Latest / The Information Bottleneck / Why Deep Learning Finally Works on Tables | Frank Hutter (Prior Labs)

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Why Deep Learning Finally Works on Tables | Frank Hutter (Prior Labs) · The Information Bottleneck

• Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Hello everyone and welcome back to the Information Butleneck podcast. And today we have Frank Hutter He is a co-founder and a co-CEO of Prior Labs and also a professor at University of Freiburg. Hey, thanks for joining us Frank. Frank Hutter: Thanks for having me, Ravit. really exciting to be on the show. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: So today of course we are going to talk about Tableau data. You are the expert for for Tableau data. but first I want to like to to say congrats like last week SAP just announced that they finalized the acquisition of Power Lab. So you want to to tell us a bit about like how what does it mean actually like to stay independent lab inside such a big operation? Frank Hutter: Yeah, I'm super excited about working with SAP. We we have been an an eighteen months old startup and after eighteen months we now get this yeah. This this big support from SAP where they're investing over a billion over the next four years into us. So we'll have the the funds to really become a frontier AI AIA lab, hire the best people in the world. we we already have an amazing team, but this gives us, you know, the the funds to grow and to have the compute and Yeah, just also we get distribution. SAP has four hundred thousand customers, they have something like ten thousand salespeople, and yeah, there's there's so much data that SAP has access to and and so that we can finally work on on Yeah, not just tasks that are like an application here, an application there. We of course had a lot of customers in the pipeline, but there's existing customers now where we can just just by releasing a model it can be rolled out to so many different customers and really bring value to the world and enable much better decisions across industry, across so many different players in the industry, across like Yeah, horizontally in in terms of medicine, finance, yeah, the industrials. Everywhere there is tabula data and it's so exciting to be having this massive impact now. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And why you want to stay like independent lab inside it? Frank Hutter: Yeah, I mean it's super independent super important for us to to remain in b independent. We're we're 45 people. If if we were to be integrated and merged with SAP, that would be you know that that has happened to so many startups and typically after a year or two the startup is sort of gone and there is nothing left of the identity and also the impact is really limited the that that you have then. Like if if these 45 people are dropped into 110,000 SAP employees, like we we could not have the impact that I we we could not operate as a startup. We could not be continuing to to move fast and break things and and and that is super important, you know, like iterate on different models like the the product velocity that we've had, the research velocity we've had, we we want to keep that and don't want to yeah slow down but really speed up and with this independence yet having access to to so many customers and be able to look at at the right data and have the right evals and so on that is going to speed us up and so that is what i'm excited about is really you know we we want to build the best models in this field and really win win in this field and i i think this is the way forward and Yeah, like w without the independence, I I think that that would have not happened. So I'm really excited to also be continuing to to work with the customers we already have, work with customers that are not SAP customers. Like for example, in medicine and so on, SAP doesn't have a a big history because traditionally in in medicine, yeah, like companies didn't use to put their their data on the cloud and SAP is on the cloud. So so historically SAP doesn't actually have a lot of customers there. Yet There's over a hundred published papers showing that WFN is state-of-the-art for medical application ABC, hundreds of them. And of course I want to continue on that. Like there's one example where yeah, there's a nature communications paper where researchers in Taiwan use WFN to detect pancreatic cancer earlier. you know, that can make the difference between life and death for a lot of people and that is you know super motivating to be to be able to have that sort of impact. And and this is something where you know we didn't even have any any interaction with them. They just took the the open source model and and used that but we of course want to work with yeah companies want to work with customers want to work with researchers to be able to have that sort of impact And one other thing that that this acquisition gives us is just well the the funds and the long-term planning horizon to actually really just tackle basic research problems again. tackle problems that yeah require multi-year, multiple years of research. And as an 18-month-old startup, that is kind of hard, right? When you need to make sure that that you build out the the products and and so on and you necessarily have a funding round every year or maybe one and a half years or so. And yeah, now we yeah, we can plan for the next four years at least, maybe ten years, and just grow and do great research and good things will come out of it. And and that is actually the reason that yesterday we we announced that I I changed my title from CEO to co-CEO. I'll be co-CEO research. And we have Soric, my co-founder, who was COO, who started to set up with ops and so on. But now well he has been setting up everything in terms of the business, partners, the customers, a go-to-market and so on. So it he was always a de facto a co-CEO, but now like also officially he takes care of the business. I take care of the research. And with that I can focus so much more on the research and we want to build out all this foundational research that we now have yeah the ability to do. And so I'm super excited about that. Allen Roush: I just wanna point out I I used to work at Oracle, which historically for a while had two CEOs, and also I believe the Roman Republic always had two consoles, right? Which was the highest person up there. So I'm fascinated by that. But I'm I'm curious, what do you think the future holds for tabular neural network based model or methods in general, especially for enterprise? I mean, a lot of people would argue that that what used to be the core, you know, task of machine learning circa maybe as late as twenty nineteen has become, you know, in the back of the minds of most of the L L pilled people, if if that. so w what what's your thought on this? Frank Hutter: Yeah, I mean absolutely it was the the the typical deep learner has worked on the the types of problems where humans are actually good at. language, vision, etc. These are these are problems that were always just super hard and just just something like tabula. Actually, tabular predictions we have you know, scikit-learn, there's a random forest, exchibus, etc. And they have already been at superhuman performance for the last 20 years. And and so this is sort of something that many people felt is is sort of solved. But it was not solved with a deep learning stack. And deep learning has had these exponential improvements for vision and language. And and that is has been at the top of people's minds. So actually, for example, the the first Happy Event paper yeah got got accepted, got accepted as a as a spotlight. But one one thing that the area chair said why only a spotlight and not sort of an oral and so on is like, tabula is not really something that this community does. And and that that sort of showed a lot, right? It's that used to be the case. you know, the the first tabula workshops were like a handful of people and maybe like fifty people, hundreds people, two hundred people. Now the the last one at ICML with like four hundred people in the room and this is exponentially growing now, and this is it's clear that this is the next big thing in deep learning. And it's partly, you know, these these problems were seen as Not as exciting because all it's a table, you just do some predictions. It's it's not like you can't chat with it. Vision, it's I've I've always envied, I must say, in when when there were demos, people came to visit, the public came to visit, and you know, people could show their robots, people could show their beautiful images, generated images, demos, and so on. And I'm like, well, I have this tabula data, and you make this prediction, and this curve is on top of this curve. This gives a better prediction. seems sort of very abstract and boring. But when it comes to the application, when it comes to your health, or when it comes to our agriculture, our food production, our industries, our, you