Latest / GARAGE TO STADIUMS Music History Podcast / The Story of Oasis : The warring kings of Britpop
Transcript
- G2S_E11_OASIS_VER.3 Thu, Nov 14, 2024 10:50AM • 35:39 SUMMARY KEYWORDS Oasis rise, Brit pop, Noel Gallagher, Liam Gallagher, Manchester upbringing, acid house, Morning Glory, Be Here Now, Knebworth concert, MTV Unplugged, drug use, stadium tours, musical legacy, fractious relationship, album sales SPEAKERS Paolo, Dave Anthony Dave Anthony 00:01 Dave, Hi there. I'm Dave Anthony, and this is the garage to stadiums podcast rated as one of the top 5% of podcasts globally. On each episode, we tell you the story of how one of our music legends rose from obscurity to fame and play some of the songs that mark that journey. Today's story is the story of Oasis. Oasis is a band from Manchester in northwest England, which is about 35 minutes from the Beatles hometown of Liverpool. The band achieved its fame in the early to mid 1990s and as America was experiencing the grunge alternative rock of Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Smashing Pumpkins, etc. Britain was experiencing a genre called Brit pop, which was lighter, more celebratory and rhythmic. And Oasis was arguably its most popular band and music export. The band had several songs that became radio staples in the mid 90s, like live forever, champagne, supernova and wonder wall. If you recognize this acoustic guitar intro, you'll love this episode. The band features two brothers, lead guitarist Noel Gallagher and his younger brother, Liam, the lead vocalist, who, as you will hear, had a fractious relationship marked by outrageous arguments and incidents between them, but there is no denying the Oasis success formula combining lush melodies built to be sung by crowds in large stadiums, big guitar sounds and a confident swagger on and off the stage, created a massive British movement in the 1990s they drew from the rich history of British music, citing its influence as The Beatles, The Who the stones, the kinks, David Bowie and more modern influences like the Smiths, the jam and the Stone Roses, the band has sold more than 75 million albums worldwide and has been number one in several countries a few times. Here to discuss Oasis is author music journalist Paolo Hewitt Paulo is the author of 26 books covering a variety of subjects, from music to football to fashion to his time in the foster care system as a child, two of his biggest sellers are getting high The Adventures of Oasis when he spent time with the band during the 1994 to 1996 period and forever, the people his account of the band's notorious Be Here Now tour in 1997 98 Welcome to garage, to stadiums. Paula, Paolo 02:39 hey, Dave, how are you? Dave Anthony 02:40 How you doing? Man, Paolo 02:41 I'm good. Dave Anthony 02:44 We're gonna dive in Paulo to the early life, the hard scrabble early life of Nolan Liam Gallagher, in particular, the challenging family situation. Can you sort of illuminate the audience on where these two boys grew up and the circumstances around their family? Sure, Paolo 03:01 the Gallagher Brothers, Liam and Noel and their older brother Paul, grew up in a place called Burnage, which is a suburb of Manchester. It's a working class area, and they grew up on what we in England would call a council estate. These are houses owned by the council, and you rent them. It's for people who don't, don't make a lot of money, can't buy their own houses. So it's very working class upbringing. They're Irish. Peggy was a really doting, loving mother, but Thomas was the other way. When drinking, would get violent with his sons, particularly Nolan Paul, not so much Liam. Nolan Paul. Nolan especially, really took the brunt of his of his violence. Dave Anthony 03:55 Noel was the middle son, Paul being the eldest Noel, and then Liam was younger. Paolo 04:00 Yeah, yeah. So you got Paul No. Liam, and I think obviously it had a huge effect, this trauma on No. And I think when, when children experience trauma, they would draw into themselves, and they find, they find activities that put them in the present, that make them forget where they are. And in Noel's case, I would say that that was music and football, right in those two elements, really, if you're playing football or watching football, or playing music or listening to music, you're totally in the present. You it makes you forget the surroundings or the environment that you're in. So obviously, the more you play football, listen to music, more you can sort of deal with the pain of what you're going through. So. So that's what I think Knowles all encompassing love of music probably was derived from, probably also from his Irish background. The Irish are very musical people. They've obviously produced amazing writers, amazing actors and amazing musicians and songwriters, right? And no certainly part of that lineage, right? So it was a turbulent the turbulent life for them, until Peggy decided one night that she'd had enough of this, and she took the three kids and left Thomas and they went to live in a council house, which which I actually visited in Burnage. And from then on, life got a little bit better. I