Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but why do some birds babysit?

Transcript

Okay, but why do some birds babysit? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  For
• 0:00
  the
• 0:00
  most
• 0:00
  part,
• 0:01
  only
• 0:01
  males
• 0:02
  will
• 0:02
  inherit,
• 0:03
  so
• 0:03
  sons
• 0:04
  will
• 0:04
  inherit
• 0:04
  territory,
• 0:07
  because
• 0:08
  I
• 0:08
  guess
• 0:08
  it's
• 0:09
  a
• 0:09
  patriarchy,
• 0:09
  too.
• 0:10
  Patriarchy,
• 0:12
  Patriarchy.
• 0:12
  What
• 0:13
  the
• 0:13
  heck?
• 0:14
  Birds
• 0:14
  gotta
• 0:15
  be
• 0:15
  better
• 0:15
  than
• 0:15
  birds.
• 0:15
  I
• 0:15
  know,
• 0:15
  right?
• 0:41
  I
• 0:41
  had
• 0:41
  a
• 0:42
  very
• 0:42
  hard
• 0:42
  time
• 0:42
  leaving
• 0:43
  home
• 0:43
  for
• 0:43
  college.
• 0:44
  I
• 0:44
  was
• 0:44
  not
• 0:44
  excited
• 0:44
  to
• 0:45
  move.
• 0:45
  I
• 0:45
  was
• 0:45
  nervous
• 0:46
  about
• 0:46
  meeting
• 0:46
  new
• 0:46
  people,
• 0:47
  establishing
• 0:47
  new
• 0:47
  friendships,
• 0:48
  and
• 0:48
  being
• 0:48
  away
• 0:49
  from
• 0:49
  all
• 0:49
  of
• 0:49
  the
• 0:49
  things
• 0:49
  that
• 0:50
  made
• 0:50
  me
• 0:50
  feel
• 0:50
  safe.
• 0:51
  My
• 0:51
  family,
• 0:51
  Lake
• 0:52
  Huron,
• 0:52
  my
• 0:52
  little
• 0:53
  garden
• 0:53
  of
• 0:53
  ferns
• 0:53
  and
• 0:53
  wild
• 0:54
  orchids.
• 0:55
  But
• 0:55
  I
• 0:55
  did
• 0:55
  it
• 0:55
  anyways.
• 0:56
  Did
• 0:56
  I
• 0:56
  consider
• 0:57
  dropping
• 0:57
  out
• 0:57
  and
• 0:57
  moving
• 0:58
  home?
• 0:58
  Yes.
• 0:59
  That
• 0:59
  I
• 0:59
  often
• 0:59
  dread
• 0:59
  going
• 0:59
  to
• 1:00
  class?
• 1:00
  Yes.
• 1:01
  Was
• 1:01
  I
• 1:01
  very,
• 1:01
  very
• 1:01
  awkward
• 1:02
  meeting
• 1:02
  new
• 1:02
  people?
• 1:03
  100%.
• 1:04
  But
• 1:04
  I
• 1:04
  persisted
• 1:05
  and
• 1:05
  eventually
• 1:05
  thrived.
• 1:06
  And
• 1:06
  since
• 1:06
  that
• 1:07
  first
• 1:07
  move
• 1:07
  away
• 1:07
  from
• 1:08
  home,
• 1:08
  I've
• 1:08
  moved
• 1:09
  from
• 1:09
  place
• 1:09
  to
• 1:09
  place
• 1:09
  as
• 1:10
  my
• 1:10
  life
• 1:10
  progressed.
• 1:10
  Always
• 1:11
  lucky
• 1:11
  that
• 1:11
  I
• 1:11
  had
• 1:12
  the
• 1:12
  next
• 1:12
  thing.
• 1:13
  If
• 1:14
  I'd
• 1:14
  ever
• 1:14
  moved
• 1:14
  home,
• 1:14
  I
• 1:15
  might
• 1:15
  have
• 1:15
  been
• 1:15
  called
• 1:15
  a
• 1:15
  boomerang
• 1:16
  kid,
• 1:16
  a
• 1:16
  young
• 1:17
  adult
• 1:17
  who
• 1:17
  left
• 1:17
  the
• 1:17
  nest
• 1:18
  and
• 1:18
  then
• 1:18
  came
• 1:18
  back.
• 1:19
  Usually
• 1:19
  this
• 1:19
  has
• 1:20
  a
• 1:20
  negative
• 1:20
  connotation,
• 1:20
  but
• 1:21
  this
• 1:21
  can
• 1:21
  happen
• 1:21
  for
• 1:21
  many
• 1:22
  reasons.
• 1:22
  Maybe
• 1:23
  to
• 1:23
  save
• 1:23
  money,
• 1:23
  maybe
• 1:24
  to
• 1:24
  help
• 1:24
  aging
• 1:25
  parents,
• 1:25
  maybe
• 1:26
  for
• 1:26
  better
• 1:26
  wi
• 1:26
  fi,
• 1:27
  but
• 1:28
  sometimes
• 1:28
  to
• 1:28
  help
• 1:28
  raise
• 1:29
  younger
• 1:29
  siblings.
• 1:30
  And
• 1:30
  this
• 1:30
  cooperation
• 1:31
  can
• 1:31
  feel
• 1:31
  very
• 1:31
  unique
• 1:32
  to
• 1:32
  humans.
• 1:33
  And
• 1:33
  some
• 1:33
  folks
• 1:34
  might
• 1:34
  think
• 1:34
  that
• 1:34
  humans
• 1:34
  are
• 1:35
  the
• 1:35
  only
• 1:35
  species
• 1:35
  with
• 1:36
  boomerang
• 1:36
  kids
• 1:36
  or
• 1:37
  relatives
• 1:37
  that
• 1:37
  take
• 1:37
  care
• 1:37
  of
• 1:38
  other
• 1:38
  relatives.
• 1:39
  But
• 1:40
  in
• 1:40
  the
• 1:40
  bird
• 1:40
  world,
• 1:40
  the
• 1:41
  strategy
• 1:41
  also
• 1:42
  exists,
• 1:42
  and
• 1:42
  it's
• 1:43
  fascinating
• 1:43
  and,
• 1:44
  honestly,
• 1:44
  a
• 1:44
  bit
• 1:44
  unexpected.
• 1:45
  Which
• 1:46
  brings
• 1:46
  us
• 1:46
  to
• 1:46
  the
• 1:46
  topic
• 1:47
  of
• 1:47
  today's
• 1:47
  episode.
• 1:48
  Okay,
• 1:48
  but
• 1:48
  why
• 1:48
  do
• 1:48
  some
• 1:49
  birds
• 1:49
  babysit?
• 1:50
  And
• 1:50
  I'm
• 1:50
  particularly
• 1:51
  excited
• 1:51
  to
• 1:51
  talk
• 1:52
  to
• 1:52
  today's
• 1:52
  guest,
• 1:52
  who's
• 1:53
  been
• 1:53
  a
• 1:53
  dear
• 1:53
  friend
• 1:53
  of
• 1:54
  mine
• 1:54
  for
• 1:54
  many
• 1:54
  years.
• 1:55
  The
• 1:55
  truth
• 1:55
  is,
• 1:56
  some
• 1:56
  birds
• 1:56
  don't
• 1:56
  just
• 1:57
  hang
• 1:57
  around
• 1:57
  after
• 1:57
  fledging,
• 1:58
  though
• 1:58
  some
• 1:58
  do.
• 1:59
  Many
• 1:59
  also
• 1:59
  actively
• 2:00
  help
• 2:00
  raise
• 2:00
  their
• 2:01
  younger
• 2:01
  siblings.
• 2:01
  Feed
• 2:02
  them,
• 2:02
  protect
• 2:02
  them,
• 2:03
  babysit
• 2:03
  them
• 2:03
  while
• 2:04
  mom
• 2:04
  and
• 2:04
  dad
• 2:04
  get
• 2:04
  some
• 2:04
  air.
• 2:05
  This
• 2:05
  phenomenon
• 2:06
  is
• 2:06
  called
• 2:06
  cooperative
• 2:07
  breeding,
• 2:07
  and
• 2:07
  it
• 2:07
  flips
• 2:08
  the
• 2:08
  script
• 2:08
  on
• 2:08
  what
• 2:08
  we
• 2:08
  think
• 2:08
  bird
• 2:09
  families
• 2:09
  are
• 2:09
  supposed
• 2:10
  to
• 2:10
  look
• 2:10
  like.
• 2:11
  In
• 2:11
  species
• 2:11
  like
• 2:12
  Florida
• 2:12
  scrub
• 2:12
  jays
• 2:12
  and
• 2:13
  purple
• 2:13
  crowned
• 2:13
  fairy
• 2:13
  wrens,
• 2:14
  many
• 2:14
  siblings
• 2:15
  and
• 2:15
  half
• 2:15
  siblings
• 2:15
  pitch
• 2:16
  in
• 2:16
  to
• 2:16
  raise
• 2:16
  the
• 2:16
  next
• 2:16
  generation.
• 2:17
  Sometimes
• 2:18
  it's
• 2:18
  even
• 2:18
  unrelated
• 2:19
  individuals
• 2:20
  who
• 2:20
  are
• 2:20
  helping
• 2:20
  out
• 2:20
  at
• 2:20
  the
• 2:20
  nest.
• 2:21
  It's
• 2:21
  not
• 2:21
  failure
• 2:22
  to
• 2:22
  launch,
• 2:22
  it's
• 2:23
  family
• 2:23
  hustle.
