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The 2024 Living Planet Report: Biodiversity Is Down By 73% · How To Protect The Ocean

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You may or may not have heard of a report that's been out by WWF and
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the London Zoological Society. It's called the 2024 Living
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Planet Report, A System in Peril. You've probably heard about it. Biodiversity is
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down to 73% over the last 50 years. Obviously not
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good, but you're probably also wondering is like, why should I care about biodiversity? What
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does it really bring to me? We're going to talk about the report, why
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it's important to you. why you should care about biodiversity and
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what we need to do better as scientists and conservationists to
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make sure that you do care and you know why you should care about biodiversity.
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We're gonna talk about that on today's episode of the How to Protect the Ocean podcast. Let's
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start the show. Hey
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everybody, welcome back to another exciting episode of the how to protect the ocean podcast. I'm
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your host Andrew Lewin, and this is a podcast where you find out what's happening with the
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ocean, how you can speak up for the ocean, and what you can do to live for
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a better ocean by taking action. If this is your first time
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here, or your second, or your third, or your 25th, or your 1600s, it
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doesn't matter. Here is where you find out all about the ocean. I
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the podcast videos or whatever we release to help you understand the
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ocean and help you live for a better ocean. Today we're talking about biodiversity
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and you're probably wondering, Andrew, why the heck Do I have to worry about biodiversity?
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Why do I care? Well, there's a report out that says, hey, you know what? A lot
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of people don't care because over the last 50 years from 1970 to
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2020, there has been at least a drop into 73% of
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species. Just to go into some of the details further,
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we've seen the decline in Latin America by 95% and Africa by 76%. Latin
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America, I believe, includes the Caribbean. The
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report highlights the tipping points for ecosystems like the Amazon and coral
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reefs that are fast approaching. And to reverse trends, the
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report calls for transformative actions in food, energy,
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and financial systems, and enhanced conservation efforts while
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supporting indigenous and local community roles. That's
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fine and dandy. That all sounds great. But why the heck aren't
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we doing it? This is the problem that we've seen a
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number of times. And to be honest, I've discussed it with a lot of
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other biologists, a lot of other conservationists, ocean, land,
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freshwater. It's all up for
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grabs. We've seen a lot of the problems in you
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know, tons of places, right? And
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it's all over the world. You know, this one reports, you know, Latin America and
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Africa seem to be the top, but it's everywhere. And we've
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seen decreases in freshwater species by 85%, terrestrial species by 69%, and marine
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species by 56%. That's
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a lot. Those are a lot of species where we probably don't know a lot about, but
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they're actually going extinct or they're getting a
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drop in those. And we talk about it on this podcast,
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right? We talk about the northern right whale. We talk about manatees. We
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talk about a lot of these different species that are either going extinct or
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are in danger of going extinct, right?
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They're on the Endangered Species Act or the Species at Risk Act, depending on
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what country you're in. Right. We've seen the decline. We've seen
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how we treat our oceans. We've seen how we develop along the coastline in
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various places, whether it be in North America, whether it be in Europe, whether it
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be in Africa, whether it be in Latin America, whether it be in the Caribbean. And we destroy
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all these beautiful places, natural places to put in what
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we think are tourist areas. Right. We see these resorts that are just
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gorgeous resorts, but they've been put in place of a
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natural area that have mangroves and seagrasses and all that kind of stuff.
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And we just ignore it. We just don't care about
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biodiversity. As a species, we don't talk about biodiversity. We
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talk about coral reefs. We talk about the Amazon forest. And
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we know that there's a lot of diversity of species that are being affected by
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those areas. And these are iconic areas. These are areas
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where we need to focus on. And we need to say, hey,
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if we don't protect these habitats,
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these wonderful ecosystems, we are going to we're
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gonna be in for it. And we are starting to be in for it, because we're starting to see
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a decline of these species, of these habitats, these
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ecosystems, whatever that might be. And that's a
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problem. That's a huge problem for
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us as human species. But again, we don't care
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about these systems. We don't care about biodiversity, because
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there's no connection. When we say biodiversity, when we say, hey, you have
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to protect everything. You know, first I want to talk
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about biodiversity. We're going to find out what that is. Because biodiversity is
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something that is so important to every
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single realm, whether it be freshwater, whether it be land, whether
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it be the marine realm. It's important to keep everything
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stabilized. So biodiversity is basically protecting all things so
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that we maintain stability in our systems. When you
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take out something from a healthy, biodiverse system,
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if an animal goes extinct from that system, right? So
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say you're in a coral reef and you have a particular species
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of parrotfish that goes extinct or is extirpated from
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that system, right? It doesn't mean it's extinct from the world, it's
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just extirpated, just gone from that area, from that one particular area.
