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Has JWST Found Evidence of Dark Stars? · Made of Stars

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Warning. The following podcast contains an entertaining look at astronomy, physics, and
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space news throughout the known universe. Listeners have been known to learn about astronomical
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phenomenon the scientific method, and expand the vocabulary to include terms like quasar asterism
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and uranus. Listen, that's your own risk. Go ahead. Where Made
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of Stars? Made of Stars starts? You could be from High Hollywood,
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New Mexico, Mars. Where are Stars? We are made of Stars?
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I'm West Carroll, joined by my good friend, doctor Sean Kruzen from Columbus
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State University. He's Coca Cola Space sign Center. Hey Sean, Wes.
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It's good to see you, my friend. It's good to be here on
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Made of Stars. Today. We have a very significant story that we're going
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to jump straight into after I wanted to mention something else first though, And
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I know we planned to jump right into this James web space telescope story and
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this very intriguing, very interesting discovery. But I wanted to mention this because
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one of our astute listeners gave us the heads up on this, and I
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thought it was pretty cool stuff and it's certainly got a lot of potential as
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NASA is getting ready to get into the streaming content game. NASA Plus is
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in the works for coming out later this summer or later this year. It
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doesn't have an official date. It just says later this year. Add free
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no call streaming service that will be available on various platforms including Roku and Apple
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TV and Fire TV and your phones and tablets and whatever. But potential there
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for to be really cool. We'll get to see some cool stuff and have
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some original programming there from the folks at NASA, and it's free. Yeah,
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that's maybe that's the you know, that's the exception or the rare part,
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is that you have a free, ad free streaming service. Anyway,
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there's a lot of great stuff in the archives of NASA TV or NASA Films
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or you know, they're just the NASA collection. And we occasionally run NASA
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TV live in our own exhibit gallery here at Space Science Center, and so
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when people come in, we have a monitor with some sound playing NASA TV.
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And I just had to stop in my tracks the other day because they
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were playing a biography of John Glenn that must have been produced in the very
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early to mid nineteen sixties, like right after he flew his orbital mission,
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and it was just so charming because of its dated style that I happen to
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resonate with because when I was a kid, that's what NASA videos look like,
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and I just had to just stopped me in my tracks. I had
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to just watch that for a while. So that's among the great content that
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NASA has in their libraries and archives that they could be offering them on the
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streaming services. You have all of those kinds of kind of classic films that
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are just fun to watch. They are just so very different than the way
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media is done in twenty twenty three that it's just kind of refreshing sometimes to
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see that old film footage. And this will be basically a giant catalog of
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that kind of stuff, having it on demand, ready for you to watch
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it, ready to enjoy it. So coming soon, and I guess it
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will also be available on their revamped website, which they're working on moving it,
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modernizing it a bit, I guess is what they're gonna do. You
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would think NASA would be cutting edge on all of these things, so I
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guess that's become Maybe in a meeting, someone said, shouldn't we be cutting
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edge on all of this stuff, and they went, yes, yes,
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we should. We should in fact, to be cutting edge on this.
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I mean, you know, NASA has that kind of like almost mystical reputation
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of being you know, like, oh, this is NASA for this is
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space age, this is you know, all that kind of stuff. But
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should they really be on the cutting edge of you know, pizza And I
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don't know, right like, if you go to the NASA lunch room,
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do you expect the pizza to be generations ahead of the pizza places out there?
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I mean, you know, are they really supposed to be like light
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years ahead on the manufacturing of socks? I mean, I don't know.
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I guess if they're astronauts socks, maybe you expect that. I mean,
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I don't know. You know, So in the world of media, do
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we really expect NASA to be leading the way on streaming services and websites?
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Or maybe should they kind of be following? Well, shouldn't they be paying
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more of their attention to rockets and space travel and perhaps the exploration of other
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planets rather than a streaming service. I mean, I don't know. That's
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just me. I know, they're a government agency, you know, and
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I was going to point that out. You know, that says the free
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of charge, but I think that means we're already paying for it, right,
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I mean, yes, you technically it's not an altive payment method.
