Latest / Worldview Matters With David Fiorazo / Tim Chaffey: Watch What You Watch, Prevent Soul Pollution
Transcript
- 0:00Welcome to World View Matters, discussing controversial issues, discerning current events,
- 0:10defending biblical Christianity, no topic, off limits.
- 0:16And now, here's your host, David Firazzo.
- 0:20Brothers and sisters, thank you so much for tuning in.
- 0:22I'm so blessed to have this brother back with us who was one of the speakers at our World
- 0:28View Matters Conference in Green Bay, was it a month or a month ago, my goodness, times
- 0:32flying, redeemed the time, Mr. Tim Chafee.
- 0:37He is an author and also the content manager of the Attractions Division of Answers
- 0:42and Genesis.
- 0:43He oversees the development of content for the exhibits, the Ark Encounter, the Creation
- 0:48Museum.
- 0:49He also writes articles for the Answers and Genesis website and gives presentations at the
- 0:54Ark Encounter and Creation Museum.
- 0:56He's also a regular co-host on Answers News, as well as a producer and co-host of the
- 1:03award-winning movie analysis show Tilt Shift.
- 1:08It's on Answers TV and a brand new book is out that you guys need to get.
- 1:12It is called Watch What You Watch, understanding the world views and philosophies in modern
- 1:20movies, and that's what we're going to be talking about today with author Tim Chafee.
- 1:25Good to see you brother.
- 1:27David, great to see you as always.
- 1:29Yeah.
- 1:30And it's not to believe you.
- 1:31It's been already a little over a month since that conference, but it was a great time.
- 1:34I enjoyed being there, meeting everybody, and I always enjoyed being back home, so it's
- 1:39great to see family too.
- 1:41It was great to have you, and we're planning one for next year.
- 1:44Feedback has been through the roof positive.
- 1:46I was so encouraged.
- 1:48But I want to let everybody know, if you want to get all the sessions of the speakers,
- 1:52we now have the individual sessions, not just a massive video of the live stream.
- 1:56We have individual videos up at the YouTube channel for World View Matters, David Fiorazo.
- 2:03Look under the playlist.
- 2:05World View Matters, 2026 conference.
- 2:07Tim's is up there.
- 2:08I've shared that on my website, on my social media, all the sessions that are there.
- 2:13I still have a couple more I need to share.
- 2:15But look up the sessions.
- 2:17His was phenomenal.
- 2:18They were all so good, but so Tim, again, thank you.
- 2:21It was great to have you here and glad it worked out while you were in town.
- 2:24But about this book, Hollywood has been at it for a long time with their, not just influencing
- 2:34young people and people in general against the biblical world view, but now I think we
- 2:39can safely say there's a hostility toward biblical world view and Christianity and that
- 2:45comes out in TV, it comes out in movies.
- 2:48So go ahead.
- 2:49I mean, your wife was also one of the authors on this book, right?
- 2:53Didn't Casey help you with this one?
- 2:54So tell us why you write all kinds of theological issues, all kinds of different topics you talk
- 3:01about.
- 3:02But why did you decide to go down this road for this book?
- 3:05So actually, it's interesting, my wife, she and I met in a movie theater back in the
- 3:12mid 90s.
- 3:13Oh, goodness.
- 3:14I didn't know.
- 3:15Rochester, Minnesota, I was a manager of a movie theater and she would come in.
- 3:18I won't tell the whole story, but she felt for me and that's awesome.
- 3:23Yeah.
- 3:24And so movies have always been a big part of our relationship, you know, from the beginning.
- 3:29And it's continued that way all the way through, you know, we've been married almost 30 years
- 3:32now at the end of this year.
- 3:34And so a lot of our relationship has included watching movies together.
- 3:40Obviously, we have certain standards of what we will and won't watch.
- 3:43But one thing that we wanted to make sure that we do, and we've been doing this for, you
- 3:48know, a couple of decades now, is we actually just, we don't just watch to be entertained.
- 3:53We, even though there are times where it's entertaining, but we want to make sure we understand
- 3:57that we're discerning what messages are being promoted and whether good or bad, because
- 4:03it's a lot of times what Christians will do is they take one of two approaches and
- 4:07they do this with a lot of topics, but with movies, it's thou shalt not ever.
- 4:11You know, all these are wrong.
