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004 - Chapter II The Novelists Part 1 · Victorian Literature

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  Speaker 1: Chapter two, Part one of Victorian Literature. This is a
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording. All libervox recordings in the public domain. For
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  Speaker 1: Victorian Literature by Clement Chorter, Chapter two, The Novelists, Part one.
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  Speaker 1: Any comparison of the novels of the Victorian era with
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  Speaker 1: the novels of the Georgian period must be very much
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  Speaker 1: to the disadvantage of the former. The great epoch of
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  Speaker 1: English fiction began with Goldsmith and Richardson and ended with
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  Speaker 1: Sir Walter Scott. It was an epoch which gave us
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  Speaker 1: the Vicar of Wakefield, Clarissa, Tom Jones Brighte and Brejudice,
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  Speaker 1: Humphrey Clinker and Tristram Shandy that fiction had a naturalness
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  Speaker 1: and spontaneity to which the novels of the Victorian era
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  Speaker 1: can lay no claim. The novels of the period with
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  Speaker 1: which we are concerned aspired to regenerate mankind. Dickens indeed
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  Speaker 1: started off with but little literary equipment save Sunday eighteenth
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  Speaker 1: century novels. He had read Smolette and Fielding and sterned diligently,
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  Speaker 1: but the influence of these humorists so marked in Pickwick
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  Speaker 1: became qualified in his succeeding books by the strainer spirit
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  Speaker 1: of the times. It is alike interesting in itself and
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  Speaker 1: convenient for my purpose, that the most popular novelist of
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  Speaker 1: the Victorian era should have published his first great book
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  Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty seven. Dickens awoke then to abundant fame,
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  Speaker 1: and his popularity has never waned for an instant during
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  Speaker 1: this sixty succeeding years. To day he may be more
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  Speaker 1: or less degried by literary people, but his audience has multiplied. Twofold.
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  Speaker 1: He has added to it the countless thousands whom the
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  Speaker 1: school board has given to the reading world. Charles Dickens
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  Speaker 1: eighteen twelve to eighteen seventy was born at Landport, portsy
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  Speaker 1: his father being an improvident clerk in the Navy pay
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  Speaker 1: office at Portsmouth. Dickens Senior has been immortalized for us
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  Speaker 1: by the not too pleasing portrait of Micawber. After infinite
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  Speaker 1: struggle and penury, Dickens became a reporter for the Morning
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  Speaker 1: Chronicle under the signature of Boss. He wrote sketches for
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  Speaker 1: the monthly magazine. In eighteen thirty four, Pickwick appeared from
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  Speaker 1: April eighteen thirty six to November eighteen thirty seven, and
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  Speaker 1: the like in parts and in book form, took the
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  Speaker 1: world by storm. It was succeeded by Oliver Twist eighteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty eight, Nicholas Nickleby eighteen thirty nine, The Old Curiosity
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  Speaker 1: Shop eighteen forty and barneby Rudch eighteen forty one. From
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  Speaker 1: this time forth, Dickens was the most popular writer that
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  Speaker 1: our literature has seen. Within twelve years after his death,
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  Speaker 1: some four millions of his books were sold in England,
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  Speaker 1: and there is no reason to believe that this popularity
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  Speaker 1: has in any way abated. Although George Elliot foretold that
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  Speaker 1: much of dickens as humor would be meaningless to the
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  Speaker 1: next generation, that is to say, to the generation which
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  Speaker 1: is now with us, it is the fashion to call
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  Speaker 1: Dickens the novelist of the half educated, to charge him
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  Speaker 1: with lack of reflectiveness, with incapacity for serious reasoning. His
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  Speaker 1: humor has been described as insincere, his pathos as exaggerated.
