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History of the NASA space program · THE DAILY BRIEF

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  Speaker 1: Welcome back. On the eve of NASA's Artmis two launch,
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  Speaker 1: we take a look at the space race and the
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  Speaker 1: history of NASA's space program. Here's ABC's Elizabeth Shulsey. Long
• 0:14
  Speaker 1: before astronauts dreamed of Mars or walked on the Moon,
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  Speaker 1: the goal was simpler, leave Earth. It was the nineteen fifties.
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  Speaker 1: The Cold War was escalating, and the US and Soviets,
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  Speaker 1: locked in a geopolitical battle, turned their attention skyward. The
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  Speaker 1: Soviets sent Sputnik one, the very first artificial satellite, into orbit,
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  Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty seven, and the US didn't want to
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  Speaker 1: fall behind. The space race was on. By nineteen fifty nine,
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  Speaker 1: the first American Astronaut Corps was introduced. The Mercury seven.
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  Speaker 1: Alan Shepherd, Gus Grisolm, Gordon Cooper, Wally Shirah, Deeke Slayton,
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  Speaker 1: John Glenn, and Scott Carpenter were selected. All seven eventually
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  Speaker 1: flew into space. See ABC Television Network present Soviet in Space,
• 1:05
  Speaker 1: Today's spectacular and historic accomplishment of the Soviet Union. In
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  Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first
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  Speaker 1: human to orbit Earth, but it was Alan Sheppard just
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  Speaker 1: one month later, who became the first American to enter
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  Speaker 1: space one point, taking the Mercury Redstone three the Freedom
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  Speaker 1: seven on a fifteen minute suborbital flight, Glenn o'clock operating
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  Speaker 1: We're under way. A year later, John Glenn, aboard the
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  Speaker 1: Friendship seven, became the first American to complete an orbit
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  Speaker 1: of the Earth, and I fail fin turning around. Oh
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  Speaker 1: that and President John F. Kennedy set a challenge for
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  Speaker 1: the American space pro We choose to go to the moon.
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  Speaker 1: We choose to go to the moon. We choose to
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  Speaker 1: go to the Moon, and this decay and do the
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  Speaker 1: other thing not because they are easy, but because they
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  Speaker 1: are had. By the mid sixties, sites were set firmly
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  Speaker 1: on the Moon. Project Gemini was underway to develop and
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  Speaker 1: test the techniques and procedures needed for lunar missions. Nineteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty five, just four years after Alan Shepherd's suborbital flight,
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  Speaker 1: astronaut Ed White became the first American to complete a spacewalk.
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  Speaker 1: Gemini's multi day missions taught NASA how to fly in space,
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  Speaker 1: but the Apollo program, the Moonshot, would eventually take them
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  Speaker 1: to the Moon. It was a tragic start for Apollo,
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  Speaker 1: A cabin fire during a nineteen sixty seven Apollo one
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  Speaker 1: pre flight test killed all three astronauts on board, Gus Grisom,
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  Speaker 1: Ed White and Roger Chaffee. NASA was forced to rethink
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  Speaker 1: design and safety after the setback. By nineteen sixty eight,
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  Speaker 1: Apollo eight left Earth's orbit. There goes the first TV
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  Speaker 1: from Apollo eight, one hundred and twenty three thousand miles
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  Speaker 1: out in space, flying around the far sight of the
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  Speaker 1: Moon for the first time five four three two one
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  Speaker 1: zero all engine running liptop. We have a liptop. One
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  Speaker 1: year later, nineteen sixty nine, Apollo eleven launches Neil Armstrong,
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  Speaker 1: Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins to make the historic landing
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  Speaker 1: Neil Armstrong the first human to set foot on the Moon.
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  Speaker 1: One all land by a fleet. Armstrong and Aldron spent
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  Speaker 1: two and a half hours exploring the lunar surface, planting
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  Speaker 1: the American flag, taking these now iconic photos. The landing
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  Speaker 1: broadcast worldwide on live TV. An estimated six hundred and
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  Speaker 1: fifty million people around the world watching. The seventh crude
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  Speaker 1: mission to the Moon was Apollo thirteen. Jim Lovell, Jack Sweigert,
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  Speaker 1: and Fred Hayes successfully launched from Kennedy's Space Center in
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  Speaker 1: nineteen seventy. We have commited and we have left off
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  Speaker 1: at two thirteen. Put two days into the mission, an
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  Speaker 1: oxygen tank in the service module exploded, disabling its electrical
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  Speaker 1: and life support systems. The astronauts making that chilling call.
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  Speaker 1: The moon landing was aborted. The three astronauts were marooned
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  Speaker 1: two hundred thousand miles from Earth. Their lunar module, Aquarius,
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  Speaker 1: became a lifeboat. They faced a cold cabin, limited power,
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  Speaker 1: and a shortage of drinking water. Mission control in Houston
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  Speaker 1: improvised procedures and engineered Aquarius to keep all three men alive.
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  Speaker 1: Their saga immortalized in a blockbuster film, Gentlemen and Home.
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  Speaker 1: Tens of millions people were watching live as the capsule
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  Speaker 1: finally splashed down safely in the Pacific Ocean. There's the splash.