know, like r real yeah technical indicators like you know how much churn do you have in your company, how much how much money do you have in your account, do you get your credit that that you apply for and so on. Those are just very real problems. And then, you know, when when you think of that, then then it becomes really exciting to make progress in these. And I I think there is yeah, people are are realizing that tabula data runs a world. And when you when you want to plan and and predict the future, then yeah, you better actually think in terms of statistics and in terms of data that is stored in the tables of this world. And then yeah, you you realize that this is really the the the next big thing. also tabular data is sort of hard. It's very heterogeneous. And there have been claims of deep learning revolutionizing tabular data for sort of at least a decade. And deep learning sort of has a a bad rep for data scientists because there have been all these claims and it sort of just never worked. deep learning. Is traditionally really strong when you have a lot of data and when you have a lot of time and when you can tweak your learning rates and so on, and you need to tweak your learning rates, and you can't and and you it should you shouldn't diverge and so on. And what what data scientists are used to is sort of these very iterative this very iterative work way of working where they fit a quick model and then they iterate on the features and then maybe they iterate on the problem description even and then they talk to domain scientists a bit more and maybe add some more features and do some feature engineering and so on. And there you just can't have it that you have a really slow method or that your method diverges and and so on. And and also you had typically have small data sets of like thousands or ten thousands of data points or or for for a lot of folks in in the university centers Sorry, in the clinics, you have maybe hundreds of data points. And when we published the first nature paper, that was good for up to 10,000 data points, small data, they're like small data, yeah, right. I will never have 10,000 patients. I have it. And and so when when you use traditional deep learning for hundreds of data points, they of course you overfit, like there's no tomorrow. And the one thing that changed now is we have in context learning, and we feed the entire data set to the neural network. And within context learning, we have meta-learned to do the statistical reasoning and to take the X-train, Y-train, X test as an input and output the Y test or probability distribution for the Y test. And have that be well calibrated and have that be meta-learned that over hundreds of millions of data sets you actually learn actually learned to predict really well. You've you've learned to predict really well on the test portion of these training data sets. And then when you're given the a new real data set, then you just do a forward pass. And so it's just a forward pass. There is no divergence anymore of your and there's no tweaking of hyperparameters of your learning rates or anything. It's just you take in your network, you could you know put that on like Write that out in Onyx, put it on a sensor or whatnot. And then you have a machine learning algorithm that you execute in a forward pass. It's a machine learning algorithm, not a classifier. So you t you can take any classifier and put it on Onyx, on a sensor, but now it's actually an algorithm that depending on the tabula data set that you get as input actually gives you a different classifier. And that is that is kind of wild and and it's just really easy in terms of your yeah yeah your your distribution and you can put a forward pass anywhere and can integrate that into any type of application. We have an MCP server where you can just yeah integrate this into your agents and so on. And that is yeah the it's just really taking over all kinds of different applications. yeah so where do I see this going? Sorry, maybe thank you. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Yeah, so I Frank Hutter: Okay. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: I want to start like even like in more like even like more like at the beginning. Like what do you think is tabular data actually? Like what do you think like is like the properties of of data that you actually care about? Frank Hutter: Yeah, so it's it's heterogeneous, right? You have rows and columns that like maybe maybe your standard data set from medicine, right? You have a say your patient and you have blood samples, and then you can run all kinds of omics characteristics of your blood, and then you might want to predict certain properties. Let's say, hey, does this patient have early stage Alzheimer's? and you have you know, hundreds of hundreds of previous patients. And for them, you know whether they had early stage Alzheimer not. And then for this new patient, well, you don't know it. And you can wait three years and then you know whether three years ago they had early stage Alzheimer's or not, but it you want to predict it right now. In that particular example, these these omics values are typically continuous, so pretty simple. there's not as many missing values and so on. But in a lot of other applications, you have much more complexities in your data. You have outliers where you have measurement errors, you have missing data because some characteristics have just not been measured. For example, think of a a patient in the hospital, like has their temperature been taken or not? Sometimes it just hasn't been taken and it's just missing. Then you have missing at random, you have missing not at random. If someone might not have put something into a form, into a form, like for example, do you smoke? If if the person is like 13, they will not put yes, even if they do. Yeah, there's categorical values. There is continuous values, there is ordinal values, then yeah, so so a a lot of these data complexities and you can encode these different different types of data differently. And so there there's been a lot of work on yeah, the different embeddings into a neural network and and that just needed some time and people working on it. Now there's good embeddings for different types of data, but then there's actually also, you know, a date, for example. A date could have a very different embeddings. You could have embeddings for the day of the months, for the for the months, for the time of date, time of day and so on. So really very very complex in terms of the input modality, but also then super complex in terms of the applications. traditional deep learning methods would not be able to generalize be when you give them two data sets. Hey, here is one data set about I don't know, these types of credits were paid back. and the features are, I don't know, the you know, your monthly income and And and some other characteristics of the customers. And then another one say, yeah, this this all makes blood value prediction whether you have early stage cancer. The features are just entirely different. There's no possible way of having any sort of transfer there. but with the context learning, we can actually get this positive transfer because there you learn get the the data set as an input and Then you learn to actually see statistical patterns in the data. There is this column A and this column B, and sort of the column the column B seems to be following the column A, and jointly they actually can predict your your Y column. That is something where like you you can actually from your observational data, you can kind of decipher some some. possible causal patterns and you can actually use these in order to make predictions about the data you could figure out hey there's this oscillation like for example in the time series you could see there is sort of after this one variable happens then this other variable tends to jump for example I don't know I was running an ad campaign and then my demand spiked after that and then you have sort of this exponential Dampening effect over time when people forget about the ad. And you have a very similar type of pattern when you give a drug, and then like the drug concentration in your blood spikes, and over time you have an exponential decay. So you can have these positive transfer across entirely different types of domains. But only in the in-context learning, not in the traditional deep learning. And that's why we needed really the in-context learning in order to make progress in this field. Allen Roush: So I I'm curious about two phenomena I've noticed. that I think are somewhat related and and kind of questions. One is sh especially right before Chat GPT came out, there was a lot of excitement with Auto ML and lots of frameworks and startups around it. I think maybe auto teapot is still around because of Amazon. I think your models might be in there, or or I'm sorry if I'm if Amazon's a wrong people. Somebody owns auto teapot, right? Like I forget who Frank Hutter: Yeah, Allen