think there was an under obviously, we're going to touch on or explore in depth Liam and Knowles consulate, arguing and bickering. But I always thought that maybe part of it was derived from the fact that Liam kind of escaped this, this violence. And no would have probably been thinking, Well, why him and not me? And that would have exasperated the distance between them, you know, with Liam being a good looking boy, maybe no was thinking, why is he, you know, is he looks Why is he getting away with it? And I'm not. Why am I copying this? And he isn't great Dave Anthony 06:26 point. Paulo, you spent a ton of time as a musical journalist for enemy and Melody Maker. I wondered, as you look back, what was the backdrop of music like in the UK in the late 80s, early 90s, prior to Oasis becoming the force that it became, well, the most interesting Paolo 06:45 things that were happening in England in the late 80s derived from black black America, specifically hip hop and then house music, those two musics came to this country in the mid 80s and turned everything on his head. Rock music was devoid of all the elements that Oasis brought back in there was devoid of glamor, excitement, rebellion. It kind of felt like it had run itself out, and that the most exciting and the most interesting music was coming from black America, and then that the hip hop scene was always there, but it never exploded into consciousness in the way that acid house did, or house music did here. And that was partly to do with the fact that, along with our house music, can this blue pill called ecstasy, which allowed a lot of white people who danced badly to dance very badly, but not worry about dancing very badly. And ecstasy turned everything on his head. One of the things about the 80s, and I, I witnessed this first hand experience with first hand at the New Musical Express was that everything was really divided. It was kind of like football teams. So I had hip hop and acid house, and, you know, the guy sitting on that desk over there had indie music, and I couldn't like him, and he couldn't like me because we were both so passionate about our musics, like my team is better than yours. Very 08:30 tribal, very divided, very tribal, yeah, Paolo 08:35 very tribalist. And then the house music broke, and suddenly this whole subculture grew up bigger than punk rock. It was huge house music people. I still don't think its importance has been actually understood, because it swept the country. It went from London and it swept all the way up, and it traveled the world as well, right? And no was a part of that. No would go to acid house clubs in Manchester and take the little blue pill and dance and and be joyous. Everybody was in a joyous mood. Everybody inhibitions were gone. What happened was that those tribes that had been at war with each other, once you hit the early 90s, they that started to that started to melt away. So all those barriers in the of the 80s were broken down. In the early 90s, no one was involvement in acid house never really gets talked about, but I think you can hear it in the music, especially in the early records. I mean, I know they're rock and roll, but the way the drums are and that idea of community, you know, the big anthems that he came up with, I think were in part derived from football terrace to. Services, going to see Man City and crowds singing football songs, and going to actually house clubs and crowds joining together as one, you know, because of this little blue bill. Dave Anthony 10:11 That's a really, really interesting point, because North America was kind of going through the early 90s. We were into the grunge and the alternative rocks were a Paolo 10:20 huge, huge impact on no and on English. Dave Anthony 10:35 As you'll hear, Noel Gallagher becomes the writing force behind Oasis, but he wasn't even in the band when it formed in 1991 younger brother, Liam, who is five years younger, started the band with out Noel, and it was called the rain, as in, it's raining outside. Liam had no musical experience and was collecting unemployment smoking pot, and suddenly decided he wanted to be a singer. Noel had owned a guitar since he was 12, and had started writing his own songs and lyrics. He did not perform in public and eventually became a roadie for another band. He was a guitar tech for a band called the Inspiral Carpets, but he spent so much time dreaming up lyrics on his guitar in his bedroom that the other existing members were pretty blown away when he played his stuff for them on August 29 1994 Oasis, first album called definitely, maybe, was released and went to number one in the UK charts. It went on to sell 15 million albums worldwide and contained the hits supersonic you money and live forever. Live Forever was said to be written about the boy's mom, who they both idolized as a single mom for her love, devotion and determination to raise them in spite of the challenging circumstances. In October 1995 their second album, what's the story? Morning Glory comes out and contains the hits wonder wall, 12:21 today is gonna be the day that they're gonna throw it back to you. By now, you should