Latest / Stories That Live In Us / Not A Secret Anymore (with Linda Goldman and Milly and Marty Mandel) | Episode 44
Transcript
- 0:01Linda Goldman: I gave him.
- 0:02Linda Goldman: I wrote him back what the relationship was and I said but ancestry must have made a mistake, because I know all my first cousins.
- 0:13Linda Goldman: I literally grew up with them.
- 0:16Linda Goldman: We were walking distance to each other.
- 0:19Linda Goldman: My father's siblings were as close as any family could be.
- 0:24Linda Goldman: There's no secrets in our family.
- 0:28Linda Goldman: But good luck to you.
- 0:31Crista Cowan: Stories that Live In Us is a podcast that inspires you to form deep connections with your family, past, present and future.
- 0:39Crista Cowan: I'm Krista Cowan, known online as the Barefoot Genealogist.
- 0:43Crista Cowan: I'm Krista Cowan, known online as the Barefoot Genealogist.
- 0:47Crista Cowan: I've spent my whole life discovering the power of family history and I know that sharing the stories that live in you can change everything.
- 0:51Crista Cowan: Today, I have a treat for you.
- 0:56Crista Cowan: We have on the podcast our first centenarian.
- 1:00Crista Cowan: Her name is Millie Mandel and she is adorable.
- 1:06Crista Cowan: She's a little hard of hearing, little hard of seeing, and so if you are watching this on YouTube, you might see her squinting up really close to the zoom camera, and it's just the cutest thing ever.
- 1:19Crista Cowan: Now, here's how I got to know Millie.
- 1:22Crista Cowan: I have a genealogy friend that I met at a conference.
- 1:28Crista Cowan: Her name is Linda Goldman, and Linda found Millie on her ancestry DNA match list, and the story that unfolds as they try to figure out how they are related to one another involves one of Millie's grandsons and several of Linda's cousins, and it's really kind of a fascinating story when you put it all together, so I'm excited for you to listen to that.
- 1:56Crista Cowan: The other voice that you'll hear here is Millie's son, marty.
- 2:01Crista Cowan: Marty joins Millie, not just to help her navigate the technology, but because his perspective on the story is also a really important part of the narrative.
- 2:13Crista Cowan: So I hope you'll enjoy my conversation with Linda Goldman and Marty and Millie Mandel.
- 2:19Crista Cowan: Well, thank you both for being here.
- 2:22Crista Cowan: Linda, I would love to have you share with us a little bit about how you got started in family history ago.
- 2:29Linda Goldman: I knew very little about where either side of my maternal, my paternal grandparents came from, and so I started asking questions, and by that time there was really not very many people left of the older generation.
- 3:03Linda Goldman: But I was fortunate.
- 3:05Linda Goldman: There was a man from the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw who came to San Francisco and offered a free genealogy consultation to anyone who had Polish Jewish roots.
- 3:21Linda Goldman: So I immediately signed up for it.
- 3:24Linda Goldman: My brother and I went.
- 3:26Linda Goldman: We met him armed with the names of the my father's side of the family came from Poland, name of the town and my grandparents' names, that's it.
- 3:39Linda Goldman: And he looked at the name Goldman and he said oh well, you know, that's sort of like looking for Smith or Jones in the US, but let's see what we can do.
- 3:50Linda Goldman: Types in a few things and literally five minutes later said oh, there they are.
- 3:58Linda Goldman: And suddenly we had my grandparents' birth record, my great-grandparents' birth records and names of yet another generation back, started me on a quest.
- 4:12Linda Goldman: So I started building a family tree on ancestry and then I thought well, I guess I'll just do my DNA also and see what happens.
- 4:22Linda Goldman: And so I would have been very surprised if anything came back that was other than Eastern European Jewish and sure enough it came back that way.
- 4:32Linda Goldman: It was 99% at that point.
- 4:36Linda Goldman: Now it's 100.
- 4:36Linda Goldman: So I gave a DNA kit to my brother and my sister and we matched.
- 4:46Linda Goldman: We're siblings and a first cousin also did his DNA on Ancestry.
- 4:54Linda Goldman: He matched and then I came to find out that a first cousin's son had also done his DNA on Ancestry.
- 5:03Linda Goldman: That's how I got started and it's just.
- 5:05Linda Goldman: My interest has just grown since then.
