three and eighteen eighty, both of which
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  Speaker 1: caused great destruction of property in the former, the loss
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  Speaker 1: of life was greater, but the more massive buildings in
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  Speaker 1: the Old City of Manila suffered more during the latter,
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  Speaker 1: the cathedral and many other edifices being completely wrecked. As
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  Speaker 1: a result of these repeated experiences, the style adopted in
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  Speaker 1: the erection of buildings, especially of the better class of
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  Speaker 1: dwellings and stores, has been modified to meet these emergencies. Consequently,
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  Speaker 1: the liability to destruction and damage has been lessened. The
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  Speaker 1: islands are all well watered by rivers, streams, and lakes.
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  Speaker 1: Many of the latter are of large size, particularly the
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  Speaker 1: Laguna de Bai Bay Lake, which nearly bisects the island
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  Speaker 1: of Luzon, Mindanao, derives its name from an Indian phrase
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  Speaker 1: indicating the abundance of its lakes. In consequence of the
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  Speaker 1: island of Luzon having the capitol and a very large
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  Speaker 1: proportion of the white residents located upon it, the interior
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  Speaker 1: is better known than that of many of the other islands.
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  Speaker 1: Its scenery, although mountainous, is charmingly diversified and will compare
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  Speaker 1: favorably with any of the countries of farther Asia. Its
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  Speaker 1: large lakes and rivers, broad plains, and fertile valleys teeming
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  Speaker 1: with luxuriant tropical vegetation and noble forests, add both to
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  Speaker 1: its beauties and productive capability animals. If a land connection
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  Speaker 1: ever existed between the Philippines and Borneo, the separation must
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  Speaker 1: have occurred long ages ago. It is true that the
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  Speaker 1: strait between them is narrow, but the water is very deep,
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  Speaker 1: and the larger animals included in the fauna of Borneo
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  Speaker 1: are not found in the Philippines, especially the elephant, tapiir
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  Speaker 1: and orangutang. There are no beasts of prey in the
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  Speaker 1: Philippines except a small one, el Gato del Monte, a
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  Speaker 1: species of wildcat, and even that is not very plentiful.
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  Speaker 1: The wild animals are buffalo, not the bison of our
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  Speaker 1: western plains miscalled buffalo, but the East Indian animal deer howks,
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  Speaker 1: which are doubtless descendants of domesticated animals that have taken
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  Speaker 1: to wildlife in the woods, and monkeys. There is also
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  Speaker 1: a report of the existence on the Eye Island of
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  Speaker 1: Mindoro of a mysterious animal called tumrao, which the natives
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  Speaker 1: describe as a cross between the buffalo and deer. The
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  Speaker 1: tained buffalo called the water buffalo from its delight in
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  Speaker 1: wallowing in water and mud. Is the most useful of
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  Speaker 1: the quadrupeds, and is universally employed in agricultural work and
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  Speaker 1: the transmission of freight, both as a pack and draft.
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  Speaker 1: Animal goats, sheep, dogs, and cats are plentiful. Flying squirrels
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  Speaker 1: are numerous in the forests, and bats of enormous size,
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  Speaker 1: frequently measuring five or six feet from tip to tip
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  Speaker 1: of their wings. Snakes, lizards, and other reptiles abound. Also
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  Speaker 1: insect pests of various kinds, among which are the destructive
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  Speaker 1: white ants, mosquitoes, tarantulas, and other spiders of enormous size.
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  Speaker 1: Pigeons and the mesas. Stick fowls are abundant, and there
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  Speaker 1: is an immense variety of parrots and other wild birds,
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  Speaker 1: many of which are comparatively little known even by name
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  Speaker 1: to American or European ornithologists. Climate the extreme length of
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  Speaker 1: the Philippine group, being from north to south, the northern
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  Speaker 1: extremity reaching nearly to the northern limit of the tropical zone,
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  Speaker 1: causes considerable variety of climate, although the general characteristics are
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  Speaker 1: of course tropical. On the western side of Lucon, where
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  Speaker 1: Manila is situated, the hottest season is from March to June,
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  Speaker 1: the greatest heat being felt generally in May before the
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  Speaker 1: rains set in, when the maximum ranges from eighty degrees
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  Speaker 1: to one hundred degrees in the shade. The coolest weather
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  Speaker 1: occurs in December and January, when the temperature falls at
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  Speaker 1: night to sixty degrees or sixty five decas greeze, and
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  Speaker 1: seldom rises in the day above seventy five degrees. In fact,
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  Speaker 1: during the months from November to February, the sky is bright,
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  Speaker 1: the atmosphere cool and dry, and the weather in every
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  Speaker 1: way delightful. Owing to the insular conditions, this region enjoys
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  Speaker 1: an advantage which does not extend to tropical continental areas
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  Speaker 1: of similar elevation, That is, a considerable range in temperature
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  Speaker 1: during the twenty four hours, averaging from ten to twenty degrees,
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  Speaker 1: which frequently affords the relief of a tolerably cool night
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  Speaker 1: even in the hottest season. The following table of temperature, rainfall,
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  Speaker 1: et cetera at Manila has been compiled by Professor H. A.
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  Speaker 1: Hazen of the United States Weather Bureau from observations made
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  Speaker 1: at the observatorial methodology called the Manila Temperature Increase fahrenheit.
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  Speaker 1: January mean monthly seventy seven degrees. Warmest month seventy nine degrees.
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  Speaker 1: Coolest month seventy four degrees, highest ninety one degrees, lowest
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  Speaker 1: sixty degrees. February mean monthly seventy eight degrees. Warmest month
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  Speaker 1: eighty one degrees. Coolest month seventy six degrees, highest ninety
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  Speaker 1: six degrees, lowest sixty one degrees. March mean monthly eighty
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  Speaker 1: one degrees. Warmest month eighty two degrees. Coolest month seventy
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  Speaker 1: nine degrees, highest ninety six degrees, lowest sixty five degrees.
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  Speaker 1: April mean monthly eighty three degrees. Warmest month eighty five degrees.
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  Speaker 1: Coolest month eighty one degrees, highest ninety nine degrees, lowest
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  Speaker 1: sixty six degrees. May mean monthly eighty four degrees. Warmest
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  Speaker 1: month eighty seven degrees. Coolest month eighty two degrees highest
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  Speaker 1: one hundred degrees, lowest seventy one degrees. June mean monthly
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  Speaker 1: eighty two degrees. Warmest month eighty five degrees. Coolest month
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  Speaker 1: eighty one degrees, highest ninety eight degrees, lowest seventy degrees.
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  Speaker 1: July mean monthly eighty one degrees warmest month eighty two degrees.
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  Speaker 1: Coolest month seventy nine degrees, highest ninety five degrees, lowest
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  Speaker 1: seventy degrees. August mean monthly eighty one decres degrees. Warmest
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  Speaker 1: month eighty two degrees. Coolest month eighty degrees highest ninety
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  Speaker 1: four degrees, lowest sixty nine degrees. September mean monthly eighty
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  Speaker 1: one degrees. Warmest month eighty two degrees. Coolest month seventy
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  Speaker 1: nine degrees, highest ninety four degrees, lowest seventy one degrees.
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  Speaker 1: October mean monthly eighty degrees. Warmest month eighty two degrees.
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  Speaker 1: Coolest month seventy nine degrees, highest ninety five degrees, lowest
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  Speaker 1: sixty nine degrees. November mean monthly seventy nine degrees. Warmest
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  Speaker 1: month eighty one degrees. Coolest month seventy seven degrees, highest
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  Speaker 1: ninety four degrees, lowest sixty three degrees. December mean monthly
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  Speaker 1: seventy seven degrees, warmest month eighty degrees, Coolest month seventy
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  Speaker 1: five degrees, highest ninety two degrees, lowest sixty degrees. Annual
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  Speaker 1: mean monthly eighty degrees. Warmest month eighty two degrees. Coolest
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  Speaker 1: month seventy nine degrees highest one hundred degrees, lowest sixty
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  Speaker 1: degrees humidity. January relative seventy seven percent absolute seven point
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  Speaker 1: seventy five grains per cubic foot February relative seventy three
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  Speaker 1: percent absolute seven point six zero grains per cubic foot.
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  Speaker 1: March relative seventy one percent absolute seven point nine zero
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  Speaker 1: grains per cubic foot. April relative seventy percent absolute eight
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  Speaker 1: point four to two grains per cubic foot May relative
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  Speaker 1: seventy five percent absolute nine point two seven grains per
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  Speaker 1: cubic foot June relative eighty percent absolute nine point three
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  Speaker 1: nine grains per cubic foot July relative eighty four percent
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  Speaker 1: absolute nine point three three grains per cubic foot August
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  Speaker 1: relative eighty four percent absolute nine point five three grains
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  Speaker 1: per cubic foot September relative eighty five percent absolute nine
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  Speaker 1: point three three grains per cubic foot. October relative eighty
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  Speaker 1: two percent absolute nine point twenty four grains per cubic
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  Speaker 1: foot November relative eighty percent absolute eight point five nine
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  Speaker 1: grains per cubic foot December relative eighty percent absolute eight
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  Speaker 1: point zero six grains per cubic foot annual relative seventy
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  Speaker 1: eight percent absolute eight point seventy five grains per cubic
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  Speaker 1: foot wind movement in miles. January daily mean ninety eight.
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  Speaker 1: Greatest daily one hundred fifty two, least daily sixty six.
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  Speaker 1: February daily mean one hundred fifteen. Greatest daily one hundred
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  Speaker 1: eighty seven, least daily seventy two. March daily mean one
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  Speaker 1: hundred thirty two. Greatest daily two hundred twenty least daily
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  Speaker 1: eighty two. April daily mean one hundred forty five. Greatest
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  Speaker 1: daily two hundred twenty nine, least daily ninety two. May
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  Speaker 1: daily mean one hundred forty four. Greatest daily two hundred
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  Speaker 1: thirty six, least daily sixty eight. June daily mean one
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  Speaker 1: hundred thirty eight, greatest daily three hundred sixty one, least
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  Speaker 1: daily ninety six. July daily mean one hundred eighty two.
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  Speaker 1: Greatest daily two hundred sixty seven, least daily one hundred ten.
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  Speaker 1: August daily mean one hundred sixty five greatest daily two
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  Speaker 1: hundred sixty four, least daily seventy nine. September daily mean
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  Speaker 1: one hundred ninety two greatest daily two hundred eighty two,
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  Speaker 1: least daily sixty nine. October daily mean one hundred eleven,
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  Speaker 1: greatest daily one hundred ninety six least daily forty eight.
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  Speaker 1: November daily mean ninety four, greatest daily one hundred sixty four,
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  Speaker 1: least daily sixty seven. December daily mean ninety three, greatest
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  Speaker 1: daily one hundred fifty three, least daily fifty nine. Annual
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  Speaker 1: daily mean one hundred thirty four, greatest daily two hundred
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  Speaker 1: and four least daily ninety five. Prevailing wind direction January northeast,
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  Speaker 1: February east, March east, April southeast, May southeast, June southeast,
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  Speaker 1: July southwest, August southwest, September southwest, October northeast, November northeast,
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  Speaker 1: December northeast. Cloudiness January forty five percent, February thirty seven percent,
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  Speaker 1: March thirty five percent, April thirty two percent, May forty
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  Speaker 1: seven percent, June sixty five percent, July seventy four percent,
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  Speaker 1: August sixty eight percent, September seventy two percent, October fifty
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  Speaker 1: eight percent, November fifty four percent, December fifty three percent,
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  Speaker 1: annual fifty three percent. Days with rain January four point three,
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  Speaker 1: February two point two, March three point four, April three
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  Speaker 1: point five, May nine point two June fifteen point four,
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  Speaker 1: July twenty two point one, August nineteen point eight, September
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  Speaker 1: twenty point seven, October fourteen point four, November eleven point three,
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  Speaker 1: December eight point four annual one hundred thirty five rainfall
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  Speaker 1: in inches. January mean monthly one point one five, greatest
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  Speaker 1: monthly seven point five nine, least monthly zero point zero two.
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  Speaker 1: February mean monthly zero point four seven, greatest monthly one
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  Speaker 1: point nine seven, least monthly zero. March mean monthly zero
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  Speaker 1: point sixty five, greatest monthly three point nine four, least
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  Speaker 1: monthly zero. April mean monthly one point one one. Greatest
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  Speaker 1: monthly five point three seven, least monthly zero. May mean
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  Speaker 1: monthly four point three zero, greatest monthly ten point one one,
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  Speaker 1: least monthly zero. June mean monthly nine point six eight.
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  Speaker 1: Greatest monthly twenty five point eight one. Least monthly zero
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  Speaker 1: point nine eight. July mean monthly fourteen point seven zero,
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  Speaker 1: greatest monthly twenty nine point seven one, least monthly five
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  Speaker 1: point two eight. August mean monthly thirteen point eighty eight.
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  Speaker 1: Greatest monthly forty three point two zero, least monthly five
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  Speaker 1: point fifteen September mean monthly fifteen point zero one. Greatest
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  Speaker 1: monthly sixty one point four three, least monthly two point zero.
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  Speaker 1: October mean monthly seven point four seven, greatest monthly twenty
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  Speaker 1: three point six five, least monthly zero point nine zero.
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  Speaker 1: November mean monthly four point nine two. Greatest monthly fifteen
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  Speaker 1: point two seven, least monthly one point one seven. December
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  Speaker 1: mean monthly two point zero nine, greatest monthly thirteen point
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  Speaker 1: six seven, least monthly zero point zero one. Annual mean
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  Speaker 1: monthly seventy five point four three, great monthly one hundred,
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  Speaker 1: twenty point nine eight, least monthly thirty five point six five.
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  Speaker 1: Rainfall record for thirty two years eighteen sixty five to
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  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety six, remaining data for seventeen years eighteen eighty
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen ninety six. The seasons vary with the monsoons
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  Speaker 1: or trade winds, which blow from the northeast from November
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  Speaker 1: to April and from the southwest from May to October
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  Speaker 1: and produce what are generally called the dry and wet seasons,
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  Speaker 1: but there is no abrupt change from one to the other.
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  Speaker 1: Between those periods, there are intervals of variable weather. The
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  Speaker 1: Spaniards describe the seasons as seesmess de lodo, saysmess de polvo,
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  Speaker 1: sayesmess de todor, six months of mud, six months of dust,
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  Speaker 1: and six months of everything. The northern islands lie in
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  Speaker 1: the track of the typhoons, which develop in the Pacific
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  Speaker 1: and sweep over the China Sea from northeast to southwest
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  Speaker 1: during the Southwest monsoon. They are liable to occur at
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  Speaker 1: any time between May and November, but it is in
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  Speaker 1: the months of July, August, and September that they are
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  Speaker 1: most frequent. In the early part of the season, it
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  Speaker 1: is the northern part of the region subject to these
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  Speaker 1: storms that feels their greatest force. As the season advances,
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  Speaker 1: they gradually work southward, so that the most dangerous time
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  Speaker 1: in Manila is about the end of October and beginning
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  Speaker 1: of November. They never pass further south than about nine
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  Speaker 1: degrees north latitude. Consequently, all the territories south of that
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  Speaker 1: line is exempt from their ravages. Sometimes the typhoon is
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  Speaker 1: of large diameter and travels slowly so far as progressive
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  Speaker 1: motion is concerned. At others it is of smaller dimensions,
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  Speaker 1: and both the circular and progressive motions are more rapid,
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  Speaker 1: but they are always storms of terrific energy, frequently causing
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  Speaker 1: terrible devastation and destruction of crops and property on shore
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  Speaker 1: and of shipping on the sea. Thunderstorms, often of astonishing violence,
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  Speaker 1: are of frequent occurrence in May and June, before the
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  Speaker 1: setting in of the Southwest monsoon and commencement of the
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  Speaker 1: rainy season. During July, August, September and October. The rains
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  Speaker 1: are very heavy, The rivers and lakes are swollen and
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  Speaker 1: frequently overflow, flooding large tracts of the lower lying country.
