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How Reverse Osmosis Will Save the World · Stuff You Should Know

0:01
Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of I
0:04
Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh,
0:13
Speaker 1: and there's Chuck and Jerry's over there somewhere on the
0:16
Speaker 1: other side of the membrane because she's insane in the membrane,
0:22
Speaker 1: and this is stuff you should know. I think it's
0:28
Speaker 1: pretty funny that I used to love Cyper Hill. Oh.
0:32
Speaker 1: I downloaded their album again, like the other day. Yeah,
0:35
Speaker 1: and it's it still holds up, insane, got no brain.
0:40
Speaker 1: I love that guy. I don't remember his name actually,
0:43
Speaker 1: now I think about I don't remember the other dude's
0:45
Speaker 1: name either. I just remember their DJ was DJ Muggs, right.
0:48
Speaker 1: That sounds about right. Yeah, I remember his name. I
0:51
Speaker 1: don't remember the other like the two ms I don't remember.
0:53
Speaker 1: I think they liked marijuana smoke if I remember here
0:56
Speaker 1: there Yeah, yeah, yeah. They had a song about a bomb,
1:01
Speaker 1: I believe. Yeah, it's from that's right. I'm gonna go
1:05
Speaker 1: listen to that now. You should listen to the album again.
1:08
Speaker 1: It's still pretty good. They I mean they're talking about
1:10
Speaker 1: like shooting people and everything, just like come on, no,
1:13
Speaker 1: you don't do anything like that. But um, you know
1:18
Speaker 1: there are other stuff. The other stuff they talked about.
1:20
Speaker 1: It's pretty good. Yeah, So I am literally going to
1:22
Speaker 1: go listen to that now and you can talk about
1:24
Speaker 1: reverse Osmosis. Alright. So, Chuck, you made a reference before
1:28
Speaker 1: we started um recording that sounded really familiar to me,
1:32
Speaker 1: but it's probably only going to sound familiar to like
1:34
Speaker 1: eight other people. You referenced Osmosis Jones, right, and I
1:39
Speaker 1: was like, who is that? That sounds really familiar and
1:42
Speaker 1: I cannot, for the life of me place it, and
1:44
Speaker 1: then you said it's from our TV show. Still can't
1:47
Speaker 1: really place it, but now I kind of know what
1:49
Speaker 1: you're talking about. Actually, and now I'm doubting myself. Okay,
1:53
Speaker 1: I think Osmosis Jones is uh is a movie? Okay, yeah,
2:01
Speaker 1: I think you're thinking of Nash Pluto. No no, no,
2:04
Speaker 1: Osmosis Jones is Chris Chris Rock animated movie. Okay, I
2:08
Speaker 1: got it mixed up with something. Are are? One of
2:11
Speaker 1: our co star actors used to say a lot, which
2:14
Speaker 1: was to say Jones on the end of anything That's right,
2:18
Speaker 1: And I think it reminded me of Osmosis Jones. But
2:21
Speaker 1: I have COVID, so I'm all over the place. You
2:24
Speaker 1: are all over the place. But one thing where you
2:26
Speaker 1: really nailed at, Chuck, and I'm really appreciative that you
2:28
Speaker 1: brought up osmosis, Jones, is because we're talking about osmosis today,
2:32
Speaker 1: and in particular, we're gonna focus mostly on reverse osmosis,
2:36
Speaker 1: although we'll have to talk about regular osmosis as well.
2:39
Speaker 1: How does that sound? Yeah? I mean, can I go
2:42
Speaker 1: ahead and talk about regular osmosis? I mean, is there
2:48
Speaker 1: any better time? I can't think of a better time,
2:51
Speaker 1: certainly not in our Radium Girls episode. Yeah. I mean
2:55
Speaker 1: this is basically like if you took chemistry in high
2:58
Speaker 1: school and you have forgot everything about it since then,
3:03
Speaker 1: you might hear the words ostomosis and reverse osmosis and
3:05
Speaker 1: be like, wait a minute, that's that's tickling my brain
3:08
Speaker 1: a little bit. I know I knew that at one point.
3:11
Speaker 1: So just a little basic chemistry. One oh one is
3:15
Speaker 1: let's just talk about saltwater. Lay it on, um. Saltwater
3:19
Speaker 1: is going to figure in. Have almost said heavenly heavily here,
3:24
Speaker 1: because as you'll see, reverse osmosis is a great kind
3:28
Speaker 1: of modern way too, sort of the hip new way
3:31
Speaker 1: to take salt from water so we can drink it
3:34
Speaker 1: like you're talking of. If you make a cup of
3:36
Speaker 1: salt water and you gargle it, you know for your throat,
3:40
Speaker 1: you have some left over, you could use reverse osmosis
3:43
Speaker 1: to convert it back into regular water. That's real. Don't
3:46
Speaker 1: waste it. And we we talked about I know, we've
3:48
Speaker 1: done stuff on desalination. We did. We did an episode
3:54
Speaker 1: way back in the day hauled um, is it possible
3:58
Speaker 1: to drink the ocean or something like that. Uh, what
4:02
Speaker 1: exactly what happens when we run out of water? I
4:04
Speaker 1: think is what it was. That was way off And
4:08
Speaker 1: then I'm pretty sure we talked about drinking the ocean.
4:10
Speaker 1: We also did one on manufacturing water too, but yeah, yeah, yeah,
4:13
Speaker 1: we talked about this desalinating before. That's right. So back
4:17
Speaker 1: to chemistry one on one. It's very simple. I don't
4:21
Speaker 1: know if you folks remember what a solution is, but
4:23
Speaker 1: a solution is when, in this case it's with salt water,
4:28
Speaker 1: you have a solvent, which is the water, and then
4:31
Speaker 1: you have the salute, which is the salt or dissolve
4:36
Speaker 1: in the water or whatever else you want to to
4:40
Speaker 1: have in there. And this whole thing together is called
4:43
Speaker 1: a solution and if you put this solution in a YouTube,
4:47
Speaker 1: not y o u t ub dot com, but a
4:51
Speaker 1: literal beaker shaped like a tube, and you had a
4:54
Speaker 1: semi permeable membrane in the middle. Let's just go ahead
4:57
Speaker 1: and say gortex in this case, because that's what that is.
5:00
Speaker 1: Shout out cortex. And you poured this stuff in there
5:04
Speaker 1: on one side, and then you poured regular water on
5:07
Speaker 1: the other side. That water on the other side is
5:10
Speaker 1: gonna want to just balance out. It's gonna want to
5:12
Speaker 1: seek thermodynamic equilibrium, and it's gonna fight its way through there,
5:17
Speaker 1: through that membrane until everything is nice and level. It's
5:22
Speaker 1: got this osmotic pressure and it's gonna push through there
5:25
Speaker 1: until it reaches that equilibrium because that's where it wants
5:28
Speaker 1: to be. And that's yeah, because nature is seeking equilibrium.