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You'll have other parrotfish that are around that area so
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that it could still have the same function as those parrotfish, right?
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The ones that just left because you have different species of parrotfish because you
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will have this healthy biodiverse area. So you have these
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functional species that help habitats. Parrotfish will
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eat and eat algae off of coral. Sometimes they take a little bit
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of the coral with them, but it allows that coral to regenerate and
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it allows the algae to get off that coral. So it maintains a
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healthy coral. Without parrotfish or other fish that
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eat algae off of corals, the corals wouldn't get
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pruned of algae. And if you have a system where climate change is
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affecting it, the waters are getting hotter, the sun is
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on it longer, you start to get algae. right?
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You start to get nutrients that are going into the system, algae
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growth starts to proliferate. And then they outgrow the
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corals because they grow so fast. The corals need sunlight, they get suffocated. Without
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that sunlight, and then the coral, the reef just grows over,
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or the algae just grows over the reef. The reef starts to dissipate,
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and if you don't have those algae eaters, not all the time, but if you don't have those
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algae eaters, and you have other effects, accumulative, that are on this, like
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bad water quality, and climate change, and heating of
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the water, then you start to get this system that proliferates into
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a mess of algae. and you lose that biodiversity because
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you lose the coral reefs because it just spreads all across and
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all these fish are gone because they don't want to be around an area where
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they can't hide, they can't feed off of the corals, they can't feed
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on other animals that are helping the corals. It's just, it becomes a
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nightmare, right? And that's what happens a lot of times in the ocean. The
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reefs die either from overheating or bleaching or
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they die from nutrient overgrowth or algae overgrowth
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because of excess nutrients in the water and hotter water. And
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we start to see all this area that's so biodiverse, it
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just gets dissipated, right? It just gets destroyed. And then you
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have other systems such as seagrass and mangrove forests that probably have
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more biodiversity than coral reefs, but they
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are not as appealing. They're not as nice. When people see seagrass in
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the water and they're along like a shoreline, say, of a resort or
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a hotel, they're like, oh, that's gross, there's seaweed in there. But this seagrass plays
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a really important role in making sure that the species
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can hide and they can grow as a nursery habitat, you
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know, so that they can go out to the coral reef or they can go out into other systems and
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they can do their function. But without that habitat to
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help them hide and help them feed on other animals, that'll make them grow
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bigger and get stronger. Without that habitat there,
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those animals are gone. They're not going to be found there. And
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there's nothing going to be in those areas. So by taking out seagrass habitats,
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you take out the biodiversity. Same thing with mangroves. Mangroves
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are home to a lot of small fish and a lot of small invertebrates that
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use that area as a nursing area, a nursery area. And
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they just proliferate in there. They get bigger. They go to
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different areas. And that's just the system of life. That's just in
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the ocean. We're not talking about fresh water. We're not talking about land. because that's
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not what we cover in this podcast, but that's happening all over the place.
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We see the destruction of habitats for one reason or another. Whether
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it's indirectly or directly caused by human beings. And then we
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see a change in the system because the diversity goes down because there's
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been so many impacts. And then that system changes to the point where
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it's just a tipping point and it just can't be reversed. But
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if you have a biodiverse area where you have a lot of different species that
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do the same function, but one of those species gets extirpated for
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whatever reason that might be. That's just natural, you know, evolution. Those
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other functional species will be able to keep that habitat up,
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right? But as I explain this to you, I'm probably losing some of you,
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where you're just like, oh, yeah, like nobody's going to believe this. My mother, my grandmother, my
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grandfather, they're just my niece and nephew. They may not
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care about biodiversity because they don't see that
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impact. And to be honest, I've been racking my brain. I'll
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be like, how do we get people to care about
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biodiversity. How does that work? I
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don't get it. Because when we talk about biodiversity, we're not
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talking about one specific species. If I talk about a manatee, and
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I say, we need to protect the manatees, that's all great. When I was in
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school, we used to talk about the umbrella species, whales, marine
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mammals, dolphins, sometimes even sharks as
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a fish, a cartilaginous fish, elasmobranchs, where we talk about
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these fish species and marine mammal species as
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this sort of icon. Right? People love it. Same as sea turtles. People
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love it and they want to protect that one individual species. Right?