- 5:09Crista Cowan: So you took the DNA test just kind of out of a little bit of curiosity.
- 5:15Crista Cowan: Is that what I'm hearing?
- 5:16Crista Cowan: Yes, and you recognized the names at the top of the list.
- 5:22Crista Cowan: But one of the challenges of course with Jewish family history, particularly as it relates to DNA, is because of so many hundreds of years of intermarriage within that very specific community.
- 5:35Crista Cowan: Oftentimes you end up with tens or hundreds of thousands of DNA matches who all look like they share a lot of DNA with you, but really it's because they're related to you multiple times across several family lines way back in history, and so oftentimes those close matches appear closer than they should be.
- 5:58Crista Cowan: So as you looked at that DNA match list, how long ago was it that you took the test before you got connected to a match?
- 6:08Crista Cowan: That was kind of a curious thing for you.
- 6:12Linda Goldman: Well, so I think I did the DNA test, probably about six or seven years ago, and then every now and then I'll get oh, you're matched with somebody, and nothing ever really connects or pops up.
- 6:29Linda Goldman: As I said, I have a couple of second cousins on my mother's side that I know are second cousins who lives in Europe, and we recognize the birth name of my maternal grandmother, and we have since become friends as well and I visited them outside of Amsterdam, so that's been a really fun adventure as well.
- 6:59Crista Cowan: That's so fun.
- 7:00Crista Cowan: So then, millie, would you tell us a little bit about?
- 7:04Crista Cowan: You took a DNA test, and what was the impetus for that?
- 7:08Crista Cowan: Why did you do that?
- 7:11Millie Mandel: Well, it all started with an invitation to a luncheon that my cousin was giving her cousin also.
- 7:21Millie Mandel: She was moving to Florida.
- 7:24Millie Mandel: A cousin also she was moving to Florida.
- 7:26Millie Mandel: So the cousins met for lunch at her home.
- 7:29Millie Mandel: Her name was Frances and there were probably about seven of us first cousins.
- 7:36Millie Mandel: It was very nice and we talked and Fran mentioned that her daughter had adopted two sons, two boys, and they were giving her a rough time.
- 7:51Millie Mandel: They were teenagers.
- 7:53Millie Mandel: And then she said they weren't like you and Grandma Lisa.
- 7:58Millie Mandel: Millie, you never gave Grandma any problems when you were adopted.
- 8:16Crista Cowan: And suddenly, after 57 years, I heard the word adopted, so you were 57 years old when you first heard that news.
- 8:21Crista Cowan: Yes, and how did that like?
- 8:25Crista Cowan: How did that, how?
- 8:26Crista Cowan: What did you think in that moment?
- 8:28Crista Cowan: Or well?
- 8:30Millie Mandel: my aunt, bessie, was sitting to the right.
- 8:33Millie Mandel: She knew that I didn't know anything.
- 8:38Millie Mandel: It had never been mentioned to me in the 57 years of my life.
- 8:44Millie Mandel: But she said to me Millie, come to lunch tomorrow and I will tell you everything I know.
- 8:51Millie Mandel: And I know very little, but that's how I found out I was adopted.
- 8:57Crista Cowan: Tell us a little bit about where you grew up and a little bit about your family family Growing up.
- 9:10Millie Mandel: We lived the first 10 years Well, actually the first year it was in a apartment.
- 9:13Millie Mandel: A group of Jewish people who knew each other in Romania, where they came from, had moved to Cleveland and had lived in this apartment building and my mother and father brought home a little two-month-old baby that they had adopted that was me and so the families there, all the Jewish families, made parties and my mother said it lasted.
- 9:50Millie Mandel: My mother didn't tell me.
- 9:51Millie Mandel: Aunt Bessie told me it lasted about two days.
- 9:56Millie Mandel: Everybody cooked and they just enjoyed each other and enjoyed having the baby there.
- 10:03Millie Mandel: Each other and enjoyed having the baby there.
- 10:13Millie Mandel: And the next that was in a apartment building, I would say between Woodland and Scoville, and we lived there for a while and then we moved for a while and then we moved.
- 10:31Millie Mandel: I don't know how my father got this, but he bought a two-family home in Garfield Heights, ohio.
- 10:35Millie Mandel: The streets weren't even paved and my mother had told me and we lived there 10 years, and tell me what year you were born 1924.