5:33
Speaker 1: And because the the higher concentrated side is separated by
5:39
Speaker 1: a membrane from the lower concentrated side, it's got to
5:42
Speaker 1: make it through that membrane to even things out, and
5:44
Speaker 1: as it does, it's actually gonna push the concentrated side
5:48
Speaker 1: up the beaker because it's moving into that side through
5:51
Speaker 1: the membrane. It's pretty amazing stuff, but yeah, that's I mean,
5:55
Speaker 1: that's osmosis, Chuck, nicely done. Why don't you tackle reverse
5:59
Speaker 1: osmosis m so reverse osmosis so osmosis what you just
6:04
Speaker 1: described as a passive process that happens because the atmosphere
6:09
Speaker 1: above us has weight like air has weight. And in fact,
6:13
Speaker 1: if you took one square inch of a column of
6:17
Speaker 1: atmosphere of air from the surface of the Earth all
6:20
Speaker 1: the way up to the exosphere, the tippy top of
6:22
Speaker 1: the atmosphere, that one square inch column with way about
6:26
Speaker 1: fourteen and three quarter pounds. So another way to put
6:29
Speaker 1: it is, there's fourteen point seven five pounds per square
6:32
Speaker 1: ince of pressure at surface level on Earth. Because of
6:36
Speaker 1: that pressure, we have that osmotic pressure, and so the
6:40
Speaker 1: stuff can kind of move from one side to the other,
6:42
Speaker 1: from lower concentration to higher concentration to balance things out.
6:46
Speaker 1: And it's all because of that. But the whole thing
6:48
Speaker 1: is a passive process. There's nothing moving. This is not
6:51
Speaker 1: it's not requiring energy to take place. Okay, with reverse osmosis,
6:58
Speaker 1: you're doing the opposite of what you just described, and
7:00
Speaker 1: it actually does take energy. You have to create more
7:03
Speaker 1: pressure that will overcome the the natural osmotic pressure. And
7:07
Speaker 1: what you're doing in that case is actually taking the
7:10
Speaker 1: solvent in this case water and moving it out against
7:15
Speaker 1: its natural will, against every fiber of its being screaming
7:20
Speaker 1: at you that no, this is wrong, this is an
7:22
Speaker 1: importance against nature. UM. It's moving it through that membrane
7:27
Speaker 1: to the other side, to the lower concentration. So what
7:30
Speaker 1: you're doing is taking a concentrated solution and making it
7:33
Speaker 1: even more concentrated by taking out the the in this
7:37
Speaker 1: case the water. So what you have on one side
7:40
Speaker 1: is saltwater and then saltwater concentrate, and what you have
7:43
Speaker 1: on the other side is just pure water what they
7:45
Speaker 1: call ultra pure water UM, and that's basically reverse osmosis. Yeah.
7:51
Speaker 1: So if you look into UH to make saltwater not saltwater,
7:56
Speaker 1: and you had a couple of tanks and on one
7:58
Speaker 1: side you had that UM, that solution of salt water
8:02
Speaker 1: or let's just call it saltwater, and it's under that
8:06
Speaker 1: you know, regular osmotic pressure that we were talking about.
8:10
Speaker 1: It's all happy and well. You gotta apply I think
8:14
Speaker 1: about fifty to sixty bars of pressure and you gotta
8:17
Speaker 1: push that thing through there, and those salt molecules are
8:20
Speaker 1: too big to pass through the membrane, and it's it's
8:23
Speaker 1: really pretty easy. It's not the most I mean, I
8:26
Speaker 1: can't go out and build one of these, but it's
8:28
Speaker 1: not the most complicated process. It's really just if you
8:32
Speaker 1: think about trying to fit something too big through a
8:35
Speaker 1: small hole, it's not gonna go. Everything else will, so
8:38
Speaker 1: it's left over is salt or you know, sort of
8:41
Speaker 1: a briny solution, right, And what you're saying is like
8:44
Speaker 1: using pressure to push it through, Like that's that basically
8:47
Speaker 1: makes sense. But but when you're almost you're not using
8:51
Speaker 1: pressure to to push it. You're just increasing the pressure
8:54
Speaker 1: in that concentration. And then reverse OUs moostis happens by
8:58
Speaker 1: magic because you've over come that natural losmotic pressure. And
9:02
Speaker 1: now you know to the to the solution or the
9:04
Speaker 1: salt water and the ultrapure water. You know, what's up
9:08
Speaker 1: is down. Nothing makes sense anymore. All bets are off
9:11
Speaker 1: because you've overcome that natural losmotic pressure. So it's not
9:14
Speaker 1: exactly like pushing it through a membrane, which is how
9:16
Speaker 1: my brain kept going. Um, there's like it's it's a
9:20
Speaker 1: little more magic than that. But the upshot of it
9:23
Speaker 1: is that that membrane you're using is so small, the
9:26
Speaker 1: pores in it are so small that only water can
9:29
Speaker 1: make it through, and water, it turns out, was really small, Chuck.
9:32
Speaker 1: You want to know how small water is, well, prepare
9:36
Speaker 1: for it, because I'm about to lay it on you.
9:38
Speaker 1: The average, actually it wouldn't be average, would be exactly
9:41
Speaker 1: the same size. The size of a water molecule is
9:44
Speaker 1: point to seven nanometers, which is twenty seven hundred thousands
9:51
Speaker 1: of a micron, and a micron is a millionth of
9:55
Speaker 1: a meter, So a human hair's diameter is about seventy microns.
10:01
Speaker 1: A water molecule is hundred thousands of one micron. So
10:07
Speaker 1: it's really really small, which means that if you can
10:10
Speaker 1: make a membrane that is small enough, large enough for
10:14
Speaker 1: water to get through, but not much larger than that,
10:17
Speaker 1: it's going to keep a lot of other stuff from
10:20
Speaker 1: passing through that membrane as well. That's right. Uh, maybe
10:24
Speaker 1: we should take a break and we'll talk a little
10:26
Speaker 1: bit about what we've been teasing, which is desalination right
10:30
Speaker 1: after this. All right, so if you want to, I mean,
10:57
Speaker 1: water is is a commodity. We've been talking about that
10:59
Speaker 1: a lot on the show for a while and kind
11:02
Speaker 1: of trying to bang that drum that potable drinking water. Uh,
11:07
Speaker 1: you know, it could be a crisis in the near
11:09
Speaker 1: or far future for the world. So there have been
11:12
Speaker 1: a lot of efforts over the years, uh, kind of
11:14
Speaker 1: to try and get ahead of this a little bit.
