Transcript

10.23.25 · Science Show KY

0:01
Speaker 1: Welcome to Radio Wized Diary of Science and Nature, your readers.
0:04
Kelly Taylor, I'll have some stories related to science and nature,
0:09
but first a reminder that Radio Eye is a reading
0:13
service intended for people who are blind or have other
0:16
disabilities that make it difficult to read printed material. From
0:21
Vox magazine, we have this story that is headlined the
0:25
humble plant that could save the world or destroy it,
0:30
and this is from October seventeenth. The largest herds of
0:34
caribou in the world make their homes here. Polar bears
0:38
give birth to cubs in dens dug into this soil,
0:43
some of them more than two hundred years old, and
0:46
birds like the Arctic tern fly north every summer, some
0:49
from as far south as Antarctica to breed and lay
0:53
their eggs. The Hudson Bay Peatlands in Northern Canada, a
0:58
nine hundred million acre areas stretching from northern Manitoba to Quebec,
1:03
are a haven for biodiversity, home to more than one
1:06
thousand species of plants and one hundred seventy five species
1:10
of birds. But the secret of this unique ecosystem lies
1:14
below the surface, in a build up of water saturated
1:17
mosses called peat. Though it looks like little more than
1:21
fibrous dirt, peat has near magical properties, acidic and anaerobic.
1:29
It can preserve artifacts, food, and even human remains for
1:32
centuries or more, and because the process of decomposition slows
1:37
down in such environments, they trap carbon dioxide and keep
1:40
it out of the atmosphere, slowing the process of climate change.
1:45
The Hudson Bay peat lands in particular, store five times
1:49
as much carbon per acre as the Amazon rainforest. Janet Sumner,
1:54
executive director of the wild Lands League, a Canadian conservation group,
1:58
told me Indigenous nations around Hudson Bay call the area
2:03
the breathing lands. It's the most It's the world's temperature regulator.
2:10
Said Valerie courtois executive director of the Indigenous Leadership Initiative,
2:15
which works on Indigenous led conservation efforts in Canada. It's
2:20
like we have a big fridge on top of the
2:23
planet that is helping keep everything the way it should be,
2:27
but now the fridge is hanging open. Though they cover
2:30
only three percent of the Earth's surface, peatlands store nearly
2:34
one third of the world's carbon, and these ecosystems around
2:37
the world are vulnerable to development and destruction. Today, only
2:42
seventeen percent of the world's peatlands fall within a protected area.
2:46
According to a recent study by the Wildlife Conservation Society,
2:52
the world's peat lands are increasingly at the center of
2:55
conflicts over resource extraction, and the stakes couldn't be higher.
3:00
In Northern Canada, one of the biggest fears for peat
3:03
conservationists is mining for rare earth minerals. Part of the
3:08
Hudson Bay peatland sits atop the Ring of Fire, a
3:11
mineral deposit containing nickel, chromium, and other metals used in
3:15
clean energy technologies like electric vehicle batteries. Some experts see
3:20
the minerals there as key to Canada's clean energy transition
3:26
and a crucial part of the fight against climate change.
3:32
And it's true minerals like the ones found around Hudson
3:37
Bay are necessary for solar panels, batteries and other technologies.
3:41
We need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, But
3:45
in the process of mining them, we may just destroy
3:47
a crucial climate regulator. The government of Ontario, where the
3:51
Ring of Fire is located, sees mining in the area
3:54
as necessary for Canadian energy independence, especially amid present at
4:00
Donald Trump's trade wars quote. This is how we make
4:03
ourselves less reliant on the United States, says Ontario Premier
4:08
Doug Ford. And already the area's peatlands are at risk
4:13
for mining expeditions, which experts say have disturbed the ecosystem,
4:17
even though no mine shafts have yet been sunk. First
4:21
Nations and conservation groups are working to protect the lands
4:24
around Hudson Bay, but it's a race against the clock
4:27
as mining exploration ramps up with support from the Canadian government.
4:33
The carbons stored in the Hudson Bay Peatlands took thousands
4:36
of years to build up, said Lawrence Martin, director of
4:39
Lands and Resources for the Mushgawak Council, a group representing
4:44
several First Nations in the area. If it's released now,
4:48
it could take thousands of years to replace, and if
4:51
humans want to avoid the worst effects of climate change,
4:53
we don't have that kind of time. These are the
4:57
lungs of the earth. Martin told me, if you start
5:00
tampering with that, you have to be really, really careful.
