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17 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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  Speaker 1: Chapter ten, Part one of A History of the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Gary macfadden. A History
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  Speaker 1: of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter ten, Part one,
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  Speaker 1: Chapter ten. A Century of Obscurity and Decline sixteen sixty
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  Speaker 1: three to seventeen sixty two Political decline of the Philippines
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  Speaker 1: for the hundred years succeeding the abandonment of the Malaccas,
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  Speaker 1: the Philippines lost all political significance as a colony. From
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  Speaker 1: almost every standpoint, they were profitless to Spain. There were
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  Speaker 1: continued deficits which had to be made good from the
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  Speaker 1: Mexican treasury. The part of Spain and the Conquest of
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  Speaker 1: the East was over, and the Philippines became little more
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  Speaker 1: than a great missionary establishment presided over by the religious orders.
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  Speaker 1: Death of Governor Salcedo by the Inquisition in sixteen sixty three,
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  Speaker 1: Lara was succeeded by Don Diego de Salcedo. On his arrival,
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  Speaker 1: Manila had high hopes of him, which were speedily disappointed.
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  Speaker 1: He loaded the Acapulco Galleon with his own private merchandise,
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  Speaker 1: and then despatched it earlier than was usual, before the
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  Speaker 1: cargoes of the merchants were ready. He engaged in a
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  Speaker 1: wearisome strife with the archbishop, and seems to have worried
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  Speaker 1: the ecclesiastic, who was aged and feeble into his grave.
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  Speaker 1: At the end of a few years, he was hated
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  Speaker 1: by everyone, and a conspiracy against him was formed, which
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  Speaker 1: embraced the religious, the army, the civil officials, and the merchants.
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  Speaker 1: Beyond the reach of power of ordinary plotters, he fell
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  Speaker 1: victim to the commissioner of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition,
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  Speaker 1: which wrought such cruelty and misery in the Peninsula, was
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  Speaker 1: carried also to the Spanish colonies. As we have seen,
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  Speaker 1: it was primarily the function of the Dominican order to
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  Speaker 1: administer the institution. The powers exercised by an inquisitor can
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  Speaker 1: scarcely be understood at the present day. His methods were secret,
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  Speaker 1: the charges were not made public, the whole proceedings were closeted.
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  Speaker 1: And yet so great were the powers of this court
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  Speaker 1: that none could resist its authority or inquire into its actions.
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  Speaker 1: Spain forbade any heretics, Jews or more's going to the colonies,
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  Speaker 1: and did the utmost to prevent heresy abroad. She also
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  Speaker 1: established in America the Inquisition itself. Fortunately, it never attained
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  Speaker 1: the importance in the Philippines that it had in Spain.
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  Speaker 1: In the Philippines there was no tribunal, the institution being
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  Speaker 1: represented solely by a commissioner of the governor. In sixteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty seven, when the unpopularity of Governor Salsato was at
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  Speaker 1: its height, this commissioner professed to discover in him grounds
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  Speaker 1: of heresy from the fact that he had been born
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  Speaker 1: in Flanders, and decided to avenge the Church by encompassing
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  Speaker 1: his ruin. By secret arrangement, the master of the camp
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  Speaker 1: withdrew the guard from the palace, and the commissioner, with
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  Speaker 1: several confederates, gained admission. The door of the governor's room
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  Speaker 1: was opened by an old woman who had been terrified
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  Speaker 1: into complicity, and the governor was seized sleeping with his
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  Speaker 1: arms lying at the head of his bed. The commissioner
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  Speaker 1: informed the governor that he was a prisoner of the
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  Speaker 1: Holy Office. He was taken to the convent of the Franciscans.
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  Speaker 1: Here he was kept in chains until he could be
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  Speaker 1: sent to Mexico to appear before the tribunal there. The
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  Speaker 1: government in Mexico and aulled the arrest of the commissioner,
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  Speaker 1: but Salsado died at sea on the return of the
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  Speaker 1: vessel to the Philippines in sixteen sixty nine. In sixteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty eight, a Jesuit mission under Padre Diego Luis de
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  Speaker 1: Sanviteres was established on the Ladrones, the first of many
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  Speaker 1: mission stations, both Roman, Catholic and Protestant in the South Pacific.