• 2:24
  So
• 2:24
  what's
• 2:24
  in
• 2:24
  it
• 2:24
  for
• 2:25
  them?
• 2:25
  Why
• 2:25
  help
• 2:25
  raise
• 2:26
  someone
• 2:26
  else's
• 2:26
  chicks
• 2:26
  instead
• 2:27
  of
• 2:27
  striking
• 2:27
  out
• 2:27
  on
• 2:27
  your
• 2:28
  own?
• 2:28
  And
• 2:28
  how
• 2:28
  do
• 2:29
  these
• 2:29
  extended
• 2:29
  family
• 2:30
  systems
• 2:30
  affect
• 2:30
  everything
• 2:31
  from
• 2:31
  survival
• 2:31
  rates
• 2:32
  to
• 2:32
  social
• 2:32
  dynamics?
• 2:33
  Today,
• 2:33
  we'll
• 2:34
  explore
• 2:34
  this
• 2:34
  surprisingly
• 2:35
  complex
• 2:35
  world
• 2:35
  of
• 2:35
  bird
• 2:36
  family
• 2:36
  life.
• 2:36
  It's
• 2:37
  sweet,
• 2:37
  it's
• 2:37
  strategic,
• 2:38
  and
• 2:38
  sometimes
• 2:39
  it's
• 2:39
  a
• 2:39
  little
• 2:39
  soap
• 2:40
  opera.
• 2:40
  Helping
• 2:41
  us
• 2:41
  decode
• 2:41
  this
• 2:41
  family
• 2:42
  drama
• 2:42
  is
• 2:42
  Dr.
• 2:42
  Nancy
• 2:43
  Chen,
• 2:43
  an
• 2:44
  assistant
• 2:44
  professor
• 2:45
  in
• 2:45
  the
• 2:45
  Department
• 2:45
  of
• 2:45
  Ecology
• 2:46
  and
• 2:46
  Evolutionary
• 2:46
  Biology
• 2:47
  at
• 2:47
  UCLA
• 2:48
  who
• 2:48
  has
• 2:48
  studied
• 2:48
  how
• 2:49
  these
• 2:49
  avian
• 2:49
  households
• 2:50
  form,
• 2:50
  function,
• 2:51
  and
• 2:51
  sometimes
• 2:52
  fall
• 2:52
  apart.
• 2:53
  Stay
• 2:53
  tuned.
• 2:59
  It's
• 3:00
  great
• 3:00
  to
• 3:00
  see
• 3:00
  you
• 3:01
  and
• 3:01
  thanks
• 3:01
  for
• 3:01
  joining
• 3:01
  us
• 3:01
  to
• 3:02
  talk
• 3:02
  about
• 3:02
  cooperative
• 3:02
  breeding.
• 3:03
  I'm
• 3:03
  happy
• 3:03
  to
• 3:04
  be
• 3:04
  here.
• 3:04
  So
• 3:05
  I
• 3:05
  wanted
• 3:05
  to
• 3:05
  start
• 3:05
  off
• 3:05
  just
• 3:06
  by
• 3:06
  helping
• 3:06
  people
• 3:07
  understand
• 3:07
  what
• 3:07
  it
• 3:08
  is.
• 3:08
  So
• 3:08
  what
• 3:08
  is
• 3:09
  cooperative
• 3:09
  breeding
• 3:09
  and
• 3:10
  how
• 3:10
  common
• 3:10
  is
• 3:10
  it
• 3:10
  in
• 3:11
  birds?
• 3:11
  Yeah,
• 3:12
  so
• 3:12
  cooperative
• 3:12
  breeding
• 3:13
  is
• 3:13
  this
• 3:13
  cool
• 3:14
  reproductive
• 3:14
  behavior
• 3:15
  that
• 3:15
  we
• 3:15
  see
• 3:16
  in.
• 3:16
  In
• 3:17
  actually
• 3:17
  lots
• 3:18
  of
• 3:18
  animals.
• 3:19
  So
• 3:19
  it's
• 3:19
  not
• 3:19
  just
• 3:19
  birds.
• 3:20
  Mammals
• 3:20
  do
• 3:21
  it.
• 3:21
  Some
• 3:21
  people
• 3:21
  can
• 3:22
  argue
• 3:22
  that
• 3:22
  humans
• 3:23
  are
• 3:23
  cooperative
• 3:23
  breeders,
• 3:24
  but
• 3:25
  basically
• 3:25
  it's
• 3:25
  this
• 3:26
  behavior
• 3:26
  where
• 3:28
  offspring
• 3:29
  will
• 3:29
  wait
• 3:30
  to
• 3:31
  leave
• 3:31
  home
• 3:32
  and
• 3:32
  have
• 3:32
  babies
• 3:33
  of
• 3:33
  their
• 3:33
  own
• 3:34
  and
• 3:34
  stick
• 3:35
  around
• 3:35
  and
• 3:35
  help
• 3:36
  raise,
• 3:37
  help
• 3:38
  their
• 3:38
  parents
• 3:38
  raise
• 3:39
  kind
• 3:39
  of
• 3:39
  future
• 3:39
  generations
• 3:40
  of
• 3:41
  offspring.
• 3:41
  So
• 3:41
  oftentimes
• 3:42
  they're
• 3:43
  helping
• 3:44
  raise
• 3:45
  full
• 3:45
  siblings
• 3:46
  or
• 3:46
  half
• 3:46
  siblings,
• 3:47
  but
• 3:47
  sometimes
• 3:47
  we
• 3:48
  also
• 3:48
  see
• 3:49
  unrelated
• 3:50
  individuals
• 3:50
  actually
• 3:51
  helping
• 3:52
  out
• 3:52
  with
• 3:52
  parental
• 3:52
  care.
• 3:53
  So
• 3:53
  cooperative
• 3:54
  breeding,
• 3:54
  like
• 3:54
  you
• 3:55
  said,
• 3:55
  you
• 3:55
  could
• 3:55
  consider
• 3:55
  humans
• 3:56
  to
• 3:56
  be
• 3:56
  cooperative
• 3:56
  breeders.
• 3:57
  In
• 3:57
  a
• 3:57
  lot
• 3:57
  of
• 3:57
  cases,
• 3:58
  it's
• 3:58
  across
• 3:59
  the
• 3:59
  kind
• 3:59
  of
• 3:59
  animal
• 4:00
  kingdom.
• 4:00
  But
• 4:00
  from
• 4:00
  a
• 4:01
  bird
• 4:01
  perspective,
• 4:02
  are
• 4:02
  there
• 4:02
  any
• 4:02
  species
• 4:03
  that
• 4:03
  are
• 4:03
  most
• 4:03
  famous
• 4:04
  for
• 4:04
  cooperative
• 4:05
  breeding
• 4:05
  behavior?
• 4:05
  I
• 4:06
  would
• 4:06
  say
• 4:06
  there's
• 4:07
  several
• 4:08
  corvids
• 4:08
  that
• 4:09
  are
• 4:09
  known
• 4:10
  as
• 4:10
  cooperative
• 4:10
  breeding.
• 4:11
  Also,
• 4:11
  for
• 4:12
  some
• 4:12
  reason,
• 4:12
  I
• 4:12
  don't
• 4:12
  know
• 4:12
  why,
• 4:13
  but
• 4:13
  Australia,
• 4:14
  so
• 4:14
  many
• 4:14
  birds
• 4:14
  in
• 4:15
  Australia
• 4:15
  are
• 4:15
  coif
• 4:16
  rib
• 4:16
  breeders.
• 4:17
  Oh,
• 4:17
  interesting.
• 4:18
  If
• 4:18
  people
• 4:19
  are
• 4:19
  familiar
• 4:19
  with
• 4:19
  fairy
• 4:20
  wrens,
• 4:20
  which
• 4:20
  are
• 4:21
  these
• 4:21
  teeny
• 4:21
  tiny
• 4:21
  songbirds,
• 4:23
  those
• 4:23
  are
• 4:23
  pretty
• 4:23
  famous
• 4:24
  cooperative
• 4:24
  breeders.
• 4:25
  In
• 4:25
  terms
• 4:25
  of
• 4:26
  birds
• 4:26
  in
• 4:26
  North
• 4:26
  America
• 4:27
  that
• 4:27
  folks
• 4:27
  might
• 4:29
  see
• 4:29
  or
• 4:29
  recognize,
• 4:30
  Crows
• 4:31
  are
• 4:32
  cooperative
• 4:32
  breeders.
• 4:33
  And
• 4:33
  then
• 4:34
  the
• 4:34
  birds
• 4:34
  I
• 4:34
  work
• 4:34
  on,
• 4:35
  scrub
• 4:35
  jays,
• 4:36
  the
• 4:36
  Florida
• 4:37
  scorpjay
• 4:37
  specifically,
• 4:38
  are
• 4:39
  also
• 4:39
  cooperative
• 4:39
  breeders.
• 4:40
  And
• 4:40
  they're
• 4:40
  one
• 4:40
  of
• 4:40
  the
• 4:41
  first
• 4:41
  species
• 4:41
  that
• 4:43
  in
• 4:43
  which
• 4:43
  this
• 4:43
  behavior
• 4:44
  has
• 4:44
  been
• 4:44
  described.
• 4:45
  Oh,
• 4:46
  cool.
• 4:46
  Specifically
• 4:46
  in
• 4:47
  Florida
• 4:47
  scrub
• 4:47
  jays
• 4:47
  or
• 4:48
  just
• 4:48
  scrub
• 4:48
  jays
• 4:48
  in
• 4:49
  general,
• 4:50
  just
• 4:50
  Florida
• 4:51
  scrub
• 4:51
  jays.