11:16
Speaker 1: And the ocean is an obvious place to look because
11:19
Speaker 1: there's a lot of water out there. So the efforts
11:22
Speaker 1: have been made since I believe about the nineteen fifties
11:25
Speaker 1: to try and turn that that salt water into something
11:28
Speaker 1: that people can drink or at least use, you know,
11:31
Speaker 1: for other purposes. Um, you know, not necessarily like potable water,
11:34
Speaker 1: but you know, useing in industries and stuff like that. Yeah. Um.
11:39
Speaker 1: In particular, we've known how to like distill or to
11:42
Speaker 1: get water from saltwater pure water from saltwater using distillation,
11:46
Speaker 1: but that uses a lot of energy where you boil
11:49
Speaker 1: the water. It takes a lot of energy to boil
11:50
Speaker 1: water and boil the salt out of water. Um. And
11:54
Speaker 1: that was kind of the first attempt. But I think
11:55
Speaker 1: in the sixties they started to say, um, maybe we
11:59
Speaker 1: could take this ousmosis thing that's happening all over the
12:02
Speaker 1: place and reverse it and and we could use that
12:05
Speaker 1: to get salt out of water. Yeah, And they figured
12:08
Speaker 1: out how to do it and it was going pretty well,
12:10
Speaker 1: but they didn't have a great way to do it
12:11
Speaker 1: on a large scale that made it kind of financially
12:15
Speaker 1: practical to do until a couple of engineering grad students
12:19
Speaker 1: that U c l A. Came along. One was named
12:22
Speaker 1: Sydney Loebe and the other one's name Strini Bassa surre Rajan. Boy,
12:28
Speaker 1: you're gonna nail that. Yeah you did? Would you say
12:31
Speaker 1: it another way or no? No? And I don't have
12:35
Speaker 1: their names in front of me, but I think that
12:37
Speaker 1: you it sounded pretty believable, Chuck. You know what I do.
12:41
Speaker 1: Here's a little trick for you. And of course this
12:43
Speaker 1: is only works is if you're pronouncing the parts correctly.
12:46
Speaker 1: But I just like I looked them up on the
12:48
Speaker 1: internet and call them and ask them how to say
12:50
Speaker 1: their names. Well, you could sometimes I look on YouTube
12:52
Speaker 1: see if they're interviewed, but um, I just spell it
12:56
Speaker 1: out dictionary style, like syllable by syllable with big spaces
13:00
Speaker 1: in between. Oh yeah, yeah, and then do you make
13:02
Speaker 1: the one with the emphasis the syllable with emphasis like
13:05
Speaker 1: in all caps or something like that sometimes, or they'll
13:09
Speaker 1: scribble underline or you know, none of it's like like
13:12
Speaker 1: real dictionary style. Uh, yeah, I don't. I don't even
13:19
Speaker 1: know what swat is. It's the upside down. Oh that's
13:23
Speaker 1: a schwa. Yes, what's the word we were talking about
13:26
Speaker 1: the other day that I loved swing? I hate swing?
13:32
Speaker 1: You hate I think everybody hated schwing for a little while.
13:36
Speaker 1: They're yeah, not a fan, So all right, So I
13:39
Speaker 1: nailed those two names. They were grad students at u
13:41
Speaker 1: C l A. And they were the two gentlemen who
13:44
Speaker 1: came up with this basically the first practical reverse osmosis
13:50
Speaker 1: membrane using cellulose acetate. And it was the first time
13:54
Speaker 1: that they could actually use this on a large scale
13:57
Speaker 1: and they did so. Uh, this is actually more of
13:59
Speaker 1: a small scale operation, but the idea was the same
14:03
Speaker 1: at a place in Coalinga, California, nineteen sixty five that
14:07
Speaker 1: was online for seven years and worked pretty well from
14:11
Speaker 1: what I understand. Yeah, and at the very least it
14:13
Speaker 1: was a very good um proof of concept, I guess,
14:16
Speaker 1: you know. And it's showed that yeah, with this new
14:18
Speaker 1: this new ascetate membrane, you know, like you were saying,
14:22
Speaker 1: you can get a lot more through it at a
14:24
Speaker 1: much faster pace. Um, and that's kind of what you
14:27
Speaker 1: need if you're going to ramp this up for industrial
14:29
Speaker 1: style production. And they definitely did. That was nineteen sixty five,
14:33
Speaker 1: you said it went on online. As of two thousand nineteen,
14:39
Speaker 1: there's now a hundred and seventy seven different countries producing
14:43
Speaker 1: desalinated water using reverse osmosis. And in fact, there's I
14:48
Speaker 1: think sixteen thousand desalination plants in the world by far,
14:52
Speaker 1: the most are in Africa and the Middle East, but
14:55
Speaker 1: there's a total capacity now today, just since nineteen sixty five,
14:58
Speaker 1: this is developed where hundred million cubic meters of fresh
15:02
Speaker 1: water can be produced everyday worldwide. That is just not
15:08
Speaker 1: so from taking seawater and using reverse osmosis to turn
15:14
Speaker 1: it into pure fresh water. That's right. And uh, those
15:18
Speaker 1: numbers are growing and they need to, which is which
15:20
Speaker 1: is a great thing. I love it when we figured
15:22
Speaker 1: out how to do something and then it's just a
15:25
Speaker 1: matter of sort of getting more and more of it going. Yeah, yeah,
15:30
Speaker 1: I mean yeah, And I think from what I understand,
15:32
Speaker 1: you know, everybody's trying to figure out like UM, you
15:35
Speaker 1: know how to build on efficiencies or how to continue
15:39
Speaker 1: to scale up and how to use less energy and
15:42
Speaker 1: time and all that. But it's it's it seems to
15:45
Speaker 1: be one of those technologies as roughly the same as
15:47
Speaker 1: it was when they invented it initially and basically UM
15:52
Speaker 1: to kind of give just a little bit of detail
15:54
Speaker 1: on on how it goes, it's it's you you take
15:57
Speaker 1: in seawater. Most reverse osmosis plant that UM desalinate seawater
16:02
Speaker 1: built pretty close to the sea. UM because transportation is
16:06
Speaker 1: is a big cost. So if you can just pipe
16:08
Speaker 1: it right from the sea into your plant, that saves
16:11
Speaker 1: on a lot of costs and time and energy. UM.