5:04
Pete is a kind of soil that forms whenever organic
5:07
matter builds up faster than it can decompose, said Dan Zarin,
5:12
Executive director for Forests and Climate Change at the Wildlife
5:15
Conservation Society. The bogs of northern Europe, famous resting places
5:20
for uncannily preserved bog bodies, are made of peat, but
5:25
pete can also be found in the United States, in
5:27
the Adirondacks of Upstate New York and the huge Oaky
5:31
Finoki Swamp in Georgia. The soil also forms in the tropics,
5:35
often in damp forested areas where layers of different plant
5:38
species stack on top of one another. In Panama, for example,
5:43
pete can form giant domes several meters deep in thousands
5:47
of years old. In colder climates like northern Canada, peat
5:52
lands are usually created by colonies of Sphagnum moss, a simple,
5:58
easily overlooked plant that's also a climate hero. The structure
6:02
of Sphagnum moss includes large empty cells that make the
6:06
plant into kind of sponge, absorbing up to twenty times
6:09
its weight in water. Moss was so well known for
6:12
its absorbent properties that First Nations people once used it
6:16
for minstrual products and diapers. Courtois said that absorbency helps
6:22
create the wet, low oxygen conditions that slow down decomposition
6:27
and aid in carbon capture. There's more carbon stored in
6:31
peat lands than in all the trees in the world,
6:33
or about two thirds of the world's petroleum reserves. Zarin said.
6:38
The peat lands in the Congo Basin store the equivalent
6:41
of several years worth of carbon emissions for the entire world.
6:45
That's why peat is so critical to the world's climate future,
6:49
and yet, says Zarin, it's not really getting anything near
6:53
the attention it deserves. Around the world, ecosystems like tropical
6:58
forests and mangroves much more likely to be protected than peatlands,
7:03
according to the Wildlife Conservation Society, and nearly a quarter
7:06
of peatlands are under heavy pressure from human development. And Indonesia,
7:11
for example, forested peatlands are being cleared, drained, and planted
7:15
with palms to feed the rapidly growing global demand for
7:20
palm oil, a common ingredient in products from toothpaste to
7:23
peanut butter. In Patagonia, they're threatened to buy urban development,
7:29
says Jorge Hoyos Sanion, a research associate at the Smithsonian
7:34
Tropical Research Institute. Around the world, peat is harvested and
7:39
sold for use in potting soil. An eight quart bag
7:42
retails for less than ten dollars at US hardware stores,
7:45
where Americans can purchase it for their berry patches and
7:48
flower beds, and now increasingly peatlands are at risk as
7:53
governments in private industry seek new sources of the minerals
7:57
needed for the batteries and related to technicies that will likely
8:01
power the world in the future. Around Hudson Bay, conservation
8:07
groups are watching with concern as mining companies begin to
8:11
survey fragile wetland ecosystems. People focus on the mining, but
8:17
there's a lot of damage that occurs before mining, says
8:21
Sumner of the Wildlands League. Mining exploration requires test drilling
8:29
and the use of heavy machinery on a sensitive landscape,
8:32
which can change its hydrology, causing areas of peatland to
8:35
dry out. When peat dries out, its carbon storing superpower
8:39
becomes a liability. As water leaves the environment, decomposition starts again,
8:45
and the soil begins to release all the carbon it's
8:47
stored up over thousands of years. You can think of
8:50
it like the burning of fossil fuels. It took a
8:54
long time to put that carbon down into the soil
8:57
and then you really quickly release it back to the atmosphere,
9:00
says Julie Loisel, professor geography at the University of that
9:04
Areno drying peat also turns it into a frighteningly powerful
9:09
fuel for fires. In fact, communities in Ireland and elsewhere
9:13
have long burned peat as an alternative to coal. To day,
9:16
peatland fires can be especially insidious because even when they
9:20
appear to be extinguished, they can continue to burn underground
9:24
for months and re spark a phenomenon known as zombie fire.
9:30
Peat Land fires can release a hundred times the carbon
9:32
of a wildfire and produce large amounts of noxious smoke.