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Northern right whale, humpback whale, you know, common dolphins,
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spinner dolphins, orcas, might be
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like a great white shark, might be sea lions. You
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just never know. People connect with a lot of different animals. And
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those animals become an important conservation sort of
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iconic piece. And we call it the umbrella species because
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if you protect like a great white shark, for instance, like
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they did in California, if you protect great white sharks that
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were endangered at one point, You have to protect what they
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eat. They eat sea lions on the California coast. So you have to protect
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sea lions. So you see this endangered great white shark that people loved
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to hate at some point or were scared enough because of the movie Jaws. But
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they realized that those species started to go down. People were killing
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them. And that population needs to stabilize and
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grow. So how do we do that? Well, people realized that they were killing the
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sea lions off. Right? Sea lions were being killed off. Also, the
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sea lion's food, the sardines and so forth, with smaller
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fish, were getting eaten as well. Or not only eaten, but overfished. So
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what did they do? They came out with pieces of legislation, three
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pieces of legislation that would protect all three levels in
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that food web. So they protected the fish with the Magnuson-Stevenson Act
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in the US in the 1970s. Then they protected the sea
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lions with the Marine Mammal Protection Act in in the 1970s, and then they
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protected the great white shark as an endangered species, as
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part of the Endangered Species Act, and I don't know when that was installed. I'm
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going to say the 1970s, but I don't know if that's true. But regardless, all
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those pieces were saved, part of that food web, right?
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What happens? The fish start to come back, the sea lion population started
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to grow, and the great white shark population grew. And now, it's grown
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so much that we found that it's a nursery habit in Southern California for
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great white sharks, and that they're starting to spread around
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more all the way up north into San Francisco area, right?
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Oakland area, and in the Bay Area, Monterey Bay, and then even further
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north to Oregon. So now, like
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off the coast of Oregon, so we're starting to see this growth of a species in the
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1970s that was actually found to be endangered, and we protected
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other species. We protected the biodiversity of
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that system so that we can see one species, this one
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iconic species, the umbrella species, grow. And that's wonderful.
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But the problem is, is that sometimes when you protect one species,
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you affect another or you don't, you don't affect a lot of the other species, right?
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So by protecting the sea lions population
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and protecting the sardine population. Well, now other populations
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were ignored. Maybe that didn't really help. So then we started to move
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towards a habitat approach. Let's protect the habitats, not just
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the individual species. That still needs to be protected. That's one
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tool in the conservation toolbox. But then we need to
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protect the habitat. Right? Or a number of
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different habitats. So we started to say, all right, let's protect coral reefs. But we can't just
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protect coral reefs because coral reefs are affected by the
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number and the system that has like
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a piece of seagrass, right? A patch of seagrass or even
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mangroves or both. So now we know that these habitats are connected.
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So we started to say, let's look at the ecosystem level. a number of different habitats
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that have a different set of species or the same set of species at different life
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cycles that can maintain an entire ecosystem, that collective
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of habitats and communities, right? So that's a
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good piece. That's when we start to bring in protected areas and marine protected areas.
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And so we started to protect that. That not only protects from fisheries, right,
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making sure that fisheries isn't overfished, but it also protects biodiversity,
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right? We protect the stability of the system. And
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then we realized when you protect biodiversity, you protect that stability of
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the system, a lot of those habitats, seagrass habitats, mangrove
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habitats, coral reef habitats, have a security level that
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help the coastline maintain that
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energy dissipation of big waves that come in. So
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in 2004, a large tsunami in the Indian Ocean affected
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Africa, South Asia, and a lot of Southeast Asia islands.
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It killed a lot of people. It was very devastating. It was around Christmas time.
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And when they started to do studies after to see how
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different areas were impacted or not impacted as much, they found
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that the areas that weren't as impacted by the energy of
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the wave, the wave coming in, the big tsunami coming in, they
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realized that they had a lot of their natural systems, mangroves, seagrasses,
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coral reefs, intact. So areas that had those systems, either
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a combination of all three or a combination of two or even one, had
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less damage and less deaths to their villages and
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to the areas that were affected by the tsunami than
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those that had them removed for either aquaculture or
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they were just removed because they weren't taken care of or there was development or anything like
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that. That really started to light
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the light bulb, let's just say, and say, hey, you know what? We
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need to protect these areas. They're not only good for biodiversity, they're
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only good for fishing and feeding people. Because a lot of people depend
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on the ocean for diverse fish and artisanal fishing
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and being sure local people can eat the fish and sell the fish so they can support
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their families. That happens more often than we think. I think
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me living in North America, I talk to a lot of people who
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are like, we should stop fishing. But more often than not, most
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of the people in the world depend on some sort of
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seafood to sustain their protein that they need for
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their lives in general. So we need biodiversity to
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help with that and help support fisheries, local fisheries, as
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well as the protection, that security. But again,
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how do we get people to really care about biodiversity? You
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don't see it on the news. You don't hear it on the podcast. You don't hear
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it on sort of social media other than people like
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a friend of mine, Carissa Cabrera, who I just saw
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a TikTok where she's talking about biodiversity. And I even mentioned, I
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put a comment on there, I'm like, how do we get people interested? on biodiversity, because
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every time I talk about somebody, I can see the eyes glaze over. And
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I can't see your eyes glazing over, but maybe it is. Maybe it's not.