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  Speaker 1: Much of this indictment may, with equal justice be made
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  Speaker 1: against Richardson and even against Jane Austen, who surely anticipated
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  Speaker 1: Dickens by the creation of the Reverend William Collins. If
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  Speaker 1: Dickens had been a learned university professor, he would not
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  Speaker 1: have possessed the equipment most needful for the artist who
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  Speaker 1: was to portray to us in an imperishable manner, the
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  Speaker 1: London which is now fast disappearing. The people of Censor
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  Speaker 1: Dickens are those for whom he has served a purpose
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  Speaker 1: and is of no further use. They are a mere
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  Speaker 1: drop in the ocean of readers. It is not easy
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  Speaker 1: to day to gauge his precise position. The exhaustion of
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  Speaker 1: many of his copyrights has given up his work to
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  Speaker 1: a host of rival publishers. There are probably thousands of
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  Speaker 1: men and women, now as they were in the fifties
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  Speaker 1: and sixties, who have been stimulated by him, and who
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  Speaker 1: have found in his writings the aid to a cheery
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  Speaker 1: optimism which has made life more tolerable amid adverse conditions.
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  Speaker 1: Missus Richmond Ritchie, Thackeray's daughter, tells us how keenly Dickens's
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  Speaker 1: capacity for steering the heart was felt even in the
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  Speaker 1: home of the rival novelist. Thackeray's youngest daughter than a child,
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  Speaker 1: looked up from the book she was reading to ask
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  Speaker 1: the question, Papa, why do you not write books like
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  Speaker 1: Nicholas Nickleby. Thackeray himself shared the general enthusiasm David Copperfield,
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  Speaker 1: he writes to a correspondent by Jingo, it is beautiful,
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  Speaker 1: it is charming, Bravo Dickens. It has some of his
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  Speaker 1: very brightest touches, those inimitable Dickens touches, which makes such
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  Speaker 1: a great man of him. And the reading of the
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  Speaker 1: book has done another author a great deal of good.
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  Speaker 1: It has put me on my mettle and made me
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  Speaker 1: feel that I must do something that I have fame
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  Speaker 1: and name and family to support. If Dickens is still
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  Speaker 1: beloved by the multitude, the name of William Makepeace Thackeray
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  Speaker 1: eighteen eleven to eighteen sixty three has entirely eclipsed his
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  Speaker 1: in the minds of a certain literary section of the community.
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  Speaker 1: Thackeray stands Todam for culture, Dickens for literacy. Thackeray had
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  Speaker 1: indeed a more polished intellect. He had also a more
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  Speaker 1: strained style. Thackeray was born at Calcutta. His father, who
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  Speaker 1: was an Indian civil servant, died when the boy was
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  Speaker 1: only five years old. He was educated at Charterhouse School
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  Speaker 1: and Trinity College, Cambridge. In eighteen thirty one he went
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  Speaker 1: to Aymar. He studied law at Paris, with a few
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  Speaker 1: to becoming an artist. And when Pickwick wanted an illustrator
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  Speaker 1: to continue the work of Seymour, who had committed suicide,
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  Speaker 1: Thackaray applied to Dickens, but Herbert Brown was chosen, and
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  Speaker 1: Thackeray was disappointed. Happily for the world which lost an
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  Speaker 1: indifferent artist to gain a great author. Thackeray, in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty seven, the year which saw the publication of Pickwick
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  Speaker 1: as a volume, joined the staff of Phraser's magazine. In
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  Speaker 1: that channel appeared in succession The History of Samuel Titmarsh
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  Speaker 1: and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The Yellow Plush Papers, and
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  Speaker 1: The Memoirs of Barry Lindon. In eighteen forty seven, Vanity
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  Speaker 1: Fair was begun in numbers, and not till then did
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  Speaker 1: its author secure real renown. Pandanis was published in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty and Esmond in eighteen fifty two. The Newcomes eighteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty four is in some measure a sequel to Pandanis,
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  Speaker 1: as The Virginians eighteen fifty eight is in in some Mature,
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  Speaker 1: a sequel to Esmond. These are the five works by
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  Speaker 1: Thackaray which every one must read. In eighteen fifty seven
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  Speaker 1: Thackeray unsuccessfully contested Oxford. In eighteen fifty nine he undertook
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  Speaker 1: the editorship of the new Cornhill Magazine, which flourished in
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  Speaker 1: his hands. These were the helicon days of magazine editors.