- 10:48Millie Mandel: Okay, I'm 100.
- 10:50Crista Cowan: You are 100 years old.
- 10:51Crista Cowan: That's amazing.
- 10:55Millie Mandel: January 3rd I became 100.
- 10:58Crista Cowan: That's so impressive.
- 10:59Crista Cowan: You said your father was able to purchase a home.
- 11:01Crista Cowan: How did the depression affect your family?
- 11:02Crista Cowan: You said your father was able to purchase a home.
- 11:05Millie Mandel: How did the Depression affect your family?
- 11:08Millie Mandel: Shortly afterward my father lost his business and the home and we had to move to an apartment in the Jewish section of Cleveland in an apartment building.
- 11:21Millie Mandel: So by then I was, oh, I would say, 10, 11 years old.
- 11:28Millie Mandel: I was the only Jewish child, but I enjoyed singing.
- 11:34Millie Mandel: So I was in the chorus group and the teacher who was the choral director noticed that I enjoyed it and had a pleasant voice.
- 11:44Millie Mandel: So she gave me the hero part in place that we made and I did a lot of singing in Garfield Heights.
- 11:55Crista Cowan: Well, I love that.
- 11:56Crista Cowan: That's amazing.
- 11:58Crista Cowan: So your family had gone from this Jewish community or this apartment building in Cleveland where you're surrounded by people who had the same background as you.
- 12:08Crista Cowan: Then you'd move to Garfield Heights, where you were the only Jew in your school.
- 12:15Millie Mandel: And then back to a Jewish community where I remember going to Patrick Henry Jr High, to Patrick Henry Jr High and then on to John Hay, and where I met my husband-to-be and we got married.
- 12:37Millie Mandel: How old were you?
- 12:38Millie Mandel: 19.
- 12:39Millie Mandel: My husband was three years older.
- 12:42Millie Mandel: One day he said to me are you interested in finding out anything about your history?
- 12:49Millie Mandel: I said not really.
- 12:51Millie Mandel: I had such wonderful parents.
- 12:54Millie Mandel: I would never.
- 12:55Millie Mandel: He said well, I'm a little interested.
- 13:00Millie Mandel: He says, do you?
- 13:01Millie Mandel: I said no, I'd be very interested.
- 13:04Millie Mandel: So he started inquiring and Marty's son, aaron, became interested in it and asked me how much I would like to do it.
- 13:18Millie Mandel: I said, well, whatever you do, I'm interested.
- 13:22Millie Mandel: The next week he came.
- 13:24Millie Mandel: He said I need some saliva.
- 13:27Millie Mandel: I said fine, and the following 10 days or so he came to me with a beautiful wedding picture of my birth mother.
- 13:41Crista Cowan: So, Millie, I'm going to pause you right there because I want to go back to Linda and I want to hear her side of this story.
- 13:47Crista Cowan: Pause you right there because I want to go back to Linda and I want to hear her side of this story.
- 13:51Crista Cowan: Linda, as Millie's over here with a grandson encouraging her to take all the DNA tests and start to explore her family history, you saw her show up as a DNA match to you.
- 14:02Crista Cowan: Tell me about that experience for you.
- 14:06Linda Goldman: So I didn't actually see it, but I did receive an email from Aaron through Ancestry, who said and I'll condense it a little bit researching the birth history of my wonderful she was 94, 95-year-old grandmother who found out very late in life that she was adopted and you pop up as a first cousin.
- 14:38Linda Goldman: And I wrote him and he said by the way, do you know these other people?
- 14:44Linda Goldman: And the other people were my brother.
- 14:46Linda Goldman: Do you know these other people?
- 14:49Linda Goldman: And the other people were my brother, my sister, my first cousin and my first cousin's son.
- 14:52Linda Goldman: I said, yes, I do happen to know them, and so I gave him.
- 14:57Linda Goldman: I wrote him back what the relationship was and I said but ancestry must have made a mistake because I know all my first cousins.
- 15:09Linda Goldman: I literally grew up with them.
- 15:11Linda Goldman: We were walking distance to each other.
- 15:14Linda Goldman: My father's siblings were as close as any family could be.
- 15:19Linda Goldman: There's no secrets in our family, but good luck to you.
- 15:25Linda Goldman: So I didn't hear back from him for about a week and I thought, okay, he's exploring other avenues.