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  Speaker 1: The average rainfall in the neighbourhood of Manila is stated
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  Speaker 1: to be from seventy five to one hundred twenty inches
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  Speaker 1: per annum, and they are The difference between the longest
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  Speaker 1: and shortest day of the year is only one hour,
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  Speaker 1: forty seven minutes and twelve seconds. For a tropical climate,
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  Speaker 1: that of the Islands may be considered healthful for people
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  Speaker 1: of the white race, and even for natives of northern
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  Speaker 1: regions visiting for the first time a tropical country, if
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  Speaker 1: they pay ordinary attention to hygienic laws, particularly to cleanliness
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  Speaker 1: and temperance in eating and drinking. In the majority of cases,
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  Speaker 1: When foreigners suffer from change of climate in this or
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  Speaker 1: most other tropical countries, the cause can be traced to
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  Speaker 1: their own imprudence and careless habits of life. The immoderate
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  Speaker 1: use of fruits, although novel and delicious, particularly after a
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  Speaker 1: long sea voyage, should be avoided as they tend to
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  Speaker 1: disarrange the gastro intestinal functions and produce dysenteric and diarrheal diseases,
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  Speaker 1: which are those most to be feared by newly arrived strangers.
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  Speaker 1: Alcoholic liquors, if used at all, should be taken with
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  Speaker 1: extreme moderation. Animal foods and fats which are heat producing,
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  Speaker 1: should be used sparingly, and care be taken to provide
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  Speaker 1: against sudden changes of temperature by proper clothing. If these
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  Speaker 1: precautions are followed until he becomes thoroughly acclimatized, there is
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  Speaker 1: no reason why any person of good constitution should not
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  Speaker 1: enjoy good health. Elephantiasis and leprosy prevail to some extent,
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  Speaker 1: and biribi is also common and fatal among the natives.
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  Speaker 1: Typhoid fever is also prevalent at times, but the white
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  Speaker 1: inhabitants seldom suffer from it or any of the other
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  Speaker 1: diseases which affect the natives. This immunity is due without
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  Speaker 1: doubt to better nutrition and sanitary conditions in their dwellings.
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  Speaker 1: Forest products. In estimating the natural riches of the islands,
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  Speaker 1: the forest growths form an important factor. Ebony, cedar, iron wood,
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  Speaker 1: sapan wood, log wood, and gum trees abound, and in
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  Speaker 1: addition to these familiar trees, there are hundreds of other varieties,
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  Speaker 1: not generally known even by name, which produce useful and
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  Speaker 1: ornamental woods available for many purposes. Gutta purchase found in
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: some localities, and the tall and graceful cocoanut palm coccos
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: nukifera is universal and contributes in no small degree to
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: the comfort and prosperity of the natives. Its trunk, branches, leaves, fruit, shell,
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: and husk are all turned to account. It produces fruit
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: when seven years old that forms an important article of diet.
• 28:51
  Speaker 1: It is eaten when the nut is young, or at
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: that stage when the shell is just formed in a
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: thin layer that can be cut with a spoon. When
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: the fruit is mature, or in the condition in which
• 29:03
  Speaker 1: it is brought to our markets. It is valued only
• 29:06
  Speaker 1: for its oil. To obtain that the nut is broken
• 29:10
  Speaker 1: and the meat scooped out and boiled in a large pan.
• 29:13
  Speaker 1: As the oil rises to the surface, it is skimmed off.
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: When first made, it has a rich, sweet taste and
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: is used for culinary purposes and hair dressing, but after
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: a few days it becomes rancid and is used only
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: for lighting and lubricating. Throughout the islands, it was the
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: only substance used for lighting until the introduction of kerosene,
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: but it is still in almost universal use by the natives,
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: particularly in the interior, not only from motives of economy,
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: but from its being so easily manufactured or procured. Of
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: all the indigenous vegetable products, the bamboo, which although botanically
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: a grass, is practically a tree, is most plentiful, useful,
• 30:02
  Speaker 1: and ornamental. It is scattered everywhere in profusion and is
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: always found near native habitations. It is put to an
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: infinity of uses, from the construction of bridges and dwellings,
• 30:15
  Speaker 1: to the manufacture of furniture, domestic utensils of all kinds,
• 30:20
  Speaker 1: pipes for conveying water, musical instruments, mats, fences, and scaffolds.
• 30:26
  Speaker 1: In fact, the roots, trunks, branches, and leaves are all utilized.
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: The varieties of bamboo are almost innumerable, some attaining a
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: height of fifty or sixty feet and varying in diameter
• 30:40
  Speaker 1: from eight to nine inches, while others are as small
• 30:43
  Speaker 1: as a rattan. The forests also abound in the various
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: classes of canes, rattans, and others of the calamus family,
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: which are important and useful and serve for a great
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: variety of purposes. The areca palm grows to about the
• 31:00
  Speaker 1: same height as the coconut tree and produces a nut
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: about the size of a small hen's egg. It is
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: called bonga by the natives, and the quantity used is enormous. Men,
• 31:13
  Speaker 1: women and children all chew it. A piece of the
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: nut is wrapped in a leaf of the betel pepper,
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: which is smeared with shell lime made into a paste
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: with water. In the city of Manila alone, there are
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: hundreds of places devoted solely to the sale of This
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: article prepared ready for use, and it can be found
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: on sale in every town and village. End of section.
• 31:39
  Speaker 2: One, section two of the National Geographic Magazine, volume nine,
• 31:50
  Speaker 2: May eighteen ninety eight.
• 31:52
  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: visit deprivox dot org. Recording by Avayi in November twenty
• 32:04
  Speaker 1: twenty The Philippine Islands by F. F. Hilder, Part two Agriculture.
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: There is a great similarity between the agricultural products of
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: Cuba and the Philippines, in both sugar and tobacco are
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: the great staples. But the latter islands possess a unique
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: product which, hitherto it has not been found possible to
• 32:30
  Speaker 1: raise successfully elsewhere, although attempts have been made to introduce
• 32:34
  Speaker 1: it in Borneo, Cochin China, the Andaman Islands and other places.
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: It is known commercially as Manila hemp, but this is
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: a misnomer as it has no relation to the hemp plant.
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: Its native name is abaka, and it is the product
• 32:52
  Speaker 1: of a species of plantain or banana Musa textilis, which
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: differs very slightly in appearance from the edible variety Muza paradisiaca.
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: Its fruit, however, is small, disagreeable to the taste, and
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: not edible. It grows to the height of twelve to
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: fifteen feet. There is evidently some peculiarity of soil or climate,
• 33:17
  Speaker 1: or of both, which enables these islands to retain a
• 33:21
  Speaker 1: monopoly of this fiber, which has become of such immense
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: commercial value. It grows best in hilly or mountainous districts,
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: and particularly in the volcanic regions in the eastern parts
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: of the islands. It is hardy and suffers little from
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: any enemy except drought. It has the advantage of being
• 33:42
  Speaker 1: a perennial crop, like its fruit bearing relative, months after
• 33:46
  Speaker 1: months young shoots springing up from the original route. In
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: starting a plantation, the timber and undergrowth are cut down
• 33:55
  Speaker 1: and allowed to lie until dried by the sun. When
• 33:59
  Speaker 1: they are burned and the young sprouts or suckers are planted,
• 34:03
  Speaker 1: nothing more is ever done in the way of cultivation
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: except to cut down weeds and extraneous growths to allow
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: access to the plants and to replace those that may
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: die from accident or old age. They reach maturity in
• 34:18
  Speaker 1: about three years and should then be cut, as at
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: that age they yield the best fiber. If they are
• 34:25
  Speaker 1: cut earlier, the fiber is short and lacking in strength,
• 34:29
  Speaker 1: and if allowed to grow too old before cutting, it
• 34:32
  Speaker 1: becomes harsh, woody and brittle. A large quantity of land
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: is required to form a successful plantation, as the plants
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: occupy considerable room, and it requires the product of five
• 34:45
  Speaker 1: or six acres to produce a ton of fiber at
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: each cutting. The method of decortication is as rude as
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: is the agricultural process. It is true that many machines
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: constructed on scientific prints poles have been experimented with, but
• 35:02
  Speaker 1: none so far have proved satisfactory, and the crude native
• 35:06
  Speaker 1: implement is still the only one in use. It consists
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: of a rough wooden bench with a long knife blade
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: hinged to it at one end and connected at the
• 35:16
  Speaker 1: other to a treadle. Strips of the plant are drawn
• 35:20
  Speaker 1: several times between displayed and the bench, which removes the
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: pulp and outer skin, leaving the fiber, which is then
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: cleansed by washing, dried in the sun, and packed for shipment.
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: It is one of the most useful fibers known to commerce.
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: Beside its value for making rope and cordage, it is
• 35:40
  Speaker 1: extensively used in the United States for binding twined for
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: harvesting machines. Nearly one million bales are exported annually, of
• 35:49
  Speaker 1: which forty percent comes to the United States. Sugar is
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: grown very extensively. The cane Saccarum violatzium is not of
• 36:00
  Speaker 1: the same species as that cultivated in the Western Hemisphere,
• 36:04
  Speaker 1: but it is of the kind common throughout Malaysia and Polynesia.
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: It is either a native of the archipelago or was
• 36:12
  Speaker 1: introduced in prehistoric times. Several varieties are raised on the islands,
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: some of which are used as food for man and animals,
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: and others for sugar making. They are all rich in
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: succoring qualities, but the greater part of the sugar produced
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: discourse and of poor quality, and brings a low price
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: in consequence of slovenly methods of cultivation and manufacture and
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: the lack of high grade machinery such as is used
• 36:42
  Speaker 1: in Cuba and the United States. The quantity produced, however,
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: is very large, supplying all that is used for home
• 36:50
  Speaker 1: consumption and furnishing for export annually an average of two
• 36:55
  Speaker 1: hundred fifty thousand tons, which could be indefinitely increased by
• 37:00
  Speaker 1: the introduction of improved machinery, skill and capital. Tobacco is
• 37:06
  Speaker 1: an important crop, and Manila cheroots and cigars are as
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: famous and highly appreciated. East of the Cape of Good
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: Hope as the Havana product is among Western nations. The
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: quantity of the leaf raised is very great, but its
• 37:22
  Speaker 1: cultivation is capable of much further development. It has been
• 37:26
  Speaker 1: estimated that twenty thousand or more persons find employment in
• 37:30
  Speaker 1: its preparation at the manufacture of cigars, exclusive of those
• 37:35
  Speaker 1: who raise the leaf. In one factory alone in the
• 37:39
  Speaker 1: Binondo suburb of Manila, about nine thousand young women and
• 37:43
  Speaker 1: girls are employed. Tobacco was made a government monopoly by
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: Captain General Jose Basco Evargas in seventeen eighty one, and
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: remain so until July first, eighteen eighty two, when the
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: trade was thrown open. Rice is largely grown, but its
• 38:02
  Speaker 1: use is so general and the demand for home consumption
• 38:05
  Speaker 1: so great, that little is left for exportation, although a
• 38:09
  Speaker 1: market could always be found in China for any amount
• 38:12
  Speaker 1: that might be sent there. There are several varieties grown
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: in the islands, but they may be classified under two heads,
• 38:20
  Speaker 1: the upland or mountain rice, and the water rice. The
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: upland rice is sown broadcast on the hill lands after
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: plowing and harrowing the soil. It matures in about three
• 38:33
  Speaker 1: to four months and is harvested year by year. The
• 38:37
  Speaker 1: water rice is sown later in the year, after the
• 38:40
  Speaker 1: rains have commenced and the low land has become thoroughly
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: water soaked. The seed is sown in the mud and water,
• 38:47
  Speaker 1: and in about six weeks the young plants are transplanted
• 38:51
  Speaker 1: to the rice fields, which are kept thoroughly irrigated. The
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: cacao bean Teobroma cacao was introduced into the islands from
• 39:01
  Speaker 1: Mexico by the Spaniards. It found a congenial home as
• 39:05
  Speaker 1: it grows luxuriantly and produces good crops, from which excellent
• 39:10
  Speaker 1: chocolate is made, but principally for home consumption. Corn, which
• 39:15
  Speaker 1: was also brought to these islands from the Western Hemisphere,
• 39:19
  Speaker 1: is grown to some extent, as are also cotton, vanilla, cassia,
• 39:24
  Speaker 1: ginger and pepper. Coffee of excellent quality has also been produced,
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: but of late years the crops have not been very
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: successful in consequence of disease. Among the trees, all fruits
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: suitable to the climate are plentiful, including the orange, tamarind, guava,
• 39:44
  Speaker 1: and pineapple. The mango grown in the Philippines is considered
• 39:49
  Speaker 1: of very fine quality. The tree Mangifera indica is large
• 39:54
  Speaker 1: and thickly branching with bright green leaves. The fruit before
• 39:59
  Speaker 1: it ripens is so acid that it forms a good
• 40:02
  Speaker 1: pickle by merely preserving it in salt water, but when
• 40:06
  Speaker 1: ripe it changes from green to bright yellow and has
• 40:09
  Speaker 1: a rich aromatic flavor. The mangostein, one of the most
• 40:14
  Speaker 1: delicious of all tropical fruits, is grown in Mindanao and
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: some other of the southern islands of the group. The
• 40:22
  Speaker 1: tree on which it grows resembles a pear tree in
• 40:25
  Speaker 1: size and shape. The reddish brown skinned fruit is spherical
• 40:30
  Speaker 1: in form. The outer rind is thick and tough, enclosing
• 40:34
  Speaker 1: a white center, which is slightly sweet but of most
• 40:37
  Speaker 1: delicious and delicate flavor. This fruit is confined to the
• 40:42
  Speaker 1: Malay Peninsula and Eastern Archipelago, and all efforts to raise
• 40:47
  Speaker 1: it elsewhere have failed. Of all the native fruits, however,
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: the banana is the most prolific and useful to the people,
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: giving them a larger amount of nutritious food from a
• 40:59
  Speaker 1: given area of land than any other crop with a
• 41:03
  Speaker 1: minimum expenditure of labor. Bananas as used in this country
• 41:08
  Speaker 1: have been gathered while immature and have been bruised and
• 41:11
  Speaker 1: heated in transportation. Consequently, they bear but small likeness to
• 41:16
  Speaker 1: the fruit in its tropical home. A traveler who has
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: partaken of a meal in a native dwelling in the Philippines,
• 41:24
  Speaker 1: consisting of rice boiled as only the natives can cook it,
• 41:28
  Speaker 1: and ripe bananas full of delicious juice melting in the
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: mouth like cream, with the cool and fragrant water of
• 41:35
  Speaker 1: the coconut as a beverage, can appreciate how much nature
• 41:39
  Speaker 1: has done in those regions to supply the wants of man,
• 41:43
  Speaker 1: and how little of human labor is required to support
• 41:46
  Speaker 1: life minerals. From what is known of the mineralogy of
• 41:54
  Speaker 1: the islands, there is no doubt that a scientific geological
• 41:57
  Speaker 1: survey would prove that they are rich in oil deposits
• 42:00
  Speaker 1: of many kinds. Gold has been found in several of
• 42:04
  Speaker 1: the provinces, but chiefly in the more mountainous and inaccessible localities,
• 42:10
  Speaker 1: many of which are occupied by independent tribes that have
• 42:13
  Speaker 1: never submitted to Spanish rule. But that the oriferous formations
• 42:18
  Speaker 1: extend over a wide area on the island of Luzon
• 42:21
  Speaker 1: is proved by the fact that in the alluvial deposits
• 42:25
  Speaker 1: of every stream on the Pacific side, some color of
• 42:29
  Speaker 1: gold can be found. The islands of Mindanao and Mindoro
• 42:34
  Speaker 1: are also equally promising fields for prospectors for gold. In
• 42:39
  Speaker 1: many places, the natives have extracted considerable quantities of gold
• 42:43
  Speaker 1: dust by washing the alluvial deposits. In others, gold bearing
• 42:48
  Speaker 1: rock is broken by them with hammers and ground in
• 42:51
  Speaker 1: rude mills. Such crude methods, of course, producing but poor results.