Roush: it is. I thought it was AWS for some reason. Anyway, there's that side of I guess I'm curious what's your thoughts on Auto ML, because in particular it seemed like you you asserted that it seemed like classification was solved, but I remember that I could spend a lot more compute and get better answers on a lot of problems back back in that era. And then second, related to this, I'm fascinated by the fact that nobody seems to have even ever tried to make a language model with like a gigantic random forest or something like that. Like, do you even think such things are possible, right? To use classical t techniques on the same massive data sets with like tokenization Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Just be before you answer, like just to to mention it, like Frank like spent like fifteen years on auto ml and like hyper parameter optimization and architecture research, right? So it's a good question. Allen Roush: Perfect person. Frank Hutter: Yeah, I I I I have very, very fuzzy feelings about auto ML of course. I yeah, I I I brought to life and co-organized the first the Auto ML series of workshops at ICML and we organized that for eight years. then we started the Auto ML conference where I was general chair for the first two years. and then that's still a healthy community and and still running strongly. wrote the first book on auto ML, had the first MOOC on Auto ML. So this is really something that there it's dear to my my my my heart that we also had a a series of workshops on Bayesian optimization, a series of workshops on neural architecture search, a series of workshops on meta-learning, all of which I have been co-organizing for for many years. And and they're all sort of in as part of of Auto ML. The the The way this relates most closely to this in-context learning is meta-learning because in context learning is a type of meta-learning. and and you can kind of see this in context learning and TapyFn as sort of the natural progression of AutoML, where actually you've just meta-learned the entire system and all you need to like you basically amortize the inference into just a forward pass. But maybe to to get back to the the question on on teapot, etc. I I think it's it's just teapot, not auto teapot, but teapot isn't is an auto ml system. It is is actually an open source one, I believe. but AWS Amazon has Autogluon, which is really Yeah, I agree Autogluon Allen Roush: That's what I was thinking of. Sorry. Yeah, autoglute. Frank Hutter: is is a fantastic the leading tabular machine learning auto ml. we built auto sk learn in in my lab in Freiburg over many years. Mm-hmm. Allen Roush: I remember using that. It was great. Frank Hutter: Yeah, it it it is still great. it's and and there, you know you We integrated a whole lot of different methods from the AutoML community, meta-learning over which types of hyperparameters to try first on previous data sets which types of hyperparameter configurations work best. Then sort of, yeah, maybe saying, well. What are typically good methods? So sort of having lists of different hyperparameter settings. Like for example, I'll try XGBoost with these hyperparameter settings, and then I'll try LightGPM with those hyperparameter settings and so on. And you can learn that over again hundreds of different data sets, which are sort of the right types of hyperparameters. you can do multi-fidelity hyperparameter optimization where they given some really large data set, you could well go and do some random search over a a bunch of different hyperparameters of XGBus, but that would be very slow. You wouldn't do that. First, random search is maybe doesn't find you the best hyperparameters, but also evaluating a hyperparameter setting would be really slow if you have like a really large data set. So you could rather say, hey, I'll take a smaller subset of this of this large data set and then yeah try some different configurations of XGBoost, of neural nets, and so on. And maybe I'm not gonna use like 10,000 trees in XGBoost, but only 100 trees, just to be faster in your evaluations, and then really quickly home into the methods that are likely good. And then you run those for longer. So one one simple and very popular method there is this hyperband method, or that is based on successive halving, where you have just yeah, a large number of hyperparameter settings that you try for a short amount of time or with a short budget or with with say less layers in your neural networks and and smaller embeddings, et cetera. Just really think that that reduce your your complexity of the evaluations. And then figure out, okay, what is sort of the better ones and give those more budget. And figure out again what are the best better ones of those and give those more budget yet, et cetera. so we integrated all kinds of methods like that, like this multi-fidelity optimization into these auto ML methods. We also integrated these meta-learning methods, learning across many different data sets, what should be the right types of hyperparameter settings. For example, also, what are the right hyperparameter settings? Such that if you run successive halving with them, they will actually yield the best performance. All of that we've we've sort of automated in these auto ML systems in Auto-Sklearn. and then as a base layer of that, you would have in Auto-Sk-Learn, you would have Scikit-Learn, which itself has like what back then, like 13 different types of classifiers. And each of these classifiers has up to like 10 hyperparameters. And then you have pre-processing and their hyperparameters and data pre-processing. Processors and their hyperparameters and all of that in a big design space. And in the end, you just want to have the best instantiation of these methods and get the best performance as quickly as possible. We worked a lot on that. AutoScalern was won several competitions actually against human teams of data scientists. in one competition there was a hundred and thirty teams of human engineers. and AutoSkalearn actually was first against all of them. we just ran AutoSkalearn pushed a button, ran for a couple of hours, and was better than these 130 teams of of human data scientists for a week. and this was in 2015, when there was also data robot and and so on. and yeah. I I felt like we had pretty good tech, but I was a professor, we were building sort of systems for our friends in academia, and and we never really pushed all the way to make this something that any data scientist in the world would just use all the time. for that it's sort of having a startup is helpful. maybe we can get to that later Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: What? Frank Hutter: on. That's that was one of the reasons why why eventually now I I was really excited about building a startup. But let me first answer yeah the the the question about autogluon. so autogluon is an amazing method. there's also some postdoc assembling in there. and It it sort of was built on top of AutoScalarn and put more better ensembling and really strong engineering in there. in in the yeah AWS team, there was amazing engineering. And the lead author is Nick Erickson, and he's a good friend. He was at every AutoML conference, just like me. and my PhD student, Leonard. We're the only three that have been at every Auto ML conference. And he has actually just joined our team a couple of months ago because he also saw that yeah deep learning is a future. they also built Mitra at Amazon, which is a tabula foundation model. And yeah they also built Kronos a time series foundation model very similar. It's an amazing team at Amazon and yeah they they're great friends. And yeah at least the the Autogluon team is now on AutoGlue on Tabula. Nick was really the core of that and actually joined us. And now we are co-maintaining Autogluon. And you can still take TubPFN and ensemble it with XGBoost and so on. And that still gives you better performance. But in the future, yeah, like say in three years or so, I'm I'm not sure how much of XGBoost is still going to be in these assembles. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: So I I have a question. so like basically the method right like is let's take like transformer, let's make like random data, tr train it on on a lot of random data and then put everything in the in the context and make predictions. do you think at some point like the context length will not be enough? You know, like because like we see right in in at least in in text and LLMs, we see that like d there are some limitation to to the context, right? Like to put everything in the context. Do you feel that we will see something like that that the in-context learning it will not be enough and we need to use like I don't know other tools, like some igenic format that like you call the model again and again and you write and you read from some database maybe thing like that. Frank Hutter: yeah, absolutely. So I mean the the context size has been our main limiting factor, in fact. so in the in the paper that we added Nature last January, that was Tap Pf N two and that was good was state of the art for data sets up to ten thousand data points. We had Tap Pf N one a couple of years before, that was good for a thousand data points, but then This is a main thing that we have done as a startup. Is to really focus on scaling this up. And why did we only have 10,000? Well, because it's sort of computationally expensive. We have attention, and we do have attention that is it's not stupid. So if you just use an LLM and feed this tabular data in, people also ask that a lot. can't you just feed this into you know your frontier LLM and it isn't that gonna eat your lunch? But it's actually just really not built for tabular data. Like LLMs are terrible at number. Numbers, they tokenize digits or maybe pairs of digits, but don't understand sort of the whole number properly. if they are Asked to be do math, then well, the good ones now actually just call a calculator because the calculator can do math. if they asked to do statistics, well now they actually just call the Topular Foundation model, which they can also do through MCP. if they're stupid, they try to do it themselves because they they're just not really actually good at this. also if you well if you if you have like five data points and you have contextual knowledge and so on, then you know they they can do something. The world knowledge and And so on, they're amazing at right. But if you have a thousand, ten thousand, hundred thousand, a million data points, then the the statistical reasoning, they have just not been trained to be statistical reasoners. and also they have a massive problem with the context size. So if you have a data set that's say a million rows and a thousand columns, then that's a billion entries. each of these you tokenize, maybe three, four tokens, and you have like three, four billion tokens, and you put that into your context, they're not gonna be very happy. You know, with quadratic attention on that. of course, then then you would have some type some type of context retrieval, but it's it's just gonna be inherently super limited. what And that's where different types of architectures come into play. And sort of a canonical architecture that we introduced in Tap PFN2 does a quadratic attention over your data points, and then another quadratic attention over your features. And then it alternates C's. And so in a transformer block, now there's not just one attention, but there's two attentions, one across the rows, one across a the columns. And and that lets us then scale already now to a million data points, because then it's only quadratic in a million, not quadratic in a billion. but then then there were still limits in in that type of architecture because actually we had an embedding for every single element of this matrix. So we had like a billion embeddings. and for each of these you would actually have this attention over the rows and attention over the columns. So we'd actually be squared times n, where is the number of data points and n is the number of features, plus n squared times And so it's sort of sorry, n squared times plus squared times n. So sort of the worst of of these. And And and that was all already somewhat limiting. And so one one type of architecture that came actually from the open source community, Tapical, Gailebor Quaslab, David Holzmüller, and Qing Jung. so that that was really a nice architecture that did sort of these these attention across the rows and the columns in the beginning for the embedding and and that with subquadratic attention, but then only did quadratic attention over the rows and so it was only n squared for times one. where n is a number of data points. And and with Tap EFN3, then we iterated on that architecture and improved that further and also improved the prior, et cetera. So so there is clearly some some nice improvements over yeah multiple different institutions. And it's open working in the open is is really helpful for that. And I'm a big proponent for open source research. We're putting our models out in the open. And yeah, so so that that has been quite important in there. And so long story short, yes, very large context is an issue and better architectures help, and there is a gazillion tricks in the LLM compu community to go beyond quadratic. And yeah, of course we're looking at a lot of these and and have a lot of things cooking. And of course we're building WFN4 right now. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And what about like again like Igentic stuff, you know, that like the it's not like only like one pass or like you're actually like making some multiple pass? Frank Hutter: Yeah. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. So so I mean context retrieval is is still really important. There's for example local PFN from the the layer six team. They've also done incredible work. actually we had our our first person starting from that lab this this Monday, he he's amazing. He has also done great work on on causal and and survival prediction and so on. But but so yeah this this local PFN work that actually is very much about finding Sort of doing a retrieval about what data points in the context are similar to the data point that I'm predicting for, and then just using that in your context window in order to do that prediction. So yeah, and and you you could make this this window sort of just as big as as you can afford in in your quadratic attention. And then there's other agentic parts of of a pipeline that that you could think of. that would not be so much the context retrieval, but more the actually the classical data science. so I think data science is is really being revolutionized a lot these days. There are on the one hand the tabular foundation models that that take over sort of the model space, but then there's all the other work that the data scientists do, is all the feature engineering, all the problem formulations and so on. And that's where the LLMs shine, the the where you know you can featurize your data. We we actually had a paper right after ChatGPT came out. Well so a week before ChatGPT came out. TapyFn came out. And then we saw ChatGPT and we're like, holy shit, this is so cool. Let's work with that. And and then we actually, the first we did is not extend top of n but build on top of Chat ChatGPT and had this first paper on sort of automated data science using LLMs. and there we used LLMs back then, GPT 3, I believe, in order to Actually, write code in order to do feature engineering. So if you had like some text that describes a data set, there's this variable, there's that variable, etc., then what data scientists do is often to figure out, hey, what could be a better feature, for example, canonical example is if you have the weight of a patient and the height of a patient, then it could be helpful to know their body mass index. And that's just a formula. sort of do I get this right? It's sort of height squared divided by weight or the other way around. But And so it's a simple formula of these inputs. And if you know the body mass index, that that's directly, you know, if they're between 20 and 25, that's sort of the the healthy, below 20 is sort of a little too thin, above 25 is sort of a little bit too much. And and if you're supposed to predict, say, obesity of a patient, then it's pretty trivial if you have that feature. But then there's other diseases that might be correlated with obesity, and it's much easier if you have the good features. Then the Modeling part is much easier. And that part, you know, you could either do in a neural network where you do the feature learning in the neural network, or you could do it with the agentic system using the contextual knowledge. And if you have the contextual knowledge and you know, hey, this must be a useful feature, well then you better use it. And so there's parts that will live in more the agentic part of the system and parts that will live in the model. For example, if you have relational databases and how do you do the merges, which are the important variables? You can also do this in a neural network, or you can do it on the agentic part, like some of the data cleaning and so on. You can write code in order to clean that. You can write code in order to access some feature stores that are on the net in order to get additional information. For example, if you have a column that says, well, this patient or no, this data point here is from the US, and you have a date, and then you can directly look in in some Feature store, okay, on this date, what happened on this date? Is this a holiday? if it was a holiday, then well, probably people buy more, et cetera. They they have more time to do social things that they wouldn't have otherwise. And so you have very different patterns on the weekend and on the weekday and so on. And and all of that, you can just that lives on the agency layer a lot, because you can just go access different databases, different feature stores in