- 15:32Linda Goldman: And I want to tell you that it was five years ago tomorrow that the email came in that said thank you for the information based on what you have told us We've been consulting with a professional genealogist and she has put it together.
- 15:52Linda Goldman: I read this email and I literally sat down on the floor.
- 15:58Linda Goldman: I couldn't breathe.
- 16:00Linda Goldman: It was so incredibly powerful and strange to me.
- 16:06Linda Goldman: Powerful and strange to me, as it turns out.
- 16:15Linda Goldman: My father was nine years old when they left Poland.
- 16:18Linda Goldman: He left with his brother, who was, I believe, 11, a younger brother and two older sisters sisters.
- 16:38Linda Goldman: They set foot in the US on September 22nd 1923.
- 16:40Linda Goldman: And what Aaron was able to put together and surmise, based on the DNA relationships, that Millie's birth mother was my father's oldest sister.
- 16:50Crista Cowan: And I did that math right, correctly, right, like they came in September.
- 16:54Crista Cowan: She was born in.
- 16:57Linda Goldman: January.
- 16:58Linda Goldman: So my aunt Tilly was six months pregnant on the boat, which must have been an incredibly difficult journey for her.
- 17:11Linda Goldman: So apparently, what happened was they arrived in Pittsburgh where my grandfather was already living.
- 17:20Linda Goldman: He had emigrated to the US two years prior to that and he had a sister who was living in Cleveland.
- 17:29Linda Goldman: So I'm going oh bingo, that makes sense.
- 17:33Linda Goldman: And so we pieced it together.
- 17:38Linda Goldman: Now, on this very day that or the night before when Aaron's email came in, I was leaving on a major trip.
- 17:46Linda Goldman: The next day when Aaron's email came in, I was leaving on a major trip the next day.
- 17:52Linda Goldman: So I'm trying to pack and call my siblings and call my cousins and get this all put together.
- 17:56Linda Goldman: And we had a sense of shock but like, oh my God, we need to meet this family, we need to talk.
- 18:07Linda Goldman: So the next morning I called Aaron.
- 18:10Linda Goldman: We had this most amazing conversation on the phone.
- 18:15Linda Goldman: Just, it's like what do we even say to each other, these two families that have each done their DNA, living without knowing anything about each other?
- 18:29Linda Goldman: All of a sudden we have all these ties with each other and I called the cousin who is the son of the first cousin whose DNA matched more closely with my aunt than any of us as first cousins.
- 18:57Linda Goldman: So I called him and he was so excited.
- 18:59Linda Goldman: The joy in his voice was just amazing.
- 19:02Linda Goldman: He said give me their number, I don't want to talk to you anymore, I want to call them.
- 19:07Linda Goldman: So he called Aaron and immediately connected with his Aunt Millie and he immediately sent some photos.
- 19:18Linda Goldman: We all kind of gathered photos and we all started sharing stories about Aunt Tilly.
- 19:25Linda Goldman: My first email with Aaron I said you know, I am really overjoyed about this.
- 19:33Linda Goldman: I think my cousins and my siblings will be as well.
- 19:37Linda Goldman: I can't speak for anybody else, but I will do my best to make some connections.
- 19:43Linda Goldman: And everyone was just so receptive on my side of the family and it's like, oh, we have a whole new family that we can't wait to meet.
- 19:53Linda Goldman: So we all just looked through our archives of photos and sent as many as we could.
- 20:00Linda Goldman: And my initial email with Aaron and I said no matter what happens, I want you to know that my Aunt Tilly was a wonderful, compassionate, kind giving person and it must have pained her indescribably to have given up a child that she could not talk about, indescribably to have given up a child that she could not talk about.
- 20:27Linda Goldman: Nobody in my family had ever had any suspicions of this.
- 20:33Linda Goldman: It was not something that was talked about.
- 20:37Linda Goldman: As I mentioned, my father was nine, coming over on the boat.
- 20:41Linda Goldman: Did he know that his sister was pregnant?
- 20:46Linda Goldman: Aunt Tilly had a.
- 20:47Linda Goldman: Her sister Mary was two years younger.
- 20:51Linda Goldman: She certainly knew that Tilly was pregnant.
- 20:57Linda Goldman: Nobody ever talked about it, so it just was a family story that was hidden for all these years and thanks to DNA, it was uncovered.
