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Historic Papers on the Causes of the Civil War - Eugenia Dunlap Potts · The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton

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  Speaker 1: Part one of the Historic Papers on the Causes of
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  Speaker 1: the Civil War. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
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  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
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  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by f
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  Speaker 1: n H. Historic Papers on the Causes of the Civil
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  Speaker 1: War by Missus Eugenia dunlap Pots. The Old South Read
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  Speaker 1: Before the Lexington, Chapter U d c. February fourteen, nineteen
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  Speaker 1: o nine by Eugenia dunlap Pots, Historian. No pen or
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  Speaker 1: brush can picture life in the Old Southern States in
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  Speaker 1: the ante Bellum days. The period comprehends two hundred and
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  Speaker 1: fifty years of history without a parallel. A separate and
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  Speaker 1: distinct civilization was there, represented the like of which can
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  Speaker 1: never be reproduced. Socially, intellectually, politically, and religiously. She stood
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  Speaker 1: pre eminent among nations. It was the spirit of the
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  Speaker 1: cavalier that created and sustained our greatness. Give the puritan
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  Speaker 1: his due, and still the fact remains. The impetus that
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  Speaker 1: led to freedom from Great Britain came from the South.
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  Speaker 1: A Southern general led the ragged continentals on to victory.
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  Speaker 1: Southern jurists and Southern statemanship guided the councils of wisdom.
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  Speaker 1: The genius of war pervaded her people. She gave presidents,
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  Speaker 1: cabinet officers, commanders, tacticians, and strategists. Her legislation extended the
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  Speaker 1: country's territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific. A writer
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  Speaker 1: aptly says, for more than fifty formative years of our history,
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  Speaker 1: the Old South was the dominating power in the nation,
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  Speaker 1: as it had been in the foundation of the colonies
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  Speaker 1: out of which came the Republic, and later in fighting
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  Speaker 1: its battles of independence and informing its policies of government.
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  Speaker 1: Whatever of strength or symmetry the Republic had acquired at
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  Speaker 1: home or reputation it had achieved abroad in those earlier
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  Speaker 1: crucial days of its history, was largely due to the
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  Speaker 1: patriotism and the ability of Southern statemanship. Why that scepter
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  Speaker 1: of leadership was passed from its keeping, or why the
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  Speaker 1: New South is no longer at the front of national leadership,
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  Speaker 1: is a question that might well give pause to one
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  Speaker 1: who recalls the brave days when the Old South sat
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  Speaker 1: at the head of the table and directed the affairs
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  Speaker 1: of the nation. There was the Manor, and there was
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  Speaker 1: the cabin. Each head of the house was a potentate
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  Speaker 1: in his own domain, an absolute ruler of a principality,
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  Speaker 1: as marked as in feudal times, without the despotism of
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  Speaker 1: the feudal system. The plantation of the old regime was
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  Speaker 1: tastefully laid out for beauty and productiveness. Flower gardens and
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  Speaker 1: kitchen gardens stretched away into the magnificence of orange trees,
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  Speaker 1: shady avenues, and fruitful plants. Unbroken retreats of myrtle and laurel,
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  Speaker 1: and tropical foliage bantered the sun to do his worst.
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  Speaker 1: Flowers perfumed the air, Magnolia bloom and other rich tree
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  Speaker 1: flora regaled the senses. Extensive orchards yielded fruit of all
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  Speaker 1: kinds to the soil and climate. Vineyards were heavy with
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  Speaker 1: much bearing. Fields were carefully cultivated till such a thing
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  Speaker 1: as the failure of crops, was almost unknown. It was
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  Speaker 1: largely supplied with sheep and their wool, with geese, ducks, turkeys,
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  Speaker 1: guinea fowls, and every variety of poultry without stint. Eggs
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  Speaker 1: were gathered by the bushel. Myriads of birds clouded the
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  Speaker 1: sky and daily intoxicated their little brains with the juice
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  Speaker 1: of the black cherry. Herds of cattle were luxuriously pastured
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  Speaker 1: by Pompey and his sable mates. There were quantities of
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  Speaker 1: rich cheese, fresh butter, milk, and cream. Vast barns were
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  Speaker 1: gorged with corn, rice and hay. Hives were bursting with honey.
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  Speaker 1: Vegetables were luscious and exhaustless. Melons sprinkled and dotted many
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  Speaker 1: acres of patches. Shrimp and fish filled the waters. Crawfish
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  Speaker 1: wriggled in the dishes. Raccoons and apossums formed the theme
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  Speaker 1: of many Negro Ditty carriages and horses filled the stables,
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  Speaker 1: and blendid mules were well fed and curried at the barns.
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  Speaker 1: High up on the cypress trees hung the gray moss
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  Speaker 1: with which the upholster at Yon market Place replenished his
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  Speaker 1: furniture ads. The farm produce alone yielded six or seven
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  Speaker 1: thousands a year, while the plantation crops of cotton, sugar,
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  Speaker 1: and rice were clear profit. Rows of white cabins were
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  Speaker 1: the homes of the colored citizens of the community, and
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  Speaker 1: infirmary stood apart for the sick. The old grandams cared
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  Speaker 1: for the children up yonder. At the mansion house, Black
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  Speaker 1: Mammy held sway in the nursery. Aunt Dinah was the cook.
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  Speaker 1: Aunt Rachel carried the housekeeper's keys, while Jane and Anne,
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  Speaker 1: the mulatto ladies maids, flitted about on duty, and Jim
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  Speaker 1: and Jack tended on young Master and de gemmen. Such
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  Speaker 1: hospitality as was made possible by that style of living
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  Speaker 1: can never repeat itself in changed conditions. Grant that these
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  Speaker 1: conditions are improved, Grant that the lifted incubus of slavery
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  Speaker 1: has own and the doors for the march of intellectual
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  Speaker 1: and industrial progress. The fact remains that the highest order
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  Speaker 1: of social enjoyment and of exercise of the charming amenities
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  Speaker 1: of life was blotted out when the old plantation of
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  Speaker 1: Dixieland was divided up by the spoils of war. It
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  Speaker 1: is interesting to read of the first attempt at a
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  Speaker 1: sugar crop in Louisiana by a Frenchman named Bough in
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  Speaker 1: seventeen ninety four. His indigo plant, once so profitable, had
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  Speaker 1: been attacked and destroyed by a worm, and dire poverty threatened.
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  Speaker 1: He conceived the project of planting sugar cane. The great
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  Speaker 1: question was would the syrup granulate, and hundreds gathered to
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  Speaker 1: watch the experiment. It did granulate, and the first product
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  Speaker 1: sold for twelve thousand dollars, a large sum at that time.
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  Speaker 1: The maker of the cotton gin worked another revolution in commerce,
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  Speaker 1: and rice proved to be an unfailing staple. Armies of
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  Speaker 1: negroes tilled the soil and were happy in the circumscribed
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  Speaker 1: sphere humanely cared for by the whites. Enter the home
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  Speaker 1: and lo a palace greets you. Massive mahogany furniture, now
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  Speaker 1: alas in scattered remnants, meets the eye at every turn. Treasures,
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  Speaker 1: now elegant trifles of many lands, attest the artistic taste
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  Speaker 1: of the owners. Gorgeous china, plate and glass are there
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  Speaker 1: in every day use. Fruits of the loom in rare as,
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  Speaker 1: silk and linen embellish the chambers, and luxury sits enthroned.
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  Speaker 1: The chatelaine, gracious and cultured, is to the manner born,
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  Speaker 1: and from season to season she fills her house with
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  Speaker 1: congenial people who are invited to come, but not as
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  Speaker 1: with present house parties told when to go as long
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  Speaker 1: as they found it comfortable and convenient. The latch string
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  Speaker 1: was out a guess was never permitted to pay for
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  Speaker 1: anything expressage, laundry, and all the incidentals were as free
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  Speaker 1: as air. The question of money, now a days impertinently
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  Speaker 1: thrust forth, was never hinted at. In the olden time
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  Speaker 1: it was considered bad form, and the luckless boaster, of
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  Speaker 1: how poor he was, would have been properly stared at
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  Speaker 1: as a boar as well as a bore. For pastimes,
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  Speaker 1: men had fishing and hunting, and for women there was
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  Speaker 1: lawn games and indoor diversions. Speaking of the women of
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  Speaker 1: the South, a writer aptly said, they dwell in a
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  Speaker 1: land goodly and pleasant to the eye, a land of
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  Speaker 1: fine resources, both agricultural and mineral, where may be found
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  Speaker 1: fertile cotton fields, vast rice tracks, large sugar plantations, bright skies,
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  Speaker 1: and balmy breezes. The whole land is plowed by mighty rivers,
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  Speaker 1: is ribbed by long mountain chains, and washed by the sea.
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  Speaker 1: Fitting environment. We add for the gorgeous residences, notably in
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  Speaker 1: Georgia and South Carolina, built by the nobility and gentry
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  Speaker 1: of the Republic and inherited by the descendants of the
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  Speaker 1: old colonial aristocracy. What wonder that they held themselves aloof
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  Speaker 1: from the manual laborer, black or white, and that they
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  Speaker 1: were uncontaminated by the attrition of commercial competition. In the summer,
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  Speaker 1: the family sought the cooler climate of Old Kentucky or Virginia,
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  Speaker 1: or further north to Saratoga Long Branch, or one of
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  Speaker 1: the then attractive resorts. They traveled in state, frequently bringing
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  Speaker 1: the family coach, and never without a retinue of servants.
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  Speaker 1: What a sensation they made. A money flowed like water.
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  Speaker 1: The young men rich an idol, paid court to pretty girls,
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  Speaker 1: sure of a welcome from both parents and daughters. For
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  Speaker 1: to marry a Southern planter was to achieve a social
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  Speaker 1: victory for all time to come. The mechanical and athletic
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  Speaker 1: age had not yet dawned. The accepted escort must be
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  Speaker 1: a professional man, or else lord of a domain such
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  Speaker 1: as I have described. Pride and prejudice blinded judgment, and
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  Speaker 1: the aristocracy of merit alone was unappreciated. And yet the
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  Speaker 1: Southern woman, even of great wealth, could not afford to
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  Speaker 1: be idle. She was not, save in exceptional cases, the useless,
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  Speaker 1: half educated, irresponsible creature. She has been represented some There are,
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  Speaker 1: always and everywhere whose lives are given over to fads, fancies,
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  Speaker 1: and frivolities. But the true mothers were priestesses at the
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  Speaker 1: home altar and kept the sacred fires bright and burning.
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  Speaker 1: Their duty was to keep others busy, and to direct
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  Speaker 1: and oversee the vast domestic machinery of the home. Their
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  Speaker 1: views were somewhat narrow, for as yet the bright sun
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  Speaker 1: of woman's emancipation was barely peeping over the horizon. Their
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  Speaker 1: minds did not grasp the vexed questions of theology, politics,
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  Speaker 1: or economics. They accepted the faith of their fathers and
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  Speaker 1: shifted all burdens to stronger shoulders. They were eminently religious
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  Speaker 1: and charitable. Ways and means were at hand, and they
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  Speaker 1: did not bother their brains with isms and ologies. Regular
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  Speaker 1: attendants upon the nearest church, and reverence for the clergy
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  Speaker 1: were prominent in their creed. Education for the masses was
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  Speaker 1: not provided as it is now, but the majority of
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  Speaker 1: the better class were finely educated, either at northern schools
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  Speaker 1: or by the governors and tutor at home. In many
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  Speaker 1: cases where their wife was widowed, she nobly and intelligently
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  Speaker 1: arose to the management of business affairs. If misfortune came
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  Speaker 1: and the woman felt obliged to earn a livelihood. It
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  Speaker 1: did not occur to her to seek it behind a
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  Speaker 1: counter or in a workshop, as we do in this generation.
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  Speaker 1: She was inclined to walk in the old paths and
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  Speaker 1: follow old customs. They believed their own skies were bluest,
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  Speaker 1: their own cornfield's greenest, their tobacco finest, their cotton the
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  Speaker 1: whitest on earth. They were devoted to old friends, to
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  Speaker 1: old manners and customs, and gloried in their birthright. In
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  Speaker 1: the line of literary productions, the South was backward. Augusta
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  Speaker 1: Evans Wilson's remarkable novels Blue La Saint Elmo and others
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  Speaker 1: were red and re read, but not for any lasting good,
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  Speaker 1: but for passing interest and largely for the glamor that
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  Speaker 1: invested a Southern writer. Madame Lavert produced Souvenirs of Travel,
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  Speaker 1: among the very earliest of books on European scenes. Marion
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  Speaker 1: Harland's works were read and possessed the selling quality, notwithstanding
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  Speaker 1: the bitter taste left by her humiliated heroines. Caroline Lee
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  Speaker 1: Hence Missus Holmes, Missus Southworth, and a small army of
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  Speaker 1: essayists in the field clamored for recognition. But time was
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  Speaker 1: when to see the sudden woman in print was an
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  Speaker 1: innovation displeasing to the household gods. Time came when the
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  Speaker 1: slumbering faculties were stirred into splendid and successful activity. The
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  Speaker 1: depth of the natures, hitherto unsounded, arose to the new
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  Speaker 1: demands right valiantly. We behold its fruits in the rearing
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  Speaker 1: of splendid monuments, the erection of noble charity institutions, the
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  Speaker 1: endowing of colleges, the equipment of missionaries, the awakening of
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  Speaker 1: wired philanthropists, and in the high lines of Christian endeavor.
