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72 - Montcalm and Wolfe by Francis Parkman, Jr. · Montcalm and Wolfe

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  Speaker 1: Section seventy one of mont Carmen Wolfe by Francis Parkman.
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  Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Chapter thirty one,
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  Speaker 1: Part two. He flattered himself with no illusions. Since we
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  Speaker 1: do not know how to make war, he said, we
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  Speaker 1: must make peace, and he proposed a congress of all
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  Speaker 1: the belligerent powers at Augsburg. At the same time, since
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  Speaker 1: the war in Germany was distinct from the maritime and
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  Speaker 1: colonial war of France and England, he proposed a separate
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  Speaker 1: negotiation with the British court in order to settle the
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  Speaker 1: questions between them as a preliminary to the general pacification.
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  Speaker 1: Pitt consented, and Stanley went as envoy to Versailles, while
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  Speaker 1: Monsieur de Beaussis came as envoy to London and in
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  Speaker 1: behalf of Chozoi offered terms of peace, the first of
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  Speaker 1: which was the entire abandonment of Canada to England. But
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  Speaker 1: the offers were accompanied by the demand that Spain, which
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  Speaker 1: had complaints of its own against England, should be admitted
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  Speaker 1: as a party to the negotiation, and even hold in
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  Speaker 1: some measure the attitude of a mediator. Pitt spurned the idea,
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  Speaker 1: with fierce contempt, time enough to treat all of that, sir,
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  Speaker 1: when the Tower of London is taken sword in hand.
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  Speaker 1: He bore his part with the ability that never failed him,
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  Speaker 1: and with a supreme arrogance that rose to a climax
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  Speaker 1: in his demand that the fortress of Dunkirk should be demolished,
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  Speaker 1: not because it was any longer dangerous to England, but because,
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  Speaker 1: as the nation would regard its destruction as an internal
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  Speaker 1: monument of the yoke imposed on France. Chuazoi replied with
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  Speaker 1: counterpropositions less humiliating to his nation. When the question of
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  Speaker 1: accepting or rejecting them came before the ministry, the views
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  Speaker 1: of Pitt prevailed by a majority of one, and to
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  Speaker 1: the disappointment of Butte and the King, the conferences were
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  Speaker 1: broken off. Schuazoi launched again on the billows of a
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  Speaker 1: disastrous war, had seen and provided against the event, Ferdinand
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  Speaker 1: the sixth of Spain had died, and Carlos the third
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  Speaker 1: had succeeded to his throne. Here, as in England, change
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  Speaker 1: of kings brought change of policy. While negotiating vainly with Pitt,
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  Speaker 1: the French minister had negotiated secretly and successfully with Carlos,
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  Speaker 1: and the result was the treaty known as the Family Compact,
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  Speaker 1: having for its object the union of the various members
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  Speaker 1: of the House of Bourbon in common resistance to the
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  Speaker 1: growing power of England. It provided that in any future war,
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  Speaker 1: the Kings of France and Spain should act as one
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  Speaker 1: towards foreign powers, in so much that the enemy of
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  Speaker 1: either should be the enemy of both, and the Bourbon
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  Speaker 1: Princes of Italy were invited to join in the covenant.
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  Speaker 1: What was more, to the present purpose, a special agreement
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  Speaker 1: was concluded on the same day, by which Spain bound
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  Speaker 1: herself to declare war against England unless that power should
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  Speaker 1: make peace with France before the first of May seventeen
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  Speaker 1: sixty two. For the safety of her colonies and her trade,
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  Speaker 1: Spain felt it her interest to join her sister nation
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  Speaker 1: in putting a check on the vast expansion of British
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  Speaker 1: maritime power. She could bring one hundred ships of war
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  Speaker 1: to aid the dilapidated navy of France, and the wealth
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  Speaker 1: of the Indies to aid her ruined treasury. Pitt divined
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  Speaker 1: the secret treaty, and soon found evidence of it. He
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  Speaker 1: resolved to demand at once full explanation from Spain, and,
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  Speaker 1: failing to receive a satisfactory reply, attack her at home
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  Speaker 1: and abroad before she was prepared. On the second of October,
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  Speaker 1: he laid his plan before a cabinet council held at
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  Speaker 1: a house in Saint James Street. There were present the
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  Speaker 1: Earl of Butte, the Duke of Newcastle, Earl Granville, Earl Temple,
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  Speaker 1: and others of the ministry. Pitt urged his views with
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  Speaker 1: great warmth. This, he exclaimed, is the time for humbling
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  Speaker 1: the whole house of Bourbon. His brother in law Temple
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  Speaker 1: supported him. Newcastle kept silent, Butte denounced the proposal, and
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  Speaker 1: the rest were of his mind. If these views are
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  Speaker 1: to be followed, said Pitt, this is the last time
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  Speaker 1: I can sit at this board. I was called to
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  Speaker 1: the administration of affairs by the voice of the people.