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  Speaker 1: From there they come. By nineteen seventy two, Apollo seventeen
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  Speaker 1: carried the final group of astronauts to land on the Moon,
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  Speaker 1: closing the first chapter of lunar landings and the Apollo era.
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  Speaker 1: As public and political appetite for spaceflight waned, so did
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  Speaker 1: the funding. We have man engined start a Shuttle program,
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  Speaker 1: a more economical alternative to expendable rockets, became NASA's goal.
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  Speaker 1: The idea was simple, build a reusable space vehicle that
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  Speaker 1: could be launched vertically, attached to rocket boosters, and land
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  Speaker 1: like an airplane, but the engineering challenges were daunting. In
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  Speaker 1: nineteen eighty one, the first orbiter Columbia, along with Crewe,
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  Speaker 1: John Young and Robert Crippen, successfully launched from Kennedy's Space
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  Speaker 1: Center shut orbited the Earth thirty seven times. It is
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  Speaker 1: really fun, but you did that in your living room,
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  Speaker 1: that bank in your life. Here What's then landed on
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  Speaker 1: a runway at Edward's Air Force Base in California. NASA
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  Speaker 1: projected they could launch twelve to fourteen Shuttle missions a year,
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  Speaker 1: an ambitious schedule that came at a devastating cost. On
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  Speaker 1: a freezing morning in January nineteen eighty six, STS fifty
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  Speaker 1: one l lifted off from Cape Canaveral left off softly.
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  Speaker 1: Twenty fifth space Shuttle mission and it as clear as
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  Speaker 1: the tower, carrying commander Dick Scobie, pilot Mike Smith, Mission specialists,
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  Speaker 1: Judy Resnick, Ron McNair and Ellison Onezuka payload specialist Greg
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  Speaker 1: Jarvis and high school teacher Krista mccauliffe. Challenger go and
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  Speaker 1: draw up. Seventy three seconds into the flight, an O
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  Speaker 1: ring seal in the right solid rocket booster failed due
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  Speaker 1: to the cold temperatures, allowing hot gas to reach the
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  Speaker 1: external fuel tank. Challenger broke up forty six thousand feet
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  Speaker 1: above the Earth. All seven astronauts were killed. My controllers
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  Speaker 1: here looking very carefully at the situation. Obviously a major malfunction.
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  Speaker 1: The Rogers Commission was formed to investigate the accident on
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  Speaker 1: covering flaws and challengers, hardware, and NASA's management culture that
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  Speaker 1: led to the disaster. Almost three years later, the Shuttle
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  Speaker 1: program launched again with Discovery in nineteen eighty eight PICE
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  Speaker 1: Research Experience. After seventeen years of relative safety and success
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  Speaker 1: with the Shuttle program, STS one oh seven, the one
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  Speaker 1: hundred thirteenth flight of the program launched in January two
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  Speaker 1: thousand and three, carrying Commander Rick Husband, pilot William McCool,
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  Speaker 1: mission specialist Kalpanachella, David Brown, and Laurel Clark, payload commander
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  Speaker 1: Michael Anderson, and payload specialist Elon Ramone on a microgravity
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  Speaker 1: research mission during the launch, a piece of insulating foam
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  Speaker 1: broke off and fell from the external fuel tank, damaging
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  Speaker 1: the left wing of the orbiter. Columbia broke up during
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  Speaker 1: re entry, scattering debris across hundreds of miles of Texas.
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  Speaker 1: All seven aboard were killed. The Columbia report blamed physical
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  Speaker 1: damage to the left wing and again a culture of
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  Speaker 1: budget cuts and schedule pressure at NASA. The fleet was
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  Speaker 1: grounded while NASA focused on new safety measures, a stark
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  Speaker 1: reminder of the ignored risks the doomed Challenger. The final
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  Speaker 1: Shuttle missions performed research, serviced the Hubble telescope, and assembled
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  Speaker 1: and supplied the International Space Station, culminating in the final
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  Speaker 1: mission of Atlantis in twenty eleven, ending the Shuttle era
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  Speaker 1: after nearly thirty years and one hundred and thirty five flights.
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  Speaker 1: Thank you, Columbia, Challenger, Disdvory Endeavor, and our ship Atlanta.
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  Speaker 1: Thank you for protecting event and bringing this program to
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  Speaker 1: such a sitting in the state of America. Today, NASA
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  Speaker 1: depends on commercial partnerships with companies like SpaceX, Godatta, Gospet, Deck,
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  Speaker 1: got beat Bot a dog and eats on the Russian
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  Speaker 1: So use spacecraft to take astronauts up to space, and
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  Speaker 1: when NASA's uncrewed Artemis one mission successfully circled the Moon
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  Speaker 1: in twenty twenty two, it marked a major milestone for
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  Speaker 1: the agency and its goal of returning humans to the
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  Speaker 1: Moon and establishing a permanent lunar base. More than fifty
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  Speaker 1: years since Gene Cernin took humanity's last steps on the Moon,
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  Speaker 1: Artemis two astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Cook, and
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  Speaker 1: Jeremy Hansen will continue the work started by Apollo Gemini
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  Speaker 1: in Mercury all those years ago.