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It's called taxes. Yes, there's some of that going on as well,
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so so yeah, I mean I like my government agencies to really specialize fair
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enough. So NASA should be working on aeronautics and astronautics. I think it's
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a nice idea to at least have these things available to us to enjoy,
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you know, at our leisure. That part of it. You know,
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I didn't expect them to be cutting edge TV, but I would think a
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nice website, that's that's something that you can navigate. I would think that
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would kind of fall in the technology category. But you're right, their focus
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shouldn't. By the way, if our listeners out there think I'm being unfair
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to NASA, I apologize, I'm mostly just playing around. I realize that,
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like me, they have a mission of inspiring the next generation of scientists
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and astronauts and engineers. I get it well, and I didn't really should
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be part of that. And I don't disagree with the sentiment because I kind
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of do think that you know when it comes. And you mentioned Pizza Nasa,
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But you know when people say I tried to order a pizza from the
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you know whatever pizza company website or app and it didn't work so well.
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And I think maybe if we stopped and said, maybe their focus should just
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be on making a good pie rather than trying to get their app. I
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mean, you want the app to work, So I think you make a
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valid point in that, And I think if we could cut everybody a little
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slack on the things they maybe shouldn't be experts in. Let's talk about dark
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stars because James Webb Space Telescope. As we jump into this massive story that
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we have for this week, dark matter and stars, how does this works?
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Dark matter is something that we don't understand. We still don't really understand
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it. But is this giving us some new perspective on a dark matter that
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we hadn't even considered before. It's absolutely helping us to understand dark matter a
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little bit better. In fact, it's putting constraints on what kind of dark
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matter could exist. All right, So let's back up about twenty steps and
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listen, this is a kind of we try to keep it light on this
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show, so we you know, we like we like to joke around,
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and we like to keep the stories light so they're easy to digest and things
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like that. So we don't try not to get into deep teaching, you
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know, into astrophysics here, but sometimes you just got to bring up some
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of these subjects if you want to understand what's important about the James web Space
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Telescope's latest find, which by the way, is all over the news media.
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It's not just the space media, it's all over the common news media
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too, that perhaps James Webb Space Telescope has found these things called dark stars.
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You really have to talk just a little bit for most people about what
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that means, because not everybody's following this chain of logic from a casual perspective
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of just following space news. So let's talk about this. You probably heard
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the term dark matter before. If you pay any attention to astronomy, you
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probably also heard the term dark energy. Since both of those have the word
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dark in them, you might think that they're the same thing, or at
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least closely related, and they're really not. The dark part insinuates that these
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materials or substances or existences of these things just simply don't interact well with things
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that make them easy to measure, which is why they're kind of mysterious.
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So they do have that in common. But dark matter and dark energy really
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have very different purposes in the machinery of the universe. Dark matter seems to
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be a kind of mass that's out there that allows gravity to be stronger than
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it would be with just the visible mass that we can see. So in
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other words, we look out, we see a galaxy full of stars,
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but that galaxy is holding itself together in a way that seems like it has
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more gravity than just the mass of all the stars and gas that we can
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measure. And then when you look at a group of galaxies, they seem
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to have a much higher mass fraction than that of visible matter as opposed to
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matter that we have no way of measuring whatsoever. So dark matter plays a
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role in the gravitation that we see in objects in the universe. Dark energy,
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well, dark energy has almost the opposite effect. The universe is flying
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away faster from itself, or in other words, the expansion of the universe
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is moving more quickly, and would be explained according to how much masses in
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the universe because all that mass in the universe, which has gravity, tries
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to pull things in together, including the dark matter. Right, it's trying
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to us halt the expansion of the universe. It's trying to pull everything back
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together into one place. But yet the universe is flying apart faster than it
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should be. So then we say, well, there must be some sort
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of energy out there that we have yet to measure, that was initially put
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into the universe somehow through the event of the Big Bang that's causing an acceleration
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in the universe. It's actually speeding up the expansion of the universe, which
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is the opposite of what dark matter does. So those two forces are they're
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not really related, they're not really working together. They're just two things that
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we don't understand. And we put the word dark in front of Okay,
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so we got past that. Now let's talk about dark stars. Dark stars
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don't have much to do with dark dark energy. So we're gonna put dark
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energy the thing causing the universe to accelerate. We're gonna put that aside for
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a second. But dark stars do seem to have some relationship to dark matter,
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because dark stars appear to be drawing their energy from dark matter. Now
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we see these dark stars at the farthest visible edge of our universe, and
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what that really means, folks, is that we're looking back in time to
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an age which is almost at the beginning of the universe. In other words,
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how far back we look because of light travel time also means we're looking
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back in time, and therefore we're looking at the earliest parts, the earliest
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stages of the formation of our entire universe. And we see these bright things
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that look like galaxies. So we say, oh, well, look,
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there were galaxies and the very very early universe. How do those large structures
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come together so quickly after this event that we know is the Big Bang.