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  Speaker 1: The islands at that time were well populated and fertile,
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  Speaker 1: and had drawn the enthusiasm of Padre san Viteries in
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  Speaker 1: sixteen sixty two when he first sailed to the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: The hostility of the Manchus in China, the Japanese persecutions,
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  Speaker 1: and the abandonment of the Mendanao had closed many mission fields,
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  Speaker 1: and explains the eagerness with which the Jesuits sought the
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  Speaker 1: royal permission to christianize these islands, which had been so
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  Speaker 1: constantly visited by Spanish ships but never before colonized. With
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  Speaker 1: Padre San Vitues and his five Jesuit associates were a
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  Speaker 1: number of Christian Filipino catechists settlement of Guam. The mission
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  Speaker 1: landed at Guam and was favorably received. Society among these
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  Speaker 1: islanders was divided into castes. The chiefs were known as Chamori,
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  Speaker 1: which has led to the natives of the Ladrones being
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  Speaker 1: called Chamorros. A piece of ground was given to the
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  Speaker 1: Jesuits for a church at the principal town called Agadna
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  Speaker 1: in parenz Agana, and here also a seminary was built
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  Speaker 1: for the instruction of young men. The Queen region of Spain,
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  Speaker 1: Maria of Austria, gave an annual sum to this school,
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  Speaker 1: and in her honor, the Jesuits changed the name of
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  Speaker 1: the islands to the Marianas. The Jesuits preached on eleven
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  Speaker 1: inhabited islands of the group, and in a year's time
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  Speaker 1: had baptized thirteen thousand islanders and given instruction to twenty thousand.
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  Speaker 1: Troubles with the natives at Guam, this first year was
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  Speaker 1: the most successful in the history of the mission. Almost
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  Speaker 1: immediately after the Jesuits angered the islanders by compulsory conversions.
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  Speaker 1: There were quarrels in several places and priests trying to
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  Speaker 1: baptize children against the wishes of their parents, were killed.
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  Speaker 1: In sixteen seventy the Spaniards were attacked and obliged to
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  Speaker 1: fortify themselves at Agana. The Jesuits had a guard of
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  Speaker 1: a Spanish captain and about thirty Spanish and Filipino soldiers, who,
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  Speaker 1: after some slaughter of the natives, compelled them to sue
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  Speaker 1: for peace. The conditions imposed by the Jesuits were that
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  Speaker 1: the natives should attend Mass and festivals, have their children baptized,
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  Speaker 1: and send them to be catechised. The hatred of the
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  Speaker 1: natives was unabated, however, and in sixteen seventy two San
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  Speaker 1: Vidores was killed by them. His biographer claims that at
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  Speaker 1: his death he had baptized nearly fifty thousand of these islanders.
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  Speaker 1: And here a footnote. See the account of the settlement
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  Speaker 1: of the Ladrones by the Spanish in Bernese voyages in
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  Speaker 1: the Pacific Volume three, Depopulation of the Ladrone Islands. About
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  Speaker 1: sixteen eighty a governor was sent to the island and
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  Speaker 1: they were organized as a dependency of Spain. The policy
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  Speaker 1: of the governors and the Jesuits was conversioned by the sword.
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  Speaker 1: The natives were persecuted from island to island, and in
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  Speaker 1: the history of European settlements, there is hardly one that
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  Speaker 1: had more miserable consequences to the inhabitants. Disease was introduced
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  Speaker 1: and swept off large numbers. Others fell resisting the Spaniards,
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  Speaker 1: and an entire island was frequently depopulated by order of
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  Speaker 1: the governor or the desire of the Jesuits to have
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  Speaker 1: the natives brought to Guam, many, with little doubt, fled
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  Speaker 1: to other archipelagos. If we can trust the Jesuit accounts,
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  Speaker 1: there were in the whole group one hundred thousand inhabitants
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  Speaker 1: when the Spaniards arrived, a generation saw them almost extinct. Dampier,
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  Speaker 1: who touched at Guam in sixteen eighty six, says then
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  Speaker 1: that on the island where the Spaniards had found thirty
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  Speaker 1: thousand people, there were not above one hundred natives in
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  Speaker 1: seventeen sixteen. In seventeen twenty one, other voyagers announced the
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  Speaker 1: number of inhabitants on Guam at two thousand, but only
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  Speaker 1: one other island of the group was populated when Anson
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  Speaker 1: in seventeen forty two visited Guam, the number had risen
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  Speaker 1: to four thousand, and there were a few hundred inhabitants
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  Speaker 1: on Rota, but these seemed to have been the whole population.
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  Speaker 1: The original native population certainly very nearly touched extinction. The
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  Speaker 1: islands were from time to time colonized from the Philippines,
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  Speaker 1: and the present population is very largely of Filipino blood
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  Speaker 1: conflicts between governor and archbishop. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, the
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  Speaker 1: conflict of the governor with the archbishop and the friars continued.