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  Speaker 1: To them. I have always considered myself as accountable for
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  Speaker 1: my conduct, and therefore cannot remain in a situation which
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  Speaker 1: makes me responsible for measures I am no longer allowed
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  Speaker 1: to guide. Nothing could be more offensive to George the
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  Speaker 1: Third and his adherents. The veteran carteret Earl Granville replied angrily,
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  Speaker 1: I find the gentleman is determined to leave us, Nor
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  Speaker 1: can I say I am sorry for it, since otherwise
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  Speaker 1: he would certainly have compelled us to leave him. But
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  Speaker 1: if he is resolved to assume the office of exclusively
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  Speaker 1: advising his majesty and directing the operations of the war,
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  Speaker 1: to what purpose are we called to this council. When
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  Speaker 1: he talks of being responsible to the people, he talks
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  Speaker 1: the language of the House of Commons, and forgets that
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  Speaker 1: at this board he is responsible only to the King. However,
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  Speaker 1: though he may possibly have convinced himself of his infallibility,
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  Speaker 1: still it remains that we should be equally convinced before
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  Speaker 1: we can resign our understandings to his direction, or join
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  Speaker 1: with him in the measure he proposes. Pitt resigned, and
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  Speaker 1: his colleagues rejoiced. Power fell to Butte and the Tories,
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  Speaker 1: and great was the fall. The mass of the nation
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  Speaker 1: was with the defeated minister. On Lord Mayor's Day, Butte
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  Speaker 1: and Barrington were passing Saint Paul's in a coach which
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  Speaker 1: the crowd mistook for that of Pitt and cheered lustily
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  Speaker 1: till one man looking in at the window shouted to
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  Speaker 1: the rest this isn't Pitt, It's butte, and be damned
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  Speaker 1: to him. The cheers turned forthwith to hisses, mixed with
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  Speaker 1: cries of no Butte, No Newcastle, Salmon, Pitt forever. Handfuls
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  Speaker 1: of mud were showered against the coach, and Barrington's ruffles
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  Speaker 1: were besmirched with it. The fall of Pitt was like
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  Speaker 1: the knell of Doo, whom to Frederic of Prussia it
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  Speaker 1: meant abandonment by his only ally, and the loss of
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  Speaker 1: the subsidy which was his chief resource. The darkness around
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  Speaker 1: him grew darker yet, and not a hope seemed left, when,
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  Speaker 1: as by miracle, the clouds broke and light streamed out
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  Speaker 1: of the blackness. The bitterest of his foes, the Sirena Elizabeth,
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  Speaker 1: she whom he had called Infami Catan du Naord, died
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  Speaker 1: and was succeeded by her nephew, Peter the Third. Here, again,
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  Speaker 1: as in England and Spain, a new sovereign brought new measures.
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  Speaker 1: The young Czar, simple and enthusiastic, admired the King of Prussia,
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  Speaker 1: thought him the paragon of heroes, and proclaimed himself his friend.
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  Speaker 1: No sooner was he on the throne than Russia changed
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  Speaker 1: front from the foe of Frederic. She became his ally,
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  Speaker 1: and in the opening campaign of seventeen sixty two, the
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  Speaker 1: army that was to have aided in crushing him was
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  Speaker 1: ranged on his side. It was a turn of fortune
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  Speaker 1: too sharp and sudden to endure. Ill balanced and extreme
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  Speaker 1: in all things, Peter plunged into headlong reforms, exasperated the
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  Speaker 1: clergy and the army, and alienated his wife, Catharine, who
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  Speaker 1: had hoped to rule in his name and who now
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  Speaker 1: saw herself supplanted by his mistress. Within six months, he
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  Speaker 1: was deposed and strangled. Catherine, one of whose lovers had
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  Speaker 1: borne part in the murder, reigned in his stead, conspicuous
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  Speaker 1: by the unbridled disorders of her life and by powers
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  Speaker 1: of mind that mark her as the ablest of female sovereigns.