- 21:12Crista Cowan: That's amazing.
- 21:13Crista Cowan: Thank you for sharing your side of that story.
- 21:15Crista Cowan: Millie, as you looked at that photo the first time, what were your thoughts and feelings looking into the face of your birth mother?
- 21:26Millie Mandel: I'll be very honest with you.
- 21:28Millie Mandel: I had such strong feelings for my parents that I looked at this woman and I felt sorry for her that she had to go through the experience of giving up a child, not realizing that I'm thinking about myself, but that this woman who is my birth mother went through the agony of giving up a child and the thought became bigger that she was my mother, birth mother, and I have other pictures and things.
- 22:12Millie Mandel: She was interested in embroidery and through her family, and she has a sister-in-law in Los Angeles who I spoke to for maybe over an hour, who knew Tilly, but never, ever, ever, was Tilly's name or her family told to me, or if my mother probably knew some things, she never told me, except there was a phrase in Yiddish I don't know if you understand Yiddish.
- 23:04Crista Cowan: A little understand Yiddish.
- 23:15Millie Mandel: She told me.
- 23:15Millie Mandel: This says Nishti mama was hot.
- 23:17Millie Mandel: This kind says the mama was near.
- 23:19Millie Mandel: This kind, to tell you what it means in English it's not the mother who gives birth to the child, it's the mother who raises the child.
- 23:29Crista Cowan: So your mom would say that phrase and what she was really saying was I raised you, I didn't birth you, but you didn't know that.
- 23:40Millie Mandel: She never told me and it never dawned on me.
- 23:44Millie Mandel: She told me that if I was upset about something and maybe being naughty, she would put her arms around me and hold me and kiss me and love me.
- 23:57Millie Mandel: And then she'd say Malkala, my Jewish name, says the mama was hot.
- 24:02Millie Mandel: This kent says the mama was here, this kent hot.
- 24:03Millie Mandel: This Kent says the mama was here, this Kent.
- 24:06Millie Mandel: And I listened to her and I learned to say the phrase, but I never, ever stopped.
- 24:14Millie Mandel: I felt the idea that this woman is not my birth mother.
- 24:23Crista Cowan: Yeah, Wow.
- 24:23Crista Cowan: So as information about Tilly and photos started coming out and stories in addition to that information that you now have about Tilly, you also started to gain relatives, more family.
- 24:38Crista Cowan: Tell me about that.
- 24:39Millie Mandel: Wonder.
- 24:39Millie Mandel: They opened up their arms to me every single one of them and made me feel a part of the family.
- 24:49Crista Cowan: Marty, we haven't talked to you a lot, but I would just be really curious to hear you know obviously your mother was in her 50s when she found out she was adopted, so you were already, I suspect, an adult by that point and then to watch her, over the last several years, go through this experience, tell me what that's been like for you.
- 25:08Marty Mandel: Well, I think, if we pick up the story at the time that my mom finds out in her 50s, she's adopted, your 50s, she's adopted.
- 25:26Marty Mandel: So my father and mother invite me, my wife, my brother, his wife, my sister and her husband over.
- 25:28Marty Mandel: We have something to tell you.
- 25:29Marty Mandel: So all the kids get on the phone.
- 25:31Marty Mandel: What's going on?
- 25:32Marty Mandel: Why are they having us all come over?
- 25:35Marty Mandel: And we come over and mom sits there and tells us the story and what she's just found out she's adopted.
- 25:44Marty Mandel: And my response is this is very upsetting, because Grandma Lisa was obviously past.
- 25:51Marty Mandel: That was the only one with longevity.
- 25:54Marty Mandel: She lived to be 90 years old.
- 25:57Marty Mandel: Everybody on my father's side 50s, 60s, heart attacks, strokes, whatever.
- 26:03Marty Mandel: Where am I going to get longevity from if I don't have Grandma Lisa's genes anymore?
- 26:11Marty Mandel: So my father picked up the ball and obviously DNA was not available and only he was able to take it so far.
- 26:18Marty Mandel: And then my father passed away and the ball just got dropped and my son what is this now, 2018, starts gaining an interest, wants to know more about the family, tries to establish a family tree, and so we went with, and so we went with Ancestrycom, and that's when we got, a week or so later, all these shits from Linda and her family, and they opened their arms to us.