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  Speaker 1: The conduct of both sides was selfish and outrageous. In
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  Speaker 1: sixteen eighty three, the actions of Archbishop Pardeaux became so
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  Speaker 1: violent and seditious that the Audiencia decreed his banishment to
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  Speaker 1: Pangasian or Kagayan. He was taken by force to Lingayon,
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  Speaker 1: where he was well accommodated but kept under surveillance. The
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  Speaker 1: Dominicans retaliated by excommunication, and the Audiencia thereupon banished the
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  Speaker 1: provincial of the Order from the islands and sent several
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  Speaker 1: other friars to Marvedes. But the year following, Governor Vargas
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  Speaker 1: was relieved by the arrival of his successor, who was
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  Speaker 1: favorable to the ecclesiastical side of the controversy. The archbishop
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  Speaker 1: returned and assumed a high hand. He suspended and excommunicated
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  Speaker 1: on all sides. The Eudores were banished from the city,
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  Speaker 1: and all died in exile in remote portions of the archipelago.
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  Speaker 1: The ex governor General Vargas, being placed under the spiritual ban,
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  Speaker 1: sued for pardon and begged that his repentance be recognized.
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  Speaker 1: The archbishop sentenced him to stand daily for the space
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  Speaker 1: of four months at the entrances to the churches of
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  Speaker 1: the city and of the Parian and in the thronged
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  Speaker 1: quarter of Binando, attired in the habit of a p
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  Speaker 1: with a rope about his neck and carrying a lighted
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  Speaker 1: candle in his hand. He was, however, able to secure
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  Speaker 1: a mitigation of this sentence, but was required to live
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  Speaker 1: absolutely alone in a hut on an island in the
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  Speaker 1: Pasigue River. He was sent a prisoner to Mexico in
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  Speaker 1: sixteen eighty nine, but died upon the voyage. The various
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  Speaker 1: deans and cannons who had concurred in the archbishop's banishment,
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  Speaker 1: as well as other religious with whom the prelate had
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  Speaker 1: had dissensions were imprisoned or exiled. The bodies of two
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  Speaker 1: others were on their death and after their burial, disinterred
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  Speaker 1: and their bones profaned. Degeneration of the colony under Church rule.
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  Speaker 1: Archbishop Pardeaux died in sixteen eighty nine, but the strife
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  Speaker 1: and confusion which had been engendered continued. There were quarrels
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  Speaker 1: between the archbishop and the friars, between the prelate and
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  Speaker 1: the governor. All classes seemed to have shared the bitterness
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  Speaker 1: and the hatred of these unhappy dissensions. The moral tone
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  Speaker 1: of the whole colony during the latter part of the
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  Speaker 1: seventeenth century was lowered. Corruption flourished everywhere, and the vigor
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  Speaker 1: of the administration decayed. Violence when unrebuked, and the way
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  Speaker 1: was opened for the deplorable tragedy in which this strife
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  Speaker 1: of parties culminated. Certainly, no governor could have been more
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  Speaker 1: supine and shown greater incapacity and weakness of character than
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  Speaker 1: the one who ruled in the time of Archbishop Pardeaux.
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  Speaker 1: Improvements made by Governor Bustamante Enrichmond of the Treasury in
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  Speaker 1: the year seventeen seventeen, however, came a governor of a
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  Speaker 1: different type, Fernando Monuel de Bustamante. He was an old soldier,
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  Speaker 1: stern of character, and severe in his measures. He found
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  Speaker 1: the treasury robbed and exhausted. Nearly the whole population of
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  Speaker 1: Manila were in debt to the public funds. Bustamante ordered
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  Speaker 1: these amounts paid, and to compel their collection, he attached
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  Speaker 1: the cargo of silver arriving by the galleon from Acapulco.
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  Speaker 1: This cargo was owned by the religious companies, officials, and merchants,
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  Speaker 1: all of whom were indebted to the government. In one
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  Speaker 1: year of his vigorous administration, he raised the sum of
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  Speaker 1: three hundred thousand pesos for the treasury with sums of
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  Speaker 1: money again at the disposal of the state, Bustamante attempted
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  Speaker 1: to revive the decayed prestige and commerce of the islands,
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  Speaker 1: refounding of Zamboanga. In seventeen eighteen, he refounded and rebuilt
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  Speaker 1: the Presidio of Zamboanga, not a year had passed since
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  Speaker 1: its abandonment. Years before that, the pirates from Borneo and
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  Speaker 1: Mendanao had failed to ravage the Beisayas. The Jesuits had
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  Speaker 1: petitioned regularly for its re establishment, and in seventeen twelve
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  Speaker 1: the king had decreed its reoccupation. The citadel was rebuilt
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  Speaker 1: on an elaborate plan under the direction of the engineer
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  Speaker 1: Don Juan Secara. Besides the usual barracks, storehouses and arsenals,
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  Speaker 1: there were within the walls a church, hospital and quartel
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  Speaker 1: for the Panpangan soldiers. Sixty one cannon were mounted upon
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  Speaker 1: the defenses upon the petition of the recollects. Bustamante also
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  Speaker 1: established a presidio at La Beaux, at the southern point
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  Speaker 1: of the island of Palawan, whose coasts were attacked by
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  Speaker 1: the Moros from Sulu and Borneo treaty with Siam. In
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  Speaker 1: the same year, he sent an embassy to Siam with
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  Speaker 1: the idea of stimulating the commerce which had flourished a
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  Speaker 1: century before. The reception of this embassy was most flattering.