- 4:12They're bad because Hollywood, evil and don't ever spend any of your dimes there at all
- 4:16no matter what.
- 4:17Or, hey, all things are lawful for me, I'm going to watch whatever I want to watch.
- 4:22But as with other areas of life, we have to show discernment.
- 4:26We do have liberty in Christ to watch those things, but that doesn't mean that we should
- 4:30be watching those things.
- 4:31We should be looking for the things that edify and build up and that are honorable and true
- 4:36and noble.
- 4:37But we also know that our culture is inundated with movies.
- 4:41You know, I'm just going to read a couple of lines from the back cover.
- 4:44Sure.
- 4:45The top four lines.
- 4:46May the force be with you.
- 4:49As you wish, you sound that pass.
- 4:52You're a wizard Harry.
- 4:54I'll bet most people hearing those words heard those words in the voices of the characters
- 4:59who said those in the movies because those things stick with us.
- 5:03Movies are, they're powerful in television as well.
- 5:07Music can do the same thing.
- 5:08You know, you hear a song that you hadn't heard since you were a kid riding the bus, you
- 5:12know, 30 years ago and suddenly you, the lyrics are right there again.
- 5:16You remember where you were when you heard that.
- 5:18And so those things have, they are very powerful tools of communication and they can be used
- 5:26for good and they can be used for very evil purposes as well.
- 5:30Yes.
- 5:31I do want to mention just what I thought about it.
- 5:35I was thinking, well, what can people watch this?
- 5:38It's clean and family friendly and positive and glorifying to God and would actually edify
- 5:43a family.
- 5:44And I thought there's a couple new channels or new networks that are out now.
- 5:48I know there's pure flicks and there's other things.
- 5:51But on television, there's the great American family channel is one positive.
- 5:57I think it's positive without the E on the end, positive networks.
- 6:01There's a lot of things, places where you can get movies.
- 6:05But I saw as you wish, I'm thinking, man, the princess bride, that's such a classic.
- 6:10But in the 90s, you said you met Casey in the 90s and you guys, you were working at
- 6:14the theater.
- 6:15It seems to me, if I remember right, that was a decade that movies got really ubersexual.
- 6:22I mean, really, they took a turn to see, I mean, they're pressing the limits of censorship
- 6:29and I was talking to you before we got on the air about the television, the FCC and their
- 6:34lack of regulation.
- 6:35How are movies regulated in the theaters or what Hollywood puts out to movie theaters in
- 6:42the rating system?
- 6:43Isn't that just bizarre?
- 6:44Some of these things that you're thinking, that cannot be PG-13, you know?
- 6:49You know, it's interesting because my wife and I, we've, in about five to ten years ago,
- 6:53started watching a lot of classic oldies, I'm going to call them that and I mean, earlier
- 6:57than 1975, earlier than me, 1973, earlier than that.
- 7:03And there was some stuff that was pretty risky even in those that we were really surprised
- 7:08at some of the things because we always think about it being like the good oldies or that
- 7:12this with a lot more wholesome and, and to a degree, that's true, but the, you know,
- 7:16sin's still abounded in the 50s and the 60s and especially in the 60s and in the 70s.
- 7:24And so what we want to do is like a different approach with, you mentioned the show Tilt Shift.
- 7:28Well, that's what this book came out of that show.
- 7:31My wife and I, we had been watching a, a couple of movie analysis shows on YouTube and,
- 7:36you know, the certain individuals would have a pretty interesting approach to how they're
- 7:41watching these movies.
- 7:42And I thought, one of the, what we talked about, she'll say she thought of it, I think
- 7:47I did.
- 7:48But she's probably right.
- 7:49One of the great to have a biblical worldview analysis of the movies, you know, people are
- 7:55watching these things.
- 7:56Why not have something that's available to show people, look, here is what's being promoted
- 8:01in these films.
- 8:02Here's this messaging that's going on.
- 8:04Here's something that they're doing really well and, you know, be able to pick those
- 8:07out because a lot of people just turn their, you know, they check their brains at the
- 8:10door when or when TV on and we really shouldn't do that.
- 8:15And so we got the idea for the show and thought who else would be a good co-host.
- 8:21And so we contacted Brian Osborne, one of our speakers, a good friend of mine and it took
- 8:26off from there.