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  Speaker 1: On mccaully's death in eighteen fifty nine, Thackeray talked of
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  Speaker 1: purchasing the historian's Wacant house. A friend remarked upon his prosperity.
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  Speaker 1: To make money, one must edit a magazine, was the answer.
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  Speaker 1: He did not buy mccaully's house, but built himself one
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  Speaker 1: at Palace Green, and here he died day before Christmas Day,
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  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three. His daughter, Anne Thackeray, who became Missus
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  Speaker 1: Richmond Ritchie, has written Old Kensington and other stories of
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  Speaker 1: singular charm. The twenty six volumes of Thackeray's works make
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  Speaker 1: a veritable nursery of style for the modern literary as parent.
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  Speaker 1: But it is, as has been said upon his five
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  Speaker 1: great novels, that his future fame must dressed. The Aires Permanent,
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  Speaker 1: a picture of life among the world due classes as
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  Speaker 1: those Dickens has given us of life among the poor.
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  Speaker 1: Charlotte Bronte eighteen sixteen to eighteen fifty five, who gave
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  Speaker 1: the Thackeray the enthusiastic hero worship of her early years,
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  Speaker 1: called him a Titan and dedicated Jane Eyre to him,
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  Speaker 1: had little enough in common with the author of Vanity Fair.
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  Speaker 1: The daughter of a poor parson of Irish birth, she
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  Speaker 1: was born at Thornton in Yorkshire. She and two sisters
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  Speaker 1: grew up in the cramped atmosphere of the vicarage at Hayworth,
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  Speaker 1: in the center of the Moorlands. They wrote stories, sent
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  Speaker 1: poems from childhood, and dreamed of literary fame. Meanwhile, it
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  Speaker 1: was necessary to add to the scanty stipend of their father.
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  Speaker 1: Two of them went back as governesses to the school
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  Speaker 1: in which they had been educated, and all of them,
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  Speaker 1: a little later attempted the uncongenial life of private governesses.
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  Speaker 1: The desire to have a school of their own led
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  Speaker 1: Charlotte and her sister Emily to Brussels while they studied
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  Speaker 1: French and German. Returning to the Haworth parsonage, the three sisters, Charlotte,
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  Speaker 1: Emily and Anne with money left them by an aunt,
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  Speaker 1: published a volume of verse poems, Bakara, Alice and Acton Bell.
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  Speaker 1: Then each sister produced from her drawer the manuscript of
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  Speaker 1: a novel, and Charlotte's Professor, Emily's Withering Heights and Anne's
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  Speaker 1: Agnes Gray were sent round to the publishers and returned
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  Speaker 1: more than once to the parsonage. Finally, The Professor was
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  Speaker 1: read by Smith and Elder, who asked for longer story
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  Speaker 1: by the writer Jane Eyre eighteen forty seven was the result,
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  Speaker 1: and that story became one of the most successful novels
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  Speaker 1: of the day. It was followed by Shirley eighteen forty
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  Speaker 1: nine and Vilette eighteen fifty three. In eighteen fifty four,
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  Speaker 1: Charlotte Pontier became Missus Arthur Bell Nicholls and the wife
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  Speaker 1: of a Father's Skirt. In the following year she died.
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  Speaker 1: The Professor was published two years after her death. Emily
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  Speaker 1: Bronte eighteen eighteen to eighteen forty eight accomplished less than
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  Speaker 1: her elder sister, but the name will live as long.
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  Speaker 1: She secured the admiration of Sidney Dobell, of Matthew Arnold,
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  Speaker 1: and of mister Swinburne, and her best verse is perhaps
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  Speaker 1: the greatest ever written by a woman. Last lines and
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  Speaker 1: the old Stoic were a rank with the finest poetry
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  Speaker 1: in our literature. Her one novel, Wuthering Heights, has been
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  Speaker 1: most happily criticized by mister Swinburne. As was the author's life,
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  Speaker 1: so is her book in all things, troubled and taintless,
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  Speaker 1: with little of rest in it and nothing of reproach.