• 4:51
  So
• 4:51
  there's
• 4:52
  multiple
• 4:52
  different
• 4:53
  species
• 4:53
  of
• 4:53
  scrub
• 4:54
  jays
• 4:54
  in
• 4:54
  North
• 4:55
  America,
• 4:56
  but
• 4:56
  only
• 4:56
  the
• 4:56
  ones
• 4:57
  in
• 4:57
  Florida
• 4:57
  are
• 4:58
  cooperative
• 4:58
  breeders.
• 4:58
  There's
• 4:59
  like
• 4:59
  a
• 4:59
  huge
• 4:59
  range
• 5:00
  of
• 5:00
  reproductive
• 5:01
  behavior
• 5:01
  across
• 5:01
  scrub
• 5:02
  jays.
• 5:02
  Oh,
• 5:03
  that's
• 5:03
  really
• 5:03
  interesting
• 5:04
  that
• 5:04
  even
• 5:04
  within
• 5:04
  a
• 5:05
  species
• 5:05
  or
• 5:05
  very,
• 5:06
  very
• 5:06
  closely
• 5:06
  related
• 5:06
  species,
• 5:07
  you'd
• 5:07
  have
• 5:07
  that
• 5:07
  kind
• 5:07
  of
• 5:08
  variation
• 5:09
  in
• 5:09
  reproductive
• 5:09
  behavior.
• 5:10
  So
• 5:10
  within
• 5:11
  the
• 5:12
  genus
• 5:12
  of
• 5:12
  scrub
• 5:13
  jays,
• 5:14
  we
• 5:14
  range
• 5:15
  from
• 5:16
  kind
• 5:16
  of
• 5:17
  your
• 5:17
  classic
• 5:18
  monogamous
• 5:19
  species.
• 5:20
  So
• 5:20
  the
• 5:20
  California
• 5:21
  scrub
• 5:21
  jays
• 5:22
  are
• 5:23
  completely
• 5:23
  monogamous.
• 5:24
  And
• 5:25
  then
• 5:25
  there's
• 5:26
  a
• 5:26
  species
• 5:27
  of
• 5:27
  scrub
• 5:27
  jays
• 5:27
  on
• 5:27
  the
• 5:28
  Channel
• 5:28
  Islands,
• 5:29
  on
• 5:29
  Santa
• 5:30
  Cruz
• 5:30
  Island.
• 5:30
  So
• 5:31
  these
• 5:31
  islands
• 5:31
  off
• 5:31
  the
• 5:31
  coast
• 5:32
  of
• 5:32
  California,
• 5:33
  the
• 5:33
  island
• 5:33
  scrub
• 5:33
  jay,
• 5:34
  they
• 5:34
  have
• 5:34
  delayed
• 5:34
  dispersal
• 5:36
  and
• 5:36
  delayed
• 5:36
  reproduction,
• 5:37
  but
• 5:37
  the
• 5:38
  offspring
• 5:38
  don't
• 5:38
  actually
• 5:39
  help
• 5:39
  with
• 5:39
  parental
• 5:40
  care.
• 5:41
  And
• 5:41
  it's
• 5:41
  only
• 5:41
  in
• 5:42
  the
• 5:42
  Florida
• 5:42
  scriptures
• 5:43
  where
• 5:43
  you
• 5:43
  get
• 5:44
  delayed
• 5:44
  dispersal
• 5:45
  and
• 5:45
  helping.
• 5:46
  Interesting.
• 5:48
  There's
• 5:48
  definitely
• 5:48
  a
• 5:49
  Florida
• 5:49
  man
• 5:49
  joke
• 5:50
  in
• 5:50
  there
• 5:50
  about
• 5:50
  delayed
• 5:51
  dispersal
• 5:51
  and
• 5:52
  helping
• 5:52
  raise
• 5:52
  your
• 5:53
  family,
• 5:53
  but
• 5:54
  I'm
• 5:54
  not
• 5:54
  sure
• 5:54
  exactly
• 5:55
  what
• 5:55
  it
• 5:55
  is.
• 5:56
  When
• 5:56
  you
• 5:56
  say
• 5:57
  monogamous,
• 5:57
  though,
• 5:57
  just
• 5:58
  to
• 5:58
  clarify,
• 5:58
  you
• 5:58
  mean
• 5:59
  socially
• 5:59
  monogamous
• 5:59
  but
• 6:00
  not
• 6:00
  necessarily
• 6:00
  genetically,
• 6:01
  Is
• 6:01
  that
• 6:02
  right?
• 6:03
  Yes.
• 6:03
  Yeah.
• 6:04
  Okay.
• 6:05
  California
• 6:06
  jays
• 6:06
  are
• 6:06
  socially
• 6:07
  monogamous,
• 6:08
  and
• 6:08
  they
• 6:09
  have
• 6:09
  higher
• 6:10
  rates
• 6:10
  of
• 6:12
  extra
• 6:12
  paraprotenity.
• 6:13
  So
• 6:14
  they're
• 6:14
  not
• 6:14
  genetically
• 6:15
  monogamous.
• 6:16
  Yeah.
• 6:16
  For
• 6:16
  our
• 6:16
  listeners
• 6:17
  who
• 6:17
  are
• 6:17
  interested
• 6:17
  in
• 6:18
  that
• 6:18
  topic.
• 6:18
  So
• 6:19
  genetic
• 6:19
  versus
• 6:19
  social
• 6:20
  monogamy.
• 6:20
  Go
• 6:20
  back
• 6:21
  and
• 6:21
  listen
• 6:21
  to
• 6:21
  episode
• 6:21
  one
• 6:22
  from
• 6:22
  this
• 6:22
  season.
• 6:22
  Why
• 6:23
  would
• 6:23
  a
• 6:23
  bird
• 6:24
  delay
• 6:24
  its
• 6:24
  own
• 6:24
  reproduction
• 6:25
  to
• 6:25
  help
• 6:25
  raise
• 6:25
  its
• 6:26
  siblings
• 6:26
  instead
• 6:26
  of,
• 6:27
  you
• 6:27
  know,
• 6:27
  why
• 6:27
  would
• 6:28
  it
• 6:28
  do
• 6:28
  that
• 6:28
  instead
• 6:28
  of
• 6:28
  having
• 6:29
  its
• 6:29
  own
• 6:29
  offspring?
• 6:31
  That's
• 6:31
  a
• 6:31
  great
• 6:31
  question.
• 6:32
  And
• 6:32
  it's
• 6:32
  been
• 6:33
  a
• 6:34
  question
• 6:35
  that's
• 6:35
  interested
• 6:36
  evolutionary
• 6:36
  biologists
• 6:37
  and
• 6:38
  people
• 6:38
  interested
• 6:38
  in
• 6:39
  bird
• 6:39
  behavior
• 6:40
  for
• 6:40
  a
• 6:40
  very
• 6:40
  long
• 6:41
  time.
• 6:43
  I
• 6:43
  was
• 6:43
  thinking
• 6:43
  about
• 6:44
  this.
• 6:44
  I
• 6:44
  think
• 6:44
  it's
• 6:45
  a
• 6:45
  kind
• 6:45
  of
• 6:46
  funny
• 6:46
  reflection
• 6:47
  on
• 6:47
  us
• 6:47
  as
• 6:47
  humans
• 6:48
  or
• 6:49
  on
• 6:49
  how
• 6:49
  evolution
• 6:50
  works.
• 6:50
  People
• 6:50
  are
• 6:51
  really
• 6:51
  interested
• 6:51
  in
• 6:51
  cooperative
• 6:52
  breeding
• 6:53
  because
• 6:53
  it's
• 6:54
  weird
• 6:55
  to
• 6:56
  have
• 6:56
  individuals
• 6:57
  helping
• 6:58
  other
• 6:58
  individuals.
• 6:58
  I
• 6:58
  guess
• 6:59
  evolution
• 6:59
  assumes
• 6:59
  every
• 7:01
  individual
• 7:01
  has
• 7:01
  to
• 7:01
  be
• 7:01
  inherently
• 7:02
  selfish.
• 7:04
  So
• 7:04
  there's
• 7:04
  multiple
• 7:04
  different
• 7:05
  theories
• 7:05
  that
• 7:05
  explain
• 7:06
  why
• 7:07
  this
• 7:08
  cooperative
• 7:08
  behavior
• 7:09
  has
• 7:10
  evolved.
• 7:10
  And
• 7:11
  they're
• 7:11
  largely
• 7:13
  divided
• 7:13
  into
• 7:14
  two
• 7:14
  different
• 7:15
  arguments.
• 7:16
  One
• 7:16
  argument
• 7:17
  is
• 7:17
  called
• 7:18
  kind
• 7:18
  of
• 7:18
  inclusive
• 7:19
  fitness
• 7:19
  or
• 7:19
  kin
• 7:20
  selection.
• 7:20
  And
• 7:21
  so
• 7:21
  this
• 7:21
  was
• 7:21
  a
• 7:21
  theory
• 7:22
  proposed
• 7:23
  by
• 7:24
  a
• 7:24
  scientist,
• 7:24
  W.D.
• 7:25
  hamilton,
• 7:26
  that
• 7:26
  most
• 7:26
  of
• 7:27
  the
• 7:27
  time,
• 7:27
  if
• 7:27
  the
• 7:27
  helpers
• 7:28
  are
• 7:28
  helping
• 7:29
  closely
• 7:29
  related
• 7:30
  offspring,
• 7:31
  then
• 7:32
  they
• 7:32
  gain
• 7:33
  what's
• 7:33
  called
• 7:33
  indirect
• 7:34
  genetic
• 7:34
  benefits.