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  Speaker 1: If she did not share her husband's enthusiasm for Frederick,
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  Speaker 1: neither did she share Elizabeth's hatred of him. He, on
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  Speaker 1: his part, taught by hard experience, conciliated instead of insulting her,
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  Speaker 1: and she let him alone. Peace with Russia brought peace
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  Speaker 1: with Sweden, and Austria with the Germanic Empire stood alone
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  Speaker 1: against him. France needed all her strength to hold her
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  Speaker 1: own against the mixed English and German force under Ferdinand
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  Speaker 1: of Brunswick. In the Rhine countries, she made spasmodic efforts
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  Speaker 1: to seize upon Hanover, but the result was humiliating defeat.
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  Speaker 1: In England, George the Third pursued his policy of strengthening
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  Speaker 1: the prerogative, and, jealous of the Whig aristocracy, attacked it
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  Speaker 1: in the person of Newcastle. In Vain, the old politician
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  Speaker 1: had played false with Pitt and trimmed to please his
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  Speaker 1: young master. He was worried into resigning his place in
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  Speaker 1: the cabinet, and Butte, the obsequious agent of the royal will,
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  Speaker 1: succeeded him as First Lord of the Treasury into his
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  Speaker 1: weak and unwilling hands. Now fell the task of carrying
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  Speaker 1: on the war for the nation, elated with triumphs and
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  Speaker 1: full of fight, still called on its rulers for fresh
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  Speaker 1: efforts and fresh victories. Pitt had proved a true prophet,
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  Speaker 1: and his enemies were put to shame. For the attitude
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  Speaker 1: of Spain forced Butte and his colleagues to the open
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  Speaker 1: rupture with her which the Great Minister had vainly urged
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  Speaker 1: upon them, and a new and formidable war was now
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  Speaker 1: added to the old. Their councils were weak and half hearted,
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  Speaker 1: but the armies and navies of England still felt the
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  Speaker 1: impulsion that the imperial hand of Pitt had given and
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  Speaker 1: the unconquerable spirit that he had roused. This spirit had
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  Speaker 1: borne them from victory to victory. In Asia. They had
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  Speaker 1: driven the French from Pondicherry and all their Indian possessions.
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  Speaker 1: In Africa, they had wrested from them Gorey and the
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  Speaker 1: Senegal country. In the West Indians, they had taken Guadaloupe
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  Speaker 1: and Dominica. In the European seas, they had captured ship
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  Speaker 1: after ship, routed and crippled the Great Fleet of Admiral Conflance,
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  Speaker 1: seized Bellisle, and defeated a bold attempt to invade Ireland.
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  Speaker 1: The navy of France was reduced to helplessness. Pitt, before
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  Speaker 1: his resignation, had planned a series of new operations, including
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  Speaker 1: an attack on Martinique, with the other West Indian islands
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  Speaker 1: still left to France, and then in turn on the
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  Speaker 1: Spanish possessions of Havana, Panama, Manila and the Philippines. Now,
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  Speaker 1: more than ever before, the war appeared in its true character.
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  Speaker 1: It was a contest for maritime and colonial ascendancy, and
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  Speaker 1: England saw herself confronted by both her great rivals at once.
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  Speaker 1: Admiral Rodney sailed for Martinique, and Brigadier Monkton joined him
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  Speaker 1: with troops from America. Before the middle of February, the
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  Speaker 1: whole island was in their hands, and Grenada, Saint Lucia
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  Speaker 1: and Saint Vincent soon shared its fate. The Earl of
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  Speaker 1: all Albemarle and Admiral Sir George Pocock, sailed in early
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  Speaker 1: spring on a more important errand landed in June near
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  Speaker 1: Havana with eleven thousand soldiers and attacked Moro Castle, the
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  Speaker 1: key of the city. The pitiless sun of the tropic
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  Speaker 1: Midsummer poured its fierce light and heat on the parched
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  Speaker 1: rocks where the men toiled at the trenches. Earth was
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  Speaker 1: so scarce that hardly enough could be had to keep
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  Speaker 1: the fachines in place. The siege works were little else
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  Speaker 1: than a mass of dry fagots, and when, after exhausting toil,
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  Speaker 1: the Grand Battery opened on the Spanish defenses, it presently
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  Speaker 1: took fire, was consumed and had to be made anew
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  Speaker 1: fresh water failed and the troops died by scores from thirst.
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  Speaker 1: Fever set in killed Manny and disabled nearly half the army.
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  Speaker 1: The sea was strewn with floating corpses and carrying birds
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  Speaker 1: in clouds hovered over the populous graveyards and infected camps.
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  Speaker 1: Yet the siege went on. A formidable sally was repulsed.