9:36
In Indonesia, the twenty tens peat fires released as much
9:41
carbon in a single day as the entire emissions of
9:43
the United States. Fires are already burning in the peat
9:47
lands of northern Canada, spurred on by climate change, and
9:51
experts fear they'll only become more devastating if the landscape
9:54
isn't protected. And now research indicates we may have entered
9:58
a new age of fire, where massive blazes around the
10:01
world will be more frequent and destructive. It's even more
10:04
urgent to prevent peatlands from drying out and becoming fuel
10:08
for these conflagrations. We want to keep the peatlands doing
10:13
what they do, which is breathing for the planet.
10:16
Speaker 2: Sumner said.
10:19
Speaker 1: But conservation groups say mining in Canada's Ring of Fire
10:22
is less important for the clean energy transition than proponents
10:25
have claimed. One issue is the remoteness of the area.
10:29
The mining sites are currently accessible only by ice road
10:33
or floatplane, and a plan to build a major road
10:35
to the area could take a decade. Other sites in
10:38
Ontario have more critical minerals, are more accessible and are
10:42
located in areas that are already environmentally degraded. Mining in
10:47
the Ring of Fire feels more like a dream than
10:49
it does reality, and it's not going to meet the
10:51
need for energy transition in any short timeline, which is
10:55
what we need, Sumner said. Meanwhile, First Nations have been
10:59
at work for years on their own plans for the
11:01
Hudson Bay Lowlands. The mush Cougook Council is leading an
11:05
effort to establish an indigenous led conservation project in northern
11:09
Ontario that could protect peat lands and other ecosystems as well.
11:14
The Kitchen of kusteb Inuit First Nation has also proposed
11:19
a protected area including peat lands around the Fawn River
11:23
in northern Ontario. What makes an indigenous approach to planning
11:27
is that you look at what you need to keep
11:29
in those ecosystems as opposed to looking at what you
11:32
can take. Courtois of the Indigenous Leadership Initiative said, under
11:37
such an approach, Indigenous leaders can also identify less vulnerable
11:40
areas where activities like mining could occur.
11:44
Speaker 2: Quote.
11:45
Speaker 1: The more that province has embraced the practice of land
11:48
use planning or land relationship planning as we like to
11:51
call it, the better the conditions are for the exploration
11:54
of potential development, Courtois said. The fate of the conservation
12:00
project remains unclear, however, and Martin says the council is
12:04
still working to get the Ontario government on board. Now
12:09
we'll go to BBC Wildlife. The headline is rising from
12:14
the Embers, how fire is helping birds in California's National parks.
12:19
This is from October twenty first. Fires in the wild
12:23
are generally feared among humans for good reason, but they
12:26
are crucial to the functioning of many ecosystems, from prairies
12:29
to forests. Now, a new study published in the journal
12:33
Fire Ecology finds that some birds benefited from blazes over
12:37
a thirty five year period in Yosemite National Park and
12:41
Sequoia and King's Canyon National Parks in the Sierra Nevada
12:45
region of the USA. Of the forty two Species Study
12:48
twenty eight showed increased population densities for several decades in
12:53
regions that had burned, and it wasn't only known post
12:56
fire specialists that reaped the rewards. Generalists species such as
13:01
dark eyed juncos and mountain chickadees benefited too.
13:05
Speaker 2: Quote.
13:05
Speaker 1: Given the effects of fire on bird habitats in the
13:08
long post fire process of vegetative succession, maybe it's not
13:12
too surprising that birds are responding to fires for so
13:15
long afterwards, says lead author Chris Ray of the Institute
13:19
for Bird Populations. Fires damaged large trees, allowing for a
13:25
greater range of plants to emerge. These post fire ecosystems
13:29
offer birds of varied diet and a wealth of nesting sites.
13:34
Speaker 2: Quote. Western tanagers and.
13:36
Speaker 1: Hermit warblers were more abundant at points that had experienced
13:41
a low severity burn thirty five years ago than at
13:44
points that never burned in the previous thirty five years.
13:47
Speaker 2: Ads ready About ninety seven and.
13:50
Speaker 1: A half percent of the study locations where in areas
13:53
that had experienced burns of low to moderate severity, so
13:57
the results are likely not applicable to regions that have
14:01
seen severe wildfire damage in recent decades, attributed in part
14:05
to poor forest management and increasingly extreme weather events. It
14:11
underscores the importance of fire regimes. Both managed burns and
14:16
natural burns are needed to maintain ecosystems in a human
14:19
dominated world. Indigenous peoples once set fires or allowed lightning
14:23
strikes to ignite their lands because they reaped the benefits.