• 7:35
  So
• 7:35
  essentially,
• 7:36
  for
• 7:37
  instance,
• 7:37
  if
• 7:37
  I
• 7:37
  were
• 7:38
  to
• 7:38
  help
• 7:38
  my
• 7:39
  parents
• 7:39
  raise
• 7:41
  my
• 7:41
  brother,
• 7:43
  my
• 7:43
  brother
• 7:44
  and
• 7:44
  I,
• 7:44
  because
• 7:44
  we're
• 7:45
  closely
• 7:45
  related,
• 7:45
  we
• 7:46
  would
• 7:46
  share
• 7:47
  a
• 7:47
  lot
• 7:47
  of
• 7:48
  our
• 7:48
  genetic
• 7:49
  makeup,
• 7:50
  right?
• 7:50
  And
• 7:51
  so
• 7:51
  if
• 7:51
  the
• 7:51
  benefits
• 7:52
  accrued,
• 7:53
  if
• 7:53
  I
• 7:54
  kind
• 7:54
  of
• 7:54
  improve
• 7:55
  the
• 7:55
  survival
• 7:56
  or
• 7:56
  reproductive
• 7:57
  success
• 7:57
  of
• 7:58
  my
• 7:59
  siblings
• 7:59
  by
• 7:59
  helping
• 8:00
  to
• 8:01
  care
• 8:01
  for
• 8:01
  them
• 8:01
  and
• 8:02
  raise
• 8:02
  them,
• 8:02
  those
• 8:03
  benefits
• 8:04
  kind
• 8:04
  of
• 8:04
  weighted
• 8:05
  by
• 8:06
  how
• 8:06
  much
• 8:07
  of
• 8:07
  my
• 8:07
  genetic
• 8:08
  material
• 8:08
  would
• 8:08
  be
• 8:09
  passed
• 8:09
  on,
• 8:10
  like
• 8:10
  via
• 8:11
  my
• 8:12
  siblings
• 8:12
  having
• 8:12
  offspring.
• 8:13
  If
• 8:14
  that
• 8:14
  outweighs
• 8:15
  any
• 8:15
  costs
• 8:15
  of
• 8:16
  my
• 8:17
  decision
• 8:17
  to
• 8:18
  delay
• 8:19
  reproducing
• 8:20
  myself,
• 8:21
  then
• 8:21
  you
• 8:22
  would
• 8:22
  expect
• 8:22
  to
• 8:23
  see
• 8:23
  cooperative
• 8:24
  breeding
• 8:24
  behavior,
• 8:24
  this
• 8:25
  cooperation
• 8:25
  evolve.
• 8:26
  So
• 8:26
  that's
• 8:26
  called
• 8:28
  kin
• 8:29
  selection.
• 8:29
  But
• 8:30
  there's
• 8:30
  also
• 8:31
  a
• 8:31
  growing
• 8:32
  kind
• 8:32
  of
• 8:32
  number
• 8:32
  of
• 8:33
  studies
• 8:33
  that
• 8:33
  show
• 8:33
  that
• 8:34
  there
• 8:34
  may
• 8:34
  also
• 8:34
  be
• 8:35
  direct
• 8:36
  benefits
• 8:37
  to
• 8:37
  helpers
• 8:38
  themselves
• 8:38
  or
• 8:38
  direct
• 8:39
  fitness
• 8:39
  benefits.
• 8:40
  So
• 8:41
  it
• 8:41
  might
• 8:41
  be
• 8:41
  good
• 8:42
  beneficial
• 8:43
  for
• 8:43
  a
• 8:43
  given
• 8:44
  individual
• 8:44
  to
• 8:44
  not
• 8:45
  leave
• 8:45
  immediately
• 8:46
  and
• 8:46
  help
• 8:46
  raise
• 8:47
  other
• 8:47
  offspring,
• 8:48
  if
• 8:48
  it
• 8:49
  helps
• 8:49
  them
• 8:50
  survive
• 8:50
  longer
• 8:51
  or
• 8:51
  if
• 8:51
  it
• 8:51
  helps
• 8:52
  them
• 8:52
  be
• 8:52
  able
• 8:53
  to
• 8:53
  produce
• 8:53
  more
• 8:54
  offspring
• 8:55
  later
• 8:55
  on
• 8:56
  in
• 8:56
  their
• 8:56
  lives.
• 8:57
  Like
• 8:57
  they
• 8:57
  could
• 8:57
  be
• 8:58
  gaining
• 8:58
  skills,
• 8:59
  or
• 8:59
  there
• 8:59
  may
• 8:59
  be
• 9:00
  benefits
• 9:01
  to
• 9:01
  living
• 9:01
  in
• 9:01
  large
• 9:02
  groups.
• 9:04
  So
• 9:04
  there's
• 9:05
  a
• 9:05
  lot
• 9:05
  of
• 9:05
  different
• 9:06
  hypotheses
• 9:06
  out
• 9:07
  there
• 9:07
  about
• 9:07
  the
• 9:07
  evolution
• 9:08
  of
• 9:08
  this
• 9:08
  behavior.
• 9:10
  Very
• 9:10
  cool.
• 9:10
  Yeah.
• 9:11
  And
• 9:11
  so
• 9:11
  in
• 9:12
  a
• 9:12
  sense
• 9:12
  then,
• 9:13
  I
• 9:13
  mean
• 9:13
  the
• 9:13
  kin
• 9:13
  selection.
• 9:14
  Well
• 9:15
  either
• 9:15
  way,
• 9:15
  like
• 9:15
  the
• 9:16
  behavior
• 9:16
  is
• 9:16
  maybe
• 9:18
  being
• 9:19
  favored
• 9:19
  because
• 9:19
  of
• 9:19
  a
• 9:20
  selfish
• 9:20
  thing
• 9:20
  for
• 9:21
  that
• 9:21
  individual.
• 9:21
  Like
• 9:22
  the,
• 9:23
  their
• 9:23
  genes
• 9:23
  indirectly
• 9:24
  go
• 9:24
  further
• 9:25
  if
• 9:25
  they
• 9:25
  help
• 9:26
  their
• 9:26
  siblings
• 9:26
  or
• 9:27
  they're
• 9:27
  more
• 9:27
  protected
• 9:28
  from
• 9:28
  predation
• 9:29
  or
• 9:29
  they
• 9:29
  have
• 9:29
  longer
• 9:29
  to
• 9:30
  learn
• 9:30
  or
• 9:30
  whatever.
• 9:31
  Depending
• 9:32
  on
• 9:32
  which
• 9:32
  of
• 9:32
  those
• 9:32
  hypotheses
• 9:33
  you
• 9:33
  think
• 9:33
  about.
• 9:33
  That's
• 9:34
  really
• 9:34
  cool.
• 9:34
  What
• 9:35
  are
• 9:35
  some
• 9:35
  of
• 9:35
  the
• 9:35
  risks
• 9:36
  then
• 9:36
  for
• 9:36
  these
• 9:36
  helpers
• 9:37
  that
• 9:37
  people
• 9:37
  think
• 9:37
  about
• 9:37
  in
• 9:38
  the
• 9:38
  context
• 9:38
  of
• 9:39
  this
• 9:39
  evolved
• 9:40
  behavior?
• 9:40
  I
• 9:40
  mean
• 9:41
  the
• 9:41
  biggest
• 9:41
  thing
• 9:41
  I
• 9:41
  think
• 9:42
  is
• 9:43
  you'll
• 9:44
  likely
• 9:44
  produce
• 9:44
  fewer
• 9:45
  offspring
• 9:45
  yourself.
• 9:47
  Right.
• 9:47
  Especially
• 9:48
  for
• 9:48
  species
• 9:49
  where
• 9:51
  they
• 9:51
  might
• 9:52
  wait
• 9:52
  many,
• 9:52
  many
• 9:52
  years
• 9:53
  before
• 9:53
  they
• 9:53
  start
• 9:54
  breeding
• 9:54
  themselves.
• 9:55
  Oftentimes
• 9:56
  an
• 9:56
  individual
• 9:57
  will
• 9:57
  die
• 9:57
  before
• 9:58
  they
• 9:58
  even
• 9:58
  get
• 9:59
  a
• 9:59
  chance
• 9:59
  to
• 10:00
  try
• 10:00
  to
• 10:00
  reproduce.
• 10:01
  So
• 10:03
  there
• 10:03
  are
• 10:03
  some,
• 10:04
  there's
• 10:04
  kind
• 10:04
  of
• 10:04
  like
• 10:05
  a
• 10:05
  cost
• 10:05
  benefit.
• 10:06
  There
• 10:06
  could
• 10:06
  be
• 10:06
  a
• 10:06
  little
• 10:06
  bit
• 10:07
  of
• 10:07
  bet
• 10:07
  hedging
• 10:08
  that
• 10:09
  individuals
• 10:09
  are
• 10:09
  doing
• 10:10
  trying
• 10:10
  to
• 10:10
  figure
• 10:10
  out
• 10:11
  what
• 10:11
  is
• 10:12
  the
• 10:12
  best
• 10:12
  way
• 10:13
  to
• 10:13
  maximize
• 10:14
  kind
• 10:15
  of
• 10:15
  how
• 10:15
  much
• 10:15
  of
• 10:16
  their
• 10:16
  genome
• 10:16
  gets
• 10:17
  passed
• 10:17
  on
• 10:17
  to
• 10:17
  future
• 10:18
  generations.