- 8:27And so we've had a, we've had four seasons of it now where we do eight episodes each season
- 8:32and the last two we've actually had a bonus Christmas episode.
- 8:36So we've had what 30 and a live episode as well.
- 8:38So we've got like 35 episodes that we've done received a great response.
- 8:43We've had a few, a couple of negatives like, I can't believe you're not telling people
- 8:47to not watch this movie and intro says this isn't your typical movie review.
- 8:53So we're not telling you whether you should or shouldn't watch the film to review and
- 8:56we're not endorsing the, you know, the characters in those movies either.
- 9:00But we're trying to get you to, you know, think from a biblical perspective about these
- 9:06things, to shift your thinking to a line with the word of God.
- 9:09And so a good example of that and when the show came out four years ago, something that
- 9:15had just come out on streaming was a movie called Free Guy with Ryan Reynolds.
- 9:20That's right.
- 9:21And I'm not endorsing the whole movie or anything like that.
- 9:23There's some, a lot of crude, crude humor, it's PG 13.
- 9:28But the whole point of the movie, if there's a couple of analogies in there that are so perfect
- 9:33for us.
- 9:34One, he's this video game character who doesn't have any parts or any lines or anything.
- 9:38And he just, you know, it's like a grand theft auto type thing where he, he's a, he worked
- 9:42at a bank and it's being robbed all the time by all the players who are coming in.
- 9:45Well, the players actually have sunglasses on the non players like him don't.
- 9:51And one day he, well, he starts to question something and he ends up picking up a pair
- 9:54of these sunglasses and something he sees everything differently.
- 9:57He sees what the players are seeing.
- 9:58He sees that there's more to this quote, unquote, reality, I know it's a video game.
- 10:03But and it's that perfect analogy for us as far as world views.
- 10:07When you have on the right set of lenses, you see things completely differently than if
- 10:10you have the wrong set of lenses.
- 10:12And we want people to have a biblical world view.
- 10:13So there was a really good analogy there.
- 10:15But the whole movie, the premise of the movie is that this video game was once, it was
- 10:21designed by the creator of the video game to be this perfect, you know, paradise world
- 10:26that you can walk around and just enjoy thing.
- 10:28There's not, it's not a shoot him up.
- 10:30It's not all this violence like so many video games.
- 10:32And then a big tech company took it over and turned it into this, this thing where it's
- 10:38full of all the blood and guts and violence and everything.
- 10:41And the, the way to fix that was that the creator of the video game put himself in the
- 10:49game to lead the people back to this perfect world.
- 10:53And when you see this perfect world at the end, you've got people walking around with
- 10:56dinosaurs and it's like, this is, it's so close to the biblical message as far as like
- 11:01the story arc itself and the plot and everything.
- 11:05But obviously there's all sorts of garbage that goes along with it.
- 11:09And so if you're familiar with that movie or if your, your neighbor's watch it, can you,
- 11:14can you use that to help explain the gospel to them and help them maybe understand it
- 11:18in a way that they wouldn't have got it before?
- 11:21And so that's one of the things we're doing with the show.
- 11:22Well, we'll call out when there's, in that movie, there's some good examples.
- 11:27There's a scene where the, the guy who has made the video game is kind of complaining
- 11:32about how it's taken over and the other guy says, well, it sounds like a whole bunch
- 11:35of white privilege to me or something like that.
- 11:37So it's just assumed white privilege is the thing.
- 11:39And there's just a bunch of little one liners like that that are kind of throw away lines.
- 11:43But the more you hear it, the more it becomes reality, the more you think that, oh, this
- 11:49must be true.
- 11:50You know, global warming is thrown into so many things, it must be true.
- 11:53Interesting.
- 11:54So there's a lot of those little things too, but, but there's time for they to do something
- 11:58really well.
- 11:59And we should acknowledge that.
- 12:00Well, it leads me to my question about that in the table of contents.
- 12:05First of all, the chapter titles, just the first five world views, postmodernism,
- 12:11wokeness, blurring lines, toxic feminism, evolution, but let's go back to world views, Tim.
- 12:18And what are some ways that entertainment subtly communicates world view ideas without
- 12:24directly stating them, because they put it in there subtly oftentimes.
- 12:29Oh, yeah.
- 12:30Well, think about a biblical view of marriage and, you know, sect within marriage.
- 12:35It's made for one man, one woman for life, right?