14:27
Suppressing fire is instinctive and natural too, but as the
14:31
abundance of birds in these Sierra Nevada parks indicates, the
14:35
terrifying and destructive power of fire is key to the
14:39
natural order. And Now from BBC Science Focus, The clearest
14:47
sign of alien life on Mars found by NASA. A
14:53
detailed study of rocks on the red planet has revealed
14:56
intricate patterns resembling leopard spots. Quote the clearest sign of
15:01
life we've ever found on Mars, according to NASA's acting
15:05
administrator Sean Duffy. The rock, thought to be around three
15:09
and a half billion years old, was discovered by NASA's
15:11
Perseverance rover in July twenty twenty four. Ever since, planetary
15:16
scientists have been investigating possible explanations for what could have
15:20
created the markings. While the patterns may have formed through
15:23
geological processes, the scientists explained in a recent Nature paper
15:28
that ancient Martian microbes are the current leading theory behind
15:32
the leopard patterned rocks. In the hope of obtaining a
15:35
more definitive answer, Perseverance has taken and stored a fragment
15:39
of the rock. If all goes to plan, this sample
15:42
will be returned to Earth one day, where it can
15:44
be thoroughly examined for signs of past life. Today, Mars
15:49
is a dry, dead world, but that hasn't always been
15:52
the case. Until around three billion years ago, Mars surface
15:56
was covered with flowing rivers in vast lakes of liquid water.
16:00
Here on Earth, wherever you find water, you can expect
16:02
to find life somewhere nearby. To uncover whether this was
16:06
also true on Mars, NASA rovers has spent the last
16:09
twenty years hunting for clues to prove whether the red
16:13
planet was once habitable or even inhabited. The Perseverance rover
16:17
was exploring a region known as Jesio Crater, which was
16:21
a lake in Mars distant past. Similar regions on Earth
16:25
are havens for microbial life. While exploring an outcrop of
16:29
rocks known as the Bright Angel Formation, Perseverance spotted a
16:33
rock with a striking pattern resembling leopard spots. We took
16:38
just about every possible observation we could of the patterned
16:41
rock and the Bright Angel Formation as a whole, says
16:45
study lead professor Joel Herowitz from Stony Brook University. In
16:52
Perseverance's cameras were able to capture the patterns in minute detail,
16:57
while device is known as spectrometers analy as the minerals
17:00
they were made of. The rover was even able to
17:03
map out the outcrop's structure below the surface using radar.
17:08
Speaker 2: Quote.
17:08
Speaker 1: Basically, we threw everything but the kitchen sink at these rocks,
17:11
said Heroitz. The analysis revealed the patterns were created by
17:16
iron rich minerals known as vivianite or greggite on Earth.
17:21
Both minerals are often produced by redox reactions, where the
17:25
microbes exchange electrons with their surroundings.
17:29
Speaker 2: Quote.
17:29
Speaker 1: On Earth, redox reactions like these are often driven by
17:32
microbes living in sediment, which derive energy from these reactions
17:37
to power their metabolic activity. Says Heroiz, The trace is
17:41
left behind by these reactions then create distinctive patterns in
17:45
the rocks formed from those sediments. That doesn't mean it's
17:49
time to start celebrating the discovery of alien life just yet.
17:52
There are other ways the leopard spots could have been
17:55
created without the influence of life. For instance, heat could
17:59
have all so provided the energy needed to drive the
18:02
same reactions between mud and organic matter to produce the
18:06
new minerals. The team couldn't find any sign that the
18:09
rocks had been heated, however, nor did the conditions look
18:12
quite right for any other non life based method they investigated,
18:17
but Heroitz cautions we can't rule them out completely. One
18:23
of the biggest surprises is how relatively young the rocky is,
18:26
just three and a half billion years old. This means
18:29
that the patterns formed when Mars is already beginning to
18:31
dry up. This suggests that the planet may have been
18:35
habitable for a lot longer than planetary scientists previously thought. Unfortunately,
18:40
Perseverance has an entire planet to explore and has now
18:43
moved on to search for life elsewhere.
18:47
Speaker 2: Quote.