• 10:19
  Yeah.
• 10:20
  So
• 10:20
  with
• 10:20
  the
• 10:20
  scrub
• 10:20
  jays,
• 10:21
  the
• 10:21
  Florida
• 10:21
  scrub
• 10:21
  jays
• 10:21
  in
• 10:22
  particular
• 10:22
  that
• 10:22
  you
• 10:22
  study,
• 10:22
  like
• 10:23
  what's
• 10:23
  the
• 10:23
  longest?
• 10:24
  Because
• 10:25
  you
• 10:25
  have
• 10:25
  this
• 10:25
  amazing
• 10:25
  pedigree
• 10:26
  of
• 10:26
  scrub
• 10:26
  jays
• 10:27
  that
• 10:27
  you
• 10:27
  should
• 10:27
  tell
• 10:27
  everyone
• 10:28
  about
• 10:28
  because
• 10:28
  it's
• 10:28
  just
• 10:29
  a
• 10:29
  mind
• 10:29
  blowing
• 10:30
  data
• 10:30
  set.
• 10:30
  But
• 10:31
  like
• 10:31
  what's
• 10:31
  the
• 10:31
  longest
• 10:31
  you've
• 10:32
  seen
• 10:32
  an
• 10:32
  individual
• 10:32
  wait
• 10:33
  to
• 10:33
  actually
• 10:33
  engage
• 10:34
  in
• 10:34
  its
• 10:34
  own
• 10:35
  reproduction
• 10:36
  after
• 10:36
  being
• 10:37
  a
• 10:37
  helper?
• 10:38
  I
• 10:38
  mean
• 10:38
  we
• 10:39
  definitely
• 10:39
  have
• 10:39
  many,
• 10:40
  many
• 10:40
  individuals
• 10:41
  who
• 10:41
  never
• 10:42
  become
• 10:43
  breeders
• 10:43
  really.
• 10:44
  They're
• 10:44
  just
• 10:44
  always
• 10:45
  helpers.
• 10:46
  My
• 10:46
  collaborator
• 10:47
  Fitz,
• 10:47
  his,
• 10:49
  he
• 10:49
  always
• 10:49
  says
• 10:50
  that
• 10:50
  a
• 10:50
  whole
• 10:50
  scrub
• 10:50
  J's
• 10:51
  main
• 10:51
  purpose
• 10:51
  in
• 10:52
  life
• 10:52
  is
• 10:52
  to
• 10:52
  establish
• 10:53
  as
• 10:53
  a
• 10:53
  breeder.
• 10:54
  Like
• 10:54
  once
• 10:54
  you've
• 10:54
  become
• 10:55
  a
• 10:55
  breeder,
• 10:55
  you've
• 10:55
  made
• 10:55
  it.
• 10:57
  But
• 10:59
  sometimes
• 10:59
  we've
• 11:00
  seen
• 11:00
  some
• 11:00
  individuals
• 11:02
  wait
• 11:04
  four
• 11:04
  to
• 11:05
  five
• 11:05
  or
• 11:05
  more
• 11:06
  years
• 11:06
  before
• 11:06
  they
• 11:07
  actually
• 11:07
  become
• 11:07
  breeders.
• 11:08
  So
• 11:09
  it's
• 11:09
  quite
• 11:10
  a
• 11:10
  long
• 11:10
  time.
• 11:11
  Individuals
• 11:11
  are
• 11:11
  just
• 11:12
  waiting
• 11:12
  around,
• 11:12
  waiting
• 11:13
  for
• 11:14
  a
• 11:14
  new
• 11:15
  opportunity
• 11:15
  to
• 11:15
  arise.
• 11:17
  Yeah.
• 11:17
  So
• 11:17
  I
• 11:17
  mean
• 11:17
  if
• 11:17
  they're
• 11:18
  waiting
• 11:18
  four
• 11:18
  or
• 11:18
  five
• 11:18
  years,
• 11:19
  I
• 11:19
  think
• 11:19
  mostly
• 11:20
  about
• 11:20
  chickadees,
• 11:20
  which
• 11:21
  generally,
• 11:21
  you
• 11:21
  know,
• 11:21
  average
• 11:22
  lifespan
• 11:22
  is
• 11:23
  2.
• 11:23
  Sometimes
• 11:24
  they
• 11:24
  can
• 11:25
  live
• 11:25
  all
• 11:25
  the
• 11:25
  way
• 11:25
  to
• 11:26
  10
• 11:26
  or
• 11:26
  11.
• 11:27
  But
• 11:27
  what's
• 11:27
  like
• 11:28
  the
• 11:28
  average
• 11:28
  lifespan
• 11:28
  of
• 11:29
  a
• 11:29
  scrub
• 11:29
  jay
• 11:29
  related
• 11:29
  to
• 11:30
  that?
• 11:30
  Like
• 11:30
  waiting
• 11:31
  four
• 11:31
  to
• 11:31
  five
• 11:31
  years
• 11:32
  to
• 11:32
  reproduce?
• 11:33
  Yeah.
• 11:34
  Well,
• 11:34
  turns
• 11:34
  out
• 11:35
  the
• 11:35
  average
• 11:35
  lifespan,
• 11:36
  if
• 11:36
  you're
• 11:36
  considering
• 11:37
  everyone
• 11:37
  in
• 11:38
  the
• 11:38
  population,
• 11:38
  it's
• 11:39
  only
• 11:39
  1.5
• 11:40
  years.
• 11:40
  Oh
• 11:40
  wow.
• 11:41
  Okay.
• 11:41
  Largely
• 11:41
  because
• 11:42
  70%
• 11:43
  of
• 11:43
  individuals
• 11:43
  die
• 11:44
  within
• 11:44
  their
• 11:44
  first
• 11:44
  year.
• 11:46
  But
• 11:46
  of
• 11:47
  if
• 11:47
  you
• 11:47
  make
• 11:47
  it
• 11:48
  as
• 11:48
  a
• 11:48
  breeder
• 11:49
  than
• 11:49
  on
• 11:49
  average
• 11:50
  breeders
• 11:50
  will
• 11:51
  live
• 11:52
  about
• 11:52
  five
• 11:52
  years.
• 11:53
  Maximum
• 11:53
  now
• 11:53
  is
• 11:54
  16.
• 11:54
  I
• 11:54
  think
• 11:55
  it's
• 11:55
  our
• 11:55
  oldest
• 11:55
  recorded
• 11:56
  individual.
• 11:58
  That's
• 11:58
  amazing.
• 11:58
  Yeah.
• 11:59
  And
• 11:59
  I
• 11:59
  think
• 11:59
  for
• 11:59
  folks
• 11:59
  listening
• 12:00
  that
• 12:00
  70%
• 12:01
  of
• 12:01
  individuals
• 12:02
  dying,
• 12:03
  you
• 12:03
  know,
• 12:03
  within
• 12:03
  a
• 12:04
  year
• 12:04
  or
• 12:04
  so
• 12:04
  of
• 12:05
  hatching
• 12:05
  is
• 12:06
  not
• 12:06
  too
• 12:07
  out
• 12:08
  of
• 12:08
  the
• 12:08
  norm
• 12:09
  for
• 12:10
  birds
• 12:11
  that
• 12:11
  lay
• 12:11
  a
• 12:11
  lot
• 12:12
  of
• 12:12
  eggs,
• 12:12
  I
• 12:12
  guess
• 12:13
  is
• 12:13
  the
• 12:14
  simplest
• 12:14
  way
• 12:14
  to
• 12:14
  say
• 12:14
  it.
• 12:15
  There
• 12:15
  are
• 12:15
  like
• 12:15
  these
• 12:15
  live
• 12:16
  fast
• 12:16
  kind
• 12:16
  of
• 12:16
  die
• 12:17
  young
• 12:17
  birds
• 12:17
  where,
• 12:18
  you
• 12:18
  know,
• 12:18
  chickadees
• 12:19
  about
• 12:19
  half
• 12:19
  of
• 12:20
  a
• 12:20
  population
• 12:21
  or
• 12:21
  of
• 12:21
  the
• 12:21
  juveniles
• 12:22
  will
• 12:22
  die
• 12:22
  every
• 12:22
  winter.
• 12:23
  So,
• 12:23
  okay,
• 12:24
  so
• 12:24
  I
• 12:24
  guess
• 12:24
  an
• 12:24
  obvious
• 12:25
  question
• 12:25
  comes
• 12:25
  up.
• 12:25
  If
• 12:26
  there's
• 12:26
  these
• 12:26
  individuals
• 12:27
  waiting
• 12:27
  and
• 12:27
  then
• 12:28
  becoming
• 12:28
  reproductive,
• 12:29
  like
• 12:29
  what's
• 12:29
  the
• 12:29
  trigger
• 12:30
  to
• 12:30
  go
• 12:30
  from
• 12:31
  oh,
• 12:31
  I'm
• 12:31
  a
• 12:31
  helper
• 12:32
  to
• 12:32
  now
• 12:32
  I'm
• 12:33
  going
• 12:33
  to
• 12:33
  actually
• 12:33
  raise
• 12:34
  my
• 12:34
  own
• 12:34
  chicks.
• 12:35
  I
• 12:36
  think
• 12:36
  it's
• 12:36
  all
• 12:36
  about
• 12:37
  opportunities.