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  Speaker 1: The men who shouldered arms from father to son to
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  Speaker 1: defend their states rights were the same who, in times
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  Speaker 1: of peace knew no burdens of life save those they
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  Speaker 1: voluntarily assumed. The woman who sowed night and day upon
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  Speaker 1: garments for field and hospital were the same who were
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  Speaker 1: wont to employ their white hands with fragile china and
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  Speaker 1: heirloom plate, or dally with needlework in the morning room.
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  Speaker 1: These were the mothers who, standing by their slaughtered firstborn,
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  Speaker 1: gave his sword to the next sun and bade him
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  Speaker 1: to go to his country's call. There was the spirit
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  Speaker 1: of heroism not surpassed by the heroes of the sterner sex.
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  Speaker 1: They suffered privations and terrors without a murmur. To visit
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  Speaker 1: one of these ante bellum homes was a privilege, indeed,
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  Speaker 1: and something of the spirit of the Canal of the
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  Speaker 1: French Revolution must have animated the foreign hordes, who, not
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  Speaker 1: content with confiscating these captured palaces, ruthlessly cut and destroyed
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  Speaker 1: the richness and their elegance they were beholding for the
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  Speaker 1: first time in their commonplace lives. It was not the
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  Speaker 1: spirit of conquest, but a vandalism that animated them. Wanton
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  Speaker 1: destruction and not spoilation common in war tactics, was their watchword.
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  Speaker 1: A domain fare er than Elysium, opened to their astonished
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  Speaker 1: gaze whenever they penetrated some silver and grove where stood
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  Speaker 1: the plantation manor house. Alas for the old plantation days,
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  Speaker 1: alas for the easy going spirit that marked the times,
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  Speaker 1: the long, pitiless, hot sundays were not inspirers of extraordinary energy.
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  Speaker 1: Yankee thrift was as pygmy play to these owners of
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  Speaker 1: bursting coffers. The hurry and bustle of our northern neighbors
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  Speaker 1: was an unknown quantity in their economy. It is to
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  Speaker 1: the forcible resting from the South of their inherited institutions
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  Speaker 1: of the machinery, which made their social order possible, that
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  Speaker 1: the land of Dixie owes the prosperity and thrift of
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  Speaker 1: to day. Evil was done and good came. Therefore years
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  Speaker 1: of wasted substance and enforced poverty were groped through till
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  Speaker 1: at last the day style rose upon new industries, hands
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  Speaker 1: and feet, and awakened faculties spring to the keynote of progress,
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  Speaker 1: and that our days are marching on. Here were inserted
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  Speaker 1: in the manuscript twenty pages from the Diary of the Historian,
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  Speaker 1: written when as a school girl she visited with her
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  Speaker 1: parents some of the sugar plantations of Louisiana. They give
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  Speaker 1: the picture of an eye witness of the social and
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  Speaker 1: commercial life in the South. But while perhaps interest in
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  Speaker 1: the reading of a paper are not necessary in print
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  Speaker 1: to the theme, future generations may hunt to themselves the
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  Speaker 1: consolation that we were pulled down, only to be built
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  Speaker 1: up again in greater prosperity under a different order of things.
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  Speaker 1: The tears and woes of the old South may change
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  Speaker 1: into smiles and good cheer. Forgetting the glory that once
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  Speaker 1: encircled us like a radiant halo. But many there are
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  Speaker 1: who feel that such things were, and were most dear
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  Speaker 1: to us. These look back with brimming eyes and forced
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  Speaker 1: down the rising sob as they sorrowfully murmur my native land,
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  Speaker 1: good night. End of Part one of the Historic Papers
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  Speaker 1: on the Causes of the Civil War by Missus Eugenia
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  Speaker 1: dunlap Pots. Recording by f n H. Please visit w
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  Speaker 1: w W dot book Ranger dot co dot UK. Part
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  Speaker 1: two of the Historic Papers on the Causes of the
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  Speaker 1: Civil War. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer,
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  Speaker 1: please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by f n H.
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: Historic Papers on the Causes of the Civil War by
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  Speaker 1: Missus Eugenia dunlap Pots, Part two Slavery read March fourteenth,
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  Speaker 1: nineteen o nine. In my first paper, I endeavored to
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  Speaker 1: present a picture of the sunny Southland in the ante
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  Speaker 1: bellum days, when wealth and culture and hospitality were the
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  Speaker 1: watchwords of the hour, before the invasion of hostile hordes
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  Speaker 1: had vandalized the sacred old traditions and crumpled the household
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  Speaker 1: gods in the dust. But long before the tocsin of
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  Speaker 1: the Civil War had sounded, there were mutterings of thunder
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  Speaker 1: in the halls of Congress, and the cloud, at first
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  Speaker 1: no bigger than a man's hand, was yearly gathering force,
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  Speaker 1: till it finally burst in a cyclone of passion and
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  Speaker 1: prejudice and tyranny, and swept all before it in one
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  Speaker 1: bosom of destruction. That the question of slavery lay at
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  Speaker 1: the root of the dissension cannot be doubted by any
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  Speaker 1: who were conversant with the political history of the United States.
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  Speaker 1: The tariff rulings had their weight, as did the unfair
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  Speaker 1: division of New Territory, but the main issue was Negro slavery,
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  Speaker 1: which always a stumbling block to the north, had most
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  Speaker 1: violently agitated the whole country for eleven years before the
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  Speaker 1: appeal to arms, Negro laborers were brought to Virginia and
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  Speaker 1: sold as slaves. Fifty years after the first cargo landed
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  Speaker 1: at Jamestown in the year sixteen nineteen, a Dutch vessel
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  Speaker 1: brought over twenty negroes to be thus held in bondage.
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  Speaker 1: To the men who watched the landing of this handful
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  Speaker 1: of Africans. It was doubtless an unimportant matter. Yet it
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  Speaker 1: was the beginning of a system that had an immense
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  Speaker 1: influence upon the country. In those days, few persons in
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  Speaker 1: the world opposed slavery. Even kings and queens made money
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  Speaker 1: out of the traffic. But for tobacco, slavery would not
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  Speaker 1: have taken such a hole on America. When it was
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  Speaker 1: found that the Negro made the cheapest labor for cultivating
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  Speaker 1: the plantation, many more were imported. They were also employed
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  Speaker 1: in the New England and Middle States, largely as household servants,
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  Speaker 1: the soil not being favorable to the production of rice, indigo, cotton,
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  Speaker 1: and sugar, which were the staples of southern agriculture. Moreover,
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  Speaker 1: the African is not physically adapted to the northern climate.
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  Speaker 1: He was especially liable to tubulica disease. Hence he was
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  Speaker 1: so or to the Southern planters, except in a few
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  Speaker 1: cases where the Puritan spirit caused his emancipation. In the
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  Speaker 1: year that Harvard College was erected, sixteen thirty six, the
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  Speaker 1: first slave ship built in America was launched at Marblehead, Massachusetts.
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  Speaker 1: It brought a large cargo of slaves to be sold
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  Speaker 1: to the settlers. During the one hundred years preceding seventeen
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  Speaker 1: seventy six, millions of slaves had been imported to the States.
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  Speaker 1: King George the Third favored the institution and forbade any
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  Speaker 1: interference with the colonies in this matter. The horrors of
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  Speaker 1: slavery in Massachusetts are recorded by reliable documents of the period,
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  Speaker 1: far exceed all those that have been charged against the
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  Speaker 1: South by Uncle Tom's cabin or any other records of
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  Speaker 1: fact or romance. The Encyclopedia of Political Economy and United
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  Speaker 1: States History, volume three, page seven three three has the
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  Speaker 1: following taken from the New York Evening Post. During the
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  Speaker 1: eighteen months of the years eighteen fifty nine, sixty eighty
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  Speaker 1: five slave ships giving their names belonging to New York merchants,
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  Speaker 1: brought in cargoes annually of between thirty thousand and sixty
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  Speaker 1: thousand African slaves who were sold in Brazil, there being
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  Speaker 1: great demand for them in that country owing to new industries.
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  Speaker 1: Old Peter Fanniel built Fanniel Hall with slave money, and
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  Speaker 1: many other fortunes were thus made. Thomas Jefferson says in
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  Speaker 1: his autobiography that though the northern people owned very few
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  Speaker 1: slaves themselves at the time of writing of the Declaration
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  Speaker 1: of Independence, yet they had been pretty considerable carriers of
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  Speaker 1: slaves to others. In seventeen sixty one, Virginia and South Carolina,
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  Speaker 1: alarmed at the rapid increase of slaves, passed an act
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  Speaker 1: restricting their importation, But as many persons in England were
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  Speaker 1: growing rich from the trade, the act was negative or vetoed.
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  Speaker 1: While providing in the Constitution of the United States for
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  Speaker 1: the Southern planters to hold slaves, or thought that the
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: laws that were in the course of events to be
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: passed for prohibiting their foreign importation would so work out
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: so that the institution would die a natural death. They
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: little dreamed that economy and political conditions were destined to
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: fasten it upon the South. At the framing of the Constitution,
• 20:18
  Speaker 1: slaves were held in all the states except Massachusetts, and
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: she only had very lately abolished the institution. The South
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: owned twice as many by reason of her special agricultural products,
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: and even at this early day, the slavery question became
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: sectional Mason's and Dixon's line, which was an imaginary boundary
• 20:38
  Speaker 1: between Pennsylvania and Maryland was recognized as the division line
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: between the free and slave states. Here are omitted several
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: pages illustrating the utter absence of affinity between the two
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: sections of the country, introduced in the manuscript as social
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: not historical matter. During the Revolutionary War, it was deemed
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: expedient to enlist the coloured races as soldiers. In Rhode Island,
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: they were made free by law on condition that they
• 21:05
  Speaker 1: enlisted in the army, and this measure met with General
• 21:08
  Speaker 1: Washington's approval. After the declaration of Independence in seventeen seventy seven, Vermont, Pennsylvania,
• 21:15
  Speaker 1: and Massachusetts freed their slaves and permitted them to vote,
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: provided that they had the requisite age, property and residence.
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: The Fifteenth Amendment of a later day was an outrageous document,
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: framed regardless of any qualifications, but giving the ignorant black
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: man rights even above the white citizens. In order to
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: induce the Southern states to accept the Federal Constitution in
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: the beginning and to have the country become a union
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: of states, the opposers of slavery had to compromise the
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: use of terms and take measures that seemed expedient. They
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: fondly hoped as time rolled on to legislate the freedom
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: of slaves. But the invention of the cotton gin by
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: Eli Whitney in seventeen ninety three immensely increased the value
• 21:58
  Speaker 1: of slave labor and forever fastened the institution upon the
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: Southern planters so far as future legislation was concerned. It
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: had been so difficult to separate the cotton fiber by hand,
• 22:10
  Speaker 1: requiring a whole day to do one pound, that it
• 22:13
  Speaker 1: was only a minor product. But now the wonderful source
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: of revenue made possible by the new invention caused the
• 22:20
  Speaker 1: importation of many more slaves, and cotton growing in a
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: million acres became king of the marts. The planter would
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: not willingly give up his property honestly acquired and plainly
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: permitted by the Constitution. Slavery was a constant obstacle to
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: the perfect Union of states. In seventeen ninety during the
• 22:40
  Speaker 1: second session of the First Congress, the Quakers and the
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: Pennsylvania Abolition Society, through Benjamin Franklin, its president, prayed Congress
• 22:49
  Speaker 1: to restore to liberty those held in bondage. The question
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: was debated in the House in a warm, excited manner.
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: Members from South Carolina and Georgia argued that slat avery,
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: being commended by the Bible, could not be wrong. That
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: the Southern states would not have entered into the Confederacy
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: unless their property had been guaranteed them, and any action
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: of the General government looking to the emancipation of slavery
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: would not be submitted to. They said that South Carolina
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: and Georgia could only be cultivated by Negro slaves, for
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: the climate, the nature of the soil, and ancient habits
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: precluded whites from performing the labor. If the Negro were freed,
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: he would not remain in those states. Hence, all the
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: fertile rice and indigo swamps must be deserted and would
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: become a wilderness. Furthermore, the prohibiting of the slave trade
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: was at the time unconstitutional. James Madison poured oil on
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: the troubled waters by stating that Congress could not interfere
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: according to the constitutional restrictions. Yet he said there are
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: a variety of ways by which it could countenance the abolition,
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: and regulations might be made to introduce the freed slaves
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: into new states to be formed out of the Western
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: Tis territory. In parentheses, I remarked that if Madison could
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: have looked down the years, he would have found that,
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: even though emancipated, the negro will not leave the white settlements.