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  Speaker 1: Moro Castle was carried by storm till at length. Two
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  Speaker 1: months and eight days after the troops landed, Havanna fell
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  Speaker 1: into their hands. At the same time, Spain was attacked
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  Speaker 1: at the Antipodes, and the loss of Manila and the
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  Speaker 1: Philippines gave her fresh cause to repent her rash compact
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  Speaker 1: with France. She was hardly more fortunate near home for
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  Speaker 1: having sent an army to invade Portugal, which was in
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  Speaker 1: the interest of England. A small British force under Brigadier
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  Speaker 1: Burgoyne foiled it and forced it to retire. The tide
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  Speaker 1: of British success was checked for an instant in Newfoundland,
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  Speaker 1: where a French squadron attacked Saint John's and took it
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  Speaker 1: with its garrison of sixty men. The news reached Amherst
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  Speaker 1: at New York. His brother, Lieutenant Colonel Amherst was sent
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  Speaker 1: to the scene of the mishap. Saint John's was retaken
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  Speaker 1: and its late conquerors were made prisoners of war. The
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  Speaker 1: financial condition of France was desperate. Her people were crushed
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  Speaker 1: with taxation, her debt grew apace, and her yearly expenditure
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  Speaker 1: was nearly double her revenue. Chuazeaud felt the need of
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  Speaker 1: immediate peace, and George the Third and Butte were hardly
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  Speaker 1: less eager for it to avert the danger of Pitt's
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  Speaker 1: return to power and give free scope to their schemes
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  Speaker 1: for strengthening the prerogative. Therefore, in September seventeen sixty two,
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  Speaker 1: negotiations were resumed. The Duke of Bedford was sent to
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  Speaker 1: Paris to settle the preliminaries, and the Duke de Nivernois
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  Speaker 1: came to London on the same errand the populace were
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  Speaker 1: still for war. Bedford was hissed as he passed through
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  Speaker 1: the streets of London, and a mob hooted at the
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  Speaker 1: puny figure of Nivernois as he landed at Dover. The
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  Speaker 1: great question was should Canada be restored, Should France still
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  Speaker 1: be permitted to keep a foothold on the North American continent.
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  Speaker 1: Ever since the capitulation of Montreal, a swarm of pamphlets
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  Speaker 1: had discussed the momentous subject. Some maintained that the acquisition
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  Speaker 1: of Canada was not an original object of the war,
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  Speaker 1: that the colony was of little value and ought to
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  Speaker 1: be given back to its old masters, That Guadeloupe should
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  Speaker 1: be kept instead, the sugar trade of that island being
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  Speaker 1: worth far more than the Canadian fur trade. And lastly,
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  Speaker 1: that the British colonists, if no longer held in check
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  Speaker 1: by France, would spread themselves over the continent, learn to
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  Speaker 1: supply all their own wants, grow independent, and become dangerous.
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  Speaker 1: Nor were these views confined to Englishmen. There were foreign
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  Speaker 1: observers who clearly saw that the adhesion of her colonies
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  Speaker 1: to Great Britain would be jeopardized by the extinction of
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  Speaker 1: French power in America. Chuaseeau warned Stanley that they would
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  Speaker 1: not fail to shake off their dependence the moment Canada
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  Speaker 1: should be ceeded, while thirteen years before, the Swedish traveler
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  Speaker 1: Calm declared that the presence of the French in America
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  Speaker 1: gave the best assurance to Great Britain that his own
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  Speaker 1: colonies would remain in due subjection. The most noteworthy argument
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  Speaker 1: on the other side was that of Franklin, whose words
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  Speaker 1: find a strange commentary in the events of the next
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  Speaker 1: few years. He affirmed that the colonies were so jealous
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  Speaker 1: of each other that they would never unite against England.