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Will perhaps some of the things that we're seeing on the most distant edges of
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our universe that are very very bright but very very far away, they may
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not be galaxies at all. They could be these things called dark stars and
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dark stars are not like our sun and standard stars in the sense that our
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Sun is being powered by the generation of energy through nuclear fusion. Dark stars
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are an object that's been hypothesized to draw its energy through the annihilation of dark
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matter. In other words, dark matter matter particles and dark matter antimatter particles
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find their way together, and matter and antimatter annihilate each other and produce energy.
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If you pay attention to Star Trek, that's exactly the principle in the
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matter antimatter reactors that they have in the the cells of the enterprise that they're
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zipping through the universe, and so, relating to some science fiction there,
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but matter antimatter annihilation really is a process by which large amounts of energy can
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be produced from very tiny amounts of matter and antimatter. And so the proposal
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has been that in the cores of stars that form these very early collections of
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mass and dark matter, they could have enough matter and dark matter particles mixed
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in that matter antimatter reactions of dark matter could take place, generating vastly more
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energy than thermonuclear fusion. And so what happens well, these early dark matter
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annihilation stars which were just shortening to dark stars, these dark stars could be
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ten times as wide as Earth's orbit around our own sun, so much much
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much bigger objects than our Sun. They can be millions of times more massive
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than our Sun. And here's the important part. They could shine as brightly
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as billions of times as bright as our Sun, which means they could shine
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as bright one dark star could shine as brightly as an entire Milky Way galaxy.
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And so if those babies are humming and rocking at the edge of the
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visible universe, since we can't resolve the disc of galaxies at that kind of
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distance, we could easily confuse them with baby galaxies. Well, now a
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new study by folks at the University of Texas and Austin Catherine Freeze as the
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lead researcher there. They were the first ones to propose the existence of dark
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stars back in two thousand and seven, and they have been pouring over James
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Webb space telescope data and looking for objects that appear to be distant galaxies but
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really could be these dark stars. They want confirmation of the objects they first
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proposed into thousand and seven, so they have found some candidates, and by
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looking at the infrared signatures coming from these very very distant objects, they have
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correlated that to exactly what they came up with in simulations about what the what
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the spectroscopic signatures of these dark stars should be. And they've nailed down three
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candidates that matched their simulations of dark stars perfectly. Wow West, If this
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is all true, and I know that was a bit of a lesson you
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felt, you might have felt like you were sitting in Astronomy one oh one
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class, Sorry about that. Everybody is then, so we know what they
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are. If that's true, we may have to change the name of our
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show to Made of Dark Matter. Oh yeah, is this all gonna be
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on the test if the final shouldn't be taking notes? No? Yeah.