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: Take our own little city of Lexington, where some seventeen
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: thousand of them are congregated, living in discomfort and poverty
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: in most cases, yet their nature is to depend in
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: some fashion upon their white neighbors and employers. It was
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: finally decided in the House that Congress could not prohibit
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: the slave trade until the year eighteen o eight, that
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: Congress had no authority to interfere in the emancipation of
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: slaves or in the treatment of them within any of
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: the states. This last resolution, which is of great historic importance,
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: may be found on page fifteen twenty three of the
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: second volume of Annals of Congress. Washington wrote to David
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: Stewart in June seventeen ninety the introduction of the Quaker
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: memorial respecting slavery was, to be sure, not only ill timed,
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: but occasioned a great waste of time. In seventeen ninety three,
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: the Fugitive slave Lord was passed, whereby a runaway slave
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: captured in a free state must be returned to his owner.
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: As the new States were admitted into the Union, they
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: came in, for the most part, alternately free and slave states.
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: This was done to preserve the balance of power in Congress.
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: The great aggressive abolition movement that led eventually to the
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: Civil War had its birth in eighteen thirty one. Fanatics
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: like John Brown and Missus Harriet Beecher Stowe found to
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: flame the sparks that had so long smoldered till the
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: helpless negro was dragged from his havens of peace and comfort.
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: If he felt bitterness towards the whites, what was to
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: prevent his rising in insurrection and slaying them all. There
• 25:46
  Speaker 1: were plantations where six hundred or seven hundred slaves were
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: governed by two or three white owners. They occupied little
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: villages and had no care upon earth. They had their
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: pastimes and religious worships. The courtly old planter, high bred
• 26:00
  Speaker 1: and gentle, the plantation uncle who copied his master's manners.
• 26:04
  Speaker 1: And the broad bosomed black mammy with very colored turban,
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: spotless apron and beaming face, the friend and helper of
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: every living thing in the cabin or mansion, formed a
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: trio we love to remember. The black woman cared more
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: for her white nursling than her own child. This seems unnatural,
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: but it was true, and many of us recall the
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: times that the mistress of the house had to interfere
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: to prevent the kitchen mother from cruelly whipping her naughty offspring.
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: Some relic of ancient African barbarism still lingered in their
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: untutored minds. We loved our colored playmates and their sable
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: mothers and fathers. Many a winning story of weigh Down
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: upon the Old Plantation has been truthfully told wi Less Hayes,
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: as immortalized it in Soul. A Southern writer has thus
• 26:52
  Speaker 1: betrayed the Christmas time. For weeks beforehand, everything was full
• 26:56
  Speaker 1: of stir and preparation. Holly and mistletoe and cedar were
• 26:59
  Speaker 1: being put about the rooms of the Big House to
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: welcome home the boys and girls from school. Secret counsels
• 27:06
  Speaker 1: were held as to the Christmas gifts to be given
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: to every one white and black. The wood pile was
• 27:11
  Speaker 1: loaded with oak and hickory logs to make bright and
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: warm Christmas nights. The Negro seamstresses were busy making new
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: suits for all the servants. The King was in the
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: parlor counting out his money to pay out for gifts
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: of the season, and the Queen was in the kitchen
• 27:28
  Speaker 1: dealing bread and honey. To paraphrase, Mother Goose. Into the
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: stately plantation home, with its lofty white columns, its big rooms,
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: and its great fireplaces, poured the sons and daughters, grandchildren,
• 27:40
  Speaker 1: uncles and aunts, nephews and nieces assembled around the groaning board.
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: The patriarch asked the divine blessing, and the twin spirits
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: of Christianity were rife in the land. There was only
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: a fitful sleep for the small boys and girls, who
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: were up a peep of day, stealing from room to room,
• 27:57
  Speaker 1: crying Christmas gift out. On the back porches waited the
• 28:01
  Speaker 1: Negroes in grinning rows to follow the example. All weak.
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: The cabin fires burnt brightly, and constant was the rejoicing
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: over their treasures, not forgetting the grand eatables and the
• 28:11
  Speaker 1: big bowl of eggnock. Negroes are unreligious as well as superstitious. Race.
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: At midnight Saturday, it was their custom to ring the
• 28:20
  Speaker 1: great plantation bell and spend the next several hours in extorting, praying,
• 28:24
  Speaker 1: and singing their curious, doleful hymns. The whites gave them
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: instruction and training. Along these lines, heart and conscious were
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: alike cultivated, not alone the sounding brass and tinkling symbol.
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: Statistics show that there were four hundred and sixty six
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: thousand slaves belonging to the churches in the South Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterian, Episcopalian,
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: and other sects. So the owners of these Christianized people
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: thought that they were doing missionary work in saving them
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: from the cannibalism of Heathen Africa. Both men and women
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: were taught trades and useful occupations are tanners, shoemakers, blacksmiths, farmers, gardeners, autocultialists,
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: and carpenters. Among the men, the women could sow, cook cards,
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: spin weave near wash iron. In fact, what they produced
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: in this way would put to shame the acquirements and
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: accomplishments of free labor. Many of the older negroes refused
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: to be freed when the mighty proclamation came. They would
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: not withdraw from the protection of the old master. Look
• 29:24
  Speaker 1: at the product of these two generations of freedom. What
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: is he? Well, we know the painful answer. But while
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: the buying of slaves for domestic or field service was legitimate.
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: The man who purchased the traffic as a business and
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: purchased merely to sell again was despised. He was termed
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: a nigger buyer, and was a pariah in the lowest
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: sense of ostracism. It was claimed that there was a distinction,
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: with a very great deference. Three or four servants for
• 29:53
  Speaker 1: ordinary household duties would deem sufficient on a farm. More
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: hands were needed, and the plantations farther south required several hundred.
• 30:02
  Speaker 1: The refractory slave of Kentucky and the border states were
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: sold down the river in commercial parlance, where the discipline
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: of the rice, sugar, and cotton plantations kept in check
• 30:13
  Speaker 1: his evil inclinations. There might have been cases of cruel punishment,
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: but the rule was kindness. If for no other other reason,
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: the master would not injure that which stood for money
• 30:24
  Speaker 1: for property. The expense of keeping slaves was enormous, whereas
• 30:29
  Speaker 1: the laborer of to day who has furnished his house, clothing, doctors, medicine,
• 30:33
  Speaker 1: and not a little pocket money. On occasions, the South
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: employed her laborers to produce the great staple of cotton,
• 30:41
  Speaker 1: which was to clothe mankind. They were properly clothed, fed,
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: made comfortable. In addition, they were cared for when sick,
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: and there existed the warmest affection for the majority of them.
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: The world can nowhere show human beings as carefree in
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: bondage as were the negroes of ante bellum days. Judged
• 31:00
  Speaker 1: the southern owner by the rule and not by the exception,
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: as well, judge a town by its halt maimed, blind,
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: diseased and lawless citizens, as the slave owners by the
• 31:10
  Speaker 1: occasional acts of oppression to be found on the plantations.
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: But it was the down East Yankee overseer who was cruel,
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: not the master. It was the African in New England
• 31:21
  Speaker 1: who was denied religious teaching and even baptism. There was
• 31:25
  Speaker 1: no sympathy there, to quote from a writer, for the
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: poor creatures transplanted from their native sunny clime, dying by
• 31:31
  Speaker 1: hundreds from disease on the bleak northern shores. It was
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: merely a question of profit and loss. They were sold
• 31:38
  Speaker 1: to the South as fast as they could be shipped,
• 31:41
  Speaker 1: Even when the great hue and cry for freedom led
• 31:44
  Speaker 1: the Northern Senators to legislate for the cessation of foreign
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: slavery in eighteen o eight, these great philanthropists brushed over
• 31:51
  Speaker 1: some five thousand slaves to sell to the South before
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: the limited date could come around. Many prominent rich men
• 31:58
  Speaker 1: of New England made their money by this traffic, then
• 32:01
  Speaker 1: pulled a long face over condemnation for the Southern planter
• 32:04
  Speaker 1: whose money had been paid over to swell the Northern coffers.
• 32:09
  Speaker 1: It is worthy of note that the South never owned
• 32:13
  Speaker 1: or sailed a slave ship. In eighteen sixty one, mister C. C.
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: Glay of Alabama made a bitter speech in the United
• 32:21
  Speaker 1: States Senate. Part of his arrangement was not a decade
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: had passed that the North had not persecuted the South
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: on account of as slaves. You denied us Christian communion
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: because you could not endure slaveholding. You refused us permission
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: to sojourn or even pass through the North with our property.
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: You refused us any share of the lands acquired mainly
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: by our diplomacy and blood and treasure. You robbed us
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: of our property and refused to restore it. The speaker
• 32:51
  Speaker 1: went minutely into the outrages perpetrated by the Abolition Party.
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: The list of oppressions had reached a crisis. Meanwhile, the
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: cotton and the cane went on in Dixieland to the
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: weird ditties and quaint folklore of the happy go lucky race.
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: So the outbreak of the war found the American slave
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: in the height of its prosperity, unmindful of the so
• 33:13
  Speaker 1: called wrongs, and utterly unfit for the boasted freedom that
• 33:16
  Speaker 1: was thrust upon him. The cruel decree was carried out,
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: and millions of helpless beings were turned to drift without
• 33:23
  Speaker 1: rudder or compass, to bemoan the loss of the good
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: old times, when they were provided with the comforts of
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: life and were never more to know with the moral
• 33:32
  Speaker 1: question of slavery, this paper has nothing to do facts,
• 33:36
  Speaker 1: and facts alone dictate the record. But who has been
• 33:39
  Speaker 1: and who is now? The friend of the erstwhile slave,
• 33:42
  Speaker 1: the northerner or the Southerner, says one, We have freed you,
• 33:47
  Speaker 1: but we don't want you, says the other. We did
• 33:50
  Speaker 1: not free you, but we will take you and make
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: you comfortable. We love your people, you who have rocked
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: us on, your faithful breasts, who have interlarded our very
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: speech with your dialect, and who were our playmates in
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: the joyous days of youth. We have laid your hoary
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: heads in honored graves, and will treasure your memory till
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: the final hour, when death shall make all men equal.
• 34:16
  Speaker 1: End of Part two of Historic Papers on the Causes
• 34:19
  Speaker 1: of Civil War by Missus Eugenia Dunluppots. Recording by f
• 34:24
  Speaker 1: n H. Please visit www. Dot bookranger dot co dot UK.
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: Part three of the Historic Papers on the Causes of
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: the Civil War. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 34:44
  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 34:47
  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by f NH.
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: The Historic Papers on the Causes of the Civil War
• 34:56
  Speaker 1: by Missus Eugenia Dunlup Potts, Part three Secession read April eleventh,
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: nineteen o nine. We seemed not to have been a
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: happy family during our first one hundred years as a
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: union of states. We quarreled frequently among ourselves. Unlike the
• 35:14
  Speaker 1: dissatisfied children of the household, there was oft threatened disruption.
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: If you do not treat me fairly, I will leave home,
• 35:22
  Speaker 1: said the stubborn Northern child, no less than the warm
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: hearted southern offspring. And they stood alike in the attitude
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: of going out the door the moment the provocation became unbearable.
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: The right of secession and the thought of secession was
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: frequently in the mind of all along the infant years
• 35:40
  Speaker 1: of the Republic, but the word secession did not become
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: a familiar term until the early sixties. Then the greeting
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: was hello, old Secesse, or are you Secesse. One might
• 35:52
  Speaker 1: have thought that this awful thing the South had done
• 35:56
  Speaker 1: was heard of for the first time, and had had
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: birth alone in the brains of the fiery aristocrats who
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: tore themselves away from their Pleblian cousins. Whereas history shows,
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: as I have said, that every state believed it had
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: a right to secede from the general government by the
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: wording of our constitution. So when the pressure grew too close,
• 36:15
  Speaker 1: the terms Southern rights and secession became the slogan of
• 36:19
  Speaker 1: battle and sounded the tocsin a war. Let us begin
• 36:23
  Speaker 1: at the beginning and get at the actual situation. The
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: thirteen original colonies were as follows. Virginia, settled by the
• 36:31
  Speaker 1: English called the Cavaliers in sixteen oh seven, became a
• 36:35
  Speaker 1: royal colony in sixteen twenty four. Massachusetts settled by the
• 36:40
  Speaker 1: Puritans in sixteen twenty, became a royal colony in sixteen
• 36:43
  Speaker 1: twenty nine. New York called Amsterdam, settled by the Dutch
• 36:48
  Speaker 1: in sixteen twenty three, became a royal colony in sixteen
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: eighty eight. The English were in New York in sixteen
• 36:54
  Speaker 1: sixty four. New Hampshire, settled by Puritans in seventeen twenty nine,
• 36:59
  Speaker 1: became a royal colony in sixteen seventy nine. Maryland, settled
• 37:03
  Speaker 1: by the Catholics from England in sixteen thirty two, became
• 37:06
  Speaker 1: a royal colony in sixteen ninety one. Connecticut, settled by
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: Dutch and English in sixteen thirty three, became a royal
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: colony in sixteen sixty two. Rhode Island was settled in
• 37:18
  Speaker 1: sixteen thirty eight and never became a royal colony. She
• 37:22
  Speaker 1: was excluded from the New England Federation because she harbored
• 37:25
  Speaker 1: all kinds of religions. She especially reserved to herself a
• 37:29
  Speaker 1: state government alone, and a right to secede in any case.