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I don't know. It's really difficult. So I asked some people
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around, and I even asked around. So
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I really got to think about, how do we get people interested.
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And I wrote down some notes that I'm going to talk about now. The first thing
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is get that personal connection into play, right?
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Demonstrate how biodiversity plays a role and affects the
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daily life of local communities. You might be
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in a local community, you know, around the ocean,
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right? You might be along a coastline. You might be along a
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wildlife area or a naturalized area. You might be
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around a lake. And when you start to personalize
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that, you start to say, hey, that lake that you love so much being on. To
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stay that way, to make sure that you look on the coastline and
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you see, hey, I like the look of this. I
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like having my house near it. I like walking by it. I
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like going to the beach. I like having a cottage by it. I
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like looking out to lakes. I like looking out on rivers.
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I like the natural areas, the oceans. Make it personal. Make
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it the reason why you love it so much. And
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that's not the only time that's used. I remember working with
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Environment Canada. I was doing a secondment when I was at Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
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I was working for Environment Canada. We were working on the – I was part
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of just a small part of working on the binational Great Lakes
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Water Quality Agreement. And the reason why this agreement was
18:01
coming in is some of the people in the upper management were like, How
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do we get people to care about the Great Lakes? Like, how do
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we get people to care about the health? Like, what do they actually care about? And
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a lot of it was people wanted to just stand along the coastline
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and look out onto a lake and be like, I love this area.
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I want to see it healthy. So they don't want to see green. They
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don't want to smell something bad. They don't want to see like, oh,
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that's crazy polluted. Like, there's a lot of people that I know that will
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not step in Lake Ontario in certain spots because it's
18:31
so gross. reputation goes around
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and people start to think about it in other spots that it's actually clean and
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they refuse to go in it and they start to talk about that then it gets that reputation of
18:43
it being a dirty lake but it's not a dirty lake. I mean there are certain spots that
18:46
are not great but there are other spots that you can enjoy Lake Ontario, you
18:49
can enjoy Lake Erie, you can enjoy Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake
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Huron, you know, Georgian Bay. All these areas are beautiful, but
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it gets this reputation and it takes away that connection because people don't
19:00
want to go close to the shores as they usually do,
19:04
right? Or as they would like to because they hear this reputation. So
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having that personal connection and demonstrating how that personal connection will
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play a role in how biodiversity plays a role in protecting that
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personal connection, I think is really great. Education and
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awareness is the second thing. So sharing stories and facts through
19:21
engaging media and community outreach. So this
19:24
is where you get into the, like, on the ground kind
19:28
of education. You talk to students, you talk to kids,
19:31
you talk to adults, you get them in and around the ocean,
19:35
you get them in and around the lake as community projects, not
19:38
just cleaning up, but also enjoying the ocean. You
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know, Carissa put up a really cool post where
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it's just like, sometimes you just got to enjoy nature. And as conservationists, a lot
19:48
of the times we talk about all the bad things
19:52
about the ocean or all the bad things about nature, like happening to
19:55
nature. Sometimes we forget that it's actually quite nice out there
19:59
in certain spots, and we should enjoy it. Even though we
20:02
talk about nature all the time, it's good to take a break every once
20:05
in a while, get re-inspired by connecting to nature,
20:09
but also enjoying its beauty and what it brings to us and the
20:12
value it brings to us. It actually helps us with our mental
20:16
health. Right. I think that's really important. So having that education, whereas
20:20
bringing people to the coastline that are not normally exposed
20:24
to the coastline is a really big deal. And a lot of people are
20:27
stressing on programs or a lot of areas that are impoverished and
20:30
they can't get to the coastline or they don't. get to go to the coastline often.
20:34
There are programs that will bring people to the coastline so that they can see the
20:38
value and the beauty and maybe try to go out there a little bit more often without
20:42
these programs if they can. And so that's just not for
20:45
impoverished or successful areas. Everybody
20:50
needs to go out and connect to your coastline. And
20:53
then involvement and empowerment. So encourage actions like
20:56
conservation projects and sustainable choices. So going and
21:00
joining a network of conservationists like Surfrider. If
21:04
there's one in your area or you want to start one up, you can talk to Surfrider. I'm
21:07
sure they would be happy to see a network of volunteers start up.