- 12:39But how is it usually portrayed in movies, over 90% of the time that sect is either depicted
- 12:45or hinted at in movies, it's between the unmarried couples and it's infuted that it's
- 12:49perfectly acceptable.
- 12:51You have, you know, little kid, anybody using crude language with a lot of little kids using
- 12:56foul language and just so many different things.
- 13:01The Harry Potter movies are good examples of movies that have some really good qualities,
- 13:07showing courage and sacrifice and loyalty and friendship, but some really good virtues,
- 13:14but also there's, there's situational ethic, you know, Harry can sneak out at night.
- 13:19Why?
- 13:20Because he can break the rules at the school because he's the good guy and he, he, you
- 13:25know, he, the ends justify the means in a sense when you have that sort of morality.
- 13:31And so it's, whether or not they're not coming around and saying that, but that is what
- 13:36they're depicting.
- 13:37And so that shows that that part of it's not coming from a biblical perspective where
- 13:41it's, I know it's wrong because you're not supposed to be doing this.
- 13:45So it's interesting not to mention witchcraft and that's very subtle as well and that really
- 13:50took off in the 90s and we actually saw an explosion of the kids experimenting and dabbling
- 13:56with casting spells and things.
- 13:58So movies are so, so influential.
- 14:01You started out by talking about when we were kids and the movies we watched and you remember
- 14:06music and movies both, you remember songs and you remember movies from when you're
- 14:11going up and they're very, very influential.
- 14:14So you say each of these themes they're given their own chapter and in each chapter you
- 14:21give several examples from Hollywood and explain that's very helpful I think for people
- 14:26to go to connect the dots because we see movies we don't even really put our biblical lens
- 14:31on or our glasses are discerning glasses on and sometimes it helps people to point stuff
- 14:37out.
- 14:38I think you know who did a good job of that years ago on the radio was plugged in, plugged
- 14:42in online.
- 14:43They do the movie reviews without saying don't watch this or go see this one but they just
- 14:47said here's how much profanity, here's how many sexual scenes and so I think that was
- 14:52very helpful.
- 14:53So go ahead and share whatever you'd like.
- 14:56Yeah, I was going to say that's one of the reasons why on the show we start off the way
- 14:58we do it because there's we actually say several other websites do that already.
- 15:02So like plugged in and some other ones they're telling you here's how many times they say
- 15:06this bad word, here's how many scenes and we're like well we're not going to do all that.
- 15:09We're going to tell you it's PG 13 and here's why you know give the local the the warning
- 15:14about it.
- 15:16And then if you want to find out all the bad stuff you go and you know read something like
- 15:21unplugged in but our goal is to help you look at the philosophy that the world views.
- 15:26Yeah, so you mentioned a toxic feminism there's that has been huge in our in the movies
- 15:31for the last really about last 10 years since the that horror horrendous ghost busters 2016
- 15:37the one with all female cast came out so terrible and they're going to bunch of others
- 15:43like the newer Charlie angels movies that was came out a few years we didn't episode
- 15:46where we compared woke women versus strong women.
- 15:50And if you look at the characteristics of the woke women there are they're so unlike
- 15:53well look they're so they're supposed to be so perfect they know everything already
- 15:56they're better than everybody every single thing they don't have to train for anything
- 15:59because they already know everything and they're so unrealistic as people because nobody
- 16:04would you can't relate to that because we're all broke and we all make mistakes.
- 16:08And yet the the strong women are the ones who are willing to work with men.
- 16:12They don't have to denigrate when men like the the woke women do they can display femininity
- 16:18they can be vulnerable they can they can they can stumble and fall and then get back up
- 16:26and that shows true character and true strength whereas the other ones are just it's this for
- 16:32whatever reason that Hollywood has been pushing this ideal for you know strong independent
- 16:38woman and yet they're completely unlikable and and I think that's by design I think
- 16:43they're doing what they can to destroy the family and what men should be and what women
- 16:47should be and so I think that's what we're seeing in a lot of these roles.