• 37:33
  Speaker 1: So this terrible crime of secession had birth in that pious,
• 37:37
  Speaker 1: patriotic North that so bitterly condemned the states of Dixieland
• 37:41
  Speaker 1: for clamoring for a future right. Delaware, settled by Swedes
• 37:46
  Speaker 1: in sixteen thirty eight, became a separate colony owned by
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: William Penn in seventeen o three. North Carolina, settled by
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: Virginians and Quakers in sixteen fifty three, became a royal
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: colony in sixteen twenty nine. New Jersey, settled by the
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: English in sixteen sixty five, became a royal colony in
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: seventeen o two. Pennsylvania, settled by Germans, Dutch and scotch
• 38:08
  Speaker 1: Irish in sixteen eighty one, was given by King Charles
• 38:12
  Speaker 1: the Second of England to W. N. Penn in seventeen seventeen.
• 38:17
  Speaker 1: South Carolina, settled by French, Huguenots and Germans in sixteen
• 38:21
  Speaker 1: ninety one, became a royal colony in seventeen twenty nine. Georgia,
• 38:26
  Speaker 1: the last English colony, was settled by the English in
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: seventeen thirty two and had her royal charter in seventeen
• 38:33
  Speaker 1: sixty two. I have given the colonial dates in regular
• 38:36
  Speaker 1: order of chronology. A more convenient division may be made. Thus,
• 38:41
  Speaker 1: the New England colonies were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and
• 38:45
  Speaker 1: Rhode Island, all belonging to England except Rhode Island. The
• 38:49
  Speaker 1: Middle colonies when New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania,
• 38:53
  Speaker 1: two belonging to England and two to w N penn
• 38:57
  Speaker 1: The southern colonies with Georgia, Maryland, North Caa, Carolina, South
• 39:00
  Speaker 1: Carolina and Virginia all belonging to England. Brought together by
• 39:04
  Speaker 1: common cause were English, French, German, Dutch, Swedes, Quakers, Epictsopalians, Catholics,
• 39:10
  Speaker 1: and all desired forms of religious worship. Wise legislation indeed,
• 39:15
  Speaker 1: was needed to harmonize these conflicting elements and dispositions merely
• 39:18
  Speaker 1: on general principles. But when grave questions came, then trouble began.
• 39:24
  Speaker 1: What was to the commercial interest of one section seemed
• 39:27
  Speaker 1: to militate against the prosperity of the other, and the
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: glorious endings of the War for Independence was soon clouded
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: by the acts of Congress concerning the polity of the
• 39:36
  Speaker 1: United States. The African slave trade, begun by the North
• 39:40
  Speaker 1: for purposes of profit, became a bone of contention to
• 39:44
  Speaker 1: the year eighteen o eight, when the law was passed
• 39:46
  Speaker 1: against further importation of foreign slaves. Those already owned and employed,
• 39:51
  Speaker 1: must on no account be disturbed. They might increase and
• 39:54
  Speaker 1: multiply ad lipertum on their own plantations, but they were
• 39:58
  Speaker 1: the legitimate property of their af Even when Abraham Lincoln
• 40:02
  Speaker 1: signed the Emancipation Act, he said that he had not
• 40:05
  Speaker 1: the right as president to do it, but that it
• 40:08
  Speaker 1: must be done as a war measure. By depriving the
• 40:11
  Speaker 1: Southern soldier of his laborers, the homes must go to waste,
• 40:14
  Speaker 1: and the strife must cease. Politically, each of the original
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: colonies was independent and had its own assembly and its
• 40:22
  Speaker 1: own governor. From the very first, this idea of state
• 40:25
  Speaker 1: sovereignty was inherent, and consequently it was granted. The royal
• 40:30
  Speaker 1: colonies sent all legislative acts to England to be approved
• 40:33
  Speaker 1: or vetoed by the King. It must have required patience
• 40:36
  Speaker 1: to await the going and returning of the documents across
• 40:39
  Speaker 1: the vastly deep In that day. The royal colonies so
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: governed by the king were New York, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Virginia,
• 40:47
  Speaker 1: and Georgia. In the proprietary colonies, or those granted by
• 40:51
  Speaker 1: roughty to individuals, the owner appointed the governor, but the
• 40:55
  Speaker 1: King exercised the right of veto in Pennsylvania and Delaware,
• 40:58
  Speaker 1: but not in Maryland. The charter colonies were Massachusetts, Connecticut,
• 41:04
  Speaker 1: and Rhode Island. These held charters from the King, permitting
• 41:08
  Speaker 1: a complete government by themselves. At this time, black slaves
• 41:12
  Speaker 1: were in all the states. Even after New England states
• 41:15
  Speaker 1: had grown rich by the selling of negroes to the South,
• 41:18
  Speaker 1: where the climates suited their natures, they kept up the
• 41:21
  Speaker 1: traffic in. White slaves, who too poor to pay their
• 41:24
  Speaker 1: passage to New Land, flowing with milk and honey, sold themselves,
• 41:29
  Speaker 1: hoping to buy back their freedom in the perhaps near future.
• 41:32
  Speaker 1: When the Constitution of the United States was framed, many
• 41:36
  Speaker 1: compromises were made. The framers had to select words with
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: extreme care lest some state might refuse to join the federation.
• 41:45
  Speaker 1: A notable compromise, and the very first quarrel was the
• 41:48
  Speaker 1: one just quoted in the reference to placing the limitation
• 41:51
  Speaker 1: of slave trade as far ahead as eighteen o eight.
• 41:55
  Speaker 1: The next disagreement was about war debt. This was called
• 41:59
  Speaker 1: the assumption. The General government had contracted a debt of
• 42:03
  Speaker 1: fifty four million dollars and the states about twenty five
• 42:06
  Speaker 1: million dollars. This was in seventeen ninety. Alexander Hamilton proposed
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: that the government assume the whole debt, hence the word assumption.
• 42:16
  Speaker 1: The South argued that each state should pay its own debt,
• 42:19
  Speaker 1: that if the general government assumed the state debts, it
• 42:22
  Speaker 1: would be taking away the sovereign rights that had been
• 42:24
  Speaker 1: guaranteed them fiz. The right to do as they pleased
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: with what was their own, and that national legislation had
• 42:30
  Speaker 1: nothing to do with the question. About this time they
• 42:34
  Speaker 1: were looking about for a sight upon which to build
• 42:36
  Speaker 1: the national capital. Sectional spirit ran high. New England declared
• 42:42
  Speaker 1: that her states would secede if the South succeeded in
• 42:45
  Speaker 1: defeating assumption and in getting the capital too. So a
• 42:49
  Speaker 1: compromise was effected. The assumption bill passed, and the South
• 42:54
  Speaker 1: got the capital after the seat of government was established
• 42:57
  Speaker 1: at Philadelphia during ten years. In this year, too many
• 43:02
  Speaker 1: petitions to abolish slavery were forced upon Congress. After a
• 43:06
  Speaker 1: heated debate, the Faiat went forth that Congress should not
• 43:09
  Speaker 1: take action until eighteen o eight. Next came the adding
• 43:13
  Speaker 1: of ten amendments to the Constitution, all for the purpose
• 43:17
  Speaker 1: of protecting state rights. Thomas Jefferson became the leader of
• 43:21
  Speaker 1: the Republican Party afterwards known as Democrats and not to
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: be confounded with the Republican Party of to day. There
• 43:28
  Speaker 1: was a most bitter wrangle over the wording of the Constitution,
• 43:32
  Speaker 1: during which even President Washington received abuse. Threats of breaking
• 43:36
  Speaker 1: up the Union were heard on all sides. Then there
• 43:39
  Speaker 1: was the quarrel over the national bank question. The first
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: one was established at Philadelphia in seventeen ninety one, and
• 43:46
  Speaker 1: the United States became a stockholder. The purpose was to
• 43:50
  Speaker 1: furnish a safe currency and one that would be uniformed
• 43:53
  Speaker 1: throughout the States. In seventeen ninety one, Vermont, a part
• 43:57
  Speaker 1: of New York, was admitted a free state. In seventeen
• 44:00
  Speaker 1: ninety two, Kentucky, cut off from Virginia, entered as a
• 44:04
  Speaker 1: slave state, and in seventeen ninety six Tennessee, given up
• 44:07
  Speaker 1: by North Carolina, came in as a slave state. Our
• 44:11
  Speaker 1: government was involved in trouble with other countries in regard
• 44:14
  Speaker 1: to territory, but this sketch as chiefly to do with
• 44:17
  Speaker 1: our disputes as a family. While John Adams was President,
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: the successor of Washington, the alien and sedition laws created
• 44:25
  Speaker 1: a stir in the country. The Federalists gave the president
• 44:29
  Speaker 1: power to send out of the country all foreigners whom
• 44:31
  Speaker 1: he considered dangerous to the peace and safety of the
• 44:34
  Speaker 1: United States. They feared that these foreign citizens, by their
• 44:38
  Speaker 1: free speech and writings, might involve us in a war
• 44:41
  Speaker 1: with Great Britain. This was the Alien Law. The Democrats
• 44:45
  Speaker 1: contended that they had a right to bring over all
• 44:47
  Speaker 1: the foreigners they pleased and make them citizens. The Sedition
• 44:51
  Speaker 1: Law condemned to fine or imprisonment any writer of false, scandalous,
• 44:55
  Speaker 1: or malicious statement against the government, Congress, or the President.
• 45:00
  Speaker 1: The Democrats urged that this law took away freedom of
• 45:03
  Speaker 1: speech and liberty of the press. Virginia by James Madison
• 45:07
  Speaker 1: and Kentucky by Thomas Jefferson, passed resolutions which have become
• 45:11
  Speaker 1: famous in political history. Each set of resolutions proclaimed the
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: Union to be only a compact between the states. They
• 45:19
  Speaker 1: declared the Alien and Sedition laws to be unconstitutional, null
• 45:23
  Speaker 1: and void. Virginia actually strengthened her military forces and made
• 45:27
  Speaker 1: ready for secession as far back as this date seventeen
• 45:30
  Speaker 1: ninety nine. The laws were not passed. In eighteen o three, Ohio,
• 45:36
  Speaker 1: the seventeenth state were ceded by Virginia and was admitted
• 45:40
  Speaker 1: the first state carved from the Northwest Territory and employed
• 45:44
  Speaker 1: free labor. The purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon in eighteen
• 45:48
  Speaker 1: o three caused much discussion and interest. It comprised a
• 45:52
  Speaker 1: vast area equal to the whole United States. Exploring expeditions
• 45:57
  Speaker 1: were sent out to find what unknown territory was like.
• 46:00
  Speaker 1: Whenever there was a question of an acquisition to the Union,
• 46:04
  Speaker 1: the slave question was also in agitation. We next hear
• 46:08
  Speaker 1: of secession when the Embargo Act was passed in eighteen
• 46:12
  Speaker 1: o seven Congress in order to avoid the war with
• 46:15
  Speaker 1: Great Britain, which was fated to come five years later.
• 46:18
  Speaker 1: It acted that no American vessel should leave the country
• 46:20
  Speaker 1: for foreign ports. New England, where commerce was still the
• 46:24
  Speaker 1: chief industry, suffered most. She threatened to secede, and both
• 46:28
  Speaker 1: Massachusetts and Connecticut proclaimed the right to nullify the law.
• 46:33
  Speaker 1: Two years later, the Act was repealed, and again the
• 46:36
  Speaker 1: Union was saved. Truly. Uncle Sam had rest of children
• 46:40
  Speaker 1: who could not be driven, but who might at times
• 46:42
  Speaker 1: be coaxed into a good humor. Now came the quarrel
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: between the state banks and the National Bank The National
• 46:50
  Speaker 1: bank charter expired in eighteen eleven, and Congress, refusing to
• 46:54
  Speaker 1: grant another, it had to go out of business. In
• 46:58
  Speaker 1: eighteen twelve, Louisiana, a slave stone, came in to make
• 47:01
  Speaker 1: the eighteenth edition. When war with England was declared in
• 47:05
  Speaker 1: order to protect our commerce again, the New England states
• 47:08
  Speaker 1: wanted to secede. Bells were told business was suspended, flags
• 47:13
  Speaker 1: were at half mast, and the war was condemned in
• 47:16
  Speaker 1: town meetings from the press and the pulpit. They believed
• 47:19
  Speaker 1: it would ruin rather than protect commerce, so they wanted
• 47:23
  Speaker 1: to run away by themselves when the administration called for militia.