16:13
Speaker 1: It's ramped up using pumps and then it's run through
16:17
Speaker 1: the reverse osmosis filters and under pressure that like you said,
16:22
Speaker 1: I think sixty bars of pressure, so it's a pressurized
16:26
Speaker 1: so that it overcomes the natural osmotic pressure. And it
16:30
Speaker 1: is it goes over, not through like I keep wanting
16:34
Speaker 1: to think of it going through, like there's a membrane
16:36
Speaker 1: in the water's way and it has to go through
16:39
Speaker 1: this membrane. That's not how it goes. It goes through
16:41
Speaker 1: a tube and in the center of the tube is
16:44
Speaker 1: another tube um that's wrapped in the membrane and the
16:51
Speaker 1: concentrate the salt keeps going, but the water that's in
16:55
Speaker 1: that concentrate, that salt, that solution um goes through the
16:59
Speaker 1: membrane into that inner tube, and the inner tube pushes
17:03
Speaker 1: that fresh water, that that reverse osmosis water along um
17:09
Speaker 1: into what's called the production water stream, and then that
17:14
Speaker 1: salt water just continues along its way back out to
17:17
Speaker 1: the ocean under pressure and what's called the reject stream,
17:20
Speaker 1: which is not nice, but it's you know, an accurate description.
17:24
Speaker 1: And then that's how like you would desalinate water. It
17:29
Speaker 1: is reject reject water stream. Sure as the reject stream. Sure, Okay,
17:34
Speaker 1: there you go. When you have three names, I think
17:37
Speaker 1: that's more an album title. So maybe just reject stream. Yeah,
17:42
Speaker 1: I think reject stream is great. And we'll talk about
17:45
Speaker 1: that more later. Not the band, but are the imaginary
17:50
Speaker 1: band the album? Yeah? And who's playing what? Uh So,
17:56
Speaker 1: reverse osmosis is not the kind of thing that you
17:59
Speaker 1: can just you for salt water. It's a great application,
18:02
Speaker 1: of course, but it can you know, you're filtering something out,
18:05
Speaker 1: so you can filter out almost anything. Um, if you
18:07
Speaker 1: have a local water source that has way too much fluoride,
18:10
Speaker 1: you can filter out some of that fluoride in a
18:12
Speaker 1: much more efficient way than you can using charcoal filtrations. Uh.
18:17
Speaker 1: We did a show on fluoride like a thousand years ago.
18:20
Speaker 1: I remember that one. Yeah, I think it's a floride
18:22
Speaker 1: making a stupid that. I feel like that was one
18:25
Speaker 1: of our like fifteen minute episodes or something. Yeah, easily
18:29
Speaker 1: at most, I think some kind You talked about the
18:32
Speaker 1: ultrapure water, which can is the you know, one side
18:35
Speaker 1: of the result, and some companies need that stuff and
18:38
Speaker 1: some industries need that stuff. So sometimes you're filtering out
18:42
Speaker 1: things just to get that ultrapure water to use as
18:46
Speaker 1: an industry application. I think when you're manufacturing electronics sometimes,
18:51
Speaker 1: or pharmaceuticals, um, different kind of chemicals, certain medical applications.
18:56
Speaker 1: We talked about wastewater a lot of the toilet to
18:59
Speaker 1: tap that's using reverse osmosis. Right on our best episodes,
19:05
Speaker 1: I think, do you think so wastewater treatment? I mean,
19:08
Speaker 1: it's hard to say best episode when we've been doing
19:11
Speaker 1: this for eighty years, but uh, I thought it was
19:14
Speaker 1: a good one. Yeah, I thought it was good too.
19:17
Speaker 1: I was just surprised to hear you say that. But
19:19
Speaker 1: that's yeah, and toilets just happens. It's just gross, but
19:22
Speaker 1: it's it's sensible for sure. And the point of it
19:27
Speaker 1: is it's gross entirely in your mind. Like when you
19:31
Speaker 1: raise that glass of water that used to be waste water,
19:35
Speaker 1: it's just water after it's undergone reverse osmosis. Like that's it.
19:39
Speaker 1: There's nothing else in it. There's not even a memory
19:41
Speaker 1: of that kind of stuff, you know, because despite what
19:44
Speaker 1: homeopaths say, there's nothing in that water except for the water.
19:49
Speaker 1: There are some things that make it through UM, what
19:52
Speaker 1: are called containments of emerging concern UM. Some kinds of
19:55
Speaker 1: pharmaceuticals can actually make it through. They're small enough that
19:58
Speaker 1: they make it through with the water molecules. But for
20:01
Speaker 1: the most part, most everything else is filtered out by
20:04
Speaker 1: reverse osmosis UM. And one of the reasons that are
20:09
Speaker 1: One of the other industries that use it chuck is
20:11
Speaker 1: like the beverage industry, because you can take tap water
20:15
Speaker 1: from anywhere, run it through reverse osmosis filter and move
20:20
Speaker 1: even more of it through faster because you're not having
20:23
Speaker 1: you're not dealing with a briny salt solution. Like this
20:26
Speaker 1: is just tap water and you're convert you're basically turning
20:29
Speaker 1: it into a blank slate. So you could make like
20:31
Speaker 1: a soft drink taste the same anywhere in the world
20:35
Speaker 1: just by using the local tap water to produce it,
20:37
Speaker 1: you know, and now you have production facilities all over
20:40
Speaker 1: the world, so you don't have to transport it because
20:43
Speaker 1: you're able to start with reverse osmosis water. Oh yeah,
20:46
Speaker 1: they use it, uh, separating away from milk. They use
20:51
Speaker 1: it in the wine industry some now they use it
20:54
Speaker 1: to make maple syrup. They remove that that sugary goodness
20:57
Speaker 1: from the water and the sap. What else, um, let's see,
21:03
Speaker 1: they use it for recycling. One of the other this
21:06
Speaker 1: is a big big deal is we'll see um. When
21:10
Speaker 1: you when you produce all sorts of stuff um through
21:13
Speaker 1: industrial processes or if you recycle things, you have to
21:17
Speaker 1: use all sorts of other chemicals you produce, like sorts
21:20
Speaker 1: of wastewater is a byproduct, and wastewater is really hard
21:23
Speaker 1: to get rid of without contaminating other water because it
21:26
Speaker 1: mixes really well. So one of the good things you
21:28
Speaker 1: can do is take wastewater, run it through reverse osmosis,
21:32
Speaker 1: and you're basically catching all of the stuff that was
21:36
Speaker 1: once mixed in with the water um and making it
21:39
Speaker 1: into a much more disposable, much closer to solid form,
21:43
Speaker 1: and then also producing reverse osmosis water that you can
21:46
Speaker 1: use for all sorts of other applications as well. And
21:50
Speaker 1: speaking of recycling, a little bit different kind of recycling.