order to build your tabular data set. But then doing the reasoning on this tabulate data set that that lives in the model. Allen Roush: So, what's your opinion on incremental and online learning? It seems like that still is definitely not solved. and then furthermore, I recall that there were a lot of methods that were slower in the classical machine learning literature that were valued for giving very accurate confidence intervals. As as I recall, Gaussian mixture models might have been some of these. you know, do do you think these two particular somewhat more niche areas are valuable today. Don't neural nets actually struggle kind of well with both of these today. I even though it is technically possible to do incremental learning with them. Frank Hutter: Mm-hmm. yeah, so I mean for first on the incremental or also sort of this data stream type learning, there there was actually a paper that sort of last year I think that I was not involved in at all, but it it actually just used like just formulated the problem as a tabula problem and and used WFN. And showed it was state of the art on that. So just all of the the some more complex methods in in data streams, like change point detection and so on, that they layered on top of each other, you actually just didn't need. It was sort of just use type and we had a similar paper on time series before, where we cast the time series as a tabular regression problem, where you would just take yeah, the the The features were sort of the time of day and the day of the year, etc. And then just signs and cosine embeddings of of those. And the y value was just the height of your time series, say univere time series. And and we cast that as tabular regression and just put in Tabn. Then that was actually number one in yeah, until March last year. better than sort of these specialized models like Cronus, etc. And And that was highly surprising to me because it's sort of the this Tabn was trained only on tabular data, only on synthetic data. I'd never seen a time series in its life, never seen this embedding in its life, never seen a real data set or a real time series in its life. It nevertheless was state of the art. That was really surprising to me. And and so for data streams, the same happened, but by another team. So I I think that is is something where PFNs can definitely have have a big impact. in terms of the other questions, sort of slower methods with better confidence intervals. I mean Gaussian processes, for example, are something that can be directly mimicked by a a particular TF Tabula foundation model that has as a prior, the Gaussian process prior. We actually showed that already in in the first Tap Pfn paper in in 2022, where we we had these plots where basically we we showed that yeah if if you have a like the the paper was or actually there was this was not the Tapy Fn paper, this was a PFN paper that which even was further. This this paper was called transformers can do Bayesian inference so in a forward pass. if you have a particular prior then you can learn to amortize posterior basin predictions in in a forward pass. And so for example if you have a a prior there's linear functions and and you take millions and hundreds of millions of linear functions and you just take some some Points of on the line as training data points and other points on the line as test data points, then you you learn to amortize posterior inference over the prior of linear lines and outcomes Bayesian linear regression. If the prior is a Gaussian process prior, then the posterior is a Gaussian process posterior. So you can learn to amortize basically the formulas that you would compute in order to do Gaussian process regression in a forward pass. It is approximate, but it is if you have a a sort of infinitely capable neural network and an infinitely capable optimizer that actually finds the optimum of this neural network, and you train infinitely long over samples from this prior, then we can prove that the error of the approximation error actually tends to exactly zero. So it is that there's no bias in there. And and I I found that pretty pretty powerful. And actually Gaussian mixture models, you could do exactly the same thing. Be it would be like a change of two, three lines in the prior where you would say you sample not from one Gaussian process, but from a mixture of Gaussians. And yeah, so just like like that, you could also do inference in in you could do Bayesian neural network predictions. The the important difference is that you would do inference over just the posterior predictive distribution. So in contrast to other types of Bayesian learning methods like MCMC or variational inference, you actually don't get a distribution over the latency. So for a neural network. You would not actually get a posterior over the weights, the individual weights of the network, but only approximate the integral over all possible instantiations of all the possible weights. What would the network predict with these weights? What would it predict with these weights? What would it predict with these weights? And the probabilities of these weights actually happening integrated over the entire space of all your neural network weights. Could do that and learn, like if the prior is just it it's a neural network and you have a prior over the weights, then the posterior is yeah, the Bayesian posterior predictive predictive distribution of that Bayesian neural network. But you could also say, if you are truly a Bayesian, then you don't want to say this is the architecture, and I'm just uncertain about the weights, but I don't know the architecture, and I don't know the weights. So then you could put a distribution over different architectures and a distribution over their weights. And your prior just one line changes. First, you sample an architecture, and then you sample the weights of that architecture, and then you generate your data from that. And nothing else in the pipeline changes, and outcomes sort of a posterior predictive distribution over the space of different neural networks and their and their weights. And You would have a very hard time doing that with MCMC. You would have to have some like really wicked reversible jump MCMC that jumps over different types of architectures. And you would not want to to program that and not want to wait for that to actually converge. And and now you can just do that in a forward pass. And and we we had that in the first paper. There was 10,000 times faster than MCMC. We use that actually for learning curve extrapolation in in auto ML. So if you have an Initial learning curve, where will this go afterwards? It was one of the first papers I actually supervised as a master, like the first master thesis I supervised in Freiburg, was doing MCMC in that space to actually extrapolate the learning curve. And then a later paper, eight years later or so, we did that with PFNs and a forward pass, 10,000 times faster, so much simpler. Drop all the complex MCMC. It's just a neural network forward path and so it's it's really super flexible this this type of yeah PFN approximations. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: So I I I have a question. I want to talk a bit about the license and like open Frank Hutter: Yeah. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: open source model. So the Frank Hutter: Mm. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Tab PFN three, right, the weights are released under a license that permit research, right, but like not for commercial or production use. And this is a change from like the previous versions, right? That like Frank Hutter: Mm-hmm. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: basically was totally open source. Frank Hutter: Yeah. Yeah, so go ahead. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Yeah, like what is your your take about it? Because like you know in academia we are doing everything in like open source, in like industry, most of the time it's like fully closed. And here like you take kind of like mixed mixed way, so why? Frank Hutter: you know, I we are a startup, so we need to make money somehow if we purchase to fully put everything open source. that there is at some point well that there is sort of these there are open core business models where your business is sort of gets better if the core gets better. But then there's there's foundation model companies, and the foundation model companies typically drift towards yeah, I mean, we've seen it like GPT what one was fully open source, and then at some point, you know, the weights were available, and then at some point nothing was available anymore. Tapy FN2 had a license, it was just Apache, with sort of a very limited thing where you'd need to attribute it, say like built with WFN or something like that, so that like our competitors couldn't just use it and sell it as theirs. So that was the only motivation behind that. And then then the first version that that actually changed the license was WFN 2.5, that was the first model that we really brought out as prior labs. That was an open weight, but of and and completely available and so on for testing and free for academia but if you do run it in production and yeah basically if you want to make money with it then then it would be yeah a license and and that help has helped us dramatically as as a startup right because there there were thousands of use cases but nobody was interested in talking to us about like licensing. Why why would they, right? They can just use it. And and then the next version came out and they're like, hey, but this is better. And I would also like to use a better one. And I I generate a lot of value and I'm actually happy to share some of that value. And then we got into the discussions about licensing and then sort of pricing is a big question, but but we really tried to do this value-based pricing where we look at what is actually the value that comes out. And then if you generate value, then there's always ways to find a business model where everybody can be happy. And and that's definitely the the way we've been going. And we definitely want to keep our our models open for yeah as long as possible and there's definitely no end in sight. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And but like you don't afraid that like someone will take the their ideas, like even not like the actual words or something like that, but like the ideas that are there? Frank Hutter: Yeah, I mean, clearly there is a possibility that that or and and that's not even just a possibility. Clearly some people will just use this and use it for commercial applications and and not tell us and we just don't yeah. We we don't worry about that. Because the the big businesses of this world they they do care about, you know, playing by the rules, playing by the laws, and so there we we trust in in yeah. the the players that actually do generate a lot of value to to be happy to share some of that value. Yes, others might might take the idea. I mean the ideas of course anyone can take. We also publish we publish model reports and so on. And yeah, and and this is this is good, right? And this I I think we're we're so early in this. It's we we we're now seeing that this to just completely take over, but completely take over for for small data sets, but for you know a billion data points. You know, you you're probably still pretty good off using HGBoost and so on. And so I would say we're maybe sort of at this GPT-2 level or something. And we we all have seen what happened to NLP, where there were just all these specialized NLP pipelines before, very special and and and that is sort of exactly the same as as we have in tabular data science right now. In three years, I think this is just all gonna go away and it's it's a single forward pass. And and that's that's what I'm excited about. We have some customers that have replaced over a hundred different models, all kinds of different models by Tap PFN. previously, and this is sort of the auto ML story, but now it's sort of auto ML at a push of a button and fast, not over the weekend or something, but actually something that data scientists would like to use. so what what you have in in a lot of different companies in the world is when you get a new data set or someone has an idea, hey can we predict this, then the data science team gets to work on it and and often these data science projects take three months, six months. That's what we hear from our customers. And then then you have a model and you you serve that model and and you actually need to maintain that model and govern that model and and so on. And then maybe your data changes like Two years later, you have data drift and your model gets out of whack and needs to be refitted to the new model, the new data. And you don't know where this model came from anymore. It was built by an intern three years ago. And and and then you have this operational inefficiency and you have like a new data set, and the whole pipeline starts afresh, another three to six months, maybe by a different team. And so really the The capacity of businesses is then to to actually work with data is is limited by sort of how many data scientists do they have. And all of that operational inefficiency just goes away if you say, Well, here's my data set, do a forward pass, bam. And in in seconds you can actually start to get results. And you could integrate that with Yeah, an agent we have integrations with Claude and with Gemini and sort of all the other important models. And then you can have data savvy managers chat with your agent and hey, can you access my my data lake and can you find me something like something along? I I kind of want to do this, do this task. Can you find me the right data sets? Can you tell me what I can predict? So this the The type of stupid questions that that I would not ask my friend, but that I do ask Claude, right? That y you can do this this ideation and so on. And you know, in seconds. This can tell you, well, yeah, I can access this data, and from that I can make these predictions. And you know, your predictive accuracy would be something like 70%. And then of course, you know, if I really want to build a product about this, then I ask my data science team. But the ideation about this is I we can speed that up so much, so much, and not like ask my data science team, they say, yeah, I can slot you in in three weeks, and this is this is not the world we live Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: But Frank Hutter: in anymore. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: but you think like the separation between like tabular data models and LLMs will will keep? Will stay like that? Do you think like we will not see some like merge unified architecture that that is good on both? Frank Hutter: I I'm I'm not for seeing a a unified architecture that is good on both. it is possible, I mean, seeing seeing our current LLMs that they're just all over the place with like how many weights are active right for any given query. not all that many. So you could have sort of sub-networks. that are being accessed the right way. So you could have yeah the LLM figuring out, okay, well I'll I'll format the data, blah blah blah, and then feed it to the subnetwork here. And that subnetwork is basically a top FN. Sure. that that could be done. And that that may be may be happening in the future. But still like that that specialized network needs to be trained somehow. And yeah I Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: So so w what do you think are like what do you think are the important components? Do you think it's like the pre-training on synthetic data? Do you think it's like embedding? Do you think it's like the forward path? Like what do think Frank Hutter: Mm. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: is the most important part? Frank Hutter: Yeah, so I think synthetic data is is really key. so we I mean in in LLMs, LLMs are trained on on data from the Weg, Wikip Web, Wikipedia, etc. They humans like to put their text online, right? There's all kinds of news, there's blogs, etc. Humans like to put their images online on Flickr or whatnot. and nobody likes to put their tabular data sets online, right? This is sort of typically the important information, the important information that's actually valuable to you. Also, it's sort of not something you would put on social media, even if if it wasn't sort of secret, not very interesting for social media. and because of that, there's just not a whole lot of high-quality tabula data on the web. And We were forced to innovate. We were forced to actually come up with a good synthetic training pipeline, synthetic data pipeline, in order to actually come up with synthetic data sets such that when we pre-train on there, we actually get good performance. And the same trend is now actually sort of spilling over to LLMs, et cetera, where where you do actually have. synthetically generated data that is higher quality than the data that you just mine from the web. and you have like synthetic reasoning traces, etc. So so it it you know you're you're slowly moving that trend over and let's see where that trend goes. But for the time being, synthetic data is definitely yeah like a super important part of of the picture. Architectures are important. They're maybe a bit more similar to to the LLM world. Optimizers are even more similar to the LLM world. And that is great, right? Because we can use all the all the developments in in the LLM world and just pull over the right ones. And you know the the folks we hire, they they're all like yeah super hardcore deep learners and And then also like people who who know about tabular data, like yeah, Keggle Grandmaster and so on, like like Philip Singer who was number one on on Kaggle. Like that combination is just really super useful if if you know both sides in one company, that is you can build a lot. Allen Roush: Yeah, the I was gonna actually ask about the whole