• 47:27
  Speaker 1: These states refused to obey. The Hartford Convention, just after
• 47:32
  Speaker 1: our successful war with Great Britain, proposed some amendments to
• 47:35
  Speaker 1: the Constitution and justified secession as a remedy for any
• 47:39
  Speaker 1: uncongenial union, but one that should not be resorted to
• 47:43
  Speaker 1: except when absolutely necessary. They confirmed the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
• 47:49
  Speaker 1: The Democrats openly charged that the object of the convention
• 47:52
  Speaker 1: was disunion. The Federalist Party went to pieces. A new
• 47:58
  Speaker 1: National Bank was established in eighteen sixteen to continue twenty years.
• 48:03
  Speaker 1: In eighteen seventeen, Indiana, the second state from the Northwest Territory,
• 48:08
  Speaker 1: became a member of the Union with free labor. She
• 48:12
  Speaker 1: was the nineteenth state and asked permission to hold slaves,
• 48:15
  Speaker 1: but Congress prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. The
• 48:20
  Speaker 1: North had ere this, freed or sold her slaves, but
• 48:23
  Speaker 1: the institution was legalized. In the southern states. There were
• 48:27
  Speaker 1: now nineteen states and five territories, viz. Mississippi, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri,
• 48:33
  Speaker 1: and Alabama. Emigration poured into the West. Each section of
• 48:38
  Speaker 1: the young Republic watched its own prosperity with jealous interest.
• 48:42
  Speaker 1: The tariff question caused excited sectional feeling. A tax on
• 48:47
  Speaker 1: foreign goods for the sake of revenue only had satisfied everybody,
• 48:52
  Speaker 1: but a protective tariff was unpopular with the South. The North,
• 48:55
  Speaker 1: having manufactories, was glad to protect her infant industries. The
• 49:00
  Speaker 1: South had no manufactureries also agricultural products, and her representatives
• 49:05
  Speaker 1: combated the measure with zeal. This tariff bill had always
• 49:10
  Speaker 1: opposed opposition, and a glance at the daily doings in
• 49:13
  Speaker 1: Washington shows that it is still a bone of contention.
• 49:18
  Speaker 1: Mississippi was admitted as a state in eighteen seventeen with slaves,
• 49:23
  Speaker 1: Illinois in eighteen eighteen free, and Alabama in eighteen nineteen slave,
• 49:28
  Speaker 1: making twenty two states, eleven free and eleven slave states
• 49:32
  Speaker 1: an equal division. In eighteen nineteen, Florida was bought from Spain.
• 49:38
  Speaker 1: The greatest quarrel came when Missouri was talked of as
• 49:42
  Speaker 1: a state. The South wanted her left free to chuse
• 49:45
  Speaker 1: slave labor. The North feared that this would give the
• 49:48
  Speaker 1: Southern legislatures control of the Senate. There were numerous slaves
• 49:52
  Speaker 1: in Missouri territory, and she wanted to retain them as
• 49:55
  Speaker 1: a state. So angry were the debaters, and so heated
• 49:59
  Speaker 1: the feeling that it was feared the country would go
• 50:02
  Speaker 1: to pieces. This was as far back as eighteen nineteen. Maine,
• 50:07
  Speaker 1: cut off from Massachusetts, now wanted to come into the Union,
• 50:11
  Speaker 1: as she would be a free labor site. The Southerners
• 50:14
  Speaker 1: would not vote for her admission unless Missouri could have slaves.
• 50:18
  Speaker 1: Hence the Missouri Compromise bill of which we have all heard.
• 50:22
  Speaker 1: Senator J. C. B. Thomas of Illinois proposed this compromise.
• 50:26
  Speaker 1: The terms of it admitted Missouri with slaves, but prohibited
• 50:30
  Speaker 1: slavery in any other portion of the Louisiana Purchase north
• 50:34
  Speaker 1: of a certain specified latitude, which was the southern boundary
• 50:37
  Speaker 1: of Missouri. This quailed the matter for many years, but
• 50:41
  Speaker 1: most of us have seen the celebrated steel engraving where
• 50:45
  Speaker 1: Henry Clay stands speaking on this question and pouring oil
• 50:48
  Speaker 1: on the troubled waters. His powerful oratory so often saved
• 50:52
  Speaker 1: the country from dissension that he was termed the Great Pacifator.
• 50:57
  Speaker 1: The gifted triumvir Henry Clay from Kentucky, Daniel Webster from Massachusetts,
• 51:02
  Speaker 1: and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina had labored through
• 51:06
  Speaker 1: the years to reconcile the national vexed questions. All three
• 51:11
  Speaker 1: died in the early fifties, and remembering the results of
• 51:14
  Speaker 1: their mighty genius, there were many to say ten years
• 51:18
  Speaker 1: after that if they had lived, there would have been
• 51:20
  Speaker 1: no war, save perhaps another war of words in Congress.
• 51:25
  Speaker 1: But their patriotic heads were laid low, and there were
• 51:28
  Speaker 1: none to take their places. The two sources of dissension,
• 51:32
  Speaker 1: slavery and the tariff, were always on hand to make
• 51:35
  Speaker 1: a stormy session, so that a detailed history of the
• 51:38
  Speaker 1: wrangling among the North, South, and West would be a
• 51:41
  Speaker 1: tedious transcription. What suited one section was adverse to the
• 51:45
  Speaker 1: best interests of the others. The South abided strictly by
• 51:49
  Speaker 1: the warning of the Constitution. The North was ever ready
• 51:53
  Speaker 1: to put a liberal construction on to its meaning, and
• 51:55
  Speaker 1: naturally they took issue. In eighteen twenty four, the tariff
• 51:59
  Speaker 1: question became so untenable that some of the Southern states
• 52:02
  Speaker 1: rebelled outright and protested through their legislatures against the measure
• 52:07
  Speaker 1: as unconstitutional. Some favored secession, others advocated nullification. And this
• 52:13
  Speaker 1: was what was done. They nullified the law and refused
• 52:16
  Speaker 1: to stand by it. Clamor for state rights was heard
• 52:20
  Speaker 1: on every side, but they did not take this step
• 52:23
  Speaker 1: till they had waited two or three years for Congress
• 52:25
  Speaker 1: to give relief by reducing the tariff. In eighteen thirty two,
• 52:30
  Speaker 1: the crisis came. Nullification was pronounced by South Carolina, and
• 52:34
  Speaker 1: she forbade the collection of tariff duties in her own state.
• 52:38
  Speaker 1: She also declared that if the United States used force,
• 52:42
  Speaker 1: she would withdraw from the Union and organize a separate government.
• 52:46
  Speaker 1: Andrew Jackson, who was the President, determined to enforce the
• 52:49
  Speaker 1: tariff law in the state and asked Congress for the
• 52:52
  Speaker 1: power to use an army to sustain the law. Volunteers
• 52:56
  Speaker 1: had offered in South Carolina, and the country stood aghast
• 52:59
  Speaker 1: at the prospect of civil war. Here again Henry Clay's
• 53:03
  Speaker 1: eloquence saved the day. He proposed the measure of gradually
• 53:07
  Speaker 1: reducing the tariff through a period of ten years, till
• 53:10
  Speaker 1: it would provide only for the expenses of the government.
• 53:13
  Speaker 1: This removed the cause of the trouble, so South Carolina
• 53:16
  Speaker 1: rescinded her act of nullification. The South had continually yielded
• 53:21
  Speaker 1: up portions of her immense territory to the Union, and
• 53:25
  Speaker 1: thus far there had been an equal balance of power
• 53:28
  Speaker 1: in the legislative voting of the two sections. The annexation
• 53:32
  Speaker 1: of Texas raised a stormy conflict. The South hoped for
• 53:36
  Speaker 1: a division of this large tract into five slave states.
• 53:40
  Speaker 1: The North, as usual, wished to obtain the lion's share.
• 53:44
  Speaker 1: In eighteen thirty five, Arkansas was admitted as a slave state.
• 53:49
  Speaker 1: In eighteen thirty six, Michigan came in with free labour.
• 53:53
  Speaker 1: After the Mexican War, the retrospect showed that since the
• 53:56
  Speaker 1: declaration of Independence, the Nouth had possessed herself of nearly
• 54:00
  Speaker 1: three fourths of all the territory added to the original states.
• 54:04
  Speaker 1: She fought the annexation of Texas because it would be slaveholding.
• 54:08
  Speaker 1: In eighteen forty five, Florida was admitted with slave labor.
• 54:12
  Speaker 1: In the same year, Texas came in as a slave state.
• 54:15
  Speaker 1: In eighteen forty six, Iowa came in with free labor
• 54:19
  Speaker 1: in eighteen forty eight, Wisconsin also free. When California applied
• 54:24
  Speaker 1: for admission in eighteen fifty, there was such bitter antagonism
• 54:28
  Speaker 1: that it was universally feared the Southern States would secede
• 54:31
  Speaker 1: from the Union should she be a free state. There
• 54:34
  Speaker 1: would then be no other state to offset it with slaves.
• 54:38
  Speaker 1: It was finally decided to leave the choice to California herself.
• 54:42
  Speaker 1: Henry Clay was again at hand to effect a satisfactory compromise.
• 54:46
  Speaker 1: In a former paper, I have referred to the fugitive
• 54:48
  Speaker 1: slave law, whereby runaway slaves could be captured and sent
• 54:52
  Speaker 1: back to their owners. But about a decade before the war,
• 54:56
  Speaker 1: a great abolition wave had begun to flood the country.
• 55:00
  Speaker 1: Thurlow Weed, William Lloyd Garrison, Parson Brownlow, John Brown, and
• 55:03
  Speaker 1: Missus Stowe, by the power of tongue and pen and
• 55:06
  Speaker 1: printing press, endeavored to stir up the North to the
• 55:09
  Speaker 1: pitch of fanatical desperation, and the slaves to revolt against
• 55:13
  Speaker 1: their masters. It was not for the sake of the Union.
• 55:16
  Speaker 1: Perish the Union. If only the slaves were freed, drive
• 55:20
  Speaker 1: out the Southern States. If they refused to abolish them,
• 55:23
  Speaker 1: their acts and their words were the extreme of anarchy
• 55:26
  Speaker 1: and tyranny. Jealousy had long formed a vindictive element in
• 55:30
  Speaker 1: their breasts. And how could the two sections be wholly fraternal?
• 55:35
  Speaker 1: They had come from not only different stocks of population,
• 55:38
  Speaker 1: but from different creeds and religion and politics. There could
• 55:41
  Speaker 1: be no congeniality between the Puritan exiles who settled upon
• 55:45
  Speaker 1: the cold, rugged and cheerless soil of New England, and
• 55:48
  Speaker 1: the cavaliers, who sought the brighter climate of the South,
• 55:51
  Speaker 1: and who, in their baronial halls felt nothing in common
• 55:54
  Speaker 1: with roundheads and regicides. In eighteen fifty nine, the tragic
• 55:59
  Speaker 1: raid of John Brown at Harper's Ferry, his execution, and
• 56:02
  Speaker 1: the startling effects of the open outbreak against slavery, but
• 56:06
  Speaker 1: the Southern states on guard. When the next presidential election
• 56:10
  Speaker 1: came on. It was apparent from mister Lincoln's debates with
• 56:13
  Speaker 1: mister Douglas what the future policy of the government would be.
• 56:17
  Speaker 1: When he therefore won the election, the South withdrew her
• 56:20
  Speaker 1: representatives from Congress and her states from the Union. Secession,
• 56:24
  Speaker 1: no longer threatened by both sections, in turn, had come.
• 56:27
  Speaker 1: At last. Everything had been done on the floor of
• 56:30
  Speaker 1: the House to harmonize the issues, but without avail. On
• 56:34
  Speaker 1: December twentieth, eighteen sixty, South Carolina passed the Ordinance of secession.
• 56:39
  Speaker 1: On January ninth, eighteen sixty one. Mississippi followed Florida January tenth,
• 56:44
  Speaker 1: Alabama January eleventh, Georgia January nineteenth, Louisiana January twenty sixth,
• 56:50
  Speaker 1: Texas February first, Virginia April seventeenth, Arkansas May sixth, North
• 56:55
  Speaker 1: Carolina May twentieth, Tennessee June eighth. Sum up the causes
• 57:00
  Speaker 1: for the secession of the South. One, the state had
• 57:04
  Speaker 1: always been supreme. Each was a distinct sovereignty not subject
• 57:08
  Speaker 1: to the general government in matters of their own home rule. Two,
• 57:13
  Speaker 1: the interests of the South were injured by the burden
• 57:15
  Speaker 1: of tax for the benefit of the North. Three the
• 57:19
  Speaker 1: Republican Party had determined that slavery should not be admitted
• 57:22
  Speaker 1: in the territories. The Republicans were in power, and for
• 57:25
  Speaker 1: seeing future interference in their rights, the South thought the
• 57:28
  Speaker 1: time had come to form an independent government. Four. The
• 57:33
  Speaker 1: North refused to accept the compromise proposed by Senator John J.