- 26:51Marty Mandel: It's just overwhelming how open they were, because you hear enough stories where, gee, this may not be what it is.
- 27:02Marty Mandel: Dna made a mistake.
- 27:03Marty Mandel: Dna did not make a mistake.
- 27:05Marty Mandel: This is my mom's family who knew it was.
- 27:24Marty Mandel: Just what a benefit and what gratitude we have because it was a secret.
- 27:26Marty Mandel: It was a shangha, as they said, to talk about adoption at that time, when mom was adopted in 1924.
- 27:32Crista Cowan: Yeah, wow, thank you so much for sharing, linda.
- 27:35Crista Cowan: Do you have a favorite memory of your Aunt Tilly Linda?
- 27:40Linda Goldman: do you have a favorite memory of your Aunt Tilly?
- 27:41Linda Goldman: Not one, I have many.
- 27:49Linda Goldman: So most of the family all the Goldman siblings lived in Pittsburgh, except for Aunt Tilly and her family, who lived in Connecticut.
- 27:56Linda Goldman: But every summer we would make a pilgrimage from Pittsburgh.
- 28:03Linda Goldman: We'd stop in Connecticut, visit them.
- 28:05Linda Goldman: My mother's sister lived in New York and then we'd go visit my mother's parents in Massachusetts.
- 28:12Linda Goldman: But as a child and I have two postcards, one from when I was eight and one from when I was 10.
- 28:22Linda Goldman: And my parents left me let me stay in Connecticut with Aunt Tilly and the family and I look back and we so they lived very close to a beach.
- 28:36Linda Goldman: Aunt Tilly went to the beach every day.
- 28:39Linda Goldman: She would play canasta with her women friends.
- 28:43Linda Goldman: I would paddle around in the water and she treated me like a daughter.
- 28:49Linda Goldman: And now in my life I look back and I wonder if she thought of me as the daughter she never had.
- 28:59Linda Goldman: She had three sons, as I mentioned, and I just she and I connect.
- 29:08Millie Mandel: I had a relationship with her that was very special person.
- 29:10Millie Mandel: I wish I had known her.
- 29:13Crista Cowan: Yeah, well, it sounds like you got some of the best parts of her and now you have a family that she has given you siblings and cousins, and I think that's just so beautiful.
- 29:26Crista Cowan: As you continue those relationships, linda, I'm going to just ask you one last question as you think about this experience and meeting Millie and being able to connect all those dots, what is it that you hope for the future?
- 29:42Linda Goldman: So a few years ago I was telling the story to a group of friends and one of the questions that came up was that.
- 29:51Linda Goldman: The question to me was well, how do you think Aunt Tilly would react to knowing that her secret was not a secret anymore?
- 29:59Linda Goldman: And I said two things.
- 30:02Linda Goldman: I said first of all, I think that she would be thrilled to know that her daughter had a great life, that she is the epitome of a life well lived, and I think Aunt Tilly would be thrilled to know that lived.
- 30:20Linda Goldman: And I think Aunt Tilly would be thrilled to know that.
- 30:22Linda Goldman: And I think she would be equally thrilled to know that our family's connected and that we have such a warm relationship.
- 30:28Linda Goldman: What I hope to gain is, for me personally, telling stories, and, krista, you're the champion of all of this.
- 30:38Linda Goldman: Stories are really important.
- 30:40Linda Goldman: I have a family tree that goes back now six or seven generations and I have names and for some of them I have dates of birth and dates when they died.
- 30:55Linda Goldman: But they don't know their stories, and hearing this story just fills me with love and it's something that is important to me to pass on to future generations.
- 31:08Linda Goldman: I don't have children of my own.
- 31:10Linda Goldman: I have nieces and nephews and I hope to instill to them 100 years from now.
- 31:18Linda Goldman: When somebody's asking questions, well, who were they?
- 31:21Linda Goldman: They'll have more of an idea of who we are and what we have passed down.
- 31:26Linda Goldman: I think keeping memories alive is just a very important part of what I do.
- 31:35Crista Cowan: That was so beautifully said.
- 31:36Crista Cowan: Thank you, Marty Millie.
- 31:38Crista Cowan: Thank you so much for being here.
- 31:40Crista Cowan: I appreciate it.
- 31:41Crista Cowan: Linda, thank you for bringing this story to my attention, and thank you all for taking the time to be with us today.