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The good part is you can listen to the show multiple times. That's true,
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and so you know if you didn't catch that the first time, hey
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it's a podcast, just us and again just not take sense maybe the fourth
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or fifth time. There's just not too many times from the same device for
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crying out loud or any anything that might resemble that. So this is ultimately
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as as amazing as this discovery is, we have to connect it to another
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incredible success for the James Webb Space Telescope. I mean being able to we
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see the images, we see all of the things that are tangible when we
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look at the actual images that we get from James Webb and we say,
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oh my gosh, this is an incredible different perspective on Jupiter or Uranus or
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whatever, and then we get actual data that's coming from it that they're able
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to take something that, like you said, was first proposed in two thousand
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and seven and able to now take the info coming in from James Webb and
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actually start, you know, applying the science to this. It's another incredible
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win for the folks at James Webb. You know every week when we when
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we think through the show. And by the way, we really appreciate our
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space news outlets that we quote regularly on the show. That particular article was
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from science news dot org. So if you want to go check out science
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news dot org you can read more about the Dark Stars. But really that
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Dark Stars article, it's out on many platforms. But but we go through
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a process where we select the stories and we only have a limited time,
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so we go through a limited number of stories. But folks, every week
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there's a there's a JWST story. I mean, this could be the JWST
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podcast, right, we could just sit here and talk about James Webb space
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telescope stories every week. We try not to do that because it would get
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boring. Web. I don't know about boring. It would get repetitive in
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some sense. But there have been stories just within the last week from James
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Webb where they identified the very earliest galaxies ever seen, right, And so
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then this story is basically an outcrop of that story. And so so to
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think back, as Wes just mentioned on the number of really important, groundbreaking,
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iconic, clastic in some sense discoveries that James Webb is made. I
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mean, the whole idea that dark stars exist might set the whole Big Bang
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theory on its ear in some sense because of what that means for how we
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assume that galaxies form. That's all part of our understanding of what we think
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we know about the Big Bang theory itself. So this could really be it
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could really throw out the window many ideas about the very early universe, right,
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And so James Webb is just producing those kind of stories pretty much weekly,
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and it just anytime we get this kind of a new look at the
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universe. All of the scientists and theoreticians they're sitting there with all of their
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very creative and amazing ideas, but they don't have the instruments to actually test
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them. And that's what science is all about. We have to confirm our
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hypotheses, therefore by making it science rather than just conjecture. But when a
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new instrument comes online, these scientists already have all of their possible tests in
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mind that they're just waiting for that new instrument to be able to test them.
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That's really why when something like JWST comes online, you just get a
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flood of new research, new ideas. It's what makes doing this kind of
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science so important to our overall understanding of the fundamentals of science, the fundamental
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workings and underpinnings of nature, and just our exploration because we're curious creatures that
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live within this universe. So really cool stuff coming out of JWST. You
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talked about the sources from some of our stories that we talk about each week.
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Story from science alert dot com headline about how the Dart mission triggers some
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surprise space boulders. Now, if you remember the Dart mission was about it
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basically like the Asteroids game, And if I remember that game correctly, which
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I do, and I may or may not have played it recently. When
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you when you shoot, uh, you know the asteroids, they tend to
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break into smaller pieces. Um and and dare I even reference, you know,
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Star Wars and Alderon and all those sorts of things, because you know,
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sometimes you you think, oh, well, this isn't a cluster of
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asteroids. It's it's it's Alderon. Um, sadly, it's too soon.
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I don't know. Is it too soon for that? Um, it's always
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too soon for that. But um, this this didn't seem like overly surprising
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information. Is this surprising information that shooting an asteroid with this Dart mission would
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trigger space boulders? I mean, yes, it kind of is. Because
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all right, ladies and gentlemen, I have to just say this, let
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me set something up for you, just because it's fun for me. If
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you don't have fun, sorry, I'm gonna try and tell this in a
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fun way. But the Dart mission made an impact with a tiny asteroid called
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Dimorphus. On my birthday September twenty six, twenty twenty two, last year,
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sitting in my living room because it was a little bit after work ish
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when we were getting the video footage back from the Dark Mission, and so
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what I was doing is I was watching live as well, watching live as
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the video came in. Obviously, this event took place and then the video
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had to stream through space to get back to Earth so we could then post
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it. But they're releasing the video real time, and I am texting.
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I have a text thread going with many of my former students who now work
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either at NASA or in the aerospace industry or in the astrophysics research industry,
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and we're all texting each other, you know, joking around about running a
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spaceship into an asteroid and what it's gonna do, blah blah blah. And
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here's the thing that happened. We just had a darn good time looking at
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all of that incoming footage as that spacecraft plowed its way in to that asteroid.