• 57:37
  Speaker 1: Crittenden of Kentucky, which might have averted the war, nor
• 57:41
  Speaker 1: would she consent to submit the matter to a vote
• 57:43
  Speaker 1: of the people. Hence there was no chance for harmony.
• 57:47
  Speaker 1: The aggressive measures of the North were such as no
• 57:49
  Speaker 1: self respecting state in the South could endure. Had it
• 57:53
  Speaker 1: come to be a habit in Congress to insult the
• 57:56
  Speaker 1: South because she held slaves, reason and right alike succumb
• 58:00
  Speaker 1: to prejudice and hatred, and the dissatisfied states, weary of
• 58:04
  Speaker 1: wrong and oppression, sounded the note of separation, and from
• 58:08
  Speaker 1: every throat burst the refrain, we are a band of brothers,
• 58:12
  Speaker 1: native to the soil, fighting for the property we've gained
• 58:16
  Speaker 1: by honest toil. Hurrah, Hurrah for Southern rights. Hurrah, Hurrah
• 58:21
  Speaker 1: for the bonnie blue flag that bear a single star.
• 58:26
  Speaker 1: End of Part three of the Historic Papers on the
• 58:29
  Speaker 1: Causes of the Civil War by Missus Eugenia Dunlap Potts.
• 58:33
  Speaker 1: Recording by F n H. Please visit www dot book
• 58:37
  Speaker 1: Ranger dot co dot UK. Part four of Historic Papers
• 58:49
  Speaker 1: on the Causes of the Civil War. This is a
• 58:52
  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
• 58:56
  Speaker 1: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
• 59:00
  Speaker 1: Recording by F and H. Historic Papers on the Causes
• 59:04
  Speaker 1: of the Civil War by Missus Eugenia Dunlap Potts, Part four.
• 59:10
  Speaker 1: The Southern Confederacy read May eleventh, nineteen o nine. More
• 59:16
  Speaker 1: than a hundred years ago, the American States rebelled against
• 59:19
  Speaker 1: the tyranny of England, the mother country, and formed a
• 59:22
  Speaker 1: confederacy of and among themselves to work together for their
• 59:26
  Speaker 1: own welfare and prosperity. It was granted by their constitution
• 59:30
  Speaker 1: and by the States, that to each or any individual
• 59:33
  Speaker 1: state had the right, under provocation to withdraw from the Pact.
• 59:38
  Speaker 1: Not quite fifty years ago, the Southern states of this Union,
• 59:41
  Speaker 1: having endured provocation after provocation, withdrew from their northern oppressors
• 59:46
  Speaker 1: and formed themselves into the Confederacy, whose brief existence ran
• 59:50
  Speaker 1: red with the best blood of a chivalrous land. War
• 59:54
  Speaker 1: was not contemplated. A peaceable separation was desired. A peace
• 59:59
  Speaker 1: conference was held to which representatives of the states were invited.
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 1: Measure after measure was proposed so that war might be averted.
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 1: All were rejected. The recusant states must be whipped back
• 1:00:11
  Speaker 1: into submission to the autocrats that would direct their affairs
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 1: with restricted territory. A minority of population and home interests
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 1: directly opposed to those of the over riding North. What
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 1: was there to hope for but continuous degradation. Our leaders
• 1:00:27
  Speaker 1: have been accused of precipitating the war for their own
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 1: personal ambition. It was another aron Burg conspiracy. Let us
• 1:00:34
  Speaker 1: hear what they have to say about it. Jefferson Davis,
• 1:00:38
  Speaker 1: the fearless soldier and upright citizen, the man who, by
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 1: reason of his supreme fitness, was a little later chosen
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 1: President of the Confederacy, said in his last speech before
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 1: the United States Senate, secession is to be justified upon
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 1: the basis that the states are sovereign. When you deny
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 1: us the right to withdraw from a government which threatens
• 1:00:59
  Speaker 1: our rights, we but tread in the paths of our fathers.
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 1: When we proclaim our independence. I am sure, I but
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 1: express the feelings of the people whom I represent towards
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 1: those whom you represent when I say, I hope and
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 1: they hope for peaceable relations with you, though we must part.
• 1:01:18
  Speaker 1: This step is taken not in hostility to others, not
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 1: to injure any section of the country, not even for
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 1: our own pecuniary benefit, but from the high and solemn
• 1:01:27
  Speaker 1: motive of defending and protecting the rights we inherited, and
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 1: which it is our sacred duty to transmit unshorn to
• 1:01:34
  Speaker 1: our children. Alexander Hamilton Stephens of Georgia, vice President of
• 1:01:40
  Speaker 1: the Confederacy, was a Whig, and, like others of the
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 1: leading statesmen, loved the Union. When the North began to
• 1:01:46
  Speaker 1: control the new territories and thus denied the South her
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 1: legitimate share in the government thereof, mister Stevens made a
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 1: long and powerful argument in the House of Representatives at
• 1:01:56
  Speaker 1: Washington some years before the secession. He said, in part,
• 1:02:00
  Speaker 1: if you, the men of the North, by right of
• 1:02:03
  Speaker 1: superior numbers, persist in ignoring the claims of the South,
• 1:02:07
  Speaker 1: separation must follow. But why not in peace? We say,
• 1:02:11
  Speaker 1: as did the Patriarch of old, let there be no strife.
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 1: I pray THEE between me and THEE, for we be brethren.
• 1:02:19
  Speaker 1: Is not the whole land? Before THEE separate thyself. I
• 1:02:23
  Speaker 1: pray THEE from me. If thou wilt take from the
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 1: left hand, then I will go to the right. Or
• 1:02:28
  Speaker 1: if thou depart to the right hand, then I will
• 1:02:30
  Speaker 1: go to the left. In other words, if we cannot
• 1:02:34
  Speaker 1: enjoy this public domain in common, let us divide it.
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 1: This is a fair proposition. Unless these bitter and sectional
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 1: feelings of the North be kept out of the national halls,
• 1:02:45
  Speaker 1: we must be prepared for the worst. Are your feelings
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 1: too narrow to make concessions and deal justly by the
• 1:02:51
  Speaker 1: whole country? Have you formed a fixed determination to carry
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 1: your measures by numerical strength and then enforce them by
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 1: the bayonet? If so, the consequences be upon your own head.
• 1:03:04
  Speaker 1: You may think that the suppression of an outbreak of
• 1:03:06
  Speaker 1: the Southern States would be a holiday job for a
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 1: few of your northern regiments. But you may find to
• 1:03:11
  Speaker 1: your cost in the end that seven million of people
• 1:03:15
  Speaker 1: fighting for their rights, their homes, and their hearthstones cannot
• 1:03:19
  Speaker 1: be easily conquered. I submit the matter to your deliberate consideration.
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 1: Mister Stephens, in a speech before Georgia legislature, opposed secession,
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 1: but said, should Georgia determine to go out of the Union,
• 1:03:33
  Speaker 1: whatever the result may be, I shall bow to the
• 1:03:36
  Speaker 1: will of my people. Their cause is my cause, and
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: their destiny is my destiny. These speeches and sentiments do
• 1:03:44
  Speaker 1: not savor of stirring up strife, of leading the South
• 1:03:47
  Speaker 1: into rebellion, so that I may be king and thou
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: my standard bearer. There could be no treason in doing
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 1: what the Constitution of the United States permitted, And so
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 1: every speech of farewell may by Southern representative was one
• 1:04:01
  Speaker 1: first of pleading for redress, then of sincere regret that
• 1:04:05
  Speaker 1: self respect and justice forced the rupture. The South never
• 1:04:09
  Speaker 1: desired war or bloodshed. The North defied possible war, believing
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 1: that within a month at least any resistance must certainly
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 1: be conquered. We can easily whip them back. Well, it
• 1:04:21
  Speaker 1: was done, but not so easily, not till years of
• 1:04:24
  Speaker 1: carnage had wrought their destiny. John C. Breckenbridge of Kentucky,
• 1:04:29
  Speaker 1: vice President of the United States, was termed the arch
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 1: Traitor of All his published speeches are in the same
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 1: spirit of regret and of affection for the Union. In
• 1:04:39
  Speaker 1: burning words, he showed how the Northern representatives were trampling
• 1:04:43
  Speaker 1: down the Constitution, and in eloquent remonstrance, he pointed the
• 1:04:47
  Speaker 1: way of escape from threatened disaster. After leaving Congress, he
• 1:04:51
  Speaker 1: entered the Confederate Army as major general and served as
• 1:04:54
  Speaker 1: Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Davis. Robert
• 1:04:59
  Speaker 1: Tombs of Georgia was Secretary of State. In his speech
• 1:05:02
  Speaker 1: before the U. S. Senate in January eighteen sixty one,
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 1: he reminded his hearers that the Southern States had hundreds
• 1:05:08
  Speaker 1: of sympathizers among men of the North, who respect their oaths,
• 1:05:12
  Speaker 1: abide by compacts, and love justice. The brave and patriotic
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 1: men of the South appealed to the Constitution. They appealed
• 1:05:20
  Speaker 1: to justice, They appealed to fraternity, until the Constitution, justice
• 1:05:24
  Speaker 1: and fraternity were no longer listened to in the legislative
• 1:05:27
  Speaker 1: halls of their country. And then, Sir, they prepared for
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 1: the arbitrament of the sword. And now you see the
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 1: glistening bayonet, and you hear the tramp of armed men
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 1: from your capital to the Rio Grande, and all that
• 1:05:40
  Speaker 1: they have ever demanded, is that you abide by the
• 1:05:42
  Speaker 1: Constitution as they have done. What is it that we demand?
• 1:05:48
  Speaker 1: That we may settle in present or acquired territories with
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 1: our property, including slaves, and that when these territories shall
• 1:05:55
  Speaker 1: be admitted as states, they shall say for themselves whether
• 1:05:58
  Speaker 1: they wish to have free or slave labor. That is
• 1:06:01
  Speaker 1: our territorial demand. We have fought for this territory when
• 1:06:05
  Speaker 1: blood was its price. We have paid for it when
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 1: gold was its price. New England has contributed very little
• 1:06:11
  Speaker 1: of blood or money. The Senator goes on to specify
• 1:06:15
  Speaker 1: what further measures the South demanded in sharp, incisive terms.
• 1:06:20
  Speaker 1: But this extract suffices to show that our leaders used
• 1:06:23
  Speaker 1: every power of tongue and moral persuasion to stave off bloodshed. Houston,
• 1:06:28
  Speaker 1: Governor of Texas, in a public speech, advised constitutional means
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 1: anything in reason to prevent war. Robert E. Lee, the
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 1: Great the Good was cut to the heart at the
• 1:06:39
  Speaker 1: impending calamity. One of his friends said, I have seldom
• 1:06:43
  Speaker 1: seen a more distressed man. Lee said, if Virginia stands
• 1:06:47
  Speaker 1: by the old Union, so will I. But if she succeedes,
• 1:06:51
  Speaker 1: then I shall follow my native state with my sword,
• 1:06:53
  Speaker 1: and if need be, with my life. These are my principles,
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 1: and I must follow them. Many public men in the
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 1: North urged peaceable secession, notably Horace Greeley. Foreign eyes were
• 1:07:06
  Speaker 1: turned anxiously towards America. The South was sending out millions
• 1:07:10
  Speaker 1: of pounds of cotton every year, of which the greater
• 1:07:12
  Speaker 1: part went to England. A London paper of the decade said,
• 1:07:17
  Speaker 1: the lives of nearly two million of our country are
• 1:07:19
  Speaker 1: dependent upon the cotton crops of the states. Should any
• 1:07:22
  Speaker 1: dire calamity befall the land of cotton, a thousand of
• 1:07:26
  Speaker 1: our merchant ships would rot idly in dock. Ten thousand
• 1:07:29
  Speaker 1: meals must stop their busy looms. Two thousand miles would
• 1:07:32
  Speaker 1: starve for lack of food to feed them. In eighteen
• 1:07:36
  Speaker 1: sixty a Southern senator said in Congress, there are five
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 1: million of people in Great Britain who live upon cotton.
• 1:07:44
  Speaker 1: Exhaust the supply one week, and all England is starving.
• 1:07:48
  Speaker 1: I tell you cotton is king. But the die was cast.
• 1:07:54
  Speaker 1: The Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina unanimously passed on
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 1: December twentieth at a quarter past one o'clock. Great crowds
• 1:08:01
  Speaker 1: were outside the Hall of Conference awaiting the results. The
• 1:08:05
  Speaker 1: Charleston Mercury issued an extra of which six thousand copies
• 1:08:09
  Speaker 1: were sold. The chimes of Saint Michael's peeled exultant notes.