18:47
Speaker 1: If we were to return to Jezro in the future,
18:50
there are follow up questions we might look to address
18:53
with the rover payloads, says Heroitz. But I suspect that
18:56
these follow up measurements wouldn't be able to provide a
18:59
more definitive answer to the question of whether these features were.
19:02
Speaker 2: Formed by life.
19:04
Speaker 1: Ultimately, the determination of whether life is involved will require
19:08
analysis in laboratories on Earth. Now we'll go back to
19:15
Vox and have an article headlined most animals on this
19:19
island nation are found nowhere else on Earth, and now
19:22
they're vanishing.
19:24
Speaker 2: This is from October twenty first.
19:27
Speaker 1: Throughout the Western world, Madagascar is perhaps best known as
19:30
a hotspot for wildlife, home to lemurs, chameleons, and other animals,
19:35
a reputation popularized by movies like Madagascar and shows like
19:40
Planet Earth. And it's true that the country has an
19:42
impressive array of creatures and plants that you can't find
19:45
anywhere else. Lemurs literally only exist on this island, as
19:49
do almost half of the world's chameleon species, and most
19:53
of its iconic baobab trees.
19:56
Speaker 2: Stout species that are mostly trunk.
20:00
Speaker 1: Though Madagascar is one of a kind, it's not exactly
20:02
the wildlife haven you might imagine, at least not anymore.
20:06
The island has lost around half or possibly more of
20:09
its original forests and as much as half of the
20:12
lit of the live coral off its coasts. Today, nearly
20:16
all lemur species are threatened with extinction, so are half
20:20
of the country's chameleons, and several species of ten ric
20:24
adorable hedgehog like creatures that live only in Madagascar. Reef
20:30
dependent fisheries in some regions, meanwhile, are on the verge
20:33
of collapsing. These declines are rooted in scarcity. Madagascar is
20:38
one of the poorest and most malnourished countries on the planet.
20:42
Last year, eighty percent of the island nation lived in
20:45
extreme poverty, earning less daily than what two dollars and
20:49
fifteen cents.
20:50
Speaker 2: Could buy you in the US.
20:51
Speaker 1: In twenty seventeen, nearly forty percent of young children have
20:56
stunted growth due to a lack of nutrition. This matters
21:00
because throughout much of the country, one of the only
21:02
ways to earn money and buy food is by taking
21:05
resources from the environment. People cut down forests, for example,
21:09
to make and sell charcoal of wood based fuel, or
21:13
to clear small parcels of land to grow crops. These
21:16
sorts of activities aren't inherently harmful. Humans have always relied
21:20
on nature for survival, but when people have no other
21:23
way to earn a living, the pressure of extraction can
21:26
become too much. There are several complex region reasons why
21:30
poverty still grips Madagascar, including political instability and corruption. Just
21:36
this month, the Madagascar government was dissolved. The president was
21:40
impeached and the military assumed power, following weeks of protests
21:44
in the capital of Antenna, Narvao and Tenna Narivo and
21:51
Tenna Narivo from people frustrated by power and water outages
21:56
and a lack of economic opportunity. Together with climate change,
22:00
the lingering effects of colonialism and foreign aid structures, poor
22:04
governance has stymied the growth of nonexistent and non extractive industries.
22:12
As a result, a large number of people across Madagascar
22:15
are highly dependent on the island's ecosystem for their livelihoods
22:19
for their survival, and those ecosystems are starting to fail,
22:23
partly because of the sheer scale of dependency that makes
22:26
conservation here both incredibly challenging and incredibly important. Last month,
22:33
I visited Madagascar in search of solutions. I was after
22:36
ideas for how to sustain the country's iconic ecosystems and
22:40
animals as a means to support human well being. What
22:43
I found in the southwest and eastern regions was more
22:47
dim than I had expected. I saw clear signs of
22:50
core reefs and distress, and fishermen facing hunger. I saw
22:54
wildfires approaching one of the last intact stretches of highland Forestsultimately,
23:00
and did find what I was after solutions that actually
23:03
seemed to work, And though they were small scale, their
23:05
significance felt large because, as several experts stole me along
23:09
the way, if you can get conservation to work under
23:11
these conditions, it'll work anywhere. Scientists are testing a surprising
23:17
approach to fighting hunger in one of the poorest places
23:20
on earth. Around the world, advanced farming also destroys forests,
23:27
but near one nature reserve in southwest Madagascar, it may
23:31
be key to saving them and the lemurs that call
23:34
them home. And several hours north of Antenna, Narivo, Madagascar's capital,
23:40
is a small patch of green and a sea of brown,
23:43
a park surrounded by degraded land, and it's full of chameleons,
23:47
some of which are endangered. The park's boundaries are well
23:50
protected by patrols, but wildfires fueled by climate change threatened
23:55
to destroy it. We have an article here from the
23:59
Sandford r Cisco Chronicle. Salmon reach headwaters for the first
24:04
time in a century after California dam removal. Dated October twentieth,
24:10
salmon on the Klamath River have crossed a major threshold
24:13
a year after four dams were removed along the California
24:17
Oregon border, with fish reaching the river's headwaters for the
24:21
first time in more than a century. Oregon Wildlife officials
24:24
said Friday that multiple salmon were observed in Upper Klamath
24:28
Lake as well as its major tributaries, which confirms the
24:32
three hundred mile migration of salmon from the Pacific Ocean
24:36
in northern California to their historical spawning grounds in southern Oregon.