21:11
But encourage that going out and standing up
21:15
for your local area, your local area of land,
21:19
freshwater, marine. It doesn't matter. Whether
21:22
you love the ocean and you're 50 miles away or 100 or 500 miles
21:26
inland, it doesn't matter. If you love the ocean, protect everything that's
21:29
around it because if you protect the interior, the exterior
21:33
won't be as affected by a bad interior. All the
21:36
oceans are connected by water at some point in time and so
21:40
by protecting all that water, by protecting the land around that water, you're
21:44
inevitably, indirectly protecting the ocean. And
21:47
I think that is really important. So when
21:51
you look at involvement empowerment, get involved, get out there and
21:55
start doing something with the ocean, with
21:58
the lakes, with a natural area, a park or something like
22:02
that. Get out there and enjoy it. Get out there, serve on
22:05
conservation projects, and volunteer with
22:08
organizations where you can. If you have the time, if you're able
22:12
to do it, do it with your family. It's a really great activity, and
22:16
it's good for the planet. It has a lot of impact, and it makes you feel really,
22:20
really great. And then, of course, the last one is economic incentives to
22:23
showcase the financial benefits of preserving nature. So
22:26
just think about all the wonderful things you love to do in and around the
22:30
coastline or in and around nature. People make money off of
22:33
that. People make money off of ecotourism. People make money off
22:36
of tourism. You know, you're not going to get these big resorts going to
22:40
island nations if people don't go,
22:43
if people don't enjoy those areas, right? Now, there's
22:46
protests you can do if a resort comes in and clears all
22:50
the mangroves and clears all those areas of those natural areas
22:54
so that you can have, you know, your fun as a tourist,
22:57
but really be aware as an ecotourist to
23:01
just be like, I don't want to go to these big resorts that
23:04
destroy the area. I want to go to a resort or a
23:08
hotel or I guess an organization or
23:11
a company that not only has a place
23:16
where I can enjoy the nature of that area, but also gives back
23:19
and has an impact on the local community. So that when I go
23:23
there, I'm not taking from the community. I'm actually giving back to the community.
23:26
There are places that are out there and hopefully we'll have some of
23:30
those on the podcast soon so that you can find
23:33
out more about that. But that's an important role as
23:37
a tourist. That's an important role as a human being to just like everything
23:40
you do, you could have that impact. Might take a little bit more research.
23:44
Hopefully in the future we'll be able to take away some of that research
23:48
and make it a little easier for you to choose. But I think that's an important aspect
23:52
of looking out for biodiversity, getting involved and
23:55
taking action. So I'm hoping that this allows
23:59
you to really enjoy the time
24:04
and understand how important biodiversity
24:08
is. This is a time where
24:11
we need to make sure that biodiversity is
24:15
protected. that we increase biodiversity in
24:19
many areas and we stop messing around and stop delaying.
24:22
We need to hold our politicians accountable. There
24:26
are some major elections that are happening in the U.S. as well as Canada
24:29
over the next year, in the U.S. even earlier, I think the next couple of
24:32
weeks. It's important that we hold our politicians
24:36
who have been in office for a long time and haven't done
24:40
anything and refuse to do anything to help nature, but help protect
24:43
biodiversity. but also put in people who are willing to
24:47
put in the work, who are willing to make the hard decisions and are willing
24:50
to go outside the norm to protect biodiversity. It's
24:53
important to you. It's important to me. It's something that it's
24:57
not a border issue. It's something that every country around the
25:00
world needs to protect so that we can enjoy the
25:04
system that we have now or the system that we've had. in the past, a
25:07
nice stable system that works well for
25:10
us, that provides us with food and provides us with security. So I hope
25:14
that helps and, you know, my big call to action is
25:17
get out, get connected with nature. And I'd love to hear your stories
25:21
of you connecting with nature. You can put a comment in the
25:24
comments below, or you can comment on Spotify, YouTube,
25:28
or you can send me a DM on Instagram at howtoprotecttheocean. I
25:32
would love to hear your stories and how you connect with
25:35
nature and how you understand biodiversity is extremely important
25:39
to our natural world. So that's it for me for
25:43
today's episode. I want to thank you so much for taking the time and learning about biodiversity
25:46
with me. And of course, if you know someone
25:50
who you think would benefit from this, please feel free to
25:53
share this episode. It's free to share. I really appreciate it.
25:56
But I want to thank you so much for joining me on today's episode of the How to Protect
26:00
the Ocean podcast. I'm your host, Andrew Lewin. Have a great day. We'll talk to you