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  Speaker 1: It may be true that not many will ever take
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  Speaker 1: it to their hearts. It is certain that those who
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  Speaker 1: do like it will like nothing very much better in
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  Speaker 1: the whole world of poetry or prose. Emily Bronte's sole
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  Speaker 1: contributions to literature were the poems written in conjunction with
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  Speaker 1: her two sisters under the name of Elice Bell, some
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  Speaker 1: further poems published by a sister, Charlotte after her death,
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  Speaker 1: and the single novel Wuthering Heights. And BRONTEI eighteen nineteen
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen forty nine wrote more than her sister Emily,
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  Speaker 1: but with less of recognition. She contributed verses to the
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  Speaker 1: little Volume of Poems under the name of Acton Bell,
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  Speaker 1: and additional verses were published after her death by Charlotte.
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  Speaker 1: In addition to this, she wrote two novels, the first
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  Speaker 1: of them Agnes Gray, and the second The Tenant of
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  Speaker 1: Wildfell Hall. This last, curiously enough, went into a second
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  Speaker 1: edition during Anne's lifetime, and she contributed the priefest to it,
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  Speaker 1: defending herself against her critics. Neither Anne's poetry nor her
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  Speaker 1: novels are of any account to day. They would not
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  Speaker 1: be read were it not for the glory with which
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  Speaker 1: her two sisters have surrounded the name of Bronte. Women
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  Speaker 1: novelists have abundantly flourished during the Victorian era. But then
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  Speaker 1: the path was made easy for them by Jane Austen,
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  Speaker 1: Maria Edgeworth, and Fanny Burney. By all those who delight
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  Speaker 1: in debatable comparisons, the name of George Elliott is frequently
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  Speaker 1: brought into contrast with that of Charlotte Bronte. George Elliott
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  Speaker 1: eighteen nineteen to eighteen eighty was born at griff In Warwickshire,
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  Speaker 1: her real name being Mary Anne Evans. She was for
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  Speaker 1: a time at a school at Nuneaton and afterwards at Coventry.
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  Speaker 1: At first she was an evangelical churchwoman, but about eighteen
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  Speaker 1: forty two she became acquainted with two or three cultivated women, friends,
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  Speaker 1: at whose houses she met Fruit Emerson and Francis Newman,
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  Speaker 1: all of whom represented a reverend antagonism to supernatural Christianity.
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  Speaker 1: In conjunction with Sarah Hannall, she undertook a translation of
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  Speaker 1: Strauss's Life of Jesus. On her father's death in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: forty nine, she came to London and became associated with
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  Speaker 1: doctor Chapman in the editorship of the Westminster Review. It
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  Speaker 1: was a friendship with George Henry Lews, whom she met
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  Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty one, which gave her the first impulse
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  Speaker 1: towards fiction. Leuce was an active critic and the writer
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  Speaker 1: of two now forgotten novels. Miss Evans's scenes of clerical
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  Speaker 1: life were sent to Blackwood's magazine in eighteen fifty six.
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  Speaker 1: The stories were a great success. Thackeray and Dickens were
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  Speaker 1: allowed in expressions of admiration. In eighteen fifty nine, Adam
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  Speaker 1: Bede was published and made George Elliott famous. It is
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  Speaker 1: the finest thing since Shakespeare, said Charles Reid. Her success, however,
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  Speaker 1: did not lead to hasty production. She wrote only six
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  Speaker 1: novels during the remainder of her life. I can write
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  Speaker 1: no word that is not prompted from within, she said.