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  Speaker 1: A treaty of peace, friendship and commerce was made, and
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  Speaker 1: on ground seated to the Spaniards was begun the erection
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  Speaker 1: of a factory improvements in the city of Manila. How
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  Speaker 1: far this brave and determined man might have revived the colony,
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  Speaker 1: it is impossible to say. The population of Manila both
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  Speaker 1: ecclesiastical and civil, was at this time so sunk in
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  Speaker 1: corruption and so degenerate as to make almost impossible any
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  Speaker 1: recuperation except under the rule of a man equally determined
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  Speaker 1: as Bustamante, but ruling for a long period of time,
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  Speaker 1: he had not hesitated to order investigations into the finances
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  Speaker 1: of the islands, which disclosed defalcations amounting to seven hundred
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  Speaker 1: thousand pesos. He fearlessly arrested the defaulters, no matter what
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  Speaker 1: their station. The whole city was concerned in these peculations. Consequently,
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  Speaker 1: the utmost fear and apprehension existed on all sides, and Bustamanni,
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  Speaker 1: hated as well as dreaded, was compelled to enforce his
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  Speaker 1: reform single handed his murder. He was opposed by the
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  Speaker 1: friars and defied by the archbishop, but notwithstanding ecclesiastical condemnation,
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  Speaker 1: he went to the point of ordering the arrest of
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  Speaker 1: the prelate. The city rose in sedition, and a mob
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  Speaker 1: headed by friars proceeded to the palace of the governor,
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  Speaker 1: broke in upon him, and as he faced them alone
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  Speaker 1: and without support, killed him in cold blood. Purens October eleventh,
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  Speaker 1: seventeen nineteen, the archbishop proclaimed himself governor and president of
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  Speaker 1: the Audiencia. The eudees and officials who had been placed
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  Speaker 1: under arrest by Bustamanti were released and his work overthrown.
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  Speaker 1: The new government had neither the courage nor the inclination
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  Speaker 1: to continue Bustamante's policy, and in seventeen twenty the archbishop
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  Speaker 1: called a council of war, which decreed the abandonment of
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  Speaker 1: the fort at La Beaux. When the news of this
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  Speaker 1: murder reached Spain, the King ordered an investigation and the
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  Speaker 1: punishment of the guilty, and in seventeen twenty one Governor
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  Speaker 1: Campo arrived to put these mandates into execution. The culprits, however,
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  Speaker 1: were so high and so influential, that the governor did
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  Speaker 1: not dare proceed against him, and although the commands of
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  Speaker 1: the king were reiterated in seventeen twenty four, the assassins
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  Speaker 1: of Bustamante were never brought to justice. Treaty with the
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  Speaker 1: Sultan of Jolo. In spite of the cowardly policy of
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  Speaker 1: the successors of Bustamante, the Presidio of Zamboanga was not abandoned.
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  Speaker 1: So poorly was it administered however, that it was not
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  Speaker 1: effective to prevent Moro piracy, and the attacks upon the
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  Speaker 1: Bisayas and the Kalimienes continued. In seventeen twenty one, a
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  Speaker 1: treaty was formed with the Sultan of Jolo, providing for
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  Speaker 1: trade between Manila and Jolo, the return or ransom of captives,
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  Speaker 1: and the restitution to Spain of the island of Basilan
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  Speaker 1: the Moro pirates of Tawi Tawi. To some extent, this
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  Speaker 1: treaty seems to have prevented assaults from Jolo, but in
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  Speaker 1: seventeen thirty the Moros of Tawi Tawi fell upon Palawan
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  Speaker 1: and the Kalimienes, and in seventeen thirty one another expedition
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  Speaker 1: from the south spent nearly a whole year cruising and
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  Speaker 1: destroying among the Bisayas. Deplorable state of Spanish defenses. The
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  Speaker 1: defenses of the Spaniards during these many decades were continually
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  Speaker 1: in a deplorable state. Their arms were wretched, and except
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  Speaker 1: in moments of great apprehension, no attention was given to fortifications,
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  Speaker 1: to the preservation of artillery, nor to the supply of ammunition.
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  Speaker 1: Sudden attacks, ever, found these Spaniards unprepared military unreadiness was
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  Speaker 1: the normal condition of this archipelago from these early centuries
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  Speaker 1: down to the destruction of the Spanish armament by the
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  Speaker 1: American fleet. End of Chapter ten, Part one, recording by
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  Speaker 1: Garry mac fadden