- 16:52So Tim I'm going back and just looking at some research briefly briefly because I mentioned
- 16:57the FCC and the parents television council on TV but movies explain if you can how the
- 17:05rating system how does it I mean some of this stuff is offensive and it's a PG 13 and
- 17:10you're thinking I don't understand how that's allowed you know what I mean yeah go ahead
- 17:16yeah so back in it wasn't until like 1980 I think 85 it might have been the end of 84 but
- 17:21I think it was late 85 or early 85 when the institute PG 13 before that you had rated
- 17:27G and that was supposed to be like general audience everybody it's okay but even in some
- 17:31of the rated G movies you would have some things that are not really appropriate and then
- 17:37you had PG and before 1985 PG could have a whole bunch of stuff that today we were looking
- 17:42at that's definitely PG 13 or maybe maybe because PG 16 like it's almost very large and so PG 13
- 17:49helped to separate some of the things but still I say PG stands for profoundly guaranteed because
- 17:54you're going to have you're still going to have some rough language in there yeah you you're
- 17:59not going to you probably want to have newly you're not going to have like graphic violence
- 18:02necessarily but you can have some of that stuff in PG 13 and of course regular is kind of a
- 18:07free-for-all and then NC 17 is you know even even worse and so most Hollywood movies they
- 18:16aim for PG 13 nowadays because those are the ones that draw the biggest crowds that's the
- 18:21biggest blockbusters are generally PG 13 and because you don't want it so family friendly
- 18:28in tame that known none of the teenagers they're going to want to see it because that's not cool
- 18:31and you don't want it very large where you can't get the teenagers in there because they're too young
- 18:35and so they shoot for that PG 13 but yet those are some of the most I mean the family friendly
- 18:41movies are some of the most popular and successful movies of the box office but Hollywood just
- 18:47doesn't seem to get it actually I don't think they want to right no and there's a there's a really
- 18:52good example of this the movie Galaxy Quest which if you're familiar with that it's like a Star Trek
- 18:58spoof and it beloved film I mean it was made late 90s I was supposed to compete with Harry Potter
- 19:05because I was coming out at the same time and when they filmed that they filmed it to be PG 13
- 19:11or maybe even are the language is very rough in the original but the studio wanted it to be PG
- 19:17because they wanted something to compete with that family movie and they so they toned it down
- 19:22and the actors actresses were upset about it but it is so much better as a result you know there's
- 19:29a scene where you can still see the person's mouth is saying the wrong word that's not what comes
- 19:33out in the audio and it's very clear but but people so many people will watch that with their kids
- 19:40now because it is a relatively again relatively clean movie compared to some of the other stuff out
- 19:46there and it's very funny it's well made it's got a lot of a lot of virtuous things in it in fact we
- 19:55feature that in one of the chapters on identity and we we talk about that in that chapter but that's
- 20:02they don't learn you know like look that movie people love it because it was something they could
- 20:07watch with their kids and they have that memory now those kids are old enough to have their own
- 20:10kids and they're showing that whereas if it was something that was like the actors wanted it
- 20:16wanted to caught on like it did so when they ask you this I know it's a worldview issue I can
- 20:21we talk about worldview all day there's a Zogby poll that came out in 2006 and it says a large
- 20:28majority 84% of adults stated they are not offended by references to God or the Bible
- 20:38on TV or in movies but yet Hollywood just seems to push the envelope the other way and take God's
- 20:44name as vain and vain and they do not put out that kind of content that families would have approved
- 20:51of and this was in 2006 times we're in 2026 now so isn't that interesting that it is a worldview
- 20:58issue because even though some of the good movies would sell Hollywood says no we're going to make
- 21:03this one yeah I think that's interesting I think that another way you see it is that I can't
- 21:08ever think you know I've worked in the theater for two years and I've watched movies for a long time
- 21:13I've talked to people and I can't remember somebody saying I wish there was more swearing in that movie
- 21:18exactly but I've heard the opposite a lot you know and yet they still put them there and
- 21:24but what so much of what it comes down to is these you know the director or the producer or the
- 21:29studio has a worldview and they yeah they're gonna push it it's one of the reasons why
- 21:35you know with Christian films a lot of times they get a bad rap because they force and I'm not
- 21:41I'm not trying to judge them for this but the gospel gets forced into it so it's not good storytelling
- 21:46it doesn't come through truly and so they just kind of tack it on there and I understand why
- 21:50they're doing it look if I raised two million dollars to make you know this is my a labor of love