have somehow realized what you gotta do. I don't believe that anybody feels the way I do about you now. Morning, Dave Anthony 12:38 glory. Wow. Wow and Champagne Supernova. Wipe that 12:57 tear away now from your eye. Your eyes slowly walking down the hall. This Dave Anthony 13:08 album goes on to sell an astonishing 22 million albums and cements the band as an absolute force in the mid 1990s with a couple songs that heard literally on every format of radio station. Paula, you spent significant time between 94 and 1996 with the band, which is probably the pinnacle of Oasis mania. This must have been a wild ride to witness firsthand. What did you think of that period when you were with the band and those incredible performances Paolo 13:39 you're in a pub in in Yorkshire, playing to three people and a dog, and a year later, a year later, you're playing to 20,000 people in Sheffield. You know, suddenly gigs that would not talk to you suddenly open their doors, yeah, come and play here, and journalists who didn't, you know, turn your back on you. They want, they want to interview you. And it's all exciting. And I was there for that, and I remember thinking two things, one, I'm really, really lucky to be here. And two, I couldn't believe how big it was getting. I mean, Oasis thought that they would take over from the Stone Roses. That Stone Roses were a big band here. I And that's where they thought the day would be their natural replacement, Stone Roses and Smith 14:34 sweetness. I was only joking when I said I'd like to mash Paolo 14:42 and stay instead, they suddenly found themselves up there with you two and Bruce Springsteen, but those two years were just fun. It was, I just remember, it's a lot of laughing, and the band were a different breed then they were. They were self deprecating and. They were, they were funny. They were, you know, everything was a joy. It was joyous. I think joyous is the word for it. Everything was just joyous. Leading up to net worth, net worth was the the climax, the apex of it all. That's where it all, it all joined together as one, and it was just stupendous. I 15:21 so Dave Anthony 15:29 the net worth, the net worth concerts, is what August 1996 they play this Paolo 15:35 two nights. 2 million people applied for tickets. A quarter of a million people got to see them deep fuss around the band was huge. Everyone was interested nebworth. Everybody was at net worth. It didn't matter if you were old, young, a mauled a punk, a goth, a Nirvana fan, a Smith's fan, a hip hop fan. Everyone was intrigued and interested. Oasis were just compelling. They had everything. They had the look, they had the attitude. They bickered in public. I mean, normally when bands are bickering, everybody tries to cover up. Oasis were completely and utterly open about everything. So that meant that no one could pull them up, no one, no one could do a shock expose. Oh, Oasis played drugs. Well, yeah, they've told us that for last year. Oh, you speak with supermodels. Well, yeah, they've been telling us that for a year now. You know, I mean, they just put everything out in the open, and it was so refreshing. It was so refreshing. It was like, Wow, this band of just, you know, just turning everything on his head, they'd come into the room and turn everything on his head, and it was just glorious. And every song I was writing was great. And, you know, Morning Glory was such a fantastic album. Dave Anthony 16:49 Another interesting fact, Paulo wrote an incredible, what is called a prosium that appears on the inner sleeve of glory sleeve. It's, I guess, a poem meets a short story, is it? Yeah, I wanted everybody Paolo 17:03 thinks that I was, shall we say, flying high when I wrote that it was nine o'clock in the morning, nine, nine o'clock on a Sunday morning. We're Dave Anthony 17:11 going to post it on our bonus content on our site. But I wanted to take a couple passages and just have you comment, okay, just like it always did. This sound puts the swagger back into your step, the rush into your blood. Words cut you from all angles, backed up by a monumental sound that rises high, high to crash against your rocks and then changes majestically and magically to soothe the wounds inside. And then I want to contrast that with this, because I want you to comment on both as you are dragged inside this trip, you hear a council estate, which, for our North American listeners, is that like the public housing that that Paulo described earlier, you hear a council estate singing its heart out. You hear the clink of loose change that is never enough to buy what you want, boredom and poverty, hours spent with a burnt off guitar, dirty pubs and cracked up pavements, violence and love all rolled into one, and now all this. Paulo, what a majestic work. Paolo 18:14 Thank you so much. Sounds good there, doesn't it? Wow. The first bit was describing the sound of our aces, the magic, the huge sound coming at you and the words, live voice cutting through this sound. That's what it was, because his voice did, didn't it? It was unique his voice. It's funny thing about Manchester, because they always produce really