• 42:57
  Speaker 1: It seems remarkable that, with the knowledge that gold exists,
• 43:01
  Speaker 1: the Spaniards have not taken measures to prosecute the search
• 43:05
  Speaker 1: for it and to apply modern scientific means to obtain
• 43:09
  Speaker 1: profitable results. This, however, may not appear so strange when
• 43:14
  Speaker 1: we consider that, for centuries the gold deposits of California
• 43:18
  Speaker 1: where in their possession without being utilized. Iron ore of
• 43:24
  Speaker 1: excellent quality is abundant, but from lack of means of
• 43:27
  Speaker 1: transportation and machinery, it has not been found possible to
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: manufacture iron as cheaply as it can be imported, so
• 43:36
  Speaker 1: that whenever works have been started, they have soon been
• 43:39
  Speaker 1: abandoned as unprofitable. Rich deposits of copper also exist, and
• 43:46
  Speaker 1: many of them have been worked in a desultory manner.
• 43:48
  Speaker 1: By the natives, and more recently some of them have
• 43:52
  Speaker 1: been operated by a company organized in Europe, but without
• 43:56
  Speaker 1: any pronounced success. Galena and zinc lands have also been found.
• 44:02
  Speaker 1: Several very promising call fields are known, and some of
• 44:06
  Speaker 1: them have been utilized to a small extent, but the
• 44:09
  Speaker 1: absence of roads and consequent expense and difficulty of transportation
• 44:14
  Speaker 1: have proved a bar to development of this, as well
• 44:17
  Speaker 1: as of all other mineral resources. Sulfur is found in
• 44:22
  Speaker 1: the vicinity of many of the ancient volcanoes in quantities
• 44:26
  Speaker 1: that would prove profitable if transportation facilities could be obtained. Manufacturers,
• 44:36
  Speaker 1: ship building is carried on to some extent, but the
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: vessels built are principally small and intended for the coasting
• 44:43
  Speaker 1: trade among the islands. Considering that the Philippines are essentially
• 44:48
  Speaker 1: an agricultural region, the manufacture of textile fabrics has attained
• 44:53
  Speaker 1: considerable development, but it is not carried on in large establishments,
• 44:58
  Speaker 1: and little has been done to in introduce modern machinery.
• 45:02
  Speaker 1: The looms are made of bamboo and are of the
• 45:04
  Speaker 1: simplest construction. In some districts, particularly in the islands of
• 45:10
  Speaker 1: Panai and Luzon, there are communities where almost every family
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: possesses a loom, and in the houses of some of
• 45:18
  Speaker 1: the well to do natives, a number of looms may
• 45:21
  Speaker 1: be found which are operated by hired labor. The products
• 45:25
  Speaker 1: are principally cotton cloths, sale cloths, quilts, coverlet, et cetera.
• 45:32
  Speaker 1: Coarse fabrics are also made from fibers extracted from the
• 45:36
  Speaker 1: leaves of the sago palm, Manila hemp, and other fibers.
• 45:41
  Speaker 1: The most beautiful fabric produced on the islands is that
• 45:44
  Speaker 1: called pina, which is made from fiber obtained from leaves
• 45:49
  Speaker 1: of the pineapple plant. The plants are raised especially for
• 45:53
  Speaker 1: this purpose. Before the fruit begins to form, the crown
• 45:57
  Speaker 1: is removed, which not only prevents to form of the fruit,
• 46:01
  Speaker 1: but causes the leaves to grow larger. When they reach maturity,
• 46:05
  Speaker 1: they are broken from the plant and the outer skin
• 46:08
  Speaker 1: and pulp are removed by scraping. As the fibers appear,
• 46:12
  Speaker 1: they are cautiously raised and removed one by one, and
• 46:16
  Speaker 1: after a thorough cleansing by washing, are dried in the sun.
• 46:21
  Speaker 1: They are then assorted according to lengths and qualities by
• 46:24
  Speaker 1: women and tied together in packages for the weaver's use.
• 46:30
  Speaker 1: The weaving is a delicate process, requiring the greatest care
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: on the part of the operator, and the fabric produced
• 46:37
  Speaker 1: is so exquisitely fine that sometimes only a few inches
• 46:41
  Speaker 1: are the result of a day's work. Sometimes silk, which
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: is imported from China is mixed with the Anana fiber,
• 46:50
  Speaker 1: but the plain pina is the most esteemed and is
• 46:53
  Speaker 1: largely sent to Manila, where it is embroidered in that
• 46:58
  Speaker 1: city and the suburban villages. Large numbers of women are
• 47:02
  Speaker 1: employed in this industry. The work is frequently of the
• 47:06
  Speaker 1: most exquisite quality and is sold for extravagant prices in
• 47:11
  Speaker 1: the villages near Manila and in many other communities on
• 47:15
  Speaker 1: the islands. Women are also employed in making hats somewhat
• 47:19
  Speaker 1: similar to the celebrated Panama hats, cigar cases, and other
• 47:24
  Speaker 1: small wares in which they display great skill and taste.
• 47:29
  Speaker 1: Mats are also largely manufactured, and as everyone uses them
• 47:33
  Speaker 1: to sleep on, the demand is constant. They are of
• 47:37
  Speaker 1: various qualities, but some of them are beautiful in texture
• 47:41
  Speaker 1: and are ornamented with colors and gold or silver threads.
• 47:47
  Speaker 1: Cotton rugs of handsome designs are also made in some
• 47:50
  Speaker 1: of the Islands. Horn is also softened and fashioned into
• 47:54
  Speaker 1: bowls and other utensils. Many of the various articles produced
• 47:59
  Speaker 1: by native workmen are remarkably artistic and beautiful, considering that
• 48:04
  Speaker 1: all their tools and implements are of the simplest and
• 48:08
  Speaker 1: rudest character. Commerce. The earliest development of commerce between the
• 48:16
  Speaker 1: Philippines and the outside world was in the direction of
• 48:20
  Speaker 1: China and Japan, which gradually increased in importance. The Chinese
• 48:25
  Speaker 1: were the founders of this interchange of products. At first,
• 48:29
  Speaker 1: their merchants came and returned each year, but as the
• 48:33
  Speaker 1: trade increased, they found it more profitable to remain permanently
• 48:38
  Speaker 1: and founded that Chinese commercial colony, which, in spite of
• 48:42
  Speaker 1: occasional outbursts of fanatical persecution and of oppressive taxation, has
• 48:48
  Speaker 1: really been the mainstay of commerce in the Islands. The
• 48:52
  Speaker 1: earliest efforts of the Spaniards, after obtaining possession of the country,
• 48:57
  Speaker 1: were directed to securing for Spanish subject monopoly of the trade,
• 49:02
  Speaker 1: precisely as they did in their American possessions, and to
• 49:06
  Speaker 1: this end, for a long time, only a single ship
• 49:09
  Speaker 1: was allowed to make the voyage each year from Mexico
• 49:12
  Speaker 1: to the Philippines, and from the Philippines to Mexico. These ships,
• 49:18
  Speaker 1: called by the Spaniards the Acapulco Ships and known to
• 49:22
  Speaker 1: the English as the Spanish galleons, were equipped as ships
• 49:26
  Speaker 1: of war and commanded by officers of the navy. This
• 49:31
  Speaker 1: monopoly ensured enormous profits to the adventurers who supplied the cargoes,
• 49:36
  Speaker 1: but the whole business was permeated by corruption and roguery
• 49:40
  Speaker 1: of the west description. This condition existed but with diminishing success,
• 49:46
  Speaker 1: until eighteen fifteen, when the last of these vessels was
• 49:49
  Speaker 1: dispatched from Acapulco, as their monopoly had been gradually absorbed
• 49:54
  Speaker 1: by a company charted in Spain in seventeen eighty four
• 49:58
  Speaker 1: called Compagna the Filippinas, which by opening direct commerce with Spain,
• 50:04
  Speaker 1: caused the decline and final extinction of the trade via Mexico.
• 50:09
  Speaker 1: This company, however, in consequence of bad management and injudicious ventures,
• 50:15
  Speaker 1: did not prove successful and passed out of existence at
• 50:19
  Speaker 1: the end of fifty years. In the meantime, some relaxation
• 50:23
  Speaker 1: of the narrow minded exclusive system had taken place. In
• 50:27
  Speaker 1: seventeen eighty nine, the port of Manila was opened to
• 50:30
  Speaker 1: foreign vessels, and in eighteen o nine, an English firm
• 50:34
  Speaker 1: received permission to establish a business house in Manila, being
• 50:39
  Speaker 1: the first foreigners to receive such concession. In eighteen fourteen,
• 50:44
  Speaker 1: this permission was made general. It is, however, only since
• 50:49
  Speaker 1: eighteen thirty four, when the operations of the Philippine Company
• 50:53
  Speaker 1: came to an end, that greater freedom of intercourse and
• 50:57
  Speaker 1: larger introduction of foreign capital and business methods has effected
• 51:02
  Speaker 1: materially the development of the great natural resources and the
• 51:06
  Speaker 1: foreign commerce has resulted, which, although far smaller in amount
• 51:11
  Speaker 1: than it ought to be, is a fair indication of
• 51:14
  Speaker 1: what it might and would become if the country should
• 51:17
  Speaker 1: be controlled by a liberal and progressive government. The statistics
• 51:23
  Speaker 1: published in another part of this issue will give a
• 51:25
  Speaker 1: good idea of the progress and present condition of the
• 51:28
  Speaker 1: commerce of the islands. Internal commerce, as well as the
• 51:34
  Speaker 1: export trade, suffers from the lack of facilities for transportation.
• 51:39
  Speaker 1: This is more marked during the rainy season, when the
• 51:42
  Speaker 1: stormy weather which accompanies the Southwest Monsoon renders coastwise navigation
• 51:48
  Speaker 1: dangerous to coasting vessels and land carriages, impeded by bad
• 51:53
  Speaker 1: roads and the absence of bridges, necessitating the floating of
• 51:57
  Speaker 1: goods across the streams on rafts, while facilities for personal
• 52:02
  Speaker 1: travel have been confined to horseback or to uncomfortable two
• 52:06
  Speaker 1: wheeled vehicles called komatas over roads, execrable in the dry season,
• 52:12
  Speaker 1: but which in the wet season become seas of mud,
• 52:15
  Speaker 1: only to be traversed by a rude sledge drawn by buffaloes,
• 52:20
  Speaker 1: in fact slaying on the mud in place of the
• 52:22
  Speaker 1: snow of northern climes. But in this direction also there
• 52:28
  Speaker 1: is a hopeful sign of progress, as the first railroad
• 52:31
  Speaker 1: has been built and is in operation from Manila to
• 52:35
  Speaker 1: dagupin one hundred twenty three miles in length, connecting the
• 52:39
  Speaker 1: capital with the rice growing districts of Pangasinan. It is
• 52:44
  Speaker 1: a single track road, well and substantially built, and its
• 52:48
  Speaker 1: earnings have been sufficiently remunerative to encourage an extension of
• 52:53
  Speaker 1: railroad facilities. Whenever the islands may enjoy the blessings of
• 52:57
  Speaker 1: peace and liberal government. The traveler in the interior of
• 53:02
  Speaker 1: Luzon will find no hotels nor inns for his accommodation.
• 53:07
  Speaker 1: But every village has a public building, often indeed a
• 53:11
  Speaker 1: very rude structure, and sometimes a mere hut, where he
• 53:15
  Speaker 1: is entitled to shelter, and where he can obtain food
• 53:19
  Speaker 1: frequently of poor character at a fixed tariff freight. Wherever
• 53:24
  Speaker 1: a priest or a convent is located, he is sure
• 53:27
  Speaker 1: of more commodious quarters and better fare. End of Section two,
• 53:39
  Speaker 1: Section three of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, May
• 53:45
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 53:50
  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information ough
• 53:53
  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by AVAI
• 53:58
  Speaker 1: in November two thousand two. The Philippine Islands by F. F. Hilder,
• 54:04
  Speaker 1: Part three Harbors. The immense coastline of the islands contains
• 54:11
  Speaker 1: a great number of good harbors, but in consequence of
• 54:15
  Speaker 1: the exclusive policy of the Spanish government in closing them
• 54:19
  Speaker 1: to foreign commerce, very little is known of them except
• 54:23
  Speaker 1: to coastwise navigators. The foreign trade is confined chiefly to Manila, Iloilo, Cebu,
• 54:30
  Speaker 1: and Sual. Samboanga on the island of Mindanao is also
• 54:35
  Speaker 1: an open port, but the amount of business transacted there
• 54:39
  Speaker 1: is insignificant.
• 54:42
  Speaker 2: The Bay of.
• 54:43
  Speaker 1: Manila, one of the finest in the world, is about
• 54:46
  Speaker 1: one hundred twenty miles in circumference with deep water and
• 54:50
  Speaker 1: very few dangers to navigation. The entrance is divided into
• 54:55
  Speaker 1: two channels by the islands Cordegidor and Cavallos, the northern
• 55:00
  Speaker 1: about two miles in width, and the southern five miles.
• 55:05
  Speaker 1: The anchorage for large vessels is good within a short
• 55:08
  Speaker 1: distance from the mouth of the river Pasig, on which
• 55:12
  Speaker 1: the city of Manila is situated, and which enters the
• 55:16
  Speaker 1: bay on its eastern side, where it is prolonged into
• 55:19
  Speaker 1: the bay by two piers which terminate, the one in
• 55:23
  Speaker 1: a small fort and the other in a lighthouse. During
• 55:28
  Speaker 1: the stormy weather of the southwest monsoon, this anchorage of
• 55:32
  Speaker 1: the city is not considered very safe, but there is
• 55:35
  Speaker 1: good shelter for ships at Cavite, which lies about eight
• 55:39
  Speaker 1: miles southwest of Manila in a direct line by water
• 55:43
  Speaker 1: or fourteen by land. Here the Spaniards have a naval
• 55:48
  Speaker 1: establishment with a marine railroad capable of taking from the
• 55:52
  Speaker 1: water vessels of two thousand tons displacement, a dock for
• 55:57
  Speaker 1: gun boats and small vessels, and shops containing machinery and
• 56:01
  Speaker 1: appliances for repairs. Also an arsenal and hospital. Iloilo, the
• 56:08
  Speaker 1: second port in importance is on the island of Panay,
• 56:12
  Speaker 1: near its southeastern extremity, distant about two hundred fifty miles
• 56:17
  Speaker 1: in a direct line from Manila. The approach to the
• 56:21
  Speaker 1: harbor is by a channel between the sandbank and the
• 56:24
  Speaker 1: island of Guimaras, which lies about two and a half miles.
• 56:28
  Speaker 3: From the shore.
• 56:30
  Speaker 1: The anchorage for large vessels, which is well protected and
• 56:34
  Speaker 1: naturally good, is outside the mouth of the Iloilo River,
• 56:38
  Speaker 1: but small vessels enter it and discharge their cargoes at
• 56:42
  Speaker 1: the wharves of the town, which faces both on the
• 56:45
  Speaker 1: sea and on a bend of the river. Cities and towns.