24:42
The fish had been kept from going upriver by the
24:45
now demolished dams since the early nineteen hundreds. Concerns had
24:51
persisted that two existing dams farther upstream would continue to
24:55
hamper fish passage. However, at least a portion of them.
25:00
This year's fall run of Chinook salmon is now known
25:03
to have made it past these obstacles. It's a true blessing,
25:07
said William Ray, chair of the Klamath Tribes, which detected
25:11
salmon along their tribal lands on the Lower Williamson River
25:15
near the Oregon community community of Chiliquin in the Upper
25:19
Klamath Basin earlier this month. Quote, we haven't had salmon
25:23
here since nineteen o nine. It's a time for us
25:25
to heal and reflect on our families and leaders who
25:29
fought so hard to get them here. The five hundred
25:32
million dollars damn removal project on the Klamath River, considered
25:36
the largest in US history, was done with the goal
25:39
of restoring the vast Kla Klamath Watershed to its natural splendor.
25:44
The return of salmon was the benchmark for success. A
25:48
handful of tribes in the region, all of which see
25:51
salmon as sacred, led the decades long push for the
25:54
damn deconstruction. The owner of the hydroelectric facilities, Portland based
25:59
Pacific Corp, Agreed to remove the dams because they were
26:02
outdated and cost more to maintain than they were worth.
26:06
The states of California and Oregon helped underwrite the effort.
26:10
The dams and the reservoirs they impounded, three in California
26:14
and one in Oregon, did not provide water supplies nor
26:17
flood control, They did provide boating and other recreational activities.
26:22
Within weeks of completion of the dam removal, last fall,
26:25
schnook salmon were observed migrating through the footprints of the
26:29
former hydroelectric facilities. Because of the turbid waters temporarily caused
26:34
by the demolition and years of declining salmon numbers, it
26:38
was unclear how much success the fish would have.
26:41
Speaker 2: Moving up river.
26:43
Speaker 1: Only last month was a salmon observed getting past the
26:46
still existing Keino Dam in Oregon, where questions had remained
26:51
about whether fish could climb an old fish ladder there.
26:54
On October sixth, another salmon was detected scaling the fish
26:58
ladder at Link River Dam. In the following days, salmon
27:02
were confirmed pushing across the nearly thirty mile long Upper
27:06
Klamath Lake to such tributaries as the Williamson and Sprague Rivers.
27:11
What we're seeing now is incredibly encouraging and the result
27:15
of strong collaboration among state and federal agencies, tribes, and
27:19
conservation partners who have all been working towards this moment
27:22
for an incredibly long time, said Mark Herford, Fishery's Reintroduction
27:28
project leader for the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
27:33
The salmon population in the Klamath Basin is estimated to
27:36
be less than a tenth of what it was historically.
27:39
The hope is that this new access to ancestral waters
27:43
will boost reproduction and ultimately fish numbers. Efforts to restore
27:49
the watershed saw setback recently, with the Mid Klamath Watershed
27:53
Council announcing several federal grants had been terminated by the
27:57
Interior Department. Some of the money would have gone toward
28:00
monitoring salmon and improving fish habitat in the basin. Well
28:05
that's all for this week's Diary of Science and Nature.
28:08
Your reader was Kelly Taylor. Stay tuned now for further
28:11
programming on RADIOI