horrible vocalists, like there's a band called the fall or not, no, I shouldn't say horrible. Vocalist, non singing vocalist, Ian Brown, Markie Smith, Morrissey, they will, you know. But Leah Boyce was just, was just a cut above, and that's what that bit was about. The second bit was about exactly that being on a on a public housing project, and not having any money lose change, and you haven't got enough to buy what you want, because I kind of had a similar upbringing as I know it, and you know you want things, you know you're at school and your mates got a pair of shoes that you can't afford, you know, and love and violence, and hey, there's love in those places, but Obviously a lot of violence as well, and it all kind of goes into the music. So that's what that was about. So it's about the music and about the environment. Dave Anthony 19:29 Right after the famous nebworth concert, the band went on to do the MTV Unplugged, which is a pretty prestigious gig, and performers from Bruce Springsteen to Neil Young to Bob Dylan to rem and Jay Z have being featured in this series. However, Liam does not attend rehearsals for the week leading up to the show, claiming that his voice is shot from performing. So not only does Liam sit out the concert, which forces Noel to take over the vocals, but he sits in the crowd drinking and heckling. His brother, and then a few days later, they appear on the MTV Music Video Awards, and Liam sang off key and spat beer and saliva during the performance. And as the US tour continues to Charlotte, North Carolina, Noel has had enough, loses his patience and threatens to quit. He's the angriest man you'll ever meet. Noel once said of his brother, he's like a man with a fork in a world of soup. So imagine, with all this, the band has to follow up two albums that collectively sold close to 40 million copies. I want you to describe the the for the audience, the personalities of each of Noel and Liam. You Paolo 20:36 know the film The Godfather. Yes, okay. Liam is sunny. Knowles. Michael, Dave Anthony 20:45 all right, that paints a picture, because Paolo 20:47 Noel was planning it all out. So there was so they played in Los Angeles at the, I can't remember what club it was. Dave Anthony 20:55 It was the Whiskey a Go, go incident, right? Paolo 20:57 And they all take crystal meth, apart from no even the roadies take crystal meth. So when they write at the set list, they get the set list wrong. So they give two set lists to one guy, to two players, and three different set lists to three other the band. So when they go into one song, three of them are playing one, two playing the other, it's a complete mess, and no then leaves the band, he goes and checks up with a fan in San Francisco, and when he returns, he's basically, I'm going to take control of this. This was Michael taking control of the family, right? This is Michael killing so lots of in the cafe. This is Noel taking control of Oasis, and whereas Liam was the hot headed one. But for Liam, it was all about, you know, Liam's just very instinctive whatever's right at that time. He does if he wants to give you a slap, he'll give you a slap. It doesn't matter if you're the prime minister or a dustman. There's one thing you gotta understand about all that is Manchester. And I noticed this in Manchester, they really lay into each other. You know, really what we call take the piss, they tend to be a lot more vicious. They tend to have these arguments that are really vicious with each other. So Liam's thing was, you know, my attitude, my actions, my walking off stage, my refusing to go to American tour, my this, my that is as much a part of what makes our races successful as your songs, right? Wrong. Thing is, well, if you want for the songs, you wouldn't be on stage anyway, right? So it was always a battle. I say it in the book. It's always a battle for the soul of our races. Dave Anthony 22:36 We have an example Paulo of Nolan Liam's vicious bickering. Here's an excerpt from an interview on air with a journalist who quizzed them on whether off stage controversy, as Liam believes, is important to a band's image, versus Noel's belief that all that matters is a good catalog of songs. Listen as the journalist kicks it off by using the Rolling Stones as an example. Well, the stones 23:01 have been elephant without getting arrested and getting arrested. And get people because they got arrested, because it stopped, because the Rolling Stones got arrested. They would have been rock and roll, but that's Paolo 23:15 what was going on. For example, the recording Morning Glory. They go to Wales, and within a week, Noel's back in London, because Liam has brought a load of people back for a party at the studio, and they're trying to work, and Noel hits Liam with a cricket bat. But they've always got resolved. You know, these things that you thought, oh my God, how they're gonna they would always be resolved. It was, it was going okay, you know, a week away from each other, and then, and then they would get back on track, Dave Anthony 23:48 right, right. This third album, be here now, contains the songs, stand by me. Don't go away. Say