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Nobody Does Evil on Purpose. Really?

Stoicism says nobody does wrong on purpose: every bad act begins in a mistaken judgement about what is good. But does that survive contact with clear-eyed cruelty, compulsive habit and modern moral psychology?

I test the claim against Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Medea, research on psychopathy and the Stoics' own internal disagreement. Then I keep the practical part that still works: catching one assent before it hardens into action.

Sources and further reading:

- Epictetus, Discourses 1.28 and 2.17

- Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 2.1, 7.26 and 11.18

- Cicero, On Fate 42-43

- Aharoni…

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