• 12:39
  So
• 12:39
  the
• 12:40
  Florida
• 12:40
  scorb
• 12:40
  jays,
• 12:41
  they're
• 12:41
  restricted
• 12:42
  to
• 12:42
  this
• 12:42
  really
• 12:43
  unique
• 12:44
  dry,
• 12:45
  fire
• 12:45
  maintained
• 12:46
  habitat,
• 12:46
  scrub
• 12:47
  habitat
• 12:47
  in
• 12:47
  Florida.
• 12:48
  It's
• 12:48
  very
• 12:48
  different
• 12:49
  from
• 12:49
  what
• 12:49
  people
• 12:49
  classically
• 12:50
  think
• 12:50
  of.
• 12:51
  Like
• 12:52
  it's
• 12:52
  not
• 12:52
  the
• 12:52
  Everglades,
• 12:53
  it's
• 12:53
  not
• 12:53
  marshy,
• 12:54
  it's
• 12:54
  not
• 12:54
  wet,
• 12:54
  it's
• 12:54
  very
• 12:54
  dry
• 12:55
  and
• 12:55
  sandy
• 12:56
  and
• 12:56
  beautiful.
• 12:57
  It's
• 12:57
  so
• 12:57
  nice
• 12:57
  there
• 12:58
  and
• 12:58
  beautiful.
• 12:59
  I
• 13:00
  love
• 13:00
  the
• 13:00
  scrub.
• 13:02
  And
• 13:03
  these
• 13:04
  jays
• 13:05
  are
• 13:05
  habitat
• 13:05
  specialists.
• 13:06
  So
• 13:06
  they're
• 13:06
  really
• 13:06
  restricted
• 13:07
  to
• 13:07
  these
• 13:09
  scrub
• 13:09
  habitats.
• 13:10
  And
• 13:10
  because
• 13:11
  of
• 13:11
  habitat
• 13:12
  destruction,
• 13:13
  there's
• 13:13
  very
• 13:14
  little
• 13:14
  kind
• 13:15
  of
• 13:15
  high
• 13:15
  quality
• 13:15
  scrub
• 13:16
  habitat
• 13:16
  left
• 13:17
  for
• 13:17
  these
• 13:17
  jays.
• 13:18
  Which
• 13:18
  means
• 13:18
  that
• 13:19
  in
• 13:19
  many
• 13:20
  areas
• 13:20
  with
• 13:21
  high
• 13:21
  quality
• 13:21
  scrub,
• 13:22
  such
• 13:22
  as
• 13:23
  our
• 13:23
  primary
• 13:24
  study
• 13:24
  site
• 13:25
  at
• 13:25
  Archewell
• 13:25
  Biological
• 13:26
  Station.
• 13:26
  So
• 13:27
  it's
• 13:27
  this
• 13:28
  big,
• 13:28
  beautiful
• 13:29
  continuous
• 13:29
  patch
• 13:29
  of
• 13:30
  scrub
• 13:30
  that's
• 13:30
  been
• 13:31
  carefully
• 13:32
  maintained
• 13:32
  for
• 13:33
  decades.
• 13:33
  And
• 13:34
  what
• 13:34
  that
• 13:34
  means
• 13:34
  is
• 13:35
  we
• 13:35
  go
• 13:35
  out
• 13:35
  and
• 13:35
  we
• 13:35
  burn
• 13:36
  the
• 13:36
  scrub
• 13:36
  regularly
• 13:37
  because
• 13:37
  it's
• 13:39
  fire
• 13:39
  adapted.
• 13:41
  There's
• 13:41
  a
• 13:41
  lot
• 13:41
  of
• 13:41
  fire
• 13:41
  adapted
• 13:42
  species.
• 13:43
  And
• 13:43
  so
• 13:43
  the
• 13:43
  fire
• 13:43
  cycle
• 13:44
  is
• 13:44
  really
• 13:44
  important.
• 13:45
  The
• 13:45
  scorpedes
• 13:46
  have
• 13:47
  basically
• 13:47
  saturated
• 13:48
  this
• 13:48
  habitat.
• 13:49
  You
• 13:49
  can
• 13:49
  think
• 13:49
  of
• 13:49
  them
• 13:50
  as
• 13:50
  just
• 13:50
  like
• 13:50
  sardines
• 13:51
  packed
• 13:51
  in
• 13:51
  a
• 13:51
  tin.
• 13:53
  So
• 13:53
  to
• 13:53
  be
• 13:54
  able
• 13:54
  to
• 13:55
  become
• 13:56
  a
• 13:56
  breeder,
• 13:57
  these
• 13:58
  birds
• 13:59
  need
• 13:59
  to
• 14:00
  become
• 14:01
  the
• 14:01
  socially
• 14:02
  dominant
• 14:03
  pair
• 14:03
  in
• 14:03
  a
• 14:04
  given
• 14:04
  territory.
• 14:04
  So
• 14:05
  another
• 14:05
  thing
• 14:05
  I
• 14:05
  forgot
• 14:06
  to
• 14:06
  mention
• 14:06
  is
• 14:06
  that
• 14:07
  Florida
• 14:07
  scorptes
• 14:08
  are
• 14:08
  highly
• 14:08
  territorial.
• 14:09
  They
• 14:09
  stay
• 14:10
  in
• 14:10
  the
• 14:10
  same
• 14:10
  place
• 14:11
  year
• 14:11
  round
• 14:12
  and
• 14:12
  kind
• 14:12
  of
• 14:12
  defend
• 14:13
  their
• 14:14
  territory.
• 14:15
  This
• 14:15
  kind
• 14:16
  of
• 14:16
  up
• 14:16
  to
• 14:16
  15
• 14:17
  hectare
• 14:18
  area,
• 14:19
  that's
• 14:19
  their
• 14:19
  home
• 14:20
  turf.
• 14:20
  Generally,
• 14:21
  scrub
• 14:21
  jays
• 14:22
  are
• 14:22
  waiting
• 14:23
  for
• 14:23
  an
• 14:24
  older
• 14:24
  breeder
• 14:24
  to
• 14:25
  die
• 14:26
  so
• 14:26
  they
• 14:26
  can
• 14:26
  replace
• 14:27
  them.
• 14:28
  Very
• 14:28
  rarely
• 14:29
  we
• 14:29
  see
• 14:30
  formation
• 14:30
  of
• 14:31
  de
• 14:32
  novo
• 14:32
  or
• 14:32
  completely
• 14:33
  new
• 14:33
  territories.
• 14:35
  Or
• 14:35
  sometimes
• 14:35
  an
• 14:36
  enterprising
• 14:37
  young
• 14:38
  scrub
• 14:38
  jay
• 14:39
  will
• 14:40
  try
• 14:40
  to
• 14:40
  carve
• 14:41
  off
• 14:41
  a
• 14:42
  portion
• 14:43
  of
• 14:43
  their
• 14:43
  parents
• 14:44
  territory
• 14:44
  and
• 14:44
  then
• 14:45
  expand
• 14:45
  it.
• 14:45
  That
• 14:46
  process
• 14:46
  is
• 14:47
  what
• 14:47
  we
• 14:47
  call
• 14:47
  budding.
• 14:48
  But
• 14:49
  for
• 14:49
  the
• 14:49
  most
• 14:49
  part
• 14:49
  they're
• 14:50
  just
• 14:50
  trying
• 14:50
  to
• 14:50
  find
• 14:51
  opportunities
• 14:52
  and
• 14:52
  oftentimes
• 14:53
  they
• 14:53
  just
• 14:53
  have
• 14:54
  to
• 14:54
  wait
• 14:54
  for
• 14:54
  someone
• 14:54
  to
• 14:54
  die
• 14:56
  to
• 14:56
  replace
• 14:57
  them.
• 14:57
  How
• 14:57
  many
• 14:58
  of
• 14:58
  the
• 14:58
  breeding
• 14:58
  pairs
• 14:59
  have
• 14:59
  helpers?
• 15:00
  Is
• 15:00
  it
• 15:00
  every
• 15:00
  breeding
• 15:01
  pair
• 15:01
  has
• 15:01
  helpers
• 15:01
  or
• 15:02
  only
• 15:02
  some?
• 15:02
  And
• 15:02
  if
• 15:02
  it's
• 15:03
  only
• 15:03
  some,
• 15:03
  do
• 15:04
  you
• 15:04
  see
• 15:04
  reproductive
• 15:05
  differences
• 15:06
  between
• 15:07
  pairs
• 15:07
  that
• 15:07
  have
• 15:07
  helping
• 15:08
  individuals
• 15:08
  versus
• 15:09
  pairs
• 15:09
  that
• 15:09
  don't
• 15:09
  have
• 15:10
  helpers?
• 15:10
  There's
• 15:11
  quite
• 15:11
  a
• 15:11
  bit
• 15:11
  of
• 15:11
  variation
• 15:12
  in
• 15:12
  group
• 15:12
  sizes
• 15:13
  in
• 15:13
  the
• 15:13
  scrub
• 15:13
  jays.
• 15:14
  There
• 15:14
  are
• 15:15
  several
• 15:16
  breeding
• 15:16
  pairs
• 15:17
  who
• 15:17
  will
• 15:17
  have
• 15:17
  zero
• 15:17
  helpers
• 15:18
  and
• 15:18
  then
• 15:18
  some
• 15:19
  will
• 15:19
  have
• 15:19
  up
• 15:19
  to
• 15:19
  seven.
• 15:20
  Wow.
• 15:21
  Seven
• 15:21
  helpers.
• 15:22
  So
• 15:22
  there's
• 15:22
  a
• 15:22
  pretty
• 15:23
  big.