what to 24:01 say? And Dave Anthony 24:08 be here now. And it seems like the sound on this album is directly affected by the stadium's success of the band, as if they wanted to channel the nebworth feeling to record with rock anthems that crowds could sing. Noel Gallagher says he made sure many guitar parts were overlaid on one another to make the sound as colossal as possible, overlaying as many as 10 separate guitar tracks. But in hindsight, he now says it's a sound of a bunch of guys on coke in the studio, not caring. There's no base to it at all. I don't know what happened to that. And all the songs are really long and the lyrics are shite. He even says the guitar riffs sound like they're out of Wayne's World. However, the album goes to number one in the UK, number two in the US, and number one in several other countries, like Canada, Australia, Ireland and Sweden. This. Album sells are not too shabby, 10 million copies worldwide. I Paolo 25:04 think the worst of it, really, that I witnessed was on the Be Here Now tour, yeah, Dave Anthony 25:09 so that's where we are going to go next, because you followed them on that tour as well, which, yeah, I don't want to hint that there was drug use, but it sounds like it was getting to a point that was problematic. Paolo 25:21 No, not really. I don't. So I disagree with all that, and also disagree with when people say, Oh, be here now as a coke album, they would just, Let just say they were doing what they were Dave Anthony 25:31 doing on Morning Glory. Okay, part of the part of what they did, what they did. So how would you contrast that to her with the previous what? What did you see there that was different? Paolo 25:41 Became professional. You see, be here now sold 400,000 copies in one day in this country, right? Three days later, we sold over half a million, such as 625,000 copies. And then the whole thing now becomes huge. It now. Now they're in you two territory. Now they're in Bruce Springsteen territory. And it lost the magic. The magic was lost because suddenly they're on the road. They did a six month World Tour, which I went on, and it became a drag. I think I say in the book you form a band because you want to avoid what in England is called the nine to five routine for getting up and going to work and coming home exhausted and getting up the next day and doing the same thing. But this became exhausting because it was a routine only began at five in the morning, five in the evening, and finished at nine in the morning. It was the same thing every day. Get up, get on a plane, fly to a place, go to a gig, play a gig, go back to hotel, have a few drinks, go to bed, wake up. Yeah, and the fun of it had gone. They were, I remember on the English tour, they were going home in separate cars. They should have gone, you know what? I've got 30 million pounds in the bank or whatever. I'm just going to sit in my swimming pool and put the telly on and just and come back with something different. I remember Lynn going, oh, let's split the band up and we start a new one. We'll call it the silhouettes, and we'll get into a minivan and we'll do the 100 club. You know? They wanted that back. They wanted the fun. It was no fun anymore. Yeah, and the same songs went downhill as well, didn't they? Well, Dave Anthony 27:22 that was who I was going to ask you. The pre 2000 and the post 2000 is there something that you've noticed other than what you just said? Paolo 27:30 It was just that. It was, you know, they became rock stars, and every once in a while, they'd put an album out and try and persuade everyone that was as good as Morning Glory, or definitely, maybe. And then they'd go off and do stadium tours. And, yeah, you know, and Keith, like, apparently, Noel met Keith Richards, and somebody said, Keith, this is no from Oasis. And Keith said, Oasis, that was interesting for a while. Festival, rock criticism I've ever heard. Oh, that's brilliant. For a while, it's exactly brilliant, and it's so true. It was really interesting. And then Dave Anthony 28:14 we fast forward to today. The latest Oasis tour has been announced. What are your thoughts on that? Paolo 28:18 What's not to like, you know, and what's interesting is, is that it's, I mean, 6 million people have now applied for tickets here. So that suggests that it's not just old men like me who want to go and relive our Well, my 30s, I was gonna say, my youth, my my mid 30s, I'm going to go relived it. Where is the new oasis? Knocking out amazing songs. Dave Anthony 28:49 People take their kids to stones concerts and, yeah, Fleetwood Mac and whatever is this? What's happening with this tour? We Paolo 28:55 must be because there's so many people applying for it. Yeah, you Dave Anthony 28:59 know, do they need a paycheck, is that part of Paolo 29:01 it? Well, I mean, all these things are relative, aren't they, but I must say, I mean, without being cynical about it, when I heard Noel had been Noel had just got divorced and had to pay 20 million, I did think Wonder Show. I wonder if he's on the phone. Liam, right now, I forgive you, yeah, let's get it back out. Dave Anthony 29:23 What's Oasis place