• 56:53
  Speaker 1: Although there are innumerable villages and many considerable towns in
• 56:57
  Speaker 1: the Philippine Islands, the restrictive policy of Spain and the
• 57:01
  Speaker 1: centralization of civil, military, and ecclesiastical power at Manila have
• 57:07
  Speaker 1: prevented the growth of any other great community. Consequently, it
• 57:12
  Speaker 1: is the only important city the geographical conditions principle, among
• 57:18
  Speaker 1: which is the connection of Manila Bay with Lake Bay
• 57:21
  Speaker 1: by the river Pasik, affording facilities for communication with the interior,
• 57:27
  Speaker 1: led to the foundation of a settlement at the mouth
• 57:30
  Speaker 1: of the river in prehistoric times, as when the Europeans
• 57:34
  Speaker 1: first landed there, they found a native town enclosed by
• 57:38
  Speaker 1: a stockade for defense, called by the natives Manila. Although
• 57:44
  Speaker 1: the name Manila is generally applied to the city on
• 57:47
  Speaker 1: both sides of the River Pasig, which forms the metropolis
• 57:51
  Speaker 1: of the Islands, it is only the old walled city
• 57:54
  Speaker 1: or fortress situated on the left or south bank of
• 57:58
  Speaker 1: the river, to wh which the designation was originally applied.
• 58:03
  Speaker 1: It was founded in fifteen eighty one, and King Philip
• 58:06
  Speaker 1: the Third of Spain gave it armorial bearings and conferred
• 58:10
  Speaker 1: on it the title of La mouin Noble Siodad the
• 58:15
  Speaker 1: very Noble City of Manila. It is a typical old
• 58:19
  Speaker 1: fashioned Spanish town, surrounded by ramparts, and has seen very
• 58:23
  Speaker 1: little alteration or improvement during the past two hundred years.
• 58:29
  Speaker 1: It contains seventeen streets laid out at right angles. The
• 58:34
  Speaker 1: governor's palace, the cathedral, and arche episcopal residents face on
• 58:39
  Speaker 1: the plaza, or public square, which is adorned with magnificent
• 58:43
  Speaker 1: tropical shrubbery and flowers, surrounding a statue of Charles the
• 58:48
  Speaker 1: Fourth which stands in the center. The barracks for the
• 58:52
  Speaker 1: military forces, the government offices and custom house are all
• 58:57
  Speaker 1: located in this old town, but as there is very
• 59:01
  Speaker 1: little business or commercial activity there, it is intensely dull
• 59:05
  Speaker 1: and life there is monotonous. Just outside the fortifications is
• 59:10
  Speaker 1: a broad road called the Calsada, which is to Manila
• 59:14
  Speaker 1: what de Paseo de la Reforma is to the City
• 59:17
  Speaker 1: of Mexico, Hyde Park to London, or the Chanse Lize
• 59:21
  Speaker 1: to Paris. Every fine evening from five o'clock to dusk
• 59:26
  Speaker 1: is crowded with carriages and equestrians seeking relief in the
• 59:30
  Speaker 1: cooler evening air after the heat of the day, and
• 59:34
  Speaker 1: society enjoys the luxury of seeing and being seen. Near
• 59:40
  Speaker 1: the reverse stands a stone column erected to the memory
• 59:43
  Speaker 1: of Fernando de Magalhes, the Portuguese navigator and discoverer of
• 59:49
  Speaker 1: the islands. It stands on a marble pedestal and is
• 59:52
  Speaker 1: surmounted by a bronze sphere and decorated midway with dolphins,
• 59:57
  Speaker 1: anchors and laurel wreaths. On the opposite side of the river,
• 1:00:02
  Speaker 1: and connected with the old city by several bridges, is
• 1:00:06
  Speaker 1: the newer town, which is the commercial metropolis called by
• 1:00:10
  Speaker 1: the Spaniards Binondo, but is now universally included in the
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 1: designation Manila. It is full of animation and activity, and
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 1: forms a startling contrast to its sleepy old neighbor across
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 1: the river. In passing a bridge from the old City,
• 1:00:27
  Speaker 1: the passenger seems to step at once. From the sixteenth
• 1:00:31
  Speaker 1: to the nineteenth century, here all is life and bustle.
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 1: The principal street, called the Escolta, is lined with stores
• 1:00:40
  Speaker 1: and business places of all classes, and from morning to
• 1:00:44
  Speaker 1: night is thronged with a motley crowd of many races
• 1:00:47
  Speaker 1: and every shade of color, while electric lights and street
• 1:00:51
  Speaker 1: cars attest that the spirit of progress is gradually encroaching
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 1: on the conservative ideas of the past. In the old
• 1:01:00
  Speaker 1: City and the older parts of the Nua Town, most
• 1:01:04
  Speaker 1: of the buildings were of brick and stone with tiled roofs,
• 1:01:08
  Speaker 1: but repeated shocks of earthquake have taught the lesson to
• 1:01:11
  Speaker 1: build in anticipation of them. It is now very rare
• 1:01:15
  Speaker 1: that stone or brick is used in the construction of
• 1:01:18
  Speaker 1: buildings above the level of the ground. Modern houses are
• 1:01:22
  Speaker 1: seldom more than two stories in height, with galvanized iron
• 1:01:26
  Speaker 1: roofs supported by wooden pillars so arranged as to allow
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 1: of a certain amount of oscillation independent of the walls.
• 1:01:35
  Speaker 1: The native houses are built of wood or bamboo and
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 1: thatched with palm leaves. They are, of course very combustible,
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 1: but practically earthquake proof. The population of the metropolis and
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 1: its suburbs is about two hundred fifty thousand to three
• 1:01:52
  Speaker 1: hundred thousand. Many of the suburban villages are very populous. Tondo,
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 1: a short distance on the Binondo side, has upward of
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 1: thirty thousand inhabitants, Santa Cruz has twelve thousand, and Santa Anna,
• 1:02:08
  Speaker 1: a pretty village where many of the wealthy citizens of
• 1:02:11
  Speaker 1: Manila have country residences, contains about seven thousand people. Population
• 1:02:20
  Speaker 1: Spanish statistics are notoriously unreliable, and no accurate senses has
• 1:02:26
  Speaker 1: ever been taken, but the number of inhabitants is about
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 1: eight million. The bulk of the population is of Malay origin.
• 1:02:35
  Speaker 1: On their first arrival, the Spaniards found part of the
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 1: natives in possession of some amount of civilization. They had
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 1: a written language, of which some specimens have been preserved,
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 1: though of no value in throwing light on their former history,
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 1: and their traditions are very few the Spanish priests here,
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 1: as in Mexico and Central America, did all in their
• 1:02:58
  Speaker 1: power to extirpate all mythological and other lore that existed,
• 1:03:03
  Speaker 1: and unfortunately with almost complete success. But fortunately for the inhabitants,
• 1:03:10
  Speaker 1: they were treated more mercifully than in most of the
• 1:03:12
  Speaker 1: other newly discovered countries acquired by Spain, so that they
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 1: have increased in numbers instead of being exterminated as in
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 1: many places in the Western Hemisphere. This was not due, however,
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 1: to any magnanimity on the part of the Spaniards, but
• 1:03:29
  Speaker 1: to the fact that the great distance of the islands
• 1:03:32
  Speaker 1: from Spain prevented their being overrun by greedy and cruel adventurers,
• 1:03:37
  Speaker 1: as was the case in the West Indian Islands and
• 1:03:40
  Speaker 1: adjacent mainland. In Mindanao and some of the other southern islands,
• 1:03:46
  Speaker 1: there are some pure Malays who are Mohammedans. They are
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: called Moros Moores by the Spaniards, and at times give
• 1:03:55
  Speaker 1: them as much trouble as the African Moors gave their
• 1:03:58
  Speaker 1: ancestors in Spain. There are also in the interior of
• 1:04:02
  Speaker 1: Luzon and other islands, many semi savage tribes who have
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: never submitted to Spanish rule or to Spanish taxation, and
• 1:04:11
  Speaker 1: when they escape the latter, it is pretty certain that
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 1: they are not under control. They are as untamed and
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 1: are living as primitive a life as they were when
• 1:04:21
  Speaker 1: the Spaniards landed on the islands more than three centuries ago.
• 1:04:27
  Speaker 1: The Philippine Malays are a superior race to many other
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 1: Asiatic people. They are orderly, amiable, courteous, honest and hospitable,
• 1:04:37
  Speaker 1: exceedingly superstitious, and when they profess Christianity, are easily influenced
• 1:04:43
  Speaker 1: by the priests. Like most tropical people, they are intermittent
• 1:04:48
  Speaker 1: rather than steady workers. They are once, are easily provided for,
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 1: and they take life easy. They are lacking in energy
• 1:04:56
  Speaker 1: when at peace, but their hot tropical blood makes them
• 1:05:00
  Speaker 1: fierce and revengeful in war. They are fond of music, dancing,
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 1: and amusement of all kinds, but are born gamblers, and
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 1: cock fighting is their great passion. Every native, however poor,
• 1:05:14
  Speaker 1: owns a gamecock and is always ready to bet his
• 1:05:17
  Speaker 1: last coin on its prawets. Every town and village has
• 1:05:22
  Speaker 1: its cockpit, and in the larger communities the spectators may
• 1:05:26
  Speaker 1: be numbered by thousands. Of course, disamusement, like everything else
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 1: in the Spanish colonies is heavily taxed, and a considerable
• 1:05:35
  Speaker 1: revenue is derived from this source. Advantage is also taken
• 1:05:40
  Speaker 1: of the taste for gambling by running a lottery for
• 1:05:43
  Speaker 1: the benefit of the government. The mestitos or mixed races
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 1: from a numerous and influential portion of the population. The
• 1:05:53
  Speaker 1: descendants of Spanish fathers and native mothers are numerous. A
• 1:05:58
  Speaker 1: large proportion of the merchant and landed proprietors are of
• 1:06:02
  Speaker 1: this class, and most of the subordinate and clerical offices
• 1:06:06
  Speaker 1: of the government are filled by them. Another element is
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 1: the Chinese and half breeds of mixed Chinese and Native blood.
• 1:06:15
  Speaker 1: Few Chinese women come to the islands, and the men
• 1:06:19
  Speaker 1: intermary with the Native women in their offspring. The paternal
• 1:06:23
  Speaker 1: type seems to absorb the maternal and to be persistent
• 1:06:26
  Speaker 1: for generations throughout the islands, or at least in all
• 1:06:31
  Speaker 1: the larger towns. The bulk of the retail trade, banking,
• 1:06:35
  Speaker 1: and money lending is in Chinese hands. They are industrious, persevering, economical,
• 1:06:42
  Speaker 1: and many of them possess considerable wealth. There are probably
• 1:06:48
  Speaker 1: not more than fifteen or twenty thousand Spaniards or people
• 1:06:52
  Speaker 1: of pure Spanish blood who are permanent or are temporary residents,
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 1: and the number of other foreigners is not large. The
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 1: majority of them are in Manila. The English have established
• 1:07:05
  Speaker 1: a club at Sampalog in the suburbs, which has become
• 1:07:09
  Speaker 1: the center of foreign social intercourse history. The Philippine Islands
• 1:07:17
  Speaker 1: were discovered by the Portuguese navigator Fernando de Magueljes on
• 1:07:22
  Speaker 1: the voyage from which only one of his ships returned.
• 1:07:25
  Speaker 1: After circumnavigating the globe. He first sighted them on Saint
• 1:07:30
  Speaker 1: Lazarus's Day fifteen twenty one, from which circumstance he named
• 1:07:35
  Speaker 1: them Archipelago de San Lazaro. His first landing was on
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 1: the eastern coast of the island of Mindanao. He afterwards
• 1:07:44
  Speaker 1: went to Cebu, where he became friendly with the native
• 1:07:47
  Speaker 1: ruler and accompanied him on a warlike expedition in which
• 1:07:52
  Speaker 1: he was killed. From this time until fifteen forty two,
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 1: several expeditions were dispatched from Spain to take possession of
• 1:08:02
  Speaker 1: the islands, but from a variety of causes, all failed.
• 1:08:07
  Speaker 1: In fifteen sixty five, another expedition commanded by Miguel de
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 1: la Gaspi, was dispatched by Philip the Second to secure
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 1: the islands, which had been named the Philippines in his
• 1:08:19
  Speaker 1: honor before his accession to the throne. Legaspi made good
• 1:08:24
  Speaker 1: his footing in Cebu, but afterwards transferred his headquarters to Luzon,
• 1:08:30
  Speaker 1: and the city of Manila was founded in fifteen eighty one.
• 1:08:34
  Speaker 1: From this time the islands were gradually brought under the
• 1:08:37
  Speaker 1: dominion of Spain, that is, so far as their subjection
• 1:08:41
  Speaker 1: was successful, which really extended to little more than the
• 1:08:45
  Speaker 1: sea coasts and such towns and villages as have been
• 1:08:48
  Speaker 1: created by the Spaniards, or held by their military forces,
• 1:08:53
  Speaker 1: or by the power of the priests. That this dominion
• 1:08:57
  Speaker 1: has continued is solely from lack of organization among the natives,
• 1:09:02
  Speaker 1: and risings have taken place from time to time, but
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 1: have always been suppressed. The islands have also been frequently
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 1: threatened from without, but have never been wholly lost to
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 1: Spain since Legaspi first planted the Spanish standard on them.
• 1:09:19
  Speaker 1: For a long time, the attacks were made principally by
• 1:09:22
  Speaker 1: the Portuguese, who were jealous of the increasing power of
• 1:09:25
  Speaker 1: Spain in the Orient. Later, the Dutch, incited by a
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 1: similar feeling, endeavored to obtain possession of the islands. These attacks, however,
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 1: were never very serious affairs, and the only really dangerous
• 1:09:40
  Speaker 1: invasion was in seventeen fifty four when Lima Hong, a
• 1:09:45
  Speaker 1: Chinese pirate, attacked the Spanish positions with a powerful fleet
• 1:09:50
  Speaker 1: of ninety five war junks, but was defeated and compelled
• 1:09:54
  Speaker 1: to retreat, and again in seventeen sixty two when the
• 1:09:58
  Speaker 1: English captured the city of Manila and held it and
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 1: the neighboring country until seventeen sixty four, when peace, having
• 1:10:07
  Speaker 1: been restored, the captured territory was returned to Spain. The
• 1:10:13
  Speaker 1: more civilized natives, and particularly the half breeds, who are
• 1:10:17
  Speaker 1: sufficiently educated to crave for greater freedom, have long been
• 1:10:22
  Speaker 1: in a chronic condition of discontent, induced by oppressive taxation
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 1: and tyrannical rule, in which the ecclesiastics have always used
• 1:10:32
  Speaker 1: their authority to support the government. This produced a crisis
• 1:10:36
  Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety six and led to the serious insurrection
• 1:10:40
  Speaker 1: which has been in progress with various ebbs and flows
• 1:10:44
  Speaker 1: of fortune until the present time. Administration in Madrid. There
• 1:10:52
  Speaker 1: is a Council of State for the Philippines, which has
• 1:10:55
  Speaker 1: in charged the interests of the colony and acts as
• 1:10:59
  Speaker 1: an advisory ward to the Minister of the Colonies at Manila.
• 1:11:03
  Speaker 1: The administration of the government has for its head and
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 1: chief a Governor General. Next to the Captain generalship of Cuba,
• 1:11:13
  Speaker 1: this is the most important and lucrative post at the
• 1:11:16
  Speaker 1: disposal of the home government. This jurisdiction also extends over
• 1:11:21
  Speaker 1: the Mariana or Laderona Islands, the Carolines and the Palau Islands.