• 1:08:13
  Speaker 1: Bells of all the other churches simultaneously rang The gun
• 1:08:17
  Speaker 1: by the post Office, christened Old's Secession belt forth in
• 1:08:20
  Speaker 1: thundering celebration. Cannons in the citadel echoed the glad tidings.
• 1:08:25
  Speaker 1: Houses and shops emptied their people into the streets. Cares
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 1: of business and family were forgotten. All faces wore smiles,
• 1:08:32
  Speaker 1: Joy prevailed, Old men ran shouting down the streets. Friend
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 1: met friend in hearty hand clasp The sun shone brilliantly.
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 1: After three days of rain, volunteers donned their uniforms and
• 1:08:44
  Speaker 1: hastened to the armories. New palmetto flags appeared everywhere. Everyone
• 1:08:49
  Speaker 1: wore a blue cockade in his hat. Great enthusiasm was
• 1:08:53
  Speaker 1: shown at the unfurling of a banner on which blocks
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 1: of stone in an arch typified the fifteen Southern States.
• 1:08:59
  Speaker 1: These were surmounted by the statue of John C. Calhoun
• 1:09:02
  Speaker 1: with the Constitution in his hand, and the figures of
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 1: faith and hope. At the base of the arch were
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 1: blocks broken in fragrants representing the northern States. A scroll
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 1: interpreted the allegory to a mean the Southern Republic built
• 1:09:16
  Speaker 1: from the ruins of the other half of the country.
• 1:09:19
  Speaker 1: The sentiment of the community was shared by boys firing
• 1:09:22
  Speaker 1: noisy crackers and Roman candles. The patricians of Charleston drank
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 1: Champaigne with their dinners. That night. There were grand ceremonies
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 1: with military companies, bomfires, and glad demonstrations. The sister states
• 1:09:35
  Speaker 1: soon caught the infection, and, in sharing the hope of independence,
• 1:09:39
  Speaker 1: they too, withdrew from the Union. On February fourth, eighteen
• 1:09:43
  Speaker 1: sixty one, delegates from the seceded states Virginia, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,
• 1:09:48
  Speaker 1: North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Tennessee
• 1:09:54
  Speaker 1: had met at Montgomery, Alabama to organize the government of
• 1:09:57
  Speaker 1: the Confederate States. The President Commander in Chief, Jefferson Davies,
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 1: was inaugurated at the State House Montgomery, February eighteenth, eighteen
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 1: sixty one, and again at Richmond, Virginia, February twenty second,
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty two. Inauguration of Jefferson Davis. The Congress of
• 1:10:18
  Speaker 1: Delegates from the seceding States met at Montgomery, Alabama, on
• 1:10:21
  Speaker 1: February fourth, eighteen sixty one, and prepared a provisional constitution
• 1:10:25
  Speaker 1: of the new Confederacy. This constitution was discussed in detail
• 1:10:29
  Speaker 1: and was adopted on the eighth. On the next day,
• 1:10:32
  Speaker 1: February ninth, an election was held for the selection of
• 1:10:35
  Speaker 1: chief executive officers, Jefferson Davies, born in Kentucky, but a
• 1:10:39
  Speaker 1: resident of Mississippi, being elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens
• 1:10:44
  Speaker 1: of Georgia vice president. While these important events were transpiring,
• 1:10:48
  Speaker 1: mister Davies was at his home Briarfield, in Mississippi. It
• 1:10:52
  Speaker 1: was his preference to take active service in the field,
• 1:10:56
  Speaker 1: but he bowed to the will of his people and
• 1:10:58
  Speaker 1: set out for Montgomery to take the own office and
• 1:11:00
  Speaker 1: assumed the tremendous responsibilities to which he had been assigned
• 1:11:04
  Speaker 1: in the great drama about to be enacted. On his
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 1: way to Montgomery, he passed through Jackson Grand Junction, Chattanooga
• 1:11:11
  Speaker 1: West Point, and Napelaika. At every principal station along the route,
• 1:11:15
  Speaker 1: he was met by thousands of his enthusiastic fellow countrymen,
• 1:11:19
  Speaker 1: clamoring for a speech. During the trip, he delivered about
• 1:11:22
  Speaker 1: twenty five short speeches, and his reception at Montgomery was
• 1:11:25
  Speaker 1: an ovation. Eight miles from the capital, he was met
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 1: by a large body of distinguished citizens, and amid the
• 1:11:32
  Speaker 1: hussars of thousands and the booming of cannon, he entered
• 1:11:35
  Speaker 1: the city from the balcony of the Exchange Hotel. He
• 1:11:38
  Speaker 1: addressed shortly after his arrival. The immense throng that filled
• 1:11:42
  Speaker 1: the streets. February eighteenth had been chosen for the day
• 1:11:46
  Speaker 1: of the inauguration, and as the time drew near, the
• 1:11:49
  Speaker 1: excitement increased. The ceremony was carried out with all the
• 1:11:52
  Speaker 1: solemnity and ceremony that could be thrown about it. The
• 1:11:56
  Speaker 1: military display was a beautiful one, and the martial maneuvers
• 1:11:59
  Speaker 1: of the troops seemed to portend a victorious issue. A
• 1:12:03
  Speaker 1: platform was erected in front of the portico of the
• 1:12:06
  Speaker 1: State House, and standing with uplifted hand on this eminence,
• 1:12:09
  Speaker 1: while all the approaches were filled with vast crowns of people,
• 1:12:13
  Speaker 1: Jefferson Davis took the oath of office. As the hour
• 1:12:16
  Speaker 1: of noon approached, an immense procession was formed, and to
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 1: the music of five drum and artillery. It moved towards
• 1:12:22
  Speaker 1: the Capital building. On the platform, awaiting the arrival of
• 1:12:26
  Speaker 1: mister Davis were the members of Congress, the President of
• 1:12:29
  Speaker 1: that body, the Governor of Alabama and committees, and a
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 1: number of other distinguished persons. Round after round of cheers
• 1:12:36
  Speaker 1: greeted mister Davis. After being seated on the platform, the
• 1:12:40
  Speaker 1: Reverend Doctor Manny arose and offered an impressive prayer. President
• 1:12:45
  Speaker 1: Davis arose and read his inaugural address. Then, turning, he
• 1:12:49
  Speaker 1: placed one hand upon the Bible, and with the other uplifted,
• 1:12:52
  Speaker 1: he listened to the oath. His face was upturned and
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 1: reverential in expression. At the conclusion of the oath, in solemn,
• 1:13:00
  Speaker 1: earnest voice, he exclaimed, so help meet God. He lowered
• 1:13:04
  Speaker 1: his head in tears, and hundreds wept as they viewed
• 1:13:07
  Speaker 1: the solemn scene. Thus was officially launched upon a tempestuous sea.
• 1:13:11
  Speaker 1: The Confederate Ship of State, Order of Procession, music, Military
• 1:13:19
  Speaker 1: Escort of Montgomery Fusiliers, Captain Schlesner Montgomery Rifles, Captain Farris,
• 1:13:25
  Speaker 1: Euphala Rifles, Captain Baker, Columbus Guard, Captain Simms, President Elect,
• 1:13:32
  Speaker 1: Vice President, and Chaplain in an open carriage drawn by
• 1:13:35
  Speaker 1: six horses. Congressional Committee on Ceremonies, various committees, commissioners to
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 1: the government from states other than the states of the Confederacy,
• 1:13:45
  Speaker 1: Ministers of the Gospel, all in carriages, citizens in carriages
• 1:13:50
  Speaker 1: and on foot. The Department of State, of Justice, the Treasury,
• 1:13:54
  Speaker 1: War Navy, Post Office, and various military corps with officers
• 1:13:58
  Speaker 1: and attaches, all in shore. That it takes to form
• 1:14:01
  Speaker 1: and conduct a government was ordered from the best pique material.
• 1:14:05
  Speaker 1: A constitution was framed like that of the United States
• 1:14:08
  Speaker 1: in the main, but the unsatisfactory clauses that had wrought
• 1:14:11
  Speaker 1: such havoc in the halls of Congress were changed for
• 1:14:14
  Speaker 1: the better. There were in the Confederate service one commander
• 1:14:18
  Speaker 1: in chief, seven generals, nineteen lieutenant generals, eighty four major generals,
• 1:14:23
  Speaker 1: and three hundred thirteen brigadier generals. The roster of the
• 1:14:26
  Speaker 1: Union greatly exceeded these numbers. When all the departments were
• 1:14:30
  Speaker 1: organized ready for the administration of the new Republic, commissioners
• 1:14:34
  Speaker 1: were sent to President Lincoln at Washington to negotiate for
• 1:14:37
  Speaker 1: an equitable transfer of Southern forts and for terms of
• 1:14:41
  Speaker 1: an amicable separation they were refused audience. Every method known
• 1:14:46
  Speaker 1: to national and international arbitration was attempted without success. So
• 1:14:51
  Speaker 1: when the strife was precipitated, the South had no resource
• 1:14:54
  Speaker 1: left but to resist by arms, no matter how overwhelming
• 1:14:58
  Speaker 1: the odds of the invading section. On April twelfth, eighteen
• 1:15:01
  Speaker 1: sixty one, General Beauregard, learning that a fleet was forcing
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 1: its way into Charleston Harbor to join Major Anderson at Sumter,
• 1:15:09
  Speaker 1: open fire upon the fort. The North charge. The war
• 1:15:12
  Speaker 1: was thus inaugurated by the South. The South believed its
• 1:15:15
  Speaker 1: action was necessary for self defense, however that might be.
• 1:15:20
  Speaker 1: It was the onset of battle of the greatest civil
• 1:15:22
  Speaker 1: war the world has ever known. President Lincoln and President
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 1: Davis both called for troops. Mass meetings were held in
• 1:15:29
  Speaker 1: every part of the country, north and south. The roll
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 1: of the drum and of the shrill fife of the
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 1: march were heard in every direction. Muster rolls were drawn up,
• 1:15:39
  Speaker 1: drills were in progress in hall and on the green.
• 1:15:42
  Speaker 1: Every youth rushed to take up arms. After the great
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 1: Confederate victory at ball Run, some one wrote, they have
• 1:15:48
  Speaker 1: met at last, as storm clouds meet in heaven, and
• 1:15:52
  Speaker 1: the north men back and bleeding, have been driven, and
• 1:15:55
  Speaker 1: their thunders have been stilled, and their leaders crushed or killed,
• 1:15:59
  Speaker 1: and their ranks with terror, thrilled, rent and riven. They
• 1:16:03
  Speaker 1: had indeed met, and they met and met again. Throughout
• 1:16:07
  Speaker 1: the length and breadth of the prolific country where cotton
• 1:16:10
  Speaker 1: was king. The honest achievements of a hundred years were
• 1:16:13
  Speaker 1: ground into dust by the engines of destruction. The North
• 1:16:17
  Speaker 1: came on as invaders, the South stood firm as defenders,
• 1:16:21
  Speaker 1: And in all the histories of the struggle, this fact
• 1:16:23
  Speaker 1: should be pre eminent. Of the hundred battles fought, only
• 1:16:27
  Speaker 1: that of Gettysburg was on northern soil. The beautiful lands
• 1:16:31
  Speaker 1: of the garden spot of Earth, as I have said,
• 1:16:34
  Speaker 1: were torn and pillaged and ruined, not alone by the
• 1:16:37
  Speaker 1: fortunes of civilized warfare, but by the ghastly horrors of
• 1:16:40
  Speaker 1: cruelty and needless vandalism. It is not the purpose of
• 1:16:44
  Speaker 1: this paper to fight those battles over The strife lasted
• 1:16:47
  Speaker 1: four years. The population of the North was twenty two million,
• 1:16:51
  Speaker 1: that of the South nine million, of whom three and
• 1:16:53
  Speaker 1: one half millions were slaves. The North was four times
• 1:16:57
  Speaker 1: as great in numbers as the South, the North had
• 1:17:00
  Speaker 1: three times as many armies. The South could not get
• 1:17:02
  Speaker 1: enough small arms. For many months. All foundries for cannon,
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 1: and all except two powder mills were in the North.
• 1:17:09
  Speaker 1: The North had food and provisions in abundance. The South
• 1:17:12
  Speaker 1: planted cotton and tobacco, but could not, even in times
• 1:17:15
  Speaker 1: of peace, raise enough food, but were accustomed to buy
• 1:17:18
  Speaker 1: from the North and from Europe. The Union had a
• 1:17:22
  Speaker 1: treasury and a navy, the Confederacy had neither. The North
• 1:17:26
  Speaker 1: could renew supplies from abroad. The Southern ports were blockaded,
• 1:17:30
  Speaker 1: and many necessaries of life were shut off. The Confederacy
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 1: set to work to make arms, ammunitions, blankets, saddles, harness,
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 1: and other necessities. Bells from churches and halls, dinner bells,
• 1:17:41
  Speaker 1: plantation and fire bells, along with stray pieces of metal
• 1:17:44
  Speaker 1: were melted and cast into cannon. Old nails were saved
• 1:17:48
  Speaker 1: and blacksmiths made of them. Clumsy needles, pins and scissors.