• 15:23
  I
• 15:23
  think
• 15:23
  that's
• 15:23
  the
• 15:24
  biggest.
• 15:24
  Yeah.
• 15:24
  That's
• 15:25
  crazy.
• 15:25
  There
• 15:25
  was
• 15:25
  this
• 15:26
  one
• 15:26
  group
• 15:26
  in
• 15:26
  a
• 15:27
  territory
• 15:27
  that
• 15:27
  we
• 15:27
  called
• 15:28
  Hilltop
• 15:29
  when
• 15:29
  I
• 15:29
  was
• 15:29
  a
• 15:29
  graduate
• 15:30
  student
• 15:30
  that
• 15:31
  had
• 15:31
  seven
• 15:31
  helpers
• 15:32
  and
• 15:32
  was
• 15:32
  a
• 15:32
  really
• 15:33
  big.
• 15:34
  Just
• 15:34
  like
• 15:34
  a
• 15:34
  giant
• 15:34
  family.
• 15:35
  Wow.
• 15:35
  There's
• 15:36
  mixed
• 15:36
  evidence.
• 15:37
  So
• 15:37
  there
• 15:37
  are
• 15:37
  some
• 15:38
  studies
• 15:38
  that
• 15:38
  show
• 15:39
  that
• 15:40
  Florida
• 15:41
  scrub
• 15:41
  J
• 15:41
  helpers
• 15:42
  do
• 15:42
  increase
• 15:43
  offspring
• 15:44
  survival.
• 15:45
  There's
• 15:46
  an
• 15:46
  interesting
• 15:47
  interaction
• 15:47
  with
• 15:47
  territory
• 15:48
  size.
• 15:49
  So
• 15:49
  in
• 15:50
  small
• 15:50
  territories,
• 15:51
  if
• 15:52
  you
• 15:52
  have
• 15:52
  too
• 15:52
  many
• 15:52
  helpers,
• 15:53
  it
• 15:54
  can
• 15:54
  actually
• 15:54
  be
• 15:54
  bad
• 15:55
  for
• 15:55
  the
• 15:55
  offspring
• 15:56
  because
• 15:56
  then
• 15:56
  they
• 15:56
  end
• 15:57
  up
• 15:57
  competing
• 15:57
  for
• 15:58
  limited
• 15:58
  resources.
• 16:00
  So
• 16:00
  do
• 16:01
  helpers
• 16:01
  help?
• 16:01
  Sometimes,
• 16:02
  but
• 16:02
  not
• 16:02
  always.
• 16:03
  Right.
• 16:03
  It's
• 16:03
  really,
• 16:04
  it's
• 16:04
  more
• 16:04
  context
• 16:05
  dependent
• 16:05
  than
• 16:05
  maybe
• 16:05
  you'd
• 16:06
  intuitively
• 16:06
  think.
• 16:07
  But
• 16:07
  yeah,
• 16:07
  territory
• 16:08
  size,
• 16:08
  if
• 16:08
  that's
• 16:09
  the
• 16:09
  only
• 16:09
  place
• 16:09
  food
• 16:09
  is
• 16:09
  coming
• 16:10
  from
• 16:10
  and
• 16:10
  you
• 16:10
  have
• 16:11
  seven
• 16:11
  helpers,
• 16:12
  you
• 16:12
  might
• 16:12
  actually
• 16:13
  not
• 16:13
  have
• 16:13
  enough
• 16:14
  food
• 16:14
  for
• 16:14
  your
• 16:15
  chicks.
• 16:15
  So
• 16:15
  then
• 16:15
  in
• 16:15
  that
• 16:16
  context,
• 16:16
  is
• 16:17
  it
• 16:17
  driven
• 16:17
  by
• 16:17
  genetics,
• 16:18
  the
• 16:18
  environment,
• 16:19
  a
• 16:19
  combo,
• 16:19
  or
• 16:20
  like,
• 16:20
  what's
• 16:20
  the
• 16:20
  latest
• 16:20
  understanding
• 16:21
  of
• 16:21
  this
• 16:22
  kind
• 16:22
  of
• 16:22
  helping
• 16:23
  behavior?
• 16:23
  That's
• 16:24
  a
• 16:24
  great
• 16:24
  question.
• 16:24
  And
• 16:24
  I
• 16:25
  would
• 16:25
  say
• 16:25
  for
• 16:25
  most
• 16:25
  species
• 16:26
  we
• 16:26
  don't
• 16:26
  know.
• 16:27
  Yeah.
• 16:28
  We
• 16:28
  haven't
• 16:29
  tried
• 16:30
  to
• 16:31
  ask
• 16:31
  whether
• 16:31
  or
• 16:31
  not
• 16:32
  helping
• 16:32
  behavior
• 16:34
  is
• 16:34
  genetically
• 16:35
  determined
• 16:36
  in
• 16:36
  the
• 16:36
  scrub
• 16:36
  jays.
• 16:37
  I
• 16:37
  think
• 16:37
  it's
• 16:37
  a
• 16:37
  very
• 16:38
  complex
• 16:38
  behavior
• 16:39
  and
• 16:39
  so
• 16:40
  it's
• 16:40
  hard
• 16:41
  to
• 16:41
  figure
• 16:42
  that
• 16:42
  out.
• 16:42
  There
• 16:42
  have
• 16:43
  been
• 16:43
  studies
• 16:44
  in
• 16:44
  other
• 16:44
  species.
• 16:46
  I
• 16:46
  can
• 16:46
  think
• 16:46
  of
• 16:46
  at
• 16:47
  least
• 16:47
  one
• 16:47
  paper
• 16:48
  that
• 16:48
  showed
• 16:48
  that
• 16:48
  this
• 16:48
  helping
• 16:49
  behavior
• 16:49
  was
• 16:50
  heritable.
• 16:50
  And
• 16:50
  so
• 16:51
  it
• 16:51
  means
• 16:51
  it
• 16:51
  was
• 16:51
  kind
• 16:52
  of
• 16:52
  passed
• 16:52
  on
• 16:52
  genetically,
• 16:53
  but
• 16:54
  I
• 16:54
  think
• 16:54
  jury's
• 16:55
  still
• 16:55
  out.
• 16:56
  Yeah.
• 16:56
  And
• 16:56
  like,
• 16:57
  to
• 16:57
  really
• 16:57
  understand
• 16:58
  if
• 16:58
  something
• 16:59
  has
• 16:59
  a
• 16:59
  genetic
• 17:00
  basis,
• 17:00
  the
• 17:00
  sample
• 17:01
  sizes
• 17:01
  and
• 17:01
  all
• 17:02
  of
• 17:02
  that
• 17:02
  that
• 17:02
  you
• 17:02
  need
• 17:03
  are
• 17:03
  quite
• 17:03
  large.
• 17:04
  And.
• 17:04
  And
• 17:04
  if
• 17:04
  the
• 17:04
  behavior
• 17:05
  is
• 17:05
  complex
• 17:05
  like
• 17:06
  this,
• 17:06
  which
• 17:06
  is
• 17:06
  just
• 17:07
  like
• 17:07
  helping.
• 17:08
  Yeah.
• 17:08
  I
• 17:08
  can
• 17:08
  imagine
• 17:09
  it
• 17:09
  would
• 17:09
  be
• 17:09
  difficult
• 17:09
  to
• 17:09
  ever
• 17:10
  really
• 17:10
  pinpoint,
• 17:11
  but
• 17:11
  I
• 17:12
  know
• 17:12
  as
• 17:12
  we've
• 17:12
  been
• 17:12
  talking
• 17:13
  about,
• 17:13
  environmental
• 17:14
  variation
• 17:15
  has
• 17:15
  to
• 17:15
  play
• 17:15
  a
• 17:15
  role
• 17:15
  to
• 17:16
  some
• 17:16
  extent.
• 17:16
  Even
• 17:16
  if
• 17:17
  it
• 17:17
  is
• 17:17
  something
• 17:17
  that
• 17:18
  can
• 17:18
  evolve,
• 17:18
  that
• 17:18
  environmental
• 17:19
  variation
• 17:19
  probably
• 17:20
  influences
• 17:20
  the
• 17:20
  likelihood
• 17:21
  of
• 17:21
  that.
• 17:21
  Yeah.
• 17:22
  And
• 17:22
  I
• 17:22
  think
• 17:22
  there's
• 17:23
  also
• 17:23
  a
• 17:23
  lot
• 17:23
  of
• 17:23
  chance.
• 17:24
  Yeah,
• 17:24
  yeah.
• 17:25
  Right.
• 17:25
  So
• 17:26
  like
• 17:26
  if
• 17:26
  you're
• 17:26
  lucky
• 17:27
  and
• 17:27
  the
• 17:27
  breeder
• 17:27
  next
• 17:28
  door
• 17:28
  dies,
• 17:29
  then
• 17:30
  there's
• 17:30
  a
• 17:30
  breeding
• 17:31
  opportunity
• 17:31
  right
• 17:31
  there
• 17:32
  that
• 17:32
  you're
• 17:32
  aware
• 17:32
  of.
• 17:33
  So
• 17:33
  it's
• 17:34
  like
• 17:35
  when
• 17:35
  I
• 17:35
  think
• 17:36
  about
• 17:36
  helping
• 17:36
  behavior,
• 17:37
  at
• 17:37
  least
• 17:37
  in
• 17:37
  the
• 17:37
  scrub
• 17:38
  jays,
• 17:38
  I
• 17:38
  feel
• 17:38
  like
• 17:39
  a
• 17:39
  lot
• 17:39
  of
• 17:40
  it
• 17:40
  just
• 17:40
  has
• 17:41
  to
• 17:41
  do
• 17:42
  with
• 17:42
  the
• 17:43
  environment
• 17:45
  and
• 17:47
  chance
• 17:47
  events
• 17:48
  like
• 17:48
  breeding
• 17:49
  opportunities.
