Latest / Timbuktu: Africa's Forgotten Center of Knowledge — Fexingo History
Timbuktu's Fire: The 1591 Battle of Tondibi
In 1591, a Moroccan army crossed the Sahara to crush the Songhai Empire. This episode tells the story of the Battle of Tondibi, the decisive clash that ended Songhai rule and opened Timbuktu to Saadian conquest. We follow Judar Pasha, a eunuch general of Spanish origin, and Askia Ishaq II, the Songhai emperor who faced him with a vast but outdated army. The Songhai deployed cattle as a shock tactic, but Moroccan gunpowder and discipline prevailed. The aftermath saw Timbuktu's scholars, including Ahmad Baba, exiled to Marrakech, and the city's intellectual life scattered. Drawing on…
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