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The Peace of Westphalia: How Europe's Bloodiest War Redrew the Map
In 1648, after thirty years of carnage, a series of treaties signed in the German city of Münster and Osnabrück ended the Thirty Years' War and reshaped the political order of Europe. This episode unpacks the Peace of Westphalia: how the war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants, spiraled into a dynastic struggle involving Sweden, France, and the Habsburgs, and culminated in a peace that recognized the sovereignty of states and ended the dream of a unified Christendom. We look at the key figures—Cardinal Richelieu, Emperor Ferdinand II, and the Swedish king…
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