• 1:17:52
  Speaker 1: For coffee was burnt rye okra, corn bran, chicory, and
• 1:17:56
  Speaker 1: sweet potato peelings. For tea, raspberry leaves, corn fodder, and
• 1:18:00
  Speaker 1: sassafras root. There was not enough bacon to be had
• 1:18:03
  Speaker 1: to keep the soldiers alive. Sorghum was used for sugar.
• 1:18:07
  Speaker 1: The women and girls helped in every possible manner. Silk
• 1:18:10
  Speaker 1: dresses were made into banners, woolen dresses and shawls into
• 1:18:13
  Speaker 1: soldier's shirts, carpets into blankets, curtains, sheets, and all linens
• 1:18:18
  Speaker 1: were made into lint for bandages for the wounded, soft
• 1:18:21
  Speaker 1: white fingers, knitted socks, shirts, and gloves to keep the
• 1:18:24
  Speaker 1: cold from the men in the trenches. Calico was ten
• 1:18:27
  Speaker 1: dollars per yard. Quite early in the strife, homespun was
• 1:18:31
  Speaker 1: made upon the old colonial wheels and looms that had
• 1:18:33
  Speaker 1: been kept as souvenirs and curios. Buttons were obtained from
• 1:18:37
  Speaker 1: persimium seeds with holes pierced for eyes. Women platted their
• 1:18:41
  Speaker 1: hats from straw or palmetto leaf, and used feathers from
• 1:18:44
  Speaker 1: barnyard fowls. One morning dress would be loaned from house
• 1:18:49
  Speaker 1: to house as disaster came. Shoes were made of wood
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 1: or carriage curtains, buggy tops, saddle tops, or anything like leather.
• 1:18:58
  Speaker 1: There were thin iron soles like horses shoes. They were
• 1:19:01
  Speaker 1: patched with bits of old silk. Dresses for little children's
• 1:19:04
  Speaker 1: shoes were made from old Morocco pocket books. Flour was
• 1:19:07
  Speaker 1: two hundred and fifty dollars per barrel, meal fifty dollars.
• 1:19:10
  Speaker 1: A bushel corn forty dollars a bushel oats twenty five,
• 1:19:14
  Speaker 1: black eyed peas forty five, brown sugar ten dollars, coffee
• 1:19:18
  Speaker 1: twelve dollars, tea thirty five dollars. A pound French merino
• 1:19:21
  Speaker 1: or mohair sold at eight hundred dollars to one thousand
• 1:19:24
  Speaker 1: dollars a yard cloth cloak one thousand and fifteen hundred dollars.
• 1:19:28
  Speaker 1: Balmorl boots two hundred and fifty dollars, a pair French
• 1:19:31
  Speaker 1: gloves one hundred and twenty five and one hundred fifty dollars.
• 1:19:34
  Speaker 1: The stores came to be opened only on occasions. Salt
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 1: was the most difficult of all the necessities. The earth
• 1:19:41
  Speaker 1: from old smoke houses was dug up and boiled for
• 1:19:44
  Speaker 1: the drippings of ham and bacon, these being crystallized by
• 1:19:47
  Speaker 1: some primitive process. Newspapers were printed on coarse half sheets.
• 1:19:52
  Speaker 1: Every scrap of blank paper in old note books, letters
• 1:19:55
  Speaker 1: or wiste was utilized. Wallpaper and pictures were turned for envelopes.
• 1:20:00
  Speaker 1: Glue from the peach tree gums served to seal, the
• 1:20:02
  Speaker 1: covers pokeberries, oak balls, and green persimons furnished ink. The
• 1:20:08
  Speaker 1: devotion of the people was sublime, always dividing with their neighbors,
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 1: and the refugees were noted for heroic acts. The Negroes
• 1:20:15
  Speaker 1: were faithful in guarding the families, all of whom were
• 1:20:18
  Speaker 1: left unprotected, and in working the plantations. Nowhere in their
• 1:20:22
  Speaker 1: annals of nations has such fidelity been known. Two negro
• 1:20:26
  Speaker 1: men belonging to an army officer's widow, who lived with
• 1:20:29
  Speaker 1: her young daughters on an Arkansas plantation, conveyed fifty thousand
• 1:20:33
  Speaker 1: dollars in gold in the cushions of an ambulance to Houston, Texas,
• 1:20:37
  Speaker 1: a place of safety from marauding troops who burned the
• 1:20:40
  Speaker 1: house and cabins and captured the live stock. The Yankees
• 1:20:43
  Speaker 1: were not molest escaping Negroes. These were faithful to their trust.
• 1:20:48
  Speaker 1: Similar instances are legion leal and true always and everywhere.
• 1:20:52
  Speaker 1: The memory of those hardships cannot die until all the
• 1:20:55
  Speaker 1: survivors are dead. Fertile fields and pleasant villages were destroyed
• 1:20:59
  Speaker 1: by armies. Two billions of dollars in slaves were swept
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 1: away cotton. The chief staple was burned or captured. Wealth
• 1:21:08
  Speaker 1: placed in Confederate bonds was lost forever. Of the one
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 1: million men in the Southern army, three fourths were killed,
• 1:21:14
  Speaker 1: four hundred thousand were crippled, and no estimate was made
• 1:21:17
  Speaker 1: of the wounded who recovered. The cost of the war
• 1:21:21
  Speaker 1: was eight million dollars. Men and horses perished of starvation
• 1:21:24
  Speaker 1: and disease. The Southern Confederacy died not for lack of
• 1:21:28
  Speaker 1: will and of the spirit to fight on. For not
• 1:21:31
  Speaker 1: to even Washington's ragged troops at Valley Forge endured great
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 1: sufferings or displayed greater heroism, The Confederacy died of exhaustion.
• 1:21:40
  Speaker 1: I have said that the women of the South gave
• 1:21:42
  Speaker 1: all their energies and ingenuities to the cause. They shared
• 1:21:45
  Speaker 1: the burdens of conflict. They encouraged and stimulated the men
• 1:21:48
  Speaker 1: by their sympathy and cheerful fortitude to their country. They
• 1:21:52
  Speaker 1: gave their dearest and best, and bore up bravely in
• 1:21:54
  Speaker 1: defeat as well as in victory. With silent courage. They
• 1:21:58
  Speaker 1: faced privation and danger. They nursed the sick and wounded,
• 1:22:02
  Speaker 1: took charge of farms and plantations with wonderful resource they
• 1:22:06
  Speaker 1: supplied the growing deficiency in domestic affairs. They cared for
• 1:22:10
  Speaker 1: and directed the thousands of negroes left dependent upon them.
• 1:22:14
  Speaker 1: They never lost their trust in God or in the
• 1:22:17
  Speaker 1: righteousness of their cause. Though their loved ones languished in
• 1:22:20
  Speaker 1: prison or lay dead on the battle field, Their patriotism
• 1:22:24
  Speaker 1: and womanly fidelity will be held in honor while the
• 1:22:26
  Speaker 1: world lasts and the women refugees from the border states suffered.
• 1:22:32
  Speaker 1: In addition the cutting off of news from those they
• 1:22:34
  Speaker 1: left behind them, letters went by chance messengers through the lines,
• 1:22:38
  Speaker 1: or around by Liverpool, England, and finally by special indulgence
• 1:22:42
  Speaker 1: in one page. Missives are unsealed by flag of truce
• 1:22:45
  Speaker 1: via Newport News and Norfolk, Virginia. Sometimes months of silence
• 1:22:50
  Speaker 1: elapsed oftener the letters were lost. In many cases they
• 1:22:54
  Speaker 1: straggled in after two or three years. Forty four years
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 1: have dragged their slow lengths. In the last roll call,
• 1:23:02
  Speaker 1: we the survivors and descendants, have buckled on the armor
• 1:23:05
  Speaker 1: of faithfulness and are honoring the memory of our martyred heroes.
• 1:23:09
  Speaker 1: We are rearing monuments to perpetuate their deeds of valor.
• 1:23:13
  Speaker 1: We are cleaning their revered names from aspersion We are
• 1:23:16
  Speaker 1: striving to educate the generations to come in the true
• 1:23:19
  Speaker 1: history of their marvelous struggle for the inaliable rights of
• 1:23:22
  Speaker 1: every free born American. How sublime that struggle, how undaunted
• 1:23:27
  Speaker 1: their attitude, how unsurpassed their fortitude amid the upheaval of
• 1:23:31
  Speaker 1: their colossal ruin. The conquered banner's tattered folds hang on
• 1:23:35
  Speaker 1: the wall, Her standard bearer lies in the dust. The
• 1:23:39
  Speaker 1: sod is green above the heads of her valiant leaders,
• 1:23:43
  Speaker 1: her rank and file, sleeping many an unknown grave. We
• 1:23:48
  Speaker 1: are the cooling valley of peace, where unrefreshing lies, and
• 1:23:51
  Speaker 1: above us waves the flag of the old old Union,
• 1:23:54
  Speaker 1: our people once loved so well, So mote it be.
• 1:23:59
  Speaker 1: We were loyal to the powers that were. We are
• 1:24:01
  Speaker 1: loyal to the powers that be. Good citizenship is now,
• 1:24:05
  Speaker 1: as ever the watchword of the South. We do not
• 1:24:08
  Speaker 1: forget our martyrs. Upon our devoted heads rests the sacred
• 1:24:11
  Speaker 1: duty of consecration. Let us cling together in a cause
• 1:24:15
  Speaker 1: so noble. Let us merge or thought of self in
• 1:24:18
  Speaker 1: the glorious work that lies before us. And what of
• 1:24:22
  Speaker 1: our beautiful, our historic Southland, about which the halo of
• 1:24:26
  Speaker 1: Posey so lovingly lingers, nature and man have wrought a
• 1:24:30
  Speaker 1: mighty restoration through the grand old states of Virginia and
• 1:24:34
  Speaker 1: South Carolina, whose annals contain names which will ever adorn
• 1:24:37
  Speaker 1: the pages of history, down into the prosperous states of Georgia, Alabama,
• 1:24:42
  Speaker 1: and Mississippi, through Louisiana, unrivaled in fertility, and onto the
• 1:24:46
  Speaker 1: vast expanse of Texas, whose coming wealth and power may
• 1:24:50
  Speaker 1: not be measured. There arise prophetic voices from field, forest, mine,
• 1:24:54
  Speaker 1: and workshop for telling the grand's stirring into life of
• 1:24:58
  Speaker 1: extended commerce, en and capital. Her products have increased and
• 1:25:03
  Speaker 1: multiplied in kind and in variety, till we hear in
• 1:25:07
  Speaker 1: the Senate Chamber of Congress an eloquent plea for the
• 1:25:09
  Speaker 1: protection of her interests in the country's political economy. We
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 1: hear from the lips of the Kentucky Senator, a full
• 1:25:16
  Speaker 1: recognition of our worth, our greatness, and alas the tardy
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 1: acknowledgment of our rights. These beautiful states are swept by
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 1: the ocean and mountain winds, and nurtured by the glowing
• 1:25:28
  Speaker 1: sun and gentle rains. The palmetto and the cypress and
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 1: the lordly live oak stand above the glowing orange grove
• 1:25:35
  Speaker 1: and fragrant magnolia bloom, and the gray moss on the
• 1:25:38
  Speaker 1: trees wearing the uniform of the men in gray wafts
• 1:25:41
  Speaker 1: a solemn requiem above their narrow beds. The light of
• 1:25:45
  Speaker 1: prosperity spreads transcendent radiance over the land. The throb of
• 1:25:49
  Speaker 1: commercial triumph pulsates in the hum of the factory, in
• 1:25:53
  Speaker 1: the smelting furnace, and ascends in the soft twilight from
• 1:25:56
  Speaker 1: the rich furrows of her incomparable fields salt sea billows,
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 1: And as they rock her shipping and dash against peer
• 1:26:04
  Speaker 1: and wharf, add their exultant voices in prophecy of still
• 1:26:07
  Speaker 1: greater prosperity. May advancing wealth rebuild her mansions and fill
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 1: her coffers unfittingly crown the efforts of her ambition and
• 1:26:17
  Speaker 1: of her genius. May she never lose the aspirations that
• 1:26:21
  Speaker 1: have made her people, through sunshine and storm, a lofty
• 1:26:25
  Speaker 1: and noble race. E. D. Potts, end of Part four,
• 1:26:32
  Speaker 1: end of Historic Papers on the Causes of the Civil
• 1:26:35
  Speaker 1: War by Missus Eugenia dunlup Pots. Recording by f n H.
• 1:26:40
  Speaker 1: Please visit www. Dot book Ranger dot co dot UK.