value of Kaggle Grandmasters in twenty twenty Frank Hutter: Mm-hmm. Allen Roush: six, but you kind of anticipated that question here. Frank Hutter: Yeah, no, I mean Kyle Grandmasters, they are they're they're amazing at at well working through this pipeline, right? They they know how to do this right, they know how to do the feature engineering, they know which type of models with which types of hyperparameters typically work well. If this type of model doesn't work well with these hyperparameters, then I think probably maybe this one next. and Yeah, we can learn from them. We can learn from them so much. And we we can also, you know, having them in-house also helps us making systems that are useful for these types of Kegel Grantmasters. And what what we try to do is to really help sort of average data scientists become these 10x data scientists that are like these Kegel Grandmasters and allow them to just do what they have been doing before so much faster and and be able to tackle all kinds of other problems that they haven't tackled on before and be just yeah and you know already with my head on for auto ml on who really wants to spend all their time doing the hyperparameter tuning? Like that is not the most fulfilling activity. So if you can actually have more impact then then that that is what we're trying to achieve, is that everyone can be more effective and and do cooler things. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And what you should do like from papers to real good product models, what you should have in the these steps. Frank Hutter: So how how did we move from sort of an academic lab building just doing the N plus first paper to actually putting out a product? It's I mean for for us it was some somehow not that big of a transition, right? Because auto ML within machine learning is a pretty applied field already. even in academia, we have been building systems for a long time. Better hyperparameter optimization systems, better neural architecture search systems, better auto ML systems, and and it's just kinda hard to do that in academia. I I have sort of managed to have at at my peak I had six research engineers in my university group. This is very hard as a professor. You don't typically get grants for research engineers. I had grants for PhD students and these research engineers, well they were also writing some papers. They didn't really want to write papers. That's not what what they were hired for or what they wanted to be hired for. But Actually, some of them were also happy to write papers, but they but they can be on papers of others who are more doing the research and they do the the sort of basics, all the all the yeah, proper engineering that it really requires in order to write the best research papers on on systems that actually work. but academia is it is hard to do that. That work on on systems in academia. There's this, you know, even though I have managed to to get some brilliant engineers, it's it's very hard to keep them. It's you know, you pay them what you pay in academia. And they don't have a a peer group of really yeah, engineers with 20 years of experience that can tell them more and have them grow as engineers and so on. So it's it it's very hard. and That in a startup, of course, is super easy to get the right types of engineers that are excited about building the right products. And then it is also sort of easy to get people who are excited about having this real world impact, much more so in a company than in a university lab where sort of the KPI is how many papers do you publish. in a startup the KPI is aligned with what people want to do is they actually have a real world impact. And and so yeah, I mean I I I feel actually so the deep learning foundation models, the the time from sort of having a better research paper to having a better product, like the the distance has never been that small. I if you think of back in the day, in I don't know, material science or whatnot, you come up with some like some new research paper, and maybe ten years down the road you actually have a product or you have like a big company, like a big fabrication plant that you need to build in order to make this compound or whatnot. All of that is gone. It's just we have a new LLM, tomorrow it's in production. And well, maybe there's like two weeks of harness and evolves and so on to make sure that it's actually doing doing the right thing. or maybe even better more for fairness and and so on. But you know, it's like you could put this into production immediately. And it's the the distance from being a top researcher to being someone in a top startup, it's it's the same skills. and And that also played to our in into our cards that you know from from the nature paper we could basically take the model checkpoint and build a product around it. Yes, of course, there there's engineering you need to do and you need to make sure that, you know, it it runs on every system and and so on, but this is it has never been as easy as today. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And for you, like as a manager or like a PI, like now you need to deal with VCs and the I don't know people that like Frank Hutter: Yeah, yeah, I don't need L S V Cs anymore. I mean I I I actually some of them are great. Some of them are some of them have been extremely helpful and are continuing to be Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Some of my best friends know where this is. Frank Hutter: Yeah, I mean they they they're they're great and I now I talk about other things with them, like hey, what what should we do for you know bringing Europe further and so on and what should the funding schemes be? Like and and so but it's it's a really yeah, some of them have have great jobs, right? You you get to see different startups every day that pitch you the greatest ideas of, hey, this could be the future, this could be the future. And so this this is actually kind of kinda cool. so dealing with them has has actually really opened my eyes to to many different things and to to sort of how how this parallel universe of the industry and so on ticks. And and it has also showed me, for example, you know, I I started the AutoML workshop series, I started the AutoML conference, and then sort of 10 years later with a startup. I immediately started talking to Databricks and to Data Robot and so on. And I never talked to them before. It it it's taken me 10 years to now actually finally invite them for keynotes and so on at the AutoML conference. And I had not we had not managed to do to to cross that bridge before. And we have been in our ivory tower a little bit too much before. And and that is yeah, like I I definitely have I've learned a lot about. You know, how does the world run? How do like what what motivates people for actually buying a product where is versus you know just and it's it's not just having the best performance, but it needs to be easy. if you're like 0.1% better than XGBoost, then you have XGBoost that that you've been running for the last 20 years. Just because you're 0.1% better, you wouldn't just change your your your model. but in other circumstances, like even if you're like 0.5% worse and you can get rid of this operational inefficiency of like building hundreds of different models, then you might actually not care about that even being a bit worse. In other cases, you absolutely need to be better in order to ex to convince a data scientist that you know even the 0.1% is really important, that that you are better. So it's so there's really different personas and different different objectives of people. and and and so yeah, having been now in a startup for for the last two years has has definitely opened my eyes a lot to to a lot of different things that I had not seen in academia before. So I I definitely recommend it to a lot of people around me that this is a a really exciting pass. And well, especially in Europe, we don't really have the culture of of funding companies left and right. And and and now now I'm actually super happy about this starting in in Europe and I'm yeah, really, really super happy to be part of that as well. in terms of people management and so on, there's You know, I already had a pretty big group at the university, it was twenty people. So I I had learned those skills and I I I think some of these skills really do transfer quite well. I you want to build a happy group, you want to like because happy people are productive people. So even if you're just purely self-motivated or interest or interested in in the company, you you want our peop you people to be happy. I I generally am not only self-motivated, but also want them to just be happy to to start with. But but so building a yeah a productive group, like looking at synergies, looking at also having some complementary skills, etc. All of that is is really important, both in in building an academic group and and building a startup. But then of course yeah, I was super lucky to have the right co-founders