• 1:11:28
  Speaker 1: There is also a Lieutenant governor who takes the place
• 1:11:31
  Speaker 1: of the Captain General in case of his death, and
• 1:11:34
  Speaker 1: a council in Manila, which has a voice in all
• 1:11:37
  Speaker 1: questions concerning the internal affairs of the islands. The archbishop
• 1:11:42
  Speaker 1: also exerts considerable power, and the ecclesiastical authority is interwoven
• 1:11:48
  Speaker 1: in all the machinery of government. The islands are divided
• 1:11:53
  Speaker 1: into provinces, subject to politico military governors or alcaldes mayores,
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 1: who are generally civilians. The provinces are subdivided into districts,
• 1:12:05
  Speaker 1: and these again into pueblos or parishes, over which is
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 1: an officer called the gobernador thillo, a diminutive of governor
• 1:12:15
  Speaker 1: who is elected annually by the people, but The real
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 1: power in these communities is generally the priest, who not
• 1:12:22
  Speaker 1: only looks after the spiritual welfare of the people, but
• 1:12:26
  Speaker 1: directs their material affairs for the imposition and collection of taxes.
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 1: Spanish ingenuity has been exercised to the utmost, but the
• 1:12:36
  Speaker 1: basis of the financial system in the Philippines is to
• 1:12:39
  Speaker 1: poll tax, which every adult, both male and female under
• 1:12:44
  Speaker 1: sixty years of age, has to pay. And unhappy is
• 1:12:48
  Speaker 1: the lot of the native who fails to meet the
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 1: demands of the tax gatherer. He is arrested and imprisoned
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 1: or deported to a penal settlement, and his family, if
• 1:12:59
  Speaker 1: he had as one, is left to shift for itself.
• 1:13:05
  Speaker 1: Religion and education. The Roman Catholic is the established church
• 1:13:11
  Speaker 1: in the Philippine Islands, which contain one archaepiscopal see and
• 1:13:16
  Speaker 1: three bishoprics. Most of the ecclesiastical authority is in the
• 1:13:21
  Speaker 1: hands of the various religious orders Dominicans, Augustine's, Franciscans, etc.
• 1:13:27
  Speaker 1: Who are the real rulers of the country, as their
• 1:13:30
  Speaker 1: power among the natives far exceeds that of the civil
• 1:13:34
  Speaker 1: or military authorities, and of this power they are very jealous,
• 1:13:39
  Speaker 1: as is evidenced by the long record in the history
• 1:13:42
  Speaker 1: of the Islands of bitter controversies between the Church and
• 1:13:46
  Speaker 1: the civil authority, and the quarrels of the religious bodies
• 1:13:50
  Speaker 1: among themselves in their efforts to maintain ascendency. There is
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 1: no doubt that among the priesthood there are many devouts,
• 1:13:59
  Speaker 1: incere men who do their duty faithfully and devotedly, and
• 1:14:03
  Speaker 1: exertain immense and beneficial influence on the natives under their charge.
• 1:14:08
  Speaker 1: But on the whole, religious affairs on the Islands are
• 1:14:12
  Speaker 1: behind the age, and would be more useful to the
• 1:14:15
  Speaker 1: people who are naturally devout if they were infused with
• 1:14:19
  Speaker 1: the more modern ideas and methods of the Church. In
• 1:14:22
  Speaker 1: Europe and America, education is much neglected. Both the institutions
• 1:14:30
  Speaker 1: for higher education and primary schools are antiquated in their
• 1:14:35
  Speaker 1: methods and altogether behind the times. And although in nearly
• 1:14:39
  Speaker 1: every town and village that is under the control of
• 1:14:42
  Speaker 1: the government a school may be found, neither the quantity
• 1:14:46
  Speaker 1: nor a quality of the instruction it imparts is satisfactory.
• 1:14:53
  Speaker 1: End of section three.
• 1:15:00
  Speaker 4: Section four of the National Geographic Magazine, volume nine, May
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 4: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:15:10
  Speaker 4: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:15:14
  Speaker 4: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty B.
• 1:15:20
  Speaker 4: Notes on some primitive Philippine tribes by Dean C. Worcester,
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 4: University of Michigan. Should the Philippine Islands become a permanent
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 4: possession of the United States or of any other civilized nation,
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 4: the problem of giving them good government and of developing
• 1:15:38
  Speaker 4: their enormous latent resources will be, by no means a
• 1:15:42
  Speaker 4: simple one, although it will, in my judgment, be one
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 4: that will richly repay successful solution. Spain has never seriously
• 1:15:51
  Speaker 4: attempted to solve it. From the time of its discovery
• 1:15:54
  Speaker 4: until now, the archipelago has been one vast plundering ground
• 1:15:59
  Speaker 4: for her hungry officials. She has conquered so far as
• 1:16:03
  Speaker 4: greed of gain made conquests desirable, or safety demanded it.
• 1:16:08
  Speaker 4: But there she has stopped. Although it is three hundred
• 1:16:11
  Speaker 4: seventy seven years since Magellan discovered the Philippines and three
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 4: hundred thirty four years since Lagaspi began his active campaign
• 1:16:21
  Speaker 4: against the islanders, there still remain in the Great Islands
• 1:16:25
  Speaker 4: Luzon and Mindanao, as well as Palauan, Mindora, and the
• 1:16:30
  Speaker 4: highlands of Negros and Panay tribes, which are as independent
• 1:16:34
  Speaker 4: of Spain as they were when the eyes of the
• 1:16:37
  Speaker 4: famous discoverer of the passage from the Atlantic to the
• 1:16:41
  Speaker 4: Pacific first rested on the mountain peaks of Mindanao. It
• 1:16:45
  Speaker 4: was primarily in search of rare or new birds and
• 1:16:48
  Speaker 4: mammals that I visited the Philippines, and as that necessarily
• 1:16:53
  Speaker 4: took me into the wildest and least explored islands, I
• 1:16:57
  Speaker 4: was repeatedly thrown in contact with representatives of these slightly
• 1:17:01
  Speaker 4: civilized or wholly savage tribes. While it would be idle
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 4: to attempt to give, within the limits of the present article,
• 1:17:10
  Speaker 4: any comprehensive account of even those savage peoples among whom
• 1:17:15
  Speaker 4: I and my companions actually lived, brief notes concerning the
• 1:17:20
  Speaker 4: more important of the tribes in question may not be
• 1:17:23
  Speaker 4: entirely without interest. At the present time, without doubt, the
• 1:17:28
  Speaker 4: most primitive of Philippine peoples are the Aetas or Negritos,
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 4: a race of blacks of almost dwarfish stature, with flattened noses,
• 1:17:38
  Speaker 4: thick lips, and closely curling black hair. They are believed
• 1:17:43
  Speaker 4: and with reason, to be the true Aborigines of the islands,
• 1:17:47
  Speaker 4: who even at the time of the Spanish conquest, had
• 1:17:50
  Speaker 4: begun to go to the wall in the fierce struggle
• 1:17:53
  Speaker 4: for existence which was then being waged between them and
• 1:17:57
  Speaker 4: the encroaching Melee tribes on the other head, and between
• 1:18:01
  Speaker 4: the Mohammedan and Pagan Malays on the other. At present
• 1:18:05
  Speaker 4: they are well nigh extinct, and in a fair way
• 1:18:08
  Speaker 4: to become entirely so. They seem to be confined to
• 1:18:12
  Speaker 4: the higher mountain ranges in Luzon and Negros, although it
• 1:18:16
  Speaker 4: is said that a few of them still exist in
• 1:18:18
  Speaker 4: the mountains of northwest Panay, and they may yet be discovered.
• 1:18:23
  Speaker 4: In Mindanao. We encountered them, but once they wander through
• 1:18:27
  Speaker 4: the forest, living for the most part on what they
• 1:18:30
  Speaker 4: can pick from the trees or dig out of the ground,
• 1:18:33
  Speaker 4: although the men sometimes make use of bows and arrows
• 1:18:37
  Speaker 4: or rude lances in hunting. They sleep wherever night overtakes them,
• 1:18:43
  Speaker 4: often without troubling to build so much as a leaf shelter.
• 1:18:46
  Speaker 4: They are a sickly wretched scent. Their birth rate is
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 4: said to be steadily falling off, and they must be
• 1:18:52
  Speaker 4: regarded as a rapidly disappearing race. The remaining Philippine tribes,
• 1:18:58
  Speaker 4: whether Pagan, Mohammedan or Christian, are of Malay extraction, although
• 1:19:03
  Speaker 4: in some cases there has doubtless been an admixture of Japanese, Chinese, Negrito,
• 1:19:09
  Speaker 4: or even Papuan blood. The Mangians of Mindoro. The most
• 1:19:15
  Speaker 4: interesting of the Malayan tribes encountered by US, were the Mangians,
• 1:19:20
  Speaker 4: who people the interior of Mindora. Although its capital is
• 1:19:24
  Speaker 4: distant but one hundred twenty miles from Manila, Mindoro is
• 1:19:28
  Speaker 4: one of the least known islands in the archipelago, its
• 1:19:32
  Speaker 4: pestiferous climate and the unsavory reputation of the renegade Tagalogs
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 4: who inhabit its coasts having combined to discourage exploration, while
• 1:19:42
  Speaker 4: there has been little to encourage exploration on the part
• 1:19:46
  Speaker 4: of the Spanish, for the Mangians have nothing to steal
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 4: and could not well be texted. Mindoro was formerly known
• 1:19:54
  Speaker 4: as the Granary of the Philippines on account of the
• 1:19:58
  Speaker 4: enormous rice crops raised in the fertile lowlands to the
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 4: east and west of its central mountain chain, but the
• 1:20:05
  Speaker 4: Mohammedan pirates from the south preyed upon its civilized inhabitants
• 1:20:10
  Speaker 4: decimating the population. An epidemic nearly exterminated the buffaloes depended
• 1:20:16
  Speaker 4: on for tilling the soil, and today the once fertile
• 1:20:20
  Speaker 4: fields have for the most part grown up into forest land,
• 1:20:24
  Speaker 4: while the coasts are peopled chiefly by escaped criminals from
• 1:20:28
  Speaker 4: the neighboring islands, who find in the miasma of the
• 1:20:31
  Speaker 4: forests a most defective ally against the troops, which are
• 1:20:35
  Speaker 4: from time to time sent against them. They band together
• 1:20:39
  Speaker 4: and organize forays against the peaceable Spanish in native planners,
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 4: and are a constant terror to the region around. Even
• 1:20:48
  Speaker 4: in the days of its greatest prosperity, the cultivated district
• 1:20:52
  Speaker 4: in Mindoro was restricted to a belt along the coast.
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 4: The interior of the island stands today as it was
• 1:20:59
  Speaker 4: in the beginning, under the perpetual shadows of the mighty
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 4: lowland forests, and in little clearings on the mountain sides.
• 1:21:08
  Speaker 4: Welt a tribe of natives who show little kinship in
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 4: speech or customs, and none whatever in dress with the
• 1:21:15
  Speaker 4: remaining Philippine peoples. They are called by the Spanish Magianes
• 1:21:21
  Speaker 4: or Maguanes, but I adopt their own pronunciation of their name,
• 1:21:25
  Speaker 4: and call them Magyans. At the time of my first visit,
• 1:21:29
  Speaker 4: I was unable to learn anything as to conditions in
• 1:21:33
  Speaker 4: the interior from the half dozen officials, who, with a
• 1:21:36
  Speaker 4: few friars and a couple of Spanish merchants, constituted the
• 1:21:41
  Speaker 4: Spanish population of the island. I was informed, however, that
• 1:21:45
  Speaker 4: the Mangians were headhunters and cannibals. We began our explorations
• 1:21:50
  Speaker 4: at a most unfortunate time. The rainfall is enormous in
• 1:21:54
  Speaker 4: this island, and the rains were just beginning at the
• 1:21:57
  Speaker 4: time of our arrival. The daily shower increased in duration
• 1:22:01
  Speaker 4: and violence until they became almost continuous, and finally, after
• 1:22:06
  Speaker 4: thirteen days and nights of uninterrupted downpour, we beat a retreat.
• 1:22:11
  Speaker 4: We returned to the island a second and yet a
• 1:22:14
  Speaker 4: third time. However, and profiting by our first experience, began
• 1:22:19
  Speaker 4: operations at the commencement of the dry season. By utilizing
• 1:22:23
  Speaker 4: canoes where streams were sufficiently deep, and by tramping along
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 4: their dry beds when water failed, we were able to
• 1:22:31
  Speaker 4: quickly penetrate to the very center of the island. We
• 1:22:34
  Speaker 4: found that most of the surface details given on our
• 1:22:38
  Speaker 4: charts were incorrect and explored two large rivers, where according
• 1:22:43
  Speaker 4: to the charts no rivers should have been. The manyans
• 1:22:47
  Speaker 4: fled at our approach, but we eventually succeeded in gaining
• 1:22:50
  Speaker 4: their confidence, and found that the alarming accounts which we
• 1:22:54
  Speaker 4: had heard of them had very little foundation. In fact,
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 4: they proved perfectly harmless, decently treated. The men were clad
• 1:23:02
  Speaker 4: in the usual cloud, and in that alone. The dress
• 1:23:06
  Speaker 4: of the women is different from that of any other
• 1:23:08
  Speaker 4: Philippine tribe. It consists of numerous coils of a cord
• 1:23:13
  Speaker 4: rated of split rattan or other similar vegetable substance, wound
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 4: around the body at the hips and supporting a cloud
• 1:23:21
  Speaker 4: of bark. This bark is made soft by careful pounding
• 1:23:26
  Speaker 4: between stones, and at a short distance it looks exactly
• 1:23:30
  Speaker 4: like cloth. The cord is usually stained black, although a
• 1:23:33
  Speaker 4: kind woven in black and yellow check is especially prized.
• 1:23:38
  Speaker 4: Girl babies are provided with two or three coils as
• 1:23:42
  Speaker 4: soon as they can toddle, and the quantity is constantly
• 1:23:45
  Speaker 4: added to as time goes by, so that the appearance
• 1:23:49
  Speaker 4: presented by some of the old women is ludicrous in
• 1:23:52
  Speaker 4: the extreme. This cord usually constitutes the only earthly treasure
• 1:23:57
  Speaker 4: of the wearer, although the women sometimes orn a and
• 1:24:00
  Speaker 4: themselves with armlets or anklets of twisted rattan and beads
• 1:24:04
  Speaker 4: made from the seeds of plants, coins, copper wire, and
• 1:24:09
  Speaker 4: bits of bright metal are highly prized as ornaments, but
• 1:24:12
  Speaker 4: feathers are never used. Married women are distinguished by the
• 1:24:16
  Speaker 4: fact that they expose the breasts, while unmarried girls cover
• 1:24:20
  Speaker 4: them with a peal from one of the plantains ornamented
• 1:24:24
  Speaker 4: with finely braided rattan cord. During the dry season, the
• 1:24:28
  Speaker 4: low Land magians often wander through the forest with no
• 1:24:32
  Speaker 4: fixed place of abode, where night overtakes them. There they sleep,
• 1:24:37
  Speaker 4: each person making a shelter for himself by cutting off
• 1:24:41
  Speaker 4: a couple of rattan leaves, fastening their butts together, and
• 1:24:45
  Speaker 4: sticking them into the earth at such an angle as
• 1:24:49
  Speaker 4: to give the leaves a suitable inclination. Under this quickly
• 1:24:53
  Speaker 4: extemporized roof, he sleeps, usually squatting on his heels. When
• 1:24:58
  Speaker 4: a company are planning to remain for several days in
• 1:25:01
  Speaker 4: one place, they sometimes construct low thatched roofs under which
• 1:25:06
  Speaker 4: they build sleeping platforms of small poles. Such structures are
• 1:25:11
  Speaker 4: usually planned so that each accommodates but a single person,
• 1:25:15
  Speaker 4: but they may be large enough for an entire family.
• 1:25:18
  Speaker 4: During the rainy season, more elaborate or at least larger
• 1:25:22
  Speaker 4: structures are erected in which several families not infrequently find shelter.
