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038 - 7 Theological Movements · Short History of the Christian Church

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  Speaker 1: Part one, Chapter seven of Short History of the Christian
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  Speaker 1: Church by John Fletcher Hurst. This LibriVox recording is in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. Chapter seven theological movements, The procession of
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  Speaker 1: the Holy Ghost. The antecedents of this controversy are to
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  Speaker 1: be found in the Trinitarian strifes of the early centuries.
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  Speaker 1: It was a discussion between the Greek and Latin Christians,
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  Speaker 1: and was called the Phileoke and from the Son controversy.
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  Speaker 1: The Eastern Church contended that the Holy Ghost proceeded from
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  Speaker 1: the Father only. The Latin contended that he proceeded also
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  Speaker 1: from the Son. Phileoke Augustine had been the chief defender
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  Speaker 1: of this view, he having carried the doctrine of the
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  Speaker 1: Trinity to its logical sequence. If Christ were divine, then
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  Speaker 1: the Holy Ghost must proceed from him, not less than
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  Speaker 1: from the Father. The argument was complete, but the Eastern
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  Speaker 1: Church gradually adopted the other view, that the Holy Ghost
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  Speaker 1: proceeds from the Father alone. The discussion was animated. The
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  Speaker 1: result was that this question was an important factor in
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  Speaker 1: the division of the Eastern and the Western Church. Its
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  Speaker 1: results therefore extend far beyond the early medieval period. They
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  Speaker 1: have had their bearing on the theology of the Greek
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  Speaker 1: Church in modern times, which is the same now as
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  Speaker 1: when all Europe was divided on the philioch question adoptionism.
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  Speaker 1: This doctrine also was the result of earlier theological discussion.
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  Speaker 1: The Council of Chalcedon a d. Four fifty one had
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  Speaker 1: declared that in Christ there is one person but two natures.
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  Speaker 1: This became the doctrine of the Church in both East
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  Speaker 1: and West. But in the eighth century a new interpretation
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  Speaker 1: was made in Spain by the Archbishop Alipandus of Toledo.
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  Speaker 1: He was aided in reaching this conclusion by the Bishop
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  Speaker 1: Felix of Urgel. These men taught that Christ, in his
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  Speaker 1: divine nature, is the real son of God, but that
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  Speaker 1: in his human nature he is only son of God
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  Speaker 1: in an adopted sense. As a name and title. Ethereus
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  Speaker 1: and Biatus opposed Elipandus and Felix and defended the Orthodox view.
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  Speaker 1: Great excitement was created throughout Spain, where the Mohammedan rulers
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  Speaker 1: troubled themselves little concerning the ecclesiastical conflicts, but were delighted
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  Speaker 1: to see Christians devour each other. The heresy of Felix
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  Speaker 1: spread into the Frankish dominions and finally attracted the attention
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  Speaker 1: of Charlemagne. The Narbone Synod of seven eighty eight was indefinite.
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  Speaker 1: Felix appeared before the Synate of Regensburg in seven ninety two,
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  Speaker 1: and his doctrine being condemned, he recanted and made his
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  Speaker 1: peace with the Church. On his return to Spain, he
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  Speaker 1: recalled his RECs cantation. The Frankfurt Council of seven ninety
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  Speaker 1: four reaffirmed the condemnation of that of Regensburg. In the
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  Speaker 1: year seven ninety nine, Felix once more repudiated his adoptionism
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  Speaker 1: after a six days further debate with Alcoene, but enjoyed
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  Speaker 1: thereafter little favor from either party. Elipandus lived in Moorish
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  Speaker 1: Spain and never renounced his adoptionism. The heresy lived but
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  Speaker 1: a short time. After the death of the chief promoters anthropology,
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  Speaker 1: the doctrines relating to human salvation came up for new consideration.
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  Speaker 1: Chief emphasis was placed on the elect Augustine had declared
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  Speaker 1: that God determines the number of the saved, but his
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  Speaker 1: teaching on the divine reprobation was negative, that God passed
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  Speaker 1: over the non elect God. Shalk taught that the wicked
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  Speaker 1: are as fully predestinated to damnation as the righteous art
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  Speaker 1: to salvation. His was a doctrine of twofold predestination by
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  Speaker 1: partia predestinatio electorum ad requiem repaborum ad mortem, a double
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  Speaker 1: predestination of the elect to salvation and of the reprobate
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  Speaker 1: to death. Rihana opposed Gotshock's doctrine on the ground that
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  Speaker 1: it was an abandonment of the saving power of God's
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  Speaker 1: grace and an abolition of the functions of the human will.
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  Speaker 1: The Lord's Supper. The Greek Church was the first to
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  Speaker 1: teach a doctrine approaching transubstantiation, or the change of the
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  Speaker 1: bread and wine into the real body and blood of
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  Speaker 1: our Lord. The Work on the Sacrament of the Body
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  Speaker 1: and Blood of Christ by Pascassus Radbertus, which appeared in
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  Speaker 1: two editions eighty eight thirty one and eight forty four,
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  Speaker 1: was the first book which proceeded definitely to formulate this view. Transubstance. Antiation, however,
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  Speaker 1: had been often approached in previous writings on the subject.
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  Speaker 1: This view was opposed by vigorous theologians with Ratramness at
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  Speaker 1: their head. In the middle of the eleventh century, Burganner
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  Speaker 1: of Tours held unmolested the more spiritual view, but he
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  Speaker 1: was finally compelled to sign a formula repudiating his opinion.
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  Speaker 1: By the end of the eleventh century, however, the doctrine
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  Speaker 1: of transubstantiation gained such official favor in Rome that it
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  Speaker 1: was accepted by the church. Image controversy. The use of
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  Speaker 1: images in the Church was a subject of violent controversy.
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  Speaker 1: Traces of undue reverence for them can be found as
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  Speaker 1: early as the fourth century. Not only were the Eastern
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  Speaker 1: and Western churches divided on the subject, but in each
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  Speaker 1: there were subdivisions of disputants, three being in the Eastern
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  Speaker 1: and as many in the Western. Period of controversy in
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  Speaker 1: the Greek church are as follows first eighty seven twenty
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  Speaker 1: six to seven fifty four, Second, seven fifty four to
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  Speaker 1: eight thirteen, Third eight thirteen to eight forty three. In
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  Speaker 1: the Frankish Empire, three parties were represented at the Senate
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  Speaker 1: of Paris a. D. Eight twenty five. A peculiarity of
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  Speaker 1: this remarkable controversy was the intense interest aroused in all lands,
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  Speaker 1: and the length to which the contestants went. Mobs of monks,
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  Speaker 1: the violence of soldiers and the daring of iconoclasts image
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  Speaker 1: breakers were common features of this exciting time in the East.
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  Speaker 1: After many changes of fortune, in eight forty two, the
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  Speaker 1: images were solemnly brought back into the churches, and image
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  Speaker 1: worship has continued from that day to this the orthodox
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  Speaker 1: doctrine of the Greek Church, oddly enough, however, only flat
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  Speaker 1: pictures are while raised images are forbidden. The Senate of
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  Speaker 1: Paris referred to above, true to the prevailing sentiment of
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  Speaker 1: the Frankish Church, condemned images, but the opinion of Gregory
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  Speaker 1: the Great died six hundred four, who favored images on
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  Speaker 1: account of their educational and devotional use, finally prevailed in
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  Speaker 1: the Roman Catholic Church end of chapter seven