X-Ray Diffraction, Synchrotron Light Sources, and Electron Microscopy: Bragg's Law, Rietveld Refinement, SEM/TEM, Focused Ion Beams, and Cryo-EM Single-Particle Reconstruction

Deep End Era. Engineering with Sankalp · Oct 29, 2026 · 1h 11m

When visible light is two thousand times too coarse to see the atomic lattice of a superalloy or a folded protein, we turn to angstrom X-rays and picometre de Broglie electron waves. We trace atomic-resolution imaging and diffraction from Bragg's law, reciprocal space, and Hugo Rietveld's powder refinement to synchrotron undulators, aberration-corrected TEM, Focused Ion Beam milling, and Cryo-EM single-particle reconstruction.

Chapters

00:00:00 Opening: An Invisible Crack in a Turbine Blade and a Frozen Protein in Grenoble

00:04:26 Max von Laue, William and Lawrence Bragg (1913), Miller…