21:54
Speaker 1: But some of these, and you know, not all of them,
21:56
Speaker 1: they're you know, there's nothing that gets me going more
21:59
Speaker 1: than it contained system. And some of these are contained systems,
22:03
Speaker 1: which is when you have a system that kind of
22:05
Speaker 1: feeds itself. We talked about these high pressure pumps that
22:09
Speaker 1: force out what did you call it again, what was
22:11
Speaker 1: the band? Rejects stream, the reject stream. That's not the
22:17
Speaker 1: God help you if you call him the reject strange,
22:19
Speaker 1: that's reject stream. That's like a letterman miss step or something.
22:23
Speaker 1: And you got a cool logo with just an RN
22:25
Speaker 1: and S that sort of are snaking around each other
22:27
Speaker 1: or something like that. This is what I see. Do
22:30
Speaker 1: you know remember the grateful dead kid with the ice
22:33
Speaker 1: cream cone on his head? Sure, I remembering along those lines,
22:38
Speaker 1: But then rather than an ice cream cone, he's got
22:40
Speaker 1: a reverse mohawk like the bad guy in Death Wish three. See,
22:44
Speaker 1: I was thinking more like the White Snake logo. Oh no,
22:49
Speaker 1: it's I don't think so. No, you just blew my
22:52
Speaker 1: mind a little bit. I'm trying to recover here by
22:54
Speaker 1: tap dancing. But I don't know, man, maybe not to
22:58
Speaker 1: get further down this road. But the other day I
23:01
Speaker 1: saw that there was some big festival in Europe with
23:04
Speaker 1: all these metal bands, and I was like, oh, looks
23:06
Speaker 1: kind of cool, and White Snake was playing. I was like,
23:08
Speaker 1: that was guys still playing. It's like, let's let me
23:10
Speaker 1: go check them out and see what they sound like.
23:13
Speaker 1: Just do yourself a favor and go to YouTube and
23:15
Speaker 1: watch like a White Snake festival from like just like
23:19
Speaker 1: put In twenty nineteen. Let's say, do they just play
23:21
Speaker 1: all their old hits? Are they making new music? Oh? Well,
23:24
Speaker 1: I don't know. I can't speak to that. The old
23:26
Speaker 1: hits are what's on YouTube. Um, it's not it's not great.
23:31
Speaker 1: So is it's still okay? You said his name too,
23:34
Speaker 1: because I almost said David Copperfield. It's great. He makes
23:38
Speaker 1: the stage disappear beneath his feet. That's right. You forget.
23:44
Speaker 1: That's the most important part. Yeah, it's it's not great.
23:48
Speaker 1: It's uh, just just gotta check it out. Boy, This
23:51
Speaker 1: COVID got you trash and everything. The radium girl, White Snake,
23:57
Speaker 1: I know, I love White Snake. You know Tanny Containe
24:00
Speaker 1: passed away. Maybe that's what to do with it? What? Yeah,
24:04
Speaker 1: she died a couple of years ago. I think I
24:06
Speaker 1: didn't know that. Yeah, or maybe even last year. No,
24:11
Speaker 1: I don't know. I'm yeah. Are you on meds right now? No?
24:17
Speaker 1: High on stuffyheadedness? I got you, you know, the natural high.
24:22
Speaker 1: So where was I? Oh? Yeah, contained systems. So they're
24:24
Speaker 1: pumping out this stuff with high pressure, and as we'll see, uh,
24:29
Speaker 1: that can go just go out into the ocean again
24:32
Speaker 1: and we'll talk about that more later. But they can
24:34
Speaker 1: also use that that force of pumping this stuff out
24:37
Speaker 1: to use it to spin a turbine. Our old friends
24:40
Speaker 1: spinning a turbine and basically reusing that stuff to to
24:44
Speaker 1: make it a closed system where it's operating itself. Yeah,
24:47
Speaker 1: pretty many, amazing. I get jazzed by that as well.
24:50
Speaker 1: And I just realized, Chuck, basically, these desalination plants that
24:55
Speaker 1: are close to the ocean are basically a giant YouTube
24:59
Speaker 1: and in the middle there's that membrane. But really also
25:02
Speaker 1: in the middle is the the entire desalination plant. But
25:05
Speaker 1: it's just coming up one side and passing through the other. Actually,
25:09
Speaker 1: it's not a very good analogy, and I think about it,
25:11
Speaker 1: but it's a U shape at least, how about that. Yeah,
25:15
Speaker 1: you can also get him under your sink or on
25:17
Speaker 1: your countertop in your kitchen. Like it sounds like the
25:20
Speaker 1: most you know, large scale scientific thing you can imagine.
25:23
Speaker 1: But if you just go to a big box hardware
25:26
Speaker 1: store and you look up water filtration systems, a lot
25:30
Speaker 1: of them are reverse osmosis. Yeah, yeah, you're um, you're
25:34
Speaker 1: gonna be hard pressed actually to find one that doesn't
25:36
Speaker 1: have that, Like one of those undersink like multi filter
25:39
Speaker 1: multi stage water filters that comes with its own faucet
25:42
Speaker 1: that you have to install, But they don't. I was
25:45
Speaker 1: looking there actually, you know, um, I think they've actually
25:48
Speaker 1: come down since this article was written a couple of yeah,
25:52
Speaker 1: something like that. It seems like you can get a
25:54
Speaker 1: pretty good one for about two fifty dollars, like basically
25:57
Speaker 1: everything you need. Yeah, and then there's also own our
26:00
Speaker 1: top versions two if you want to just have one
26:03
Speaker 1: on your countertop. But I say, I say we take
26:06
Speaker 1: a break. Okay, yeah, because we we've talked all upside right,
26:11
Speaker 1: there's a dark side to this. Well not really, but
26:14
Speaker 1: you know there's some down downsides of drawbacks. Nothing dark,
26:17
Speaker 1: I would say that might be overstating it. All right,
26:21
Speaker 1: Well we'll be back right after this, everybody, Okay, okay, Chuck,
26:47
Speaker 1: welcome to the dark side of reverse osmosis. Very nice.