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  Speaker 1: If they could not agree to unite against the French
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  Speaker 1: and Indians. Can it reasonably be supposed that there is
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  Speaker 1: any danger of their uniting against their own nation, which
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: it is well known they all love much more than
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  Speaker 1: they love one another. I will venture to say union
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  Speaker 1: amongst them for such a purpose is not merely improbable,
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  Speaker 1: It is in possible. That is, he prudently adds without
• 20:04
  Speaker 1: the most grievous tyranny and oppression, like the bloody rule
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: of Alva in the Netherlands. If Pitt had been in office,
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: he would have demanded terms that must ruin past redemption
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  Speaker 1: the maritime and colonial power of France, but Butte was
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  Speaker 1: less exacting. In November, the plenipotentiaries of England, France and
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: Spain agreed on preliminaries of peace, in which the following
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  Speaker 1: were the essential points. France ceded to Great Britain Canada
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  Speaker 1: and all her possessions on the North American continent east
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  Speaker 1: of the River Mississippi, except the city of New Orleans
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  Speaker 1: and a small adjacent district. She renounced her claims to
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  Speaker 1: Acadia and gave up to the conqueror the island of
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  Speaker 1: Cape Breton, with all other islands in the Gulf and
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  Speaker 1: River of Saint Lawrence. Spain received back Havana and paid
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  Speaker 1: for it by the Session of Florida, with all her
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: other possessions east of the Mississippi. France, subject to certain restrictions,
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  Speaker 1: was left free to fish in the Gulf of Saint
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: Lawrence and off a part of the coast of Newfoundland,
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  Speaker 1: and the two little islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelonne
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: were given her as fishing stations, on condition that she
• 21:36
  Speaker 1: should not fortify or garrison them. In the West Indies,
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: England restored the captured islands of Guadeloupe, Marigalante, Desirade, and Martinique,
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: and France ceded Grenada and the Grenadines, while it was
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: agreed that of the so called neutral islands, Saint Vincent,
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: Dominica and Tobago should belong to England and Saint Lucia
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  Speaker 1: to France. In Europe, each side promised to give no
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: more help to its allies. In the German War, France
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: restored Minorca and England restored Bellile. France gave up such
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: parts of Hanoverian territory as she had occupied, and evacuated
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: certain fortresses belonging to Prussia, pledging herself at the same
• 22:33
  Speaker 1: time to demolish, under the inspection of English engineers her
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: own maritime fortress of Dunkirk. In Africa, France ceded Senegal
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  Speaker 1: and received back the small island of Goret. In India,
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: she lost everything she had gained since the piece of
• 22:55
  Speaker 1: a La Chappelle, recovered certain trading stations, but renounced the
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: right of building forts or maintaining troops in Bengal. On
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  Speaker 1: the day when the preliminaries were signed, France made a
• 23:12
  Speaker 1: secret agreement with Spain by which she divested herself of
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: the last shred of her possessions on the North American
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: continent as compensation for Florida, which her luckless ally had
• 23:27
  Speaker 1: lost in her quarrel. She made over to the Spanish
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  Speaker 1: crown the city of New Orleans, and under the name
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  Speaker 1: of Louisiana gave her the vast region spreading westward from
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: the Mississippi towards the Pacific. On the ninth of December,
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: the question of approving the preliminaries came up before both
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: houses of Parliament. There was a long debate in the Commons.
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  Speaker 1: Pitt was not present, confined, it was said by Gout,
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: till late in the day. The house was startled by
• 24:03
  Speaker 1: repeated cheers from the outside. The doors opened, and the
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: fallen minister entered, carried in the arms of his servants,
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  Speaker 1: and followed by an applauding crowd. His bearers set him
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: down within the bar, and by the help of a crutch,
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: he made his way with difficulty to his seat. There
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: was a mixture of the very solemn and the theatric
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: in this apparition, says Walpole, who was present. The moment
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: was so well timed. The importance of the man and
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: his services, the languor of his emaciated countenance, and the
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: study bestowed on his dress were circumstances that struck solemnity
• 24:50
  Speaker 1: into a patriot mind, and did a little furnished ridicule
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: to the hardened and insensible he. He was dressed in
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  Speaker 1: black velvet his legs and thighs wrapped in flannel, his
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: feet covered with buskins of black cloth, and his hands
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: with thick gloves. Not for the first time he was
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: using his maladies for purposes of stage effect. He spoke
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: for about three hours, sometimes standing and sometimes seated, sometimes
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: with a brief burst of power, more often with the
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: accents of pain and exhaustion. He highly commended the retention
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: of Canada, but denounced the leaving to France a share
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: in the fisheries, as well as other advantages tending to
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: a possible revival of her maritime power. But the Commons
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: listened coldly, and by a great majority approved the preliminaries
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: of peace. These preliminaries were embodied in the definitive Treaty
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: concluded at Paris on the tenth of February seventeen sixty three.
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  Speaker 1: Peace between France and England brought peace between the warring
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  Speaker 1: nations of the continent. Austria, bereft of her allies and
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: exhausted by vain efforts to crush Frederick, gave up the
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: attempt in despair and signed the Treaty of Hubertsburg. The
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: Seven Years War was ended. End of Section seventy one