• 1:25:28
  Speaker 4: But even these more pretentious dwellings are, in the case
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 4: of the low Land Magyans, usually left without sides. The
• 1:25:36
  Speaker 4: more thrifty mountaineers, however, build tiny huts which are both
• 1:25:41
  Speaker 4: roofed and sided with palm or with tan leaves, and
• 1:25:44
  Speaker 4: are provided with a single opening which serves the triple
• 1:25:48
  Speaker 4: purpose of door, window and chimney. The cooking, which is
• 1:25:52
  Speaker 4: of the most primitive sort, is done over an open
• 1:25:56
  Speaker 4: fire built on a pile of earth in one corner
• 1:25:59
  Speaker 4: of the hut. Fire is obtained by striking flint with
• 1:26:03
  Speaker 4: a bit of steel or iron and catching the sparks
• 1:26:06
  Speaker 4: on a bunch of dry plant hairs. When the necessary
• 1:26:09
  Speaker 4: materials cannot be had for obtaining fire in this way,
• 1:26:14
  Speaker 4: the rubbing together of two ingeniously shaped pieces of dry
• 1:26:18
  Speaker 4: bamboo speedily accomplishes the desired end. As a rule, Maggians
• 1:26:24
  Speaker 4: live on the forest products which they find at hand.
• 1:26:28
  Speaker 4: The Lowland people do not practice agriculture, but subsist for
• 1:26:33
  Speaker 4: the most part on sago, which they get by felling
• 1:26:36
  Speaker 4: the trees, cutting them into two foot lengths, splitting these,
• 1:26:40
  Speaker 4: pounding out the inner fiber with rude wooden mallets, running
• 1:26:44
  Speaker 4: water through it to wash out the starch, catching the
• 1:26:47
  Speaker 4: water in large leaves or rude troughs, allowing the starch
• 1:26:51
  Speaker 4: to settle, and finally drawing off the water. The starch
• 1:26:55
  Speaker 4: may be eaten raw or toasted in an earthenware dish.
• 1:26:59
  Speaker 4: Some times it is rammed, while still damp, into a
• 1:27:03
  Speaker 4: joint of green bamboo, which is then put in the
• 1:27:06
  Speaker 4: fire and allowed to remain there until nearly burned through,
• 1:27:10
  Speaker 4: by which time the mass of sago has been converted
• 1:27:13
  Speaker 4: into a solid roll, which would make an effective substitute
• 1:27:17
  Speaker 4: for a policeman's billy. The more vigorous and enterprising mountaineers
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 4: have begun to practice, after a fashion, the art of
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 4: tilling the soil. They have no other tools than the
• 1:27:30
  Speaker 4: rude iron knives which they purchase from the coast natives,
• 1:27:34
  Speaker 4: and such wooden implements as they fashion for themselves, but
• 1:27:38
  Speaker 4: with infinite pains, say, clear away small patches of forest,
• 1:27:42
  Speaker 4: cutting through the trees at some distance from the ground,
• 1:27:46
  Speaker 4: where the trunks are smallest. After burning the fell timber,
• 1:27:50
  Speaker 4: so far as practicable, they plant sweet potatoes or mountain
• 1:27:54
  Speaker 4: rice in the ground. Thus laid bare sweet potato vines
• 1:27:58
  Speaker 4: grow with such luxuriance as to practically exclude weeds, so
• 1:28:03
  Speaker 4: that a patch, once started, lasts for several years. It
• 1:28:08
  Speaker 4: should not be supposed, however, that the mangyan is a vegetarian.
• 1:28:12
  Speaker 4: He fashions lance, bow and arrows for himself, and makes
• 1:28:16
  Speaker 4: the wooden tips of his weapons tremendously effective by dipping
• 1:28:20
  Speaker 4: them in a virulent poison. No bird or beast is
• 1:28:24
  Speaker 4: too filthy for him to eat. Fish, eagles, herons, carrion crows,
• 1:28:29
  Speaker 4: and buzzards are acceptable luxuries, while crocodiles and certain species
• 1:28:34
  Speaker 4: of snakes are delicacies to be highly prized. The huge
• 1:28:38
  Speaker 4: white grubs which bore in the trunks of the sago
• 1:28:41
  Speaker 4: palms are regarded in the light of confectionery. I fancy
• 1:28:46
  Speaker 4: that the starch with which they are filled turns to
• 1:28:49
  Speaker 4: sugar as it is digested, giving them a sweet taste,
• 1:28:53
  Speaker 4: but must admit that I have never demonstrated this point experimentally.
• 1:28:58
  Speaker 4: The magians eat them alive with many evidences of great satisfaction,
• 1:29:03
  Speaker 4: and evidently find the flavor delightful. I have seen them
• 1:29:07
  Speaker 4: devour with satisfaction the flesh of buffaloes which we had
• 1:29:11
  Speaker 4: killed two or three days before. It was swarming with
• 1:29:14
  Speaker 4: maggots and smelled to heaven. But they gorged themselves with
• 1:29:19
  Speaker 4: it until they could hold no more, heading up and
• 1:29:22
  Speaker 4: running round from time to time in order to stimulate
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 4: appetite and increased capacity. The gruesome meal ended, they lay
• 1:29:31
  Speaker 4: down to sleep it off. Why it did not kill them?
• 1:29:33
  Speaker 4: I could never make out. The low Land maggie inns
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 4: signaled to each other by pounding upon the roots of
• 1:29:40
  Speaker 4: certain trees with large clubs, thereby producing a booming sound
• 1:29:45
  Speaker 4: which can be heard for several miles under favorable circumstances.
• 1:29:50
  Speaker 4: Their standard for measuring distance is based on the carrying
• 1:29:54
  Speaker 4: power of the human voice, a given thing being so
• 1:29:57
  Speaker 4: many calls away. Their numerals usually stop at three, but
• 1:30:02
  Speaker 4: their professors of mathematics are able to count up to
• 1:30:05
  Speaker 4: twenty by making use of fingers and toes. As they
• 1:30:09
  Speaker 4: always count in a definite direction, each digit comes to
• 1:30:14
  Speaker 4: have a permanent numerical value in annual practice. If we
• 1:30:18
  Speaker 4: desire to tell a man to return in five days,
• 1:30:21
  Speaker 4: we used to tie five knots in a bit of
• 1:30:24
  Speaker 4: rattan and direct him to untie one of them every
• 1:30:27
  Speaker 4: morning until they were gone, and then return. When shown
• 1:30:32
  Speaker 4: their own photographs, they failed to recognize themselves, although they
• 1:30:36
  Speaker 4: at once pointed out the likenesses of their friends. They
• 1:30:39
  Speaker 4: made the most ludicrous attempts to catch or find the
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 4: persons who stared back at them from our pocket mirrors.
• 1:30:47
  Speaker 4: Adult women would entertain themselves for hours with rattles, which
• 1:30:51
  Speaker 4: we extemporized by putting a few shot into a small
• 1:30:55
  Speaker 4: metal box. At Nojean Lake, the people came for miles
• 1:31:00
  Speaker 4: around to watch the spinning of a top, which we
• 1:31:04
  Speaker 4: happen to have among our belongings. They are fatalists. The
• 1:31:08
  Speaker 4: most dire misfortune serves only to call forth the remark.
• 1:31:12
  Speaker 4: So it is appointed we never saw the slightest indication
• 1:31:16
  Speaker 4: of worship of any kind, nor could we learn, by
• 1:31:19
  Speaker 4: the most diligent inquiry that they ever practiced anything of
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 4: the sort. They deny belief in a life after death.
• 1:31:27
  Speaker 4: Persons who fall seriously ill are deserted a hut in
• 1:31:31
  Speaker 4: which a death has occurred is abandoned, The corpse and
• 1:31:34
  Speaker 4: everything in the hut remaining untouched. Relatives of a deceased
• 1:31:39
  Speaker 4: person change their names in order to ensure better luck.
• 1:31:43
  Speaker 4: The morals of this simple people are astonishingly good, although
• 1:31:47
  Speaker 4: the women seem utterly destitute of any sense of modesty.
• 1:31:52
  Speaker 4: Untestity is very unusual, an adultery so rare as not
• 1:31:56
  Speaker 4: to be provided for in their criminal coat. Although they
• 1:32:00
  Speaker 4: had every opportunity to steal from us, they never took
• 1:32:03
  Speaker 4: anything but a little tobacco, and even this, they explained,
• 1:32:07
  Speaker 4: was not exactly thieving, since they put it directly into
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 4: their mouths and took only enough for their immediate needs.
• 1:32:15
  Speaker 4: Guilt or innocence is determined by the old fire test.
• 1:32:19
  Speaker 4: A person against whom there is serious suspicion is compelled
• 1:32:23
  Speaker 4: to snatch from the fire a piece of hot iron.
• 1:32:26
  Speaker 4: They profess to believe that if he is innocent, he
• 1:32:29
  Speaker 4: will not be burned. The death penalty is not inflicted.
• 1:32:33
  Speaker 4: A murderer forfeits his property to the relatives of his victim.
• 1:32:38
  Speaker 4: Polygamy is lawful for those who can afford it. All
• 1:32:41
  Speaker 4: we could learn of the marriage ceremony was that the
• 1:32:44
  Speaker 4: old folks get together and talk. The few half hearted
• 1:32:48
  Speaker 4: attempts which have thus far been made to civilize the
• 1:32:51
  Speaker 4: Mangians have proved abortive. The priest at Nojean told me
• 1:32:56
  Speaker 4: with deep disgust of the reply of a Magyon to
• 1:32:59
  Speaker 4: whom it attempted to demonstrate the benefits of civilization and Christianity.
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 4: The unregenerate savage had replied that if he adopted civilization
• 1:33:10
  Speaker 4: and became a Christian, it would cost money to be born,
• 1:33:14
  Speaker 4: money to be allowed to live, money to marry, money
• 1:33:18
  Speaker 4: to die, and money to be buried. And he considered
• 1:33:21
  Speaker 4: himself better off as he was inasmuch as his statement
• 1:33:25
  Speaker 4: of the case was strictly correct, and as it was
• 1:33:28
  Speaker 4: my observation that morality increased among the Philippine natives as
• 1:33:33
  Speaker 4: the square of the distance from Spanish centers of civilization,
• 1:33:38
  Speaker 4: I could not but feel that this mountain philosopher had
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 4: decided wisely. The tag Banuus of Palawan, Palawan, or as
• 1:33:47
  Speaker 4: the Spaniards call it, La Paragua, is the westernmost of
• 1:33:51
  Speaker 4: the Philippine islands. Although some three hundred miles long, it
• 1:33:56
  Speaker 4: is very narrow, and there are a score of points
• 1:33:58
  Speaker 4: where it could be crossed the day, so that the
• 1:34:01
  Speaker 4: only difficulties attending its exploration would be the obtaining of
• 1:34:06
  Speaker 4: porters and food. The fact remains, however, that little is
• 1:34:10
  Speaker 4: known about the island. The only Spanish settlement is a
• 1:34:13
  Speaker 4: penal colony at Puerto Princessa, the capital of the island,
• 1:34:18
  Speaker 4: although there are a few little military outposts in the
• 1:34:21
  Speaker 4: southern and western districts. The island is covered with magnificent forest,
• 1:34:27
  Speaker 4: in which are to be found many woods of great value.
• 1:34:30
  Speaker 4: There are also numerous mines of daimar, which are worked
• 1:34:34
  Speaker 4: a little by the natives. Like most of the large
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 4: islands in the Philippines, Palawan has a central mountain chain
• 1:34:41
  Speaker 4: extending in the direction of its greatest length towards the south.
• 1:34:46
  Speaker 4: The mountains are covered to their summits with vegetation, but
• 1:34:50
  Speaker 4: at the north they are as jagged and bare as
• 1:34:52
  Speaker 4: our own rockies. Three tribes in habit Palawan. These are
• 1:34:57
  Speaker 4: the Moros or paratical Mohamedans of the south, the mountain
• 1:35:02
  Speaker 4: dwelling Bataks of the north, who are said to resemble
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 4: the Papuans, and the tag Banuas who occupy the central
• 1:35:10
  Speaker 4: portion of the island. And the northern coast region. Three
• 1:35:14
  Speaker 4: distinct dialects are spoken by the Tagbanuas alone, and I
• 1:35:19
  Speaker 4: was informed that in one instance, the inhabitants of two
• 1:35:22
  Speaker 4: towns fifteen miles apart did not understand each other. Mister
• 1:35:28
  Speaker 4: John Foreman, in his excellent book on the Philippines, has
• 1:35:32
  Speaker 4: rightly said that the tag Banuas are little known. He
• 1:35:35
  Speaker 4: further informs us that they never bathe intentionally, and that
• 1:35:39
  Speaker 4: they eat their fish and flesh raw. Apropos of their
• 1:35:43
  Speaker 4: not bathing, I may say that the river in front
• 1:35:47
  Speaker 4: of our house in Iwahig was full of children half
• 1:35:51
  Speaker 4: the time, in spite of the crocodiles, while an afternoon
• 1:35:55
  Speaker 4: stroll along the bank of a small stream near the
• 1:35:58
  Speaker 4: village was quite sufficient to have convinced the most skeptical
• 1:36:02
  Speaker 4: observer that men and women also bathe upon occasion. While
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 4: I am not prepared to say that foremen did not
• 1:36:10
  Speaker 4: see them eat their fish and flesh raw, it is
• 1:36:13
  Speaker 4: certainly true that during my sojourn among them, I never
• 1:36:16
  Speaker 4: knew them to touch uncooked animal food. The men are
• 1:36:20
  Speaker 4: of medium height and are often fairly well developed physically,
• 1:36:25
  Speaker 4: although skin diseases, digestive troubles fevers and starvation keep many
• 1:36:30
  Speaker 4: of them in wretched condition. Young girls are frequently possessed
• 1:36:35
  Speaker 4: of considerable comeliness, but they often marry in childhood and
• 1:36:39
  Speaker 4: they mature and age rapidly. The tag Banuas are a
• 1:36:44
  Speaker 4: dark skinned people, with many of them the hair shows
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 4: a decided tendency to curl. It seems probable that they
• 1:36:52
  Speaker 4: are a hybrid Aeta Melay race. Their dress is a
• 1:36:56
  Speaker 4: rather unsafe subject for generalization. Many of the men wear
• 1:37:01
  Speaker 4: clout alone. In the south, where they have come more
• 1:37:05
  Speaker 4: or less in contact with Moros, they have in some
• 1:37:09
  Speaker 4: instances adopted the trousers, tie jacket and turban of the
• 1:37:13
  Speaker 4: latter tribe. While near Puerto Princessa a few of the
• 1:37:17
  Speaker 4: men are the proud possessors of cast off articles of
• 1:37:21
  Speaker 4: European dress. In approaching the Spanish town, they carry their
• 1:37:26
  Speaker 4: fine clothing under their arms until at its outskirts, and
• 1:37:30
  Speaker 4: then dressed beside the road. Women when at work wear
• 1:37:34
  Speaker 4: a strip of cloth wound around the body and reaching
• 1:37:37
  Speaker 4: from waist to knee. Most of them possess, in addition
• 1:37:41
  Speaker 4: a longer skirt and a semi transparent shirt for state occasions.
• 1:37:47
  Speaker 4: Agriculture is more commonly practiced than among the Mangians, but
• 1:37:52
  Speaker 4: many of the men live for the most part in
• 1:37:54
  Speaker 4: the forest, where they hunt, trap and search for desmark
• 1:37:58
  Speaker 4: wild honey, and the structures in which they make their
• 1:38:02
  Speaker 4: abode at such times hardly deserve the name of houses.