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  Speaker 1: The mill on the Floss was written in eighteen sixty,
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  Speaker 1: Sila's Manna in eighteen sixty one, Romola in eighteen sixty three,
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  Speaker 1: Felix Holt in eighteen sixty six, Middlemarch in eighteen seventy
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  Speaker 1: one to eighteen seventy two, and Danielle d'arron in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: seventy six. In eighteen eighty, Miss Mary Ann Evans became
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  Speaker 1: Missus Walter Cross, but after a few months of orded life,
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  Speaker 1: she died of inflammation of the heart at Fort Jane Walk, Chelsea.
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  Speaker 1: Her husband wrote her biography, not with much success. So
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  Speaker 1: entirely was George Elliott's best mind concentrated upon her books,
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  Speaker 1: that her letters and indeed her personality were disappointment to
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  Speaker 1: all but a few hero worshipers. The novels, with two
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  Speaker 1: volumes of poems and two of essays, make up George
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  Speaker 1: Elliott's collected works. The essays, written before and after her novels, give,
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  Speaker 1: like her letters, but few indications of a remarkable powers. Nor,
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  Speaker 1: although the Spanish gipsy is deeply interesting, can her poetry
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  Speaker 1: be counted for much. The Quiet Invisible is her best
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  Speaker 1: known poem. It is by her novels that she must
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  Speaker 1: be judged, and these for insight into character, analysis of
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  Speaker 1: the motives which guide men, and sympathy with intellectual and
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  Speaker 1: moral struggles which make up so large a part of life,
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  Speaker 1: have a literary need to themselves. With singular Catholicity, she
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  Speaker 1: paints the simplest faith and the highest idealism. Whether it
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  Speaker 1: be an evangelical clergyman, a dissenting minister, or a Methodist
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  Speaker 1: factory girl, she enters into the spirit of their lives
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  Speaker 1: with fullest sympathy. Carlyle could see in Methodism only a
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  Speaker 1: religion fit for gross and vulgar minded people, a religion
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  Speaker 1: so called, and the essence of it coordice and hunger,
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  Speaker 1: terror of pain, and appetite for pleasure, both carriage to
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  Speaker 1: the infinite. George Elliot's sympathies were wider. She won the
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  Speaker 1: heart of Methodists who have stood in imagination listening to
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  Speaker 1: Dinah Morris addressing the Hayslow peasantry, as she gained the
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  Speaker 1: devotion of Roman Catholics like Lord Acton, who have seen
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  Speaker 1: in her portrait of Sabonarola a wise expression of their faith.
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  Speaker 1: And it is not only in religious matters that her
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  Speaker 1: sympathies are so broad. The sententious dullness of mister Macie
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  Speaker 1: is as much within the range of her feelings as
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  Speaker 1: the manliness of Adam Bede or the scholastic bride of
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  Speaker 1: old Bodo. She feels equally for the weak and frivolous
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  Speaker 1: Hatty and the lofty, self sustained Romola. At least eighty
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  Speaker 1: out of a hundred, she says of your adult male
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  Speaker 1: fellopritons returned in the last senses, are neither extraordinarily silly,
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  Speaker 1: nor extraordinarily wicked, nor extraordinarily wise. Their eyes are neither
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  Speaker 1: deep and liquid with sentiment, nor sparkling with suppressed witticisms.
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  Speaker 1: They have probably had no hair breadth escapes or thrilling adventures.
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  Speaker 1: Their brains are certainly not pregnant with genius, and their
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  Speaker 1: passions have not manifested themselves at all after the fashion
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  Speaker 1: of a volcano. They are simply men of complexions, more
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  Speaker 1: or less muddy, whose conversation is more or less bold
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  Speaker 1: and disjointed. Yet these commonplace people, many of them, bear
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  Speaker 1: a conscience and have felt the sublime promptings to do
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  Speaker 1: the painful right. They have their unspoken sorrows and their
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  Speaker 1: sacred choice. Their hearts have perhaps gone out towards the
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  Speaker 1: first born, and they have mourned over the irreclaimable death. Nay,
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  Speaker 1: is there not the pathos in their very insignificance, in
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  Speaker 1: our comparison of their dim and narrow existence with the
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  Speaker 1: glorious possibilities of that human nature which they share. Depend
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  Speaker 1: upon it. You would gain unspeakably if you would learn
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  Speaker 1: with me to see some of the poetry and the pathos,
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  Speaker 1: the tragedy and the comedy lying in the experience of
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  Speaker 1: a human soul that looks out through dull, gray eyes,
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  Speaker 1: and that speaks in a voice of quiet, ordinary tones.