in musical history, in particular in the UK, what will they be remembered for relative to the impact they had? They've Paolo 29:31 been remembered for some amazing songs. They'll be remembered for, you know, really staking out their place. I mean, there was no bands like Oasis, especially at the time, there was just that, you know, you were talking about Brit pop. I mean, those bands were just, they were pygmies, compared to the pyramid. That was Oasis, you know. I mean, you know, on a different level, and, you know, that's, that's what they did. And again, they show. Know that even if you do come from a public housing project and you have very trying circumstances, you put your mind to it, you put your back into it, you put your work into it, you can, you can ascend from all that you know, you really can. And that's a very valuable lesson, man, Dave Anthony 30:18 yeah, that's a great point. Each episode, we ask our guests to give us three songs of the band and a reason why you pick these tunes. What do you think the audience should give a listen to, and why each one? Paolo 30:30 First time I heard Oasis, I was around a friend's house and he put live forever on I'll always remember. I just remember thinking, My God, what on earth is this? This is just incredible. So I would always go for live forever. It was a song that showed No. Gallagher was a great songwriter, maybe. And Dave Anthony 31:01 what's interesting about that is he wrote that while he was still in his bedroom, coming up with stuff before he joined the band. Yeah, that's a hell of a first song, Paolo 31:10 isn't it? And then to keep it back to the third single as well, was pretty good. My first Oasis book, part of the opening salvo is then recording a song that I've always loved called the master plan. They just showed another side in old songwriting which was just, it was, like, every song you heard, you went, Wow, that's great. And then you play another Yeah, Dave Anthony 31:49 up there, yeah, a generational talent, he is. Paolo 31:53 And song called going nowhere, which was very much a Burt Bacharach influenced song, but kind of a song which had Bert Bacharach influenced, but transcended, but Bacharach influence he was, he was that good number, Bert back right? Used to love a trumpet, Dion Warrick record, and this has got a trumpet, but it's just great. It's nothing to do with me. It's just such a beautiful song. Dave Anthony 32:29 Do you stay in touch with the Gallaghers or other members of the band? Paolo 32:31 I'm afraid I'm 66 years old, so I've retired. Dave Anthony 32:35 Awesome. We love this. We love your style. Paolo 32:38 Thank you so much. Dave Anthony 32:42 Some closing notes on OASIS in this episode, we talked at length about the fractious relationship between Noel and Liam Gallagher. It continues today. Noel Gallagher still holds the rights to Oasis catalog, as Liam found out the hard way when he wanted to use the songs in his documentary, as you were, Noel and his management prevented the free usage Also, thanks to Performing Rights society licensing royalties, Liam has to pay a small fee out of concert fees to Sony Music to cover songs to which Noel holds the rights. As Noel said when he's headlining a concert, I'm sitting here watching and getting a check. If you haven't had enough of the Gallagher Brothers arguments, there is a must see in our bonus content at garage to stadiums.com to watch a claymation parody from the MTV comedy celebrity death match, which pits the brothers against each other. We also have a link to their best arguments, if you want to catalog them all. The band was sued for copying the Coca Cola jingle I'd like to teach the world to sing in their song, shaker maker from their debut album. Sound their most famous song got the name from George Harrison's instrumental soundtrack wonder wall music released in 1968 Songwriter of the song, Noel also stated that he compares every song he writes to the Beatles, and believes that if he was born the same time as John Lennon, he would have made the biggest band ever, and not them. The swagger continues for the Gallagher Brothers. Noel Gallagher has admitted that he took cocaine every night for four years, but quit because of brutal panic attacks. After spending over a million dollars on drugs, he decided to quit in 1998 and slowly weaned himself off the habit with his brother Liam trying to follow suit. We'd love if you'd follow our show on any podcast platform. We've even made it easy for you to build a killer playlist for every performer featured on a garage to stadiums episode, including a playlist on today. Band Oasis. You can find the link to the apple at Spotify playlist in our bonus coverage section of our website. We hope you enjoyed our show today. Special thanks to our guest, Paulo Hewitt, author of the book Getting High The Adventures of Oasis, and thanks also to our producers, Amina bobare Connor Sampson, and our program director, Scott Campbell, you've been listening to garage to stadiums and other blast furnace labs production. I'm Dave Anthony. See you next time for another garage to stadium story. You. Transcribed by https://otter.ai