• 1:38:07
  Speaker 4: They consist of leaf roofs with a platform of poles underneath,
• 1:38:12
  Speaker 4: and are usually large enough to accommodate an entire family
• 1:38:16
  Speaker 4: Under the sleeping platform, a smudge is maintained to drive
• 1:38:20
  Speaker 4: away insect pests, and it is common to see a
• 1:38:24
  Speaker 4: whole family squatting contentedly in smoke that would asphyxiate a
• 1:38:29
  Speaker 4: white man. A few empty coconut shells, some baskets for
• 1:38:33
  Speaker 4: burden bearing, and two or three earthen pots complete the
• 1:38:37
  Speaker 4: list of household effects. Unlike the Manyans, they work iron
• 1:38:42
  Speaker 4: to some extent, constructing rude forges with piston bellows made
• 1:38:47
  Speaker 4: from large bamboo stems. Although much of the tag Banua's
• 1:38:52
  Speaker 4: time is necessarily spent in the forest, he is naturally social, and,
• 1:38:57
  Speaker 4: especially during the long rainy season, the society of his
• 1:39:01
  Speaker 4: fellows returning to his hut in some one of the
• 1:39:04
  Speaker 4: numerous large villages. The village houses are built of bamboo,
• 1:39:09
  Speaker 4: niepap Palm and Ritan, and differ from those of the
• 1:39:13
  Speaker 4: civilized natives only in their smaller size and in being
• 1:39:17
  Speaker 4: perched at a much greater elevation above the ground. One
• 1:39:21
  Speaker 4: often sees a young couple working away contentedly at their
• 1:39:26
  Speaker 4: future home, with no other tools in their fingers and
• 1:39:29
  Speaker 4: a rude knife. In the villages near Puerto Princessa, there
• 1:39:34
  Speaker 4: exists a travesty of the form of local government found
• 1:39:38
  Speaker 4: among the civilized tribes, each village being presided over by
• 1:39:43
  Speaker 4: a gobert nadorcillo or petty governor, assisted by a justice
• 1:39:49
  Speaker 4: of the peace and other more or less useless officials.
• 1:39:52
  Speaker 4: No taxes are collected, however, and few burdens are imposed
• 1:39:56
  Speaker 4: on these partially civilized tagbanuas by the the Spanish, who
• 1:40:01
  Speaker 4: are trying to gradually accustom them to the yoke in
• 1:40:04
  Speaker 4: the hope of eventually bringing them to the full dignity
• 1:40:08
  Speaker 4: of citizenship, which to the Philippine native means merely the
• 1:40:12
  Speaker 4: paying of crushing taxes without receiving any adequate return. A
• 1:40:17
  Speaker 4: little distant from the Spanish town, I found the people
• 1:40:20
  Speaker 4: friendly and unsuspicious. They informed me that in the early days,
• 1:40:25
  Speaker 4: they were governed by a great chief chosen by the
• 1:40:28
  Speaker 4: will of the people, who held office for life. If
• 1:40:31
  Speaker 4: he proved a good ruler, his eldest son was allowed
• 1:40:34
  Speaker 4: to succeed him. Otherwise a new chief was chosen. At present, however,
• 1:40:40
  Speaker 4: there is no ruler for the whole tribe. The affairs
• 1:40:43
  Speaker 4: of each community are directed by a council of elders,
• 1:40:46
  Speaker 4: who administer justice according to their own ideas, with little
• 1:40:51
  Speaker 4: regard for Spanish customs and requirements. The method employed to
• 1:40:56
  Speaker 4: determine the guilt or innocence of a person accused of
• 1:40:59
  Speaker 4: crime is both novel and effective. The old men conduct
• 1:41:03
  Speaker 4: accused and accuser to the bank of some deep pool,
• 1:41:07
  Speaker 4: and there, in the presence of relatives and friends, the
• 1:41:11
  Speaker 4: two dive into the water at the same instant. The
• 1:41:15
  Speaker 4: one who remains longest beneath the surface is a judge
• 1:41:18
  Speaker 4: to have spoken the truth. Theft is punished by the
• 1:41:22
  Speaker 4: infliction of a fine equivalent to twice the value of
• 1:41:26
  Speaker 4: the stolen article. If the culprit be too poor to
• 1:41:29
  Speaker 4: pay the fine, he is whipped. A murderer is killed
• 1:41:33
  Speaker 4: by the relatives and friends of his victim. In a
• 1:41:36
  Speaker 4: case of adultery. An injured husband may kill both his
• 1:41:39
  Speaker 4: wife and her paramour, but may not kill the one
• 1:41:43
  Speaker 4: and not the other. If not murderously inclined, he can
• 1:41:46
  Speaker 4: collect a heavy fine. A father with marriageable daughters sets
• 1:41:51
  Speaker 4: a price upon each. Whoever wishes to marry one of
• 1:41:55
  Speaker 4: them must pay the price demanded. Should a father object
• 1:41:58
  Speaker 4: on personal grounds to a suitor willing to pay the
• 1:42:02
  Speaker 4: prescribed price, he must himself pay a fine to the
• 1:42:05
  Speaker 4: suitor by way of balm to his injured feelings. Child
• 1:42:10
  Speaker 4: marriage seems to be the rule. Women are apparently less
• 1:42:13
  Speaker 4: numerous than men, and their hands are much in demand.
• 1:42:17
  Speaker 4: A curious reversal of the state of affairs exists in
• 1:42:21
  Speaker 4: the island of Cuyo, where it is said that more
• 1:42:24
  Speaker 4: than ninety percent of the population are women. This remarkable
• 1:42:29
  Speaker 4: result is not due to any abnormality in the birth rate,
• 1:42:33
  Speaker 4: but rather to the fact that the men all run
• 1:42:35
  Speaker 4: away as soon as they get large enough. The tad
• 1:42:38
  Speaker 4: Buanua women are well treated and are allowed a considerable
• 1:42:43
  Speaker 4: amount of personal liberty, but are expected to do their
• 1:42:46
  Speaker 4: full share of hard work. It is not unusual for
• 1:42:50
  Speaker 4: a woman to bathe and go about her customary duties
• 1:42:54
  Speaker 4: the day after bearing a child. The tag Banuas have
• 1:42:57
  Speaker 4: a secret medicine for use at the time of childbirth,
• 1:43:01
  Speaker 4: the nature of which they guard with the most jealous care.
• 1:43:05
  Speaker 4: When a death occurs, the relatives set a time for
• 1:43:08
  Speaker 4: the funeral. At the appointed hour, the house of the
• 1:43:11
  Speaker 4: deceased is torn down, and his body is carried to
• 1:43:15
  Speaker 4: the woods and buried in the earth. Dishes and earthen
• 1:43:18
  Speaker 4: pots belonging to him are broken over the grave to market.
• 1:43:23
  Speaker 4: The Tagbanuas have a simple syllabic alphabet, which is in
• 1:43:27
  Speaker 4: common use. The characters are scratched on smooth joints of
• 1:43:30
  Speaker 4: bamboo in vertical columns. Much might be added in regard
• 1:43:35
  Speaker 4: to each of the people discussed, but enough has been
• 1:43:38
  Speaker 4: said to give some idea of the methods of life
• 1:43:41
  Speaker 4: and of the general characteristics of two fairly typical savage
• 1:43:46
  Speaker 4: Philippine tribes. What holds true of them will hold in
• 1:43:50
  Speaker 4: a general way mutatis mutandis of the other wild peoples.
• 1:43:56
  Speaker 4: They are, as a rule extremely ignorant, but harmless and
• 1:43:59
  Speaker 4: inner offensive. So long as they are well treated, they
• 1:44:03
  Speaker 4: will afford an interesting problem in civilization to the nation
• 1:44:07
  Speaker 4: whose flag is in future to float over their islands.
• 1:44:11
  Speaker 4: They will also afford a most interesting study to the anthropologist,
• 1:44:16
  Speaker 4: and it ought to be made before the record of
• 1:44:18
  Speaker 4: the daily life, the thoughts and the ideals of these
• 1:44:22
  Speaker 4: harmless and simple children of nature has been forever blotted
• 1:44:26
  Speaker 4: out by the encroachment of that new order of things
• 1:44:29
  Speaker 4: which is sure to follow when the blight of Spanish
• 1:44:32
  Speaker 4: domination is finally removed from the islands. End of section.
• 1:44:38
  Speaker 5: Four, section number five of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 1:44:50
  Speaker 5: May eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:44:56
  Speaker 5: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:45:02
  Speaker 5: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 1:45:08
  Speaker 5: Lyndamrie Nielsen, Vancouver, b C. Commerce of the Philippine Islands
• 1:45:15
  Speaker 5: during the year eighteen ninety six, the total foreign commerce
• 1:45:20
  Speaker 5: of the Philippine Islands amounted to thirty million, eight hundred
• 1:45:25
  Speaker 5: six thousand, two hundred and fifty dollars, the exports amounting
• 1:45:32
  Speaker 5: to twenty million, one hundred and seventy five thousand dollars,
• 1:45:37
  Speaker 5: and the imports to ten million, six hundred thirty one thousand,
• 1:45:42
  Speaker 5: two hundred and fifty dollars. Of The total foreign trade
• 1:45:47
  Speaker 5: that with the United Kingdom amounted to nine million, nine
• 1:45:53
  Speaker 5: hundred thirty four thousand, five hundred and ninety dollars, that
• 1:45:58
  Speaker 5: with the United States to five million, one hundred and
• 1:46:02
  Speaker 5: forty five thousand, three hundred and three dollars, that with
• 1:46:07
  Speaker 5: France to three million, seven hundred and eighty two thousand,
• 1:46:11
  Speaker 5: eight hundred dollars, with Japan to one million, four hundred
• 1:46:17
  Speaker 5: eighty six thousand, six hundred and ninety one dollars, with
• 1:46:21
  Speaker 5: Germany to nine hundred and sixty eight thousand, six hundred
• 1:46:26
  Speaker 5: and twenty eight dollars, and with other countries including Spain
• 1:46:31
  Speaker 5: to nine million, four hundred and eighty eight thousand, two
• 1:46:35
  Speaker 5: hundred and thirty eight dollars. The ratio of imports to
• 1:46:40
  Speaker 5: exports among these different countries varied in a very striking
• 1:46:46
  Speaker 5: and highly significant way. While the United States purchased four million,
• 1:46:52
  Speaker 5: nine hundred and eighty two, eight hundred and fifty seven
• 1:46:56
  Speaker 5: dollars worth, or twenty four point six percent of the
• 1:47:01
  Speaker 5: exported products of the islands, she sold to them, in return,
• 1:47:06
  Speaker 5: only one hundred and sixty two thousand, three hundred and
• 1:47:10
  Speaker 5: forty one dollars worth of the products of her own
• 1:47:14
  Speaker 5: mills and mines and forges from the United Kingdom. However,
• 1:47:19
  Speaker 5: the Islands purchased commodities to the value of two million,
• 1:47:24
  Speaker 5: four hundred and sixty seven thousand and ninety dollars, or
• 1:47:29
  Speaker 5: about one third of the value of their exports to
• 1:47:33
  Speaker 5: that country. France sold to them almost as much as
• 1:47:38
  Speaker 5: she bought from them, while Germany sold them more than
• 1:47:44
  Speaker 5: three times as much as she took from them. The
• 1:47:48
  Speaker 5: principal articles of export are manila hemp, sugar, copra, and tobacco.
• 1:47:57
  Speaker 5: During the ten years ending June threwentieth, eighteen ninety seven,
• 1:48:02
  Speaker 5: the average annual exports of sugar were three hundred one million,
• 1:48:07
  Speaker 5: eight hundred and fourteen thousand, six hundred and sixty eight pounds,
• 1:48:12
  Speaker 5: of which the United States took annually an average of
• 1:48:17
  Speaker 5: one hundred and sixty seven million, four hundred and fourteen thousand,
• 1:48:21
  Speaker 5: nine hundred and six pounds, and the United Kingdom an
• 1:48:26
  Speaker 5: average of one hundred and twenty eight million, one hundred
• 1:48:29
  Speaker 5: and forty five thousand, two hundred and seventy four pounds,
• 1:48:34
  Speaker 5: the United States taking a larger amount than the United Kingdom.
• 1:48:39
  Speaker 5: Six years out of ten, the exports of sugar attained
• 1:48:44
  Speaker 5: their maximum in eighteen eighty nine, when the amount of
• 1:48:49
  Speaker 5: two four hundred eight million, seven hundred twenty two thousand,
• 1:48:54
  Speaker 5: one hundred and sixty one pounds, of which the United
• 1:48:58
  Speaker 5: States took two hundred and eight eighty four million, six
• 1:49:02
  Speaker 5: hundred and fifty four thousand, five hundred and fifty two
• 1:49:05
  Speaker 5: pounds or sixty nine point six percent, and the United
• 1:49:10
  Speaker 5: Kingdom one hundred and thirteen million, one hundred and forty
• 1:49:14
  Speaker 5: three thousand, nine hundred and forty one pounds or twenty
• 1:49:19
  Speaker 5: seven point seven percent. In eighteen ninety seven, the total
• 1:49:25
  Speaker 5: amount exported was only one hundred and fifty three million,
• 1:49:30
  Speaker 5: five hundred and seventy six thousand, one hundred and twenty
• 1:49:34
  Speaker 5: five pounds, of which the United Kingdom took one hundred
• 1:49:39
  Speaker 5: and six million, five hundred and seventy eight thousand, six
• 1:49:44
  Speaker 5: hundred and thirty eight pounds or sixty nine point four percent,
• 1:49:49
  Speaker 5: and the United States forty three million, two hundred and
• 1:49:53
  Speaker 5: sixty one thousand, one hundred and eighty two pounds or
• 1:49:59
  Speaker 5: twenty eight point two percent. During the same period of
• 1:50:03
  Speaker 5: ten years eighteen eighty eight to eighteen ninety seven, the
• 1:50:08
  Speaker 5: total exports of milihimp averaged six hundred and fifty one thousand,
• 1:50:15
  Speaker 5: eight hundred ninety seven bales per annum, of which the
• 1:50:19
  Speaker 5: United Kingdom took an average of three hundred eight thousand,
• 1:50:24
  Speaker 5: seven hundred and sixty seven bales and the United States
• 1:50:29
  Speaker 5: in average of two hundred sixty five thousand, three hundred
• 1:50:33
  Speaker 5: and forty four bales, the United Kingdom taking a larger
• 1:50:38
  Speaker 5: amount than the United States seven years out of ten.
• 1:50:43
  Speaker 5: The exports of this product reached their maximum in eighteen
• 1:50:48
  Speaker 5: ninety seven, when they amounted to eight hundred and twenty
• 1:50:52
  Speaker 5: five thousand and twenty eight bales, of which the United
• 1:50:57
  Speaker 5: States took a four hundred and seventeen thousand, four hundred
• 1:51:01
  Speaker 5: and seventy three bales or fifty point six percent, and
• 1:51:06
  Speaker 5: the United Kingdom three hundred eighty five thousand, one hundred
• 1:51:11
  Speaker 5: and eighty two bales or forty six point seven percent.
• 1:51:17
  Speaker 5: Copra is exported mainly to the continent of Europe, the
• 1:51:25
  Speaker 5: shipments in eighteen ninety seven reaching a total of eight
• 1:51:30
  Speaker 5: hundred and one thousand, four hundred and thirty seven pounds.
• 1:51:35
  Speaker 5: The same year, the exports of leaf topacco amounted to
• 1:51:40
  Speaker 5: sixty nine million, eight hundred three thousand, three hundred and
• 1:51:45
  Speaker 5: twenty five pounds, of which exactly eighty percent went to
• 1:51:51
  Speaker 5: the continent of Europe. The cigars exported aggregated one hundred
• 1:51:57
  Speaker 5: and fifty six million, nine hundred and six sixteen thousand,
• 1:52:01
  Speaker 5: of which eighty one million, six hundred and seventy thousand
• 1:52:06
  Speaker 5: went to China and Japan. There were no shipments of
• 1:52:10
  Speaker 5: leaf tobacco to the United States, and the cigars exported
• 1:52:14
  Speaker 5: to this country amounted to only two million, two hundred
• 1:52:19
  Speaker 5: and eighty five thousand. The chief imports of the Philippines
• 1:52:24
  Speaker 5: are rice, flour, dress goods, wines, coal, and petroleum. Of
• 1:52:32
  Speaker 5: the exports from Spain to the islands in eighteen ninety six,
• 1:52:39
  Speaker 5: the cotton fabrics alone were valued at four million, nine
• 1:52:44
  Speaker 5: hundred and fifteen thousand, eight hundred and fifty one dollars,
• 1:52:48
  Speaker 5: and of the British exports for the same year, cotton
• 1:52:52
  Speaker 5: manufacturers and yarn had a value of one million, four
• 1:52:57
  Speaker 5: hundred and ninety four thousand, one hundred and eight dollars.