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  Speaker 1: The creations of George Eliot, Tito and Baldassar, Missus Poyser,
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  Speaker 1: and Sela's Manna, Dorothy Brook and Gwendolin are not as
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  Speaker 1: familiar to the reading public of to day as they
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  Speaker 1: were to that of ten or fifteen years ago. Of
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: the idolatry which almost made her a prophetess of a
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  Speaker 1: new cult. We hear nothing now. She has not maintained
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  Speaker 1: her position as Dickens, Thackeray and Charlotte bronteha maintained theirs.
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  Speaker 1: But if there be little of partisanship and much detraction,
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  Speaker 1: it is idly to deny that George Elliott's many gifts,
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  Speaker 1: her humor, her pathos, her remarkable intellectual endowments give her
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  Speaker 1: an asshured place among the writers of Victorian literature. The
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  Speaker 1: next in order of prominence among the novelists of the
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  Speaker 1: period is Charles Kingsley eighteen nineteen to eighteen seventy five.
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  Speaker 1: He was born at Holme Vicarage on the borders of Dartmoor,
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  Speaker 1: and was educated at King's College, London and Magdalene College, Cambridge.
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  Speaker 1: After this he received the curacy of Eversleigh in Hampshire,
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  Speaker 1: of which parish he finally became rector. In eighteen forty
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  Speaker 1: eight he published a drama entitled The Saint Strategy, with
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  Speaker 1: Saint Elizabeth of Hungary as heroin. A year later, his
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  Speaker 1: novel of Elton Locke gained him the title of the
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: Chartist Parson. This tale, in which carlas List introduced in
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  Speaker 1: the person of an old Scotch bookseller, was a crude
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: and yet vigorous expression of sympathy with the Chartist movement.
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  Speaker 1: And its influence was tremendous for its sympathy with the
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  Speaker 1: working classes, and in its reflection of the broad and
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  Speaker 1: tolerant Christianity, of which Kingsley was always the eloquent preacher.
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  Speaker 1: Elton Locke, in Common with yeast and two years Ago,
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  Speaker 1: is a valuable contribution to literature. Kingsley, however, became a
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  Speaker 1: truer artist when, as in Hypatia and westward Hoe, he
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  Speaker 1: had no social and religious ants. In few Hypatia, in
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  Speaker 1: spite of many historical errors, is a brilliant sketch of
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  Speaker 1: the early Church. Alexandria. Gibbon, from whom Kingsley obtained the
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  Speaker 1: hint for this book, would have reveled in the apparent
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  Speaker 1: endorsement by a latter day clergyman of his estimate of
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  Speaker 1: the early Christianity of the East. Westward Hoe is a
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  Speaker 1: picturesque narrative of English rivalry with Spain in the reign
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  Speaker 1: of Elizabeth. The contrasts of character in Frank and Amyersley
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: perhaps give this novel a claim to be considered Kingsley's
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  Speaker 1: best effort. He wrote many other works, including children's stories,
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  Speaker 1: scientific lectures and poems, among which last The Beautiful ballads
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  Speaker 1: The Three Fishes and the Sands of d are the
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  Speaker 1: most popular. For nine years he held the office of
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  Speaker 1: Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, but his unphilosophical
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: views of history made his presence there a misfortune. A
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  Speaker 1: model country clergyman, a man essentially healthy, minded and interested
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: in all phases of life and thought, Kingsley's influence, especially
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: on young men, during the past five and thirty years,
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  Speaker 1: has been very great and very beneficial. And of Chapter two,
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  Speaker 1: Part one recording by Ulinni Damia