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But then came the next images taken by taken by the parent spacecraft that
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showed the debris field coming off, and it was like, oh, nobody
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had an idea about just how shall we say dynamic? The impact would be
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more stuff came flying off that asteroid than anybody really expected. And so that's
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what's the key to this story. Now, you know what, almost a
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year on, not quite a year on, but the Whuple Space Telescope,
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through a series of observations, folks have found out that a gigantic boulder field
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was released from that tiny asteroid due to that high speed spacecraft impact. There
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are thirty seven boulders now among the already comet like tale of debris field coming
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off that asteroid. Thirty seven boulders ranging in size three feet, which is
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not it's a pretty good sized boulder three feet across up to twenty two feet
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across. May I mention that's bigger than the spacecraft, right, So that
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punch from the Dart spacecraft right into the face of the asteroid dimorphous. It
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knocked out a few teeth and those teeth went spewing out through the debris tail,
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thirty seven of them, and the Hubble space telescope has now picked them
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up and they're drifting away from the asteroid add a little less than a mile
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per hour, so it's not like they went off super high speeds, but
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they were freed from the surface of that asteroid, meaning that they lowered the
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overall mass of that asteroid and changed its orbit very very drastically. So it's
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estimated that about one percent or I'm sorry, point one percent of the mass
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of the asteroid was detected within these boulders. So a tenth of a percent,
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but that's about fifty million kilograms, so it's a pretty good It's way
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more massive than the spacecraft. Once again, it just is more evidence that
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that big collision that we had so much fun with on my birthday last year
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was I really, really effective collision with an asteroid. And when we say
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effective, remember that what Dart was testing is whether or not we could divert
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an asteroid if a killer asteroid was headed for the Earth. And so I
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just hope all the asteroids out there are paying attention because we made an example
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of dimorphous You know, that's one punch in the face that everybody needs to
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be paying attention asteroids, because we'll send a Dart out after you and it's
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not going to be pleasant. You know. Actually, say, if you
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go to prison, you go into the cafeteria and you pick a fight with
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the biggest ugliest guy there, and that's what you do. And hopefully this
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qualified you know, as the biggest ugliest e there um and it certainly should
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scare the other asteroids. Let's quickly talk about the Falcon Heavy. Last week,
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we were talking about the fact that they were they delayed a little bit,
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they were waiting to do this launch. It was sitting on the launch
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pad and it has launched and successfully delivered its payload into space, record setting
25:23
launch, and that's that's one of the reasons. I mean, it's always
25:26
worth mentioning when the you know, the largest of the SpaceX rocket fleet other
25:30
than Starship takes off, and that's that's the Falcon Heavy, And so it's
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fun to talk about the Falcon Heavy any time it launches. But this was
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the largest or i should say heaviest commercial communication satellite ever to be launched to
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space. And when you're saying ever, you know, we're pointing to records
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like ever, we've already put a lot of things into space. So that
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means that if you're setting records, you're doing something pretty astounding. So again,
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the largest or heaviest commercial communication satellite, called the Jupiter three Echo Star
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twenty fourth satellite, launched at about eleven PM on last Friday, July twenty
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eight. The triple core rocket, the Falcon Heavy, launched from Kennedy Space
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Center's Pad thirty nine A. The boosters came back down safely and landed side
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by side, and that maybe is the most amazing and seemingly miraculous piece of
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engineering is to have those booster rockets come down and land just side by side
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next to each other on adjacent landing pads. However, the core booster was
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not recovered. That's the middle of the three, and the reason it wasn't
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recovered that was a planned non recovery. They knew they weren't going to get
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that one back. They had to have so much fuel to get that heaviest
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ever commercial communication satellite up there. They knew they needed every ounce of fuel
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in the core stage, and so they had no intentions of trying to recover
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it. They burned up all its fuel, so there was no fuel for
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a control reentry, and they just let that one drop in the ocean.
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So anyway, good job SpaceX. Another successful launch a Falcon heavy space light.
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Now dot com a great place to catch up on that story coming up
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after a quick break. We lost communication with a piece of equipment that we
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sent into very very very deep space a long time ago. We'll talk about
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the attempts to get back connected with it right after this. So we launched
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Voyage or two a long time ago. It is well and truly deep deep
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into space and we have been able to keep overall communication with it for a
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really long time. I assume longer maybe than expected. I don't know.