• 1:53:02
  Speaker 5: In the exports of the United States to these islands, however,
• 1:53:09
  Speaker 5: the various manufactures of cotton figure only to the extent
• 1:53:14
  Speaker 5: of nine thousand, seven hundred and fourteen dollars. Manufacturers of flax, hemp, wool,
• 1:53:22
  Speaker 5: and silk appear in the Spanish exports to the value
• 1:53:28
  Speaker 5: of two hundred and fifty six thousand, eight hundred and
• 1:53:31
  Speaker 5: forty one dollars, or seventy six point seven percent more
• 1:53:37
  Speaker 5: than the entire export trade of the United States to
• 1:53:41
  Speaker 5: the Islands in the year in question. The exports of paper, leather,
• 1:53:48
  Speaker 5: and wood from Spain in eighteen ninety six had an
• 1:53:53
  Speaker 5: aggregate value of five hundred and eighty five thousand, one
• 1:53:57
  Speaker 5: hundred and twenty dollars, or nearly four times that of
• 1:54:02
  Speaker 5: the total exports from the United States. All these products,
• 1:54:08
  Speaker 5: as well as others that might be mentioned, could just
• 1:54:13
  Speaker 5: as well be supplied from this country. Of what the
• 1:54:18
  Speaker 5: exports and imports to and from the United States principally
• 1:54:23
  Speaker 5: consists is shown in the following tables. The insignificance of
• 1:54:29
  Speaker 5: almost every item in the table of exports suggests, in
• 1:54:35
  Speaker 5: conjunction with the foregoing statements, the enormous possibilities of an
• 1:54:40
  Speaker 5: extended commerce that now lie within our reach as a nation.
• 1:54:48
  Speaker 5: Values of domestic merchandise exported from the United States to
• 1:54:54
  Speaker 5: the Philippine Islands during the year's ending June thirtieth, eighteen
• 1:54:59
  Speaker 5: nine ninety three to eighteen ninety seven. Articles, wheat flour
• 1:55:07
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety three, seven thousand, eight hundred, eighteen ninety four nine,
• 1:55:14
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety five, eleven thousand, two hundred and fifty eighteen
• 1:55:20
  Speaker 5: ninety six, eighteen thousand, two hundred ninety eighteen ninety seven,
• 1:55:26
  Speaker 5: ten thousand and sixty eight dollars, Chemicals, et cetera. Eighteen
• 1:55:32
  Speaker 5: ninety three, one thousand, six hundred sixty seven dollars, eighteen
• 1:55:38
  Speaker 5: ninety four, one thousand, four hundred and fifty three dollars,
• 1:55:43
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety five, three hundred and twenty dollars, eighteen ninety six,
• 1:55:49
  Speaker 5: three thousand, three hundred and ninety dollars, eighteen ninety seven,
• 1:55:55
  Speaker 5: three thousand, three hundred and sixty dollars. Cotton manu your
• 1:56:00
  Speaker 5: fractures of eighteen ninety three, eight thousand, four hundred and
• 1:56:05
  Speaker 5: forty four dollars, eighteen ninety four, forty five thousand, seven
• 1:56:11
  Speaker 5: hundred and sixty one dollars, eighteen ninety five, three thousand,
• 1:56:15
  Speaker 5: three hundred and fifty five dollars eighteen ninety six nine thousand,
• 1:56:21
  Speaker 5: seven hundred fourteen dollars and eighteen ninety seven two thousand,
• 1:56:27
  Speaker 5: one hundred and sixty four dollars. Iron and Steel Manufactures
• 1:56:32
  Speaker 5: of eighteen ninety three, nine thousand and six dollars, eighteen
• 1:56:39
  Speaker 5: ninety four sixteen thousand, three hundred and eighty eight dollars,
• 1:56:45
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety five thirteen thousand, three hundred forty three dollars,
• 1:56:50
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety six ten thousand, two hundred and four dollars,
• 1:56:56
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety seven nine thousand, six hundred fifty five dollars.
• 1:57:02
  Speaker 5: Oils Mineral Refine eighteen ninety three one hundred and five thousand,
• 1:57:09
  Speaker 5: nine hundred and sixty three dollars, eighteen ninety four thirty
• 1:57:14
  Speaker 5: five thousand, three hundred and twenty five dollars, eighteen ninety
• 1:57:19
  Speaker 5: five sixty seven thousand, eight hundred and thirty seven dollars,
• 1:57:24
  Speaker 5: eighteen o six eighty nine thousand, nine hundred and fifty
• 1:57:30
  Speaker 5: eight dollars, eighteen ninety seven forty five thousand, nine hundred
• 1:57:36
  Speaker 5: and eight dollars all other articles eighteen ninety three twenty
• 1:57:43
  Speaker 5: one thousand, five hundred and twenty five, eighteen ninety four
• 1:57:48
  Speaker 5: forty six thousand, five hundred and thirty nine eighteen ninety five,
• 1:57:53
  Speaker 5: twenty three thousand, one hundred and thirty eighteen ninety six,
• 1:57:59
  Speaker 5: thirty seven hundred and eighty five, eighteen ninety seven twenty
• 1:58:06
  Speaker 5: three thousand, four hundred and eighty six dollars. Total domestic
• 1:58:12
  Speaker 5: exports eighteen ninety three one hundred and fifty four thousand,
• 1:58:20
  Speaker 5: three hundred and seventy eight thousand dollars, eighteen ninety four,
• 1:58:25
  Speaker 5: one hundred and forty five thousand, four hundred and sixty
• 1:58:28
  Speaker 5: six dollars, eighteen ninety five one hundred nineteen thousand, two
• 1:58:34
  Speaker 5: hundred and fifty five dollars, eighteen ninety six, one hundred
• 1:58:39
  Speaker 5: and sixty two thousand, three hundred and forty one dollars
• 1:58:43
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety seven ninety four thousand, five hundred and ninety
• 1:58:49
  Speaker 5: seven dollars. Values of merchandise imported into the United States
• 1:58:56
  Speaker 5: from the Philippine Islands during the year's ending June thirtieth,
• 1:59:01
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety three to eighteen ninety seven, articles, sugar cane
• 1:59:08
  Speaker 5: and other eighteen ninety three two million, eight hundred and
• 1:59:13
  Speaker 5: sixty five thousand, nine hundred and sixty six dollars. Eighteen
• 1:59:18
  Speaker 5: ninety four, three million, six hundred and fifty five thousand,
• 1:59:24
  Speaker 5: six hundred and twenty seven dollars, eighteen ninety five one million,
• 1:59:31
  Speaker 5: one hundred and eleven thousand and six dollars, eighteen ninety six,
• 1:59:39
  Speaker 5: two million, two hundred and seventy thousand, nine hundred and
• 1:59:43
  Speaker 5: two dollars, eighteen ninety seven one million, one hundred ninety
• 1:59:49
  Speaker 5: nine thousand, two hundred and two dollars. Textile grasses Manila
• 1:59:57
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety three, six million, two hundred seventeen thousand, one
• 2:00:03
  Speaker 5: hundred and ninety two dollars, eighteen ninety four, three million,
• 2:00:09
  Speaker 5: three hundred and twenty one thousand, two hundred and twenty three,
• 2:00:15
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety five, three million, three hundred and fifty two thousand,
• 2:00:20
  Speaker 5: two hundred and thirty six dollars, eighteen ninety six, two million,
• 2:00:27
  Speaker 5: four hundred ninety nine thousand, four hundred and ninety four dollars,
• 2:00:32
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety seven two million, seven hundred and one thousand,
• 2:00:37
  Speaker 5: six hundred and fifty one dollars, all other no data
• 2:00:44
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety three, no data eighteen ninety four, eighteen ninety
• 2:00:51
  Speaker 5: five eleven thousand, eight hundred and fifty one dollars eighteen
• 2:00:56
  Speaker 5: ninety six sixty eight thousand, eight hundred and thirty eight dollars,
• 2:01:02
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety seven, three hundred and eighty four thousand, one
• 2:01:07
  Speaker 5: hundred and fifty five dollars, OILS eighteen ninety three, eleven thousand,
• 2:01:14
  Speaker 5: two hundred twenty one dollars, eighteen ninety four three thousand
• 2:01:20
  Speaker 5: and forty one dollars eighteen ninety five, no Data eighteen
• 2:01:25
  Speaker 5: ninety six, six thousand, two hundred thirty seven dollars, eighteen
• 2:01:31
  Speaker 5: ninety seven one thousand, eight hundred and twenty dollars. Straw
• 2:01:36
  Speaker 5: Manufactures of eighteen ninety three twenty nine thousand and thirty
• 2:01:43
  Speaker 5: nine dollars, eighteen ninety four, twelve thousand, three hundred and
• 2:01:48
  Speaker 5: fifty three dollars, eighteen ninety five, twenty six thousand, one
• 2:01:53
  Speaker 5: hundred and forty eight dollars, eighteen ninety six, eighty one thousand,
• 2:01:59
  Speaker 5: three hundred and fifty two dollars, eighteen ninety seven, seventy
• 2:02:04
  Speaker 5: two thousand, one hundred and thirty seven dollars all other
• 2:02:09
  Speaker 5: articles eighteen ninety three thirty six thousand, four hundred and
• 2:02:15
  Speaker 5: thirty nine thousand dollars eighteen ninety four eight thirteen thousand
• 2:02:21
  Speaker 5: and ninety eight dollars, eighteen ninety five ten thousand, one
• 2:02:27
  Speaker 5: hundred and twenty five dollars, eighteen ninety six, fifty six
• 2:02:32
  Speaker 5: thousand and thirty four dollars eighteen ninety seven twenty four thousand,
• 2:02:38
  Speaker 5: seven hundred and seventy five dollars. Total imports eighteen ninety
• 2:02:44
  Speaker 5: three nine million, one hundred and fifty nine thousand, eight
• 2:02:48
  Speaker 5: hundred and fifty seven dollars eighteen ninety four seven million
• 2:02:55
  Speaker 5: and eight thousand, three hundred and forty two dollars, eighteen
• 2:03:01
  Speaker 5: ninety five four million, seven hundred and thirty one thousand,
• 2:03:06
  Speaker 5: three hundred and sixty six dollars, eighteen ninety six four million,
• 2:03:13
  Speaker 5: nine hundred eighty two thousand, eight hundred and fifty seven
• 2:03:17
  Speaker 5: dollars eighteen ninety seven four million, three hundred and eighty
• 2:03:23
  Speaker 5: three thousand, seven hundred and forty dollars j H in
• 2:03:31
  Speaker 5: a Section five recording by Lynda Maree Nielsen, Vancouver.
• 2:03:36
  Speaker 3: BC, Section six of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 2:03:47
  Speaker 3: May eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 2:03:51
  Speaker 3: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 2:03:56
  Speaker 3: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Disposition of
• 2:04:00
  Speaker 3: the Philippines by mister Charles e. How. The following forceful
• 2:04:06
  Speaker 3: article by mister Charles e. How is taken from the
• 2:04:09
  Speaker 3: Financial Review of May twenty seventh. What commercial benefits can
• 2:04:14
  Speaker 3: accrue to any European nation in purchasing these islands? Which
• 2:04:18
  Speaker 3: will not accrue to us? Since we are well able
• 2:04:21
  Speaker 3: to retain them, would it not be a short sighted
• 2:04:24
  Speaker 3: policy to dispose of them? With Hawaii and the Philippines,
• 2:04:28
  Speaker 3: we shall control the trade of the Pacific. With Japan
• 2:04:31
  Speaker 3: as our ally and England as our friend, we will
• 2:04:35
  Speaker 3: have nothing to fear from other foreign nations. What claim
• 2:04:38
  Speaker 3: can any power advance or by what right can they
• 2:04:41
  Speaker 3: demand that our government evacuate these islands? None. Our government
• 2:04:46
  Speaker 3: can no longer pursue a policy of isolation. The times
• 2:04:50
  Speaker 3: demand that we take our rightful position among the nations
• 2:04:53
  Speaker 3: of the world, and especially in the unfolding commercial possibilities
• 2:04:57
  Speaker 3: of the East. There will un hold advantages to the
• 2:05:01
  Speaker 3: nation which encourages the awakening of the Orient from its
• 2:05:05
  Speaker 3: long sleep and assists it in taking a prominent part
• 2:05:08
  Speaker 3: in the trade relations of other nations. Are we to
• 2:05:12
  Speaker 3: refuse to seize this golden opportunity and allow some European
• 2:05:16
  Speaker 3: power to outwit us. We cannot afford to barter away
• 2:05:19
  Speaker 3: our newly acquired territory for a few pieces as silver.
• 2:05:24
  Speaker 3: What other form of government will do more to civilize
• 2:05:27
  Speaker 3: these natives than our own? It may be said, what
• 2:05:30
  Speaker 3: shall we do with the natives of these islands? I
• 2:05:33
  Speaker 3: may ask, what will any other nation do with them?
• 2:05:36
  Speaker 3: What are we to do with the natives of Hawaii?
• 2:05:39
  Speaker 3: What of our responsibility with the inhabitants of Cuba and
• 2:05:42
  Speaker 3: Puerto Rico? Our responsibilities will be practically the same in
• 2:05:47
  Speaker 3: all these cases. The truth is we are face to
• 2:05:49
  Speaker 3: face with a new foreign policy for America. We must
• 2:05:53
  Speaker 3: meet it and not shirk it. The welfare of our
• 2:05:56
  Speaker 3: nation lies largely in the development of our trade with
• 2:05:59
  Speaker 3: the nation's south, both of US and the countries of
• 2:06:01
  Speaker 3: the Far East. We cannot hope for any wonderful expansion
• 2:06:05
  Speaker 3: of our manufacturing trade with Europe. From the West Indies,
• 2:06:09
  Speaker 3: South America, China and Japan, we can rightfully expect a
• 2:06:13
  Speaker 3: marvelous growth of trade and especially demand for our various
• 2:06:17
  Speaker 3: manufactured goods. We shall find that this war will result
• 2:06:22
  Speaker 3: in untold advantages to the United States. Our aim was
• 2:06:26
  Speaker 3: to banish Spain from the Western continent and free and
• 2:06:29
  Speaker 3: oppressed people. Our reward is the unexpected acquirement of territory
• 2:06:34
  Speaker 3: and control of the trade of the Antilles and a
• 2:06:37
  Speaker 3: foothold in the development of the Orient is Spain never
• 2:06:40
  Speaker 3: pays our government a farthing for the cost of this war.
• 2:06:44
  Speaker 3: Still we shall be well repaid in a few years
• 2:06:47
  Speaker 3: from the revenues to be derived from these several countries.
• 2:06:51
  Speaker 3: Our policy in the future must be an aggressive one.
• 2:06:54
  Speaker 3: Our markets must be the world in our base of supplies.
• 2:06:58
  Speaker 3: The United States Europe recognizes this newer policy is the
• 2:07:02
  Speaker 3: only true one for the healthy growth of nations. From
• 2:07:06
  Speaker 3: a political, naval, and industrial standpoint, we must retain our
• 2:07:10
  Speaker 3: new territory and as section six and of the National
• 2:07:15
  Speaker 3: Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, May eighteen ninety eight,