• 17:50
  Yeah,
• 17:50
  yeah.
• 17:51
  It's
• 17:51
  interesting.
• 17:51
  I
• 17:51
  mean,
• 17:51
  the
• 17:51
  scrub
• 17:52
  jays
• 17:52
  have
• 17:52
  such
• 17:52
  restricted
• 17:53
  habitat
• 17:53
  and
• 17:55
  they
• 17:55
  need
• 17:56
  to
• 17:56
  be
• 17:56
  in
• 17:56
  this
• 17:56
  place.
• 17:56
  I
• 17:57
  wonder
• 17:57
  how
• 17:57
  that
• 17:58
  translates
• 17:58
  across
• 17:58
  the
• 17:59
  other
• 17:59
  cooperative
• 17:59
  breeders.
• 18:00
  Like
• 18:00
  you
• 18:00
  were
• 18:00
  talking
• 18:00
  about
• 18:00
  fairy
• 18:01
  wrens.
• 18:01
  And
• 18:02
  I
• 18:02
  think
• 18:02
  superb
• 18:03
  starlings
• 18:04
  are
• 18:04
  also
• 18:05
  cooperative
• 18:05
  breeders.
• 18:06
  Is
• 18:06
  that
• 18:06
  right?
• 18:06
  They're
• 18:07
  cooperative,
• 18:07
  yeah.
• 18:08
  And
• 18:08
  the
• 18:08
  idea
• 18:09
  there
• 18:09
  is
• 18:09
  that
• 18:09
  cooperation
• 18:11
  helps
• 18:12
  groups
• 18:13
  survive
• 18:13
  under
• 18:14
  really,
• 18:14
  really
• 18:16
  unpredictable
• 18:17
  environments.
• 18:18
  Right,
• 18:18
  yeah.
• 18:19
  So
• 18:19
  in
• 18:19
  those
• 18:19
  cases
• 18:20
  where
• 18:20
  having
• 18:21
  extra
• 18:22
  birds
• 18:22
  to
• 18:22
  help
• 18:22
  feed
• 18:23
  chicks
• 18:23
  in
• 18:24
  a
• 18:24
  random
• 18:25
  unpredictable
• 18:26
  drought
• 18:26
  or
• 18:26
  something
• 18:27
  like
• 18:27
  that,
• 18:27
  you
• 18:28
  might
• 18:28
  increase
• 18:28
  overall
• 18:29
  fitness,
• 18:29
  which
• 18:29
  is.
• 18:30
  Yeah,
• 18:30
  it's
• 18:30
  interesting
• 18:31
  to
• 18:31
  think
• 18:31
  about
• 18:31
  those
• 18:31
  different
• 18:32
  drivers.
• 18:32
  Environmental
• 18:32
  variability
• 18:33
  or
• 18:33
  predictability
• 18:34
  or
• 18:34
  just
• 18:35
  habitat
• 18:35
  constraints.
• 18:36
  In
• 18:36
  the
• 18:36
  case
• 18:36
  of
• 18:36
  the
• 18:36
  Florida
• 18:37
  scrub
• 18:37
  jay,
• 18:38
  we've
• 18:38
  already
• 18:38
  kind
• 18:38
  of
• 18:39
  touched
• 18:39
  on
• 18:39
  this.
• 18:39
  But
• 18:40
  how
• 18:40
  often
• 18:41
  do
• 18:41
  helpers
• 18:42
  inherit
• 18:43
  their
• 18:43
  parents
• 18:43
  territory?
• 18:44
  Like
• 18:45
  is
• 18:45
  that
• 18:45
  a
• 18:45
  common
• 18:46
  thing
• 18:46
  that
• 18:47
  it
• 18:47
  kind
• 18:47
  of
• 18:47
  goes,
• 18:48
  you
• 18:48
  know,
• 18:48
  the
• 18:49
  inheritance
• 18:49
  chain
• 18:50
  is
• 18:50
  direct
• 18:50
  or
• 18:51
  is
• 18:51
  it
• 18:51
  often
• 18:52
  neighbors
• 18:52
  or
• 18:53
  is
• 18:53
  there
• 18:53
  even
• 18:53
  a
• 18:53
  pattern?
• 18:54
  Individuals
• 18:55
  can
• 18:55
  definitely
• 18:56
  inherit
• 18:56
  territory.
• 18:58
  But
• 18:58
  what's
• 18:59
  annoying
• 18:59
  is
• 18:59
  that
• 18:59
  there's
• 19:00
  a
• 19:00
  sex
• 19:00
  bias.
• 19:02
  So
• 19:02
  in
• 19:02
  scrub
• 19:03
  jays,
• 19:03
  for
• 19:04
  the
• 19:04
  most
• 19:04
  part,
• 19:05
  only
• 19:05
  males
• 19:06
  will
• 19:06
  inherit.
• 19:06
  So
• 19:07
  sons
• 19:07
  will
• 19:08
  inherit
• 19:08
  territory
• 19:11
  because
• 19:12
  I
• 19:12
  guess
• 19:12
  it's
• 19:12
  a
• 19:12
  patriarchy
• 19:13
  too.
• 19:14
  Patriarchy,
• 19:15
  patriarchy.
• 19:16
  What
• 19:16
  the
• 19:17
  heck?
• 19:17
  Birds,
• 19:18
  you
• 19:18
  gotta
• 19:18
  be
• 19:19
  better
• 19:19
  than
• 19:19
  that.
• 19:19
  I
• 19:19
  know,
• 19:19
  right?
• 19:21
  But
• 19:21
  yeah,
• 19:21
  it's
• 19:22
  so
• 19:22
  annoying.
• 19:22
  Like
• 19:22
  males
• 19:23
  are
• 19:23
  always
• 19:23
  socially
• 19:24
  dominant
• 19:24
  to
• 19:24
  females
• 19:26
  and
• 19:26
  so
• 19:26
  males
• 19:27
  are
• 19:27
  the
• 19:27
  ones
• 19:28
  who
• 19:28
  are
• 19:28
  likely
• 19:28
  to
• 19:29
  inherit
• 19:29
  territory
• 19:30
  if
• 19:30
  one
• 19:30
  of
• 19:30
  their
• 19:30
  parents
• 19:31
  dies.
• 19:32
  And
• 19:33
  that
• 19:33
  is
• 19:33
  why
• 19:33
  we
• 19:33
  think
• 19:34
  females
• 19:35
  leave
• 19:35
  home
• 19:36
  earlier
• 19:36
  and
• 19:37
  move
• 19:38
  further
• 19:38
  away.
• 19:39
  Oh,
• 19:39
  interesting.
• 19:39
  So
• 19:40
  they're
• 19:40
  like
• 19:40
  further
• 19:40
  dispersers.
• 19:41
  They
• 19:41
  leave
• 19:41
  younger,
• 19:42
  I
• 19:43
  guess,
• 19:43
  yeah.
• 19:43
  If
• 19:43
  the
• 19:44
  dominance
• 19:44
  hierarchy
• 19:44
  is
• 19:45
  kind
• 19:45
  of
• 19:45
  established
• 19:45
  that
• 19:46
  way.
• 19:46
  Importantly
• 19:46
  for
• 19:47
  anyone
• 19:47
  listening,
• 19:48
  that's
• 19:48
  not
• 19:48
  always
• 19:48
  the
• 19:49
  direction
• 19:49
  of
• 19:49
  a
• 19:49
  dominance
• 19:49
  hierarchy.
• 19:50
  Birds.
• 19:50
  There's
• 19:51
  lots
• 19:51
  of
• 19:51
  interesting
• 19:51
  examples
• 19:52
  of
• 19:52
  female
• 19:53
  individuals
• 19:54
  holding
• 19:55
  territories
• 19:55
  and
• 19:56
  being
• 19:56
  kind
• 19:56
  of
• 19:56
  the
• 19:56
  dominant
• 19:57
  ones.
• 19:57
  Like
• 19:58
  phalaropes
• 19:59
  are,
• 19:59
  I
• 19:59
  think,
• 19:59
  an
• 19:59
  interesting
• 20:00
  example
• 20:00
  of
• 20:00
  that.
• 20:00
  And
• 20:01
  Chicanas.
• 20:02
  Oh
• 20:02
  yeah,
• 20:02
  and
• 20:03
  Chicanas,
• 20:03
  exactly.
• 20:03
  Yeah.
• 20:04
  Sarah
• 20:04
  Lipschitz's
• 20:05
  work
• 20:05
  on
• 20:05
  Chicanas
• 20:06
  is
• 20:06
  really
• 20:06
  interesting.
• 20:07
  But
• 20:07
  yeah,
• 20:07
  the
• 20:09
  patriarchy
• 20:11
  from
• 20:11
  a
• 20:11
  longer
• 20:11
  term
• 20:11
  perspective,
• 20:12
  do
• 20:12
  you
• 20:12
  think
• 20:13
  this
• 20:13
  cooperative
• 20:14
  breeding
• 20:14
  is
• 20:14
  kind
• 20:14
  of
• 20:15
  a
• 20:15
  stable
• 20:15
  strategy
• 20:16
  or.
• 20:16