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I don't know what the expectation was for how long they were going to be
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able to track it. But they accidentally did something to cause communication to go
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away. Is that a fair way to put it. It is a very
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fair way to put it, and I don't think it was on purpose.
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Well, and now they're trying to re establish communication with Voyager two. So
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what's the latest on this. I mean, sometimes when the kids leave home,
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you know, the parents will say something wrong and the kid doesn't call
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for a while. Yeah, that happens, you know what I'm saying.
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It just happens, right, So this is kind of like that. It's
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a sad story. You know, Voyager two, it was very very tight
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with the with the home planet for a long time, and even well after
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its missions of exploring the outer worlds within the Solar System, it kept in
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contact with the parent home. You know, it was it was you know,
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it was a good story. It was a healthy relationship. But then
28:48
all of a sudden, the mother planet sent a signal the just well,
28:55
it put the spacecraft at the wrong angle. Shall we say that these things
29:00
happen in relationships, you know, sometimes unintentional communications take place, and then
29:04
there's sort of just a bent. There's a bent in the relationship. And
29:08
what happened is that Voyager two was sent a command for its orientation from the
29:14
Deep Space Network run by NASA, and Voyager two's antenna was put at the
29:18
wrong angle to get signals from the Earth. That's what really happened. And
29:22
then the Deep Space Network a series of radio telescopes around the world that listen
29:26
for it's furthest spacecraft. Remember, ladies and gentlemen, Voyager two is actually
29:32
outside the Solar System. It left what we call the heliopause back in twenty
29:37
eighteen. It is now officially traveling through interstellar space. So it's a long
29:42
way from home. Okay, So the Deep Space Network, that series of
29:47
radio antennas, they're listening for any signal. Please call back, Please phone
29:51
home. We're sorry, we said the wrong words. We didn't mean to
29:55
put you at the wrong angle. Please. All of a sudden there was
29:59
a call from Voyager two, and they heard the tiny little beeps of that
30:04
spacecraft trying to call back to home. Even though it had been set off
30:10
at an approximately two degree angle that was incorrect with this proposed orientation. So
30:17
the d space network said, oh, we got a text message. Okay,
30:19
all right, maybe maybe we could heal this relationship. So they're now
30:23
sending out a series of commands to try to reorient the Voyager two in the
30:29
proper alignment. And remember, two degrees seems like a tiny angle difference,
30:33
but over that kind of distance, it's really far off right, so it
30:37
makes a big triangle. Let's put it that way over that kind of distance.
30:41
So even though it's a small angle, they're trying to see if they
30:44
can push their signals back through to Voyager two to tell it, hey,
30:49
hey, we're sorry we put you at the wrong angle. Could you please
30:53
just reorient yourself a little bit further and let's heal this relationship. Let's get
31:00
back online, let's get alignment back together again. And so they're hoping that
31:04
happens now, even if it doesn't happen. So, even if the deep
31:07
space network is not able to send signals powerful enough for Voyager two to receive
31:14
at a two degree off angle, the Voyager two is actually scheduled for a
31:18
periodic realignment. That's that's programmed into its operation, and so that's going to
31:25
happen on October fifteenth. It's just that if they can somehow coax it back
31:29
into the right alignment, they may be able to communicate with the spacecraft earlier
31:33
than that and hopefully prevent losing contacts with the spacecraft entirely. That was a
31:40
good story, right If you want to read stories about you know, spacecraft
31:42
family like this one Live Science dot Com ladies and gentlemen, that's where you
31:47
can go for that story right there about the heartbeat a Voyager two. I
31:51
realize this is probably not specifically in your wheelhouse as far as this, but
31:56
I just want to understand they sent it out straight out into space, out
32:00
of the Solar System, out what could cause what would be the need to
32:06
change its direction at all? I mean, my understanding of space is if
32:09
it was just going straight into space, it would continue to go straight into
32:13
space right right, right right. So it's it's a good point, and
32:16
you might think of that. And even though it's very very far away,
32:21
the size of the Earth's orbit still matters, right, So, and my
32:24
point is this thing is really far out there compared to the size of the
32:29
circular or roughly circular orbit of the Earth. It's actually elliptical, but it's
32:32
but it's close to a circle anyway. So so with time though, I
32:37
mean that angle is so critical that the drift of the Earth in its orbit
32:43
around the Sun. It's it's you know, it's just orbit in the Sun.