that really always wanted to build companies. Noah as a CTO has built his first startup when he was 14 and well has been part of a startup. Sorge has been yeah in the VC world in in the startup world has has had startups before and so on and they they were just burning to build a company and and knowing what what it takes and knowing the RC world and And Noah knowing the tech really well and and Sorge knowing, you know, what what do you need and go to market, what do you need in ops, like how do you get shit done? So this this is also something that I definitely learned is is sort of this just getting shit done, like better better done than perfect. just just get it done, don't push it until tomorrow, but just you know, just go do it. It doesn't have to be perfect. and yeah, like the sort of also not not pushing things away or asking other people to do something. You know, if if we like for example, when you make a hire and the hire and you ask them, like how would you solve problem X? And their first answer is, I would hire someone to do pro to solve problems X, is typically not the right person for a startup, right? It's sort of this Bias for action, bias for getting stuff done yourself is is something that you you get much more in startups than than in big tech and and big corporations and so on. it it's a cool environment. I really like it. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And why you decide to stay in Europe? Frank Hutter: I don't know, I I just have I a very European identity. I I I I did live in Canada for a long time. Canada is amazing. I I I still have a lot of friends in Vancouver. but yeah, I mean I really there there's personal criteria, like just have a family here and we we have our roots here. So I I really had very, very little incentive. To switch and you know, some things would have been better, easier. Like we see money as much easier to get in the States, etc. There's no question. But Europe has a lot of things going for it. Like we have amazing talent in Europe, and actually not that many companies that are sort of like the the top companies that are are competing for this talent. And so there's you know supply and demand is is amazing in terms of the workforce here. and and there's also a lot of appetite for Europeans not to go abroad but to actually support Europe. the you know regulations, etc. can be tricky, but but they're they're more reliable here. Like I I I don't worry about what our president does tomorrow. and and that is that is helpful. and yeah, like Freiburg is is is an amazing place. it's it's really super livable. It's it's Germany's sunniest area and it's sort of this sleepy university town which you know allows you to to solve the the deep research problems that need solving in a deep tech startup. Like so for us, Freiburg is sort of our research hub. We also we used to have product and go to market in Berlin, go to market now move to the to New York largely because it it is easier to do go to market there. can't say this otherwise. can't th can't say this differently, sadly. but the the other thing that is also great in in Europe and particularly Freiburg is people are just really You know, when when there is a company, they identify with a company and they they're we we've had like amazing people come and and stay and people stay. This is this is what you do. labor laws make it hard to sort of get rid of people. And when we spoke to American VCs, they were like, you can't possibly stay in Germany. This it's so hard to get rid of people. They're like, hey, well, maybe we don't want to get rid of people all the time, but Actually, people want to stay with us, we want to keep our people. We hire the people that we want to keep. And and and so this this type of relationship is I I feel much stronger. What I hear from San Francisco is like, you know, if you look at someone the wrong way, tomorrow they're in a different startup. This doesn't happen here. people have yeah, like a a sense of belonging and and I think that's that is a competitive advantage. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: It's amazing. we we almost are out of time, like so a few questions from the audience. do you think tabula foundation models will go down to the root of fine-tuned models like per use case, or perhaps there will be like one very large capable model? Frank Hutter: I I expect the latter. we've definitely seen we we did this real TabPFN at some point, or where we've fine-tuned Tab BFN two point five to some real data sets and we saw some improvements from that. And and as we get a better and better base model, actually we we see less and less improvements from doing the fine-tuning. Of course, if if you're in a company and you have a bunch of data sets that are very related. and are very different than the typical data sets out there, then yeah, fine tuning to those data sets will of course be helpful. And but for that, you know, then then there is APIs for how to fine tune the models and so that is still a possibility. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: And what do you think about combining a tab PFN with an capability method like SAAE, for example? Frank Hutter: Wi with what type of method? Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: S A E Frank Hutter: What is SA E? Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: So like SAE is like you have like kind of like what is the it's like wha what is the shortcut for it? Allen Roush: auto encoders. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Yeah, the autoencoder that like the sparse autoencoders. Yeah. Sorry, sparse sparse, Frank Hutter: yeah I can use them talk. Well Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: yeah, sparse autoencoder. Yeah, that like Frank Hutter: it's not okay, sorry. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: you basically you have like you project like the intermediate layers to some like to some dimension and then you can decode the the the like what is happening Frank Hutter: Yeah. Yeah, I mean so so mm-hmm. Yeah, so I mean definitely you know the the embeddings that that we read out of TabPFN are already very powerful and and you know if if you just for example do PCA on the original features or you do PCA on the embeddings from the penultimate layer, then yeah, you you see much much clearer clusters and so on with with the embeddings that that come out of type pfn. And yeah, you you could definitely think of of having sparse variational autoencoders, et cetera, to force that to to really yeah, you know, go down to like a low dimension and then then having yeah a low dimensional embedding that captures most of the variation. yeah that could that could be really helpful. I haven't seen applications of it, but definitely see that. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Okay, I think we are out of time. Do you have anything else that you want to to say, to promote? Like are you hiring? Frank Hutter: Yeah, we're hiring up a storm. so we are hiring for all positions, really yeah, top data scientists, top deep learners, people who are like top engineers. We we want to grow all of that, you know, to yeah, be eighty Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Where? Frank Hutter: people. we want to be sort of eighty people by the end of the year. We're now forty five. we hire in Freiburg, Berlin and New York. That's where our offices are. But for the right people, we also hire anywhere. So we have people working in Israel, Vienna, the UK. so definitely there there are exceptions. and yeah, initially we we only hired in person in order to build the office culture, but the office culture has been set up and so we're we're perfectly higher, happy also to to hire anywhere. And I mean the one thing that is new is now we also really do this foundational research. We want to tackle moonshots, what has been sort of one of the inspirations for how we did the acquisition with SAP and staying independent was Google acquiring DeepMind and DeepMind having room to breathe and to to grow and to do basic research and to do moonshots, like to do alpha fault and so on. AlphaFold was the the most cited paper of nature in 2024. In 2025, Tapyfn was the most cited paper in nature. So there there are certain yeah parallels that that we would like to have more of. And so we we want to tackle like the the hardest problems that are related to tabular data in science and medicine, etc. And we want the best people to work with us on that. And so yeah. If if that speaks to you, then definitely yeah, look into our positions, priorlapse.ai slash careers. there's a lot of positions there. yeah. I I I have to say we we are very selective. We had over ten thousand applications and hired forty. but if you want to work with great people, this is the place. Ravid Shwartz-Ziv: Amazing. Thank you so much Frank, it was a real pleasure to have you. Frank Hutter: Thank so much, Ravita Now. Been been a pleasure. Allen Roush: Yeah, it was a pleasure.