26:54
Speaker 1: You've got compliments on your bellow Legosi. Yeah, it was
26:59
Speaker 1: very good. I don't remember what episode that was. I'll
27:02
Speaker 1: take it good. I'll take any compliment. Sure, same here,
27:05
Speaker 1: unless you're really good at not doing podcasts. Well, yeah,
27:11
Speaker 1: it took you a second, didn't it it really did.
27:13
Speaker 1: I think I have sympathetic COVID. I'm a little fogging myself.
27:19
Speaker 1: You know. You gotta get out of that bunk bed
27:20
Speaker 1: underneath me. You might catch it. So first, before we
27:24
Speaker 1: get started, I want to shout out Perth, Australia, Chuck,
27:26
Speaker 1: get this. Forty three of perth drinking water is made
27:31
Speaker 1: from desalinated seawater from reverse osmosis. They have two plants
27:35
Speaker 1: that we probably drank some while we were there. I'll
27:38
Speaker 1: bet we did. I'll bet we did. I don't know,
27:40
Speaker 1: it couldn't even tell, so it was right. So do
27:47
Speaker 1: you know what's funny is everyone outside of Australia got
27:50
Speaker 1: that joke because I guarantee you they didn't show that
27:53
Speaker 1: ad in Australia and they also think that Tom Broke
27:56
Speaker 1: All runs Motel six. That's right. So we're talking about
28:02
Speaker 1: the dark side of of of reverse osmosis. Plants are
28:05
Speaker 1: desalinating using reverse osmosis, and reverse osmosis in general, there's
28:09
Speaker 1: some problems with it. For one, it's really I don't
28:14
Speaker 1: want to say it's really energy intensive. It's actually not
28:16
Speaker 1: as bad as you would think. But the more you
28:18
Speaker 1: scale up and you know where you're supplying say almost
28:22
Speaker 1: half of your your town's drinking water through reverse osmosis desalination, like,
28:28
Speaker 1: the energy usage scales up, so the cost can scale up,
28:32
Speaker 1: and then also so does the carbon footprint of these things,
28:36
Speaker 1: because you know they're burning fossil fuels to run those
28:39
Speaker 1: pumps to pressurize that column of water when they send
28:42
Speaker 1: it across the reverse osmosis membrane to overcome the osmotic pressure.
28:46
Speaker 1: That's a that's a real big, that's a that's a
28:49
Speaker 1: problem with it. I guess you could say, yeah, I
28:52
Speaker 1: would say that. Another problem that we we teased earlier
28:55
Speaker 1: was the um I guess what do you call it?
29:00
Speaker 1: Harmful byproduct or just a waste waste byproduct reject stream? Yeah, sure, okay,
29:07
Speaker 1: but it is it is a byproduct that basically it's salt,
29:10
Speaker 1: it's brian it is there's a lot of it left over,
29:14
Speaker 1: and you've got to do something with it if you're
29:16
Speaker 1: not going to run it back into a closed system.
29:18
Speaker 1: And some places they just say, all right, well, it's
29:21
Speaker 1: it's saltwater and very concentrated form, so let's just pump
29:24
Speaker 1: that back into the ocean. And I'm glad I kept
29:28
Speaker 1: reading because my first thought was like, I'll sure it's saltwater,
29:31
Speaker 1: but that can't like the ocean has a certain amount
29:33
Speaker 1: of salinity on purpose probably and that that can't be
29:36
Speaker 1: great to just add a lot more. And my instinct
29:40
Speaker 1: was right, it's not. I think Australian Center for Water
29:44
Speaker 1: Research says things get back to normal at about sixteen
29:50
Speaker 1: hundred feet fives from the source. It's pretty pretty far
29:55
Speaker 1: um so anything within that that sixt feet it's it's
29:58
Speaker 1: really bad news. When they're up and that stuff back
30:00
Speaker 1: in and you know it's a fish can get out
30:04
Speaker 1: of there pretty quickly. But if you're not a fish,
30:06
Speaker 1: if you're something that crawls along on the sea floor
30:08
Speaker 1: or plant life on the sea floor, then that's really
30:12
Speaker 1: bad and it's gonna kill off a lot of stuff
30:14
Speaker 1: in that area. Yeah, which is problematic. I mean, high
30:18
Speaker 1: salinity decreases the dissolved oxygen, and fish and sea life
30:23
Speaker 1: need oxygen in the water, so it's it is a
30:25
Speaker 1: real problem for that that life that can't move away
30:29
Speaker 1: very easily. And then in addition to that too, they
30:32
Speaker 1: actually introduce certain kinds of chemicals and metals into the
30:37
Speaker 1: um the stream the feeds the feed water stream um
30:41
Speaker 1: to keep the membranes from fouling up as which happens
30:46
Speaker 1: really easily. You can imagine if you have a membrane
30:50
Speaker 1: that has pores that are just big enough to allow
30:54
Speaker 1: something that's twenty seven hundred thousands of a micrometer a
30:58
Speaker 1: micron across through, like all that stuff that's left behind
31:02
Speaker 1: is gonna gunk up the membrane is really quick. It's
31:05
Speaker 1: going to get insane in the membrane so they take
31:07
Speaker 1: exactly so they take steps to keep this from fouling,
31:11
Speaker 1: from getting clogged up by adding additional stuff. Well, that
31:14
Speaker 1: additional stuff also gets pumped out into the ocean too,
31:17
Speaker 1: which is a problem as well. There are calls for
31:20
Speaker 1: um uh additional steps to be added onto that reject
31:26
Speaker 1: stream so that before it hits the ocean, it runs
31:28
Speaker 1: through like a UV light that kills off pathogens maybe
31:32
Speaker 1: UM or maybe they need to filter out some of
31:36
Speaker 1: the stuff and reuse like the chlorine and the copper
31:38
Speaker 1: that they're introducing. Um there are things that we could
31:41
Speaker 1: do to to make the whole thing a little more
31:43
Speaker 1: environmentally friendly for sure. Yeah for their uh. I think
31:48
Speaker 1: the plant operators in Australia say that they're like, you're
31:52
Speaker 1: pumping it out so fast, made it mixes in a
31:54
Speaker 1: really quick And I don't know if I buy that.
31:59
Speaker 1: I mean, it makes sense that it mixes faster than
32:01
Speaker 1: if you're just like leaking it out slowly. But I
32:04
Speaker 1: would say, just spread it out a lot more if
32:06
Speaker 1: you could. I mean, maybe that's not practical and it's
32:09
Speaker 1: just like a a dumb guy who doesn't know how
32:11
Speaker 1: it works talking, But you know, I would disperse it more. Yeah,
32:18
Speaker 1: I mean I guess you kind of could. You could
32:19
Speaker 1: you could put like, ah, like a sprinkler head on
32:22
Speaker 1: the end, so it's not just one big column. It's
32:25
Speaker 1: just kind of Ye, it's diffug Just when I thought
32:27
Speaker 1: it was a dumb idea, No, that's a great idea.