32:45
But that change in the position of the Earth, it causes the need
32:47
for realignment of the telescope it cell okay, right, so of the of
32:52
the spacecraft. So so yeah, you gotta keep realigning, you gotta keep
32:54
pointing at the mother planet. And again there's a series of corrections that the
33:00
program to take place automatically, just in case the line of communication is broken
33:06
and you know, for some accident, you know, maybe a micro meteorite
33:09
hits the thing or something. Right, it's it's programmed to search for home
33:13
in a certain way every few months or so. So but they would this
33:17
was obviously an accident of communication from the ground put it in the wrong attitude,
33:22
and so so now they're trying to correct that that small but critical angular
33:27
difference and get realigned before the middle of October. So it's less about having
33:30
to move it as it's heading out, and it's more about positioning it to
33:36
communicate with us back here, and that makes it correct. That's true.
33:38
Now, you know, the the on the way out voyager to actually executed
33:43
a whole series of complicated maneuvers using the gravitational field of several of the planets,
33:49
like a multi bank pool shot, in order to fly by some of
33:52
those planets. Right. But but once it kind of left the major planets
33:57
of the Solar System and their gravitational influence, it has more or less been
34:00
traveling in a very straight line. Now there is the impedance of the interstellar
34:04
medium, and there is the possibility of small micrometeorite collisions things like that that
34:08
could change it. But other than that, it should more or less be
34:12
flying in a straight line, but yet need angular adjustments to keep it aligned
34:16
with the ever moving Earth. So you're saying there's a possibility that there were
34:21
engineers and a meeting that we're discussing the fact that if we don't set these
34:24
maneuvers in place, you may take a direct shot to Uranus. I'm not
34:30
saying it, but I'm not denying it's possible that that was said out loud
34:36
in a meeting. Hey, let's talk about the Columbus Toy and Comic Book
34:39
Show. This is always one of the fun, big events that you guys
34:44
have at the Coca Cola Space Science Center. Great opportunity for collectors and like
34:50
minded folks to get together and enjoy their passions together. I mean, as
34:54
we've made reference to many many times on this show, people are inspired to
35:00
do science, to investigate science, buy science fiction. It's why we kind
35:04
of love sci fi movies. That's why we joke so much about sci fi
35:07
movies on the show. It's also why we really appreciate those people who are
35:13
very interested in science fiction, fantasy and all of that, because it's just
35:16
an imagination expanding sort of hobby that allows you to think about science and how
35:23
the real laws of physics would play a part in these sort of fanciful explorations
35:29
that we find in science fiction. So in the spirit of that, and
35:31
in the spirit of the general interest of space exploration, come down and check
35:36
out the Comic Book and Toy Show, Ladies and gentlemen at the Cocacola Space
35:38
Science Center. August twenty seventh. That is a Sunday Sunday Sunday Sunday.
35:45
Why is that important? We are not typically open on Sunday. We reserve
35:50
Sunday exclusively for special events like this one. And so August twenty seven,
35:54
twenty twenty three, from eleven am to four pm, we will be having
35:59
the Columbus Comic Book and Toy Show. We have a brand new video out
36:04
there on Facebook actually by Dutch Cummings and Clay Miller here staff members at Space
36:08
Sign Center talking about the upcoming show. It's only six bucks to get in
36:14
or a twenty dollars family four pack, and if you buy that you get
36:16
an early entrance VIP option, and so you can come in a little early
36:22
and walk through the collectors of the toys and comic books that will be selling
36:27
their wares on site, as well as just participating in all kinds of sci
36:30
fi fun. We will talk more about this program on an upcoming podcast,
36:36
so make sure you're following us here on Made of Stars where we talk more
36:38
about this, but you can also find out about it by just visiting our
36:42
website. Ladies and gentlemen, that would be www dot cc SSC dot org,
36:49
Charlie Charlie Sam Sam Charlie dot org and once again, We thank you
36:53
for listening, and we will see you again next week. Overhead Door Company
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