- 21:55and I finally get the chance to to share this message of course I want to have the gospel and so
- 21:59I understand exactly why they're doing it but I think we need to do a better job of
- 22:05just if I can say storytelling so that we write it in a way that it actually comes through
- 22:10clearly and it fits and then you make a you make a good film you're telling a good story with
- 22:15the best message that you can share and it's the same thing when you see movies forcing ideas in
- 22:21where they don't belong and we we get turned off by that even when it's you know messaging from
- 22:26the other side so yeah it it's just think that it's very clear that in the last two
- 22:34days the last eight years or so where Hollywood said hey in order to be considered for an Oscar you
- 22:37have to have X number of minorities you have to have all of these different you know boxes that you
- 22:42check yeah and I haven't seen it yet but based on what it looks like the new Odyssey movie
- 22:48you know by Christopher Nolan looks like that's exactly what they're doing you know just checking
- 22:52back and it looks like it's going to be terrible as a result but like maybe maybe I'm wrong but
- 22:57yeah side side issue does it seem like Hollywood sometimes is running out of ideas because
- 23:01it always trying to remake something or bring an old cast back or something but I need to mention
- 23:06the websites where this is available guys before run out of time watch what you watch can be found
- 23:13at answers in genesis.org under the store and also it is on Amazon it just came out you know
- 23:21within a month or so a month and a half watch what you watch is on Amazon so look that up
- 23:27by Tim and Casey and also Brian Osborne so I want to we've got vermin to three minutes already Tim
- 23:33sorry about that I want to just talk about the end of your book who am I why movies resonate I think
- 23:39we already touched on that watch what you watch and behind the scenes whatever you'd like to share
- 23:44in the last couple minutes sir yeah so the behind the scenes and the gag reel is sort of like
- 23:49you know fans of the show would appreciate it because it goes into talking about some of the
- 23:53the gaps that we've made and things it's the show is light harder we have a lot of fun but we're
- 23:57also still serious on what we're we're presenting so you know it really reflects both our
- 24:03personality so I wanted the book to have that vibe as well but the the identity thing or the why
- 24:10they resonate you know if you think about some of these themes that can be portrayed really really
- 24:14well in in movies um sacrifices a big one you see you know you think about characters who are
- 24:21willing to lay down their life for a friend she just said creator has no my greater love had no
- 24:25man in the nest that he would be willing to give his life for his friend well you see that sometimes
- 24:28portrayed movies really really well you see redemption in fact we have we crave to see a redemption
- 24:34arc where a character has flawed or they've done something terrible we want to see them you know
- 24:40repent of that and and be made whole and there's time to remove these to do that really well
- 24:45courage and how about underdogs who doesn't love an underdog somebody who is downtroddened like Rocky
- 24:51you know he had no business being in there but he just refuses to quit and he and that's what we
- 24:57want right it's inspiring I don't know about you but as an athlete if I see the rocking training
- 25:02training montage you know as soon as the music hit I got to go work out yeah I'm in while you're
- 25:07and I have to go do it and um it's it's just that's the so movies can do things in a in a really
- 25:14positive way they can portray godly values even if they don't know that they're doing it because
- 25:19these directors and reveals they're made in God's image and God has put eternity in their hearts
- 25:23it's there and sometimes it comes through it comes through when they don't realize it
- 25:27all that to say they're a lot of junk and so there are a lot of bad messages too and so I'm
- 25:34I'm not endorsing any of these movies and you got to go watch them um I will
- 25:39make sure I don't endorse one movie and that is the last Jedi which is the worst movie ever made
- 25:43and what was the last Jedi the Star Wars episode eight which that's the theme of the post-modern
- 25:50chapter I think that that movie should be called post-modernism 101 that's if you want to know
- 25:55what post-modernism is that's the movie tear down every single thing that has come before they
- 26:00even say it multiple times you know kill the past or let the past die kill it if you have to
- 26:04over it it's subvert every single expectation and and do the exact opposite of what should be done
- 26:10it it's it's a perfect example of what post-modernism is now Tim I'm glad you wrote this book
- 26:16we really need to be discerning as the body of Christ entertainment is such a huge issue and
- 26:21Christians need to watch what they watch again friends you can go to answers and Genesis
- 26:25under store or on Amazon brother went by so fast thanks for your time we'll do it again soon
- 26:30that sounds great thanks David good to see you again god bless you friends and as always
- 26:34keep speaking the truth about things that matter