32:29
Speaker 1: We now we need to go invent like a giant
32:31
Speaker 1: sprinkler head and patent and use it. Uh. It's not
32:36
Speaker 1: just a danger for oceans to um. Most of these
32:39
Speaker 1: plants obviously are near the ocean. Um. But if there
32:43
Speaker 1: are plants that are more inland and they're storing this
32:46
Speaker 1: stuff in tanks, you could just like you have an
32:49
Speaker 1: oil spill, you could have a sailine like a brine spill,
32:52
Speaker 1: and that would be really really harmful to the dry
32:54
Speaker 1: land vegetation and plant life and the whole ecosystem. And
32:58
Speaker 1: you know, I don't think we uh, we kind of
33:00
Speaker 1: walk past the fact that when you're pumping this stuff
33:03
Speaker 1: in the sea, it's not just like, oh, some lobsters
33:05
Speaker 1: and coral dyes, like that's part of the ecosystem that's
33:08
Speaker 1: going to set off a chain reaction uh to everything
33:11
Speaker 1: around it as well. Yeah. Um, so there there are
33:15
Speaker 1: people who are trying to come up with, like we
33:17
Speaker 1: were saying, like more efficiencies and ways around some of
33:20
Speaker 1: these problems. One of the things I saw um was
33:22
Speaker 1: out of the National Laboratory in Idaho, UM that uses
33:27
Speaker 1: something called switchable polarity solvents. Did you see that. So
33:33
Speaker 1: there's a different kind of osmosis that they're using that
33:35
Speaker 1: doesn't require um the artificial pressure built up using pumps
33:40
Speaker 1: and all that, so automatically it's less energy intensive. And
33:43
Speaker 1: they added kind of chemical called the switchable polarity solvent,
33:48
Speaker 1: which when you add it to UM the solution, it
33:52
Speaker 1: actually raises the osmotic pressure itself, so the water comes
33:56
Speaker 1: out of solution um on its own without having to
34:00
Speaker 1: be pressed. And then that switchable polarity solvent comes with it.
34:04
Speaker 1: You hit it with some heat and it basically shocks
34:07
Speaker 1: the sps that chemical out of the water UM, and
34:10
Speaker 1: then you have you've just got your water. And then
34:12
Speaker 1: you just remove that switchable polarity solvent. So it requires
34:16
Speaker 1: far less energy, which is a big improvement for sure.
34:19
Speaker 1: That's pretty amazing it is. And I saw another one
34:22
Speaker 1: that uses a double piston set up where when they
34:26
Speaker 1: they do the water treatment basically in batches where they
34:30
Speaker 1: added to that barrel that has the hollow barrel going
34:32
Speaker 1: through it with the membrane involved the actual reverse osmosis
34:36
Speaker 1: filtering on an industrial scale, they added in batches and
34:40
Speaker 1: they use a piston to push the water through, and
34:43
Speaker 1: then as the pistons moving, there's another chamber opening up
34:46
Speaker 1: behind it that's getting filled with sea water. So there's
34:49
Speaker 1: no downtime where like the piston moves to one side
34:52
Speaker 1: and then seawater fills up, and then the piston moves
34:54
Speaker 1: to the other side. It's just constantly going back and forth,
34:57
Speaker 1: and on either side there seawater that's being treated or
34:59
Speaker 1: filling up to be treated next, so you don't have downtime.
35:02
Speaker 1: But then also the sea water that's coming in is
35:05
Speaker 1: pushing the piston the other way too, so it requires
35:08
Speaker 1: less energy as well. Um And I think that one's
35:11
Speaker 1: out of Purdue. So there's some people figuring out how
35:14
Speaker 1: to make this a little better, less energy intensive, a
35:16
Speaker 1: little faster um and we'll probably see a lot of
35:21
Speaker 1: a lot more solutions, especially as water becomes more and
35:24
Speaker 1: more precious, you know. Starting now. Basically, yeah, they're also
35:29
Speaker 1: trying to find more uses for that Brian instead of
35:31
Speaker 1: trying to put it in the ocean. They're like, you know,
35:33
Speaker 1: surely people can use Brian, right, And there are some
35:37
Speaker 1: aquaculture applications in commercial aquaculture, I think talapia farms if
35:44
Speaker 1: you if you like talapia, I'm not a big fan,
35:46
Speaker 1: but tapia love really I think high high selinic would
35:51
Speaker 1: that be it? Sure? High selinic water? Sure? I mean
35:56
Speaker 1: at this point it doesn't matter. Alright, great, they like
36:01
Speaker 1: really salty water, that's how should salt water, and I
36:05
Speaker 1: think bream do as well. So they're they're starting to
36:08
Speaker 1: ship some of that stuff there, and I think, um,
36:12
Speaker 1: sometimes it can be used to grow stuff like sea
36:15
Speaker 1: beats or an animal feed or in biofuel. But I
36:19
Speaker 1: don't think it's like there's still going to be that
36:21
Speaker 1: byproduct even if they even if every tilapia farm on
36:25
Speaker 1: Earth wanted this water, you know, this bright stuff. And
36:28
Speaker 1: especially the more we produce, the more Brian we're gonna have,
36:30
Speaker 1: because I don't know if we said it or not.
36:32
Speaker 1: For every one leader of fresh water you produce, you've
36:35
Speaker 1: got one point five liters of briny water, higher salty
36:39
Speaker 1: concentration water that you're sending back out to see it
36:42
Speaker 1: kind of mess with the silin selenic count. So that's
36:49
Speaker 1: reject streams um first album. What is this selnic sound?
36:54
Speaker 1: Selnic count reject stream Alright, so Chuck, there's actually we
36:58
Speaker 1: gotta finish on this one point. There's a debate. Especially
37:02
Speaker 1: it seems like on Facebook, um is just how healthy
37:09
Speaker 1: reverse osmosis water is. And in a lot of ways
37:12
Speaker 1: it makes sense on its face to tell you the truth.
37:15
Speaker 1: People are like that seems to be the kind of
37:20
Speaker 1: like the kind of sites that are really touting this
37:23
Speaker 1: seemed to to have their links promoted on Facebook a
37:26
Speaker 1: lot um that's as diplomatic as I so. UM. So
37:33
Speaker 1: the idea is that reverse osmosis is all well and
37:35
Speaker 1: good for preventing pathogens, viruses, chemicals, minerals, metals from passing through.
37:41
Speaker 1: And when you run water through reverse osmosis filter, the
37:45
Speaker 1: ultrapure water you have on the other side is is great.
37:49
Speaker 1: But the point of these that these people are making
37:52
Speaker 1: is that it's actually too great, it's too pure, and
37:55
Speaker 1: that humans actually need more stuff than just hydrogen and
38:00
Speaker 1: oxygen mixed together, that we need other kinds of like
38:03
Speaker 1: trace minerals in our water and UM that reverse osmosis
38:07
Speaker 1: strips it out. So there's this, um, there's remineral remineralization
38:12
Speaker 1: filters that you can actually get for your reverse osmosis
38:16
Speaker 1: filter to where it goes through all the stages pre treatment, treatment,
38:20
Speaker 1: reverse osmosis, and then on the other side, the last
38:22
Speaker 1: filter is remineralization where it might add a little bit
38:25
Speaker 1: of boron, a little bit of you know, sea salt,
38:28
Speaker 1: something like that. Um, it's got a little calcium in it,
38:32
Speaker 1: and now the water is ultra pure but also beneficial
38:36
Speaker 1: for your metabolisms, optimal function. It makes a lot of sense.
38:39
Speaker 1: I didn't see a lot of academic debate over it.
38:43
Speaker 1: It was happening more peripherally, it seemed like. So that's
38:46
Speaker 1: why I'm a little a little incredulous of the whole thing.
38:48
Speaker 1: But it makes a lot of sense. You know, I
38:50
Speaker 1: like a good mineral water. Yeah. And apparently also if
38:54
Speaker 1: you um, if you want, if you have reverse osmosis
38:56
Speaker 1: at your house and you are like, I can't afford
38:59
Speaker 1: to REMI no realization picture s get yourself a little
39:01
Speaker 1: Himalayan salt or a little bit sea salt that's more
39:06
Speaker 1: than just salt, that contains a lot of other um
39:09
Speaker 1: beneficial elements and um metals, alkali, earth metals and stuff,
39:14
Speaker 1: and just put a little little sprinkle in there. There
39:16
Speaker 1: you go, a little taple, do you? That's right? That's
39:20
Speaker 1: the second album from Reject Stream. They're going pop. They're
39:25
Speaker 1: like Kings of Leon. They started out kind of edgy,
39:27
Speaker 1: and then the record company came to call in and
39:30
Speaker 1: they said, sign us up. I love that first King
39:33
Speaker 1: of Kings of Leon's album. And then they they said,
39:36
Speaker 1: all right, hill billy's go get a haircut, yeah, and
39:39
Speaker 1: get rich. They're like, get hot. Uh, you got anything
39:44
Speaker 1: else about Kings of Leone? Okay, Well, if you want
39:48
Speaker 1: to know more about Kings of Leon, rejects, Streame, reverse Osmoses, desalination,
39:52
Speaker 1: any of that stuff, Um, go check it out on
39:56
Speaker 1: the internet. See what happens when you search all of
39:58
Speaker 1: that at once. Maybe the un verse will explode. Since
40:01
Speaker 1: I said the universe will explode, it's time for a
40:03
Speaker 1: listener mail. I'm gonna call this conveniently an email from Peth.
40:11
Speaker 1: Oh wow, isn't it crazy? It's a full circle, man,
40:13
Speaker 1: that's synchronicity. Uh. I'm not going to read it in
40:20
Speaker 1: my terrible pasty accent. Though I wish you would, I
40:23
Speaker 1: can't do it. I'm fading. Hey guys, A big fan
40:26
Speaker 1: here from far far away Western Australia. My husband and
40:29
Speaker 1: I spent two years traveling and exploring Australia in a
40:32
Speaker 1: ute towing a caravan I don't know what that is
40:37
Speaker 1: sub van truck uh, and in the process discovered the
40:42
Speaker 1: delights of stuff you should know. It was great for
40:44
Speaker 1: days with long outback drives. I remember our very first
40:48
Speaker 1: episode that I randomly selected when we lost our podcast,
40:51
Speaker 1: Virginity Cave Diving totally nuts and we were hooked. We
40:56
Speaker 1: have since returned home to our city of Peth because
41:00
Speaker 1: of COVID put in an abrupt into their travels and
41:03
Speaker 1: now they listen on their daily drive to and from work. Luckily,
41:06
Speaker 1: there are so many years worth of shows for me
41:09
Speaker 1: to catch up on. On our travels, we spent a
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Speaker 1: week in the outback town of kuber Petty, that is
41:16
Speaker 1: p E d y c O O b e R
41:20
Speaker 1: couber Petty, where a lot of worlds of the world's
41:23
Speaker 1: opals come from. You should do an episode on opals
41:26
Speaker 1: any who I couldn't help, but notice that you failed
41:30
Speaker 1: to mention that that town in the Selects Cave Dwelling episode.
41:35
Speaker 1: I listened to that one recently despite most of the
41:37
Speaker 1: town living underground and having some beautiful underground churches. Check
41:42
Speaker 1: it out on Google. Uh, there's another any who. Keep
41:46
Speaker 1: up the good work. I'll keep listening. Warm wishes that
41:50
Speaker 1: is from Tamra. Well thanks a lot, Tamara. Any who
41:54
Speaker 1: appreciate that? Did Tamras spell it h o o or
41:58
Speaker 1: w h o A and y h o oh? Yeah?
42:03
Speaker 1: There's two kinds of people in the world, and it's
42:04
Speaker 1: divided by how you spell any who? There are three
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Speaker 1: kinds there. You know what the third is what the
42:11
Speaker 1: people who don't use anything? I don't know, Chuck. I
42:14
Speaker 1: think we all have a little bit of in any
42:16
Speaker 1: who user in all of us. I think you're saying
42:19
Speaker 1: you can take the person out of the any who,
42:21
Speaker 1: but you can't take the ani who out of the
42:22
Speaker 1: person you sure said it. Well, thanks again, Tamara, and
42:27
Speaker 1: shout out to Perth for a third time. Why might
42:30
Speaker 1: as well make it a hat trick And if you
42:32
Speaker 1: want your time to get shouted out, why don't you
42:34
Speaker 1: get in touch with us or build some massive desalination plants.
42:37
Speaker 1: One of the two that would help a lot. Actually,
42:43
Speaker 1: you can get in touch with us via email at
42:45
Speaker 1: stuff Podcasts at iHeart radio dot com. Stuff you Should
42:52
Speaker 1: Know is a production of iHeart Radio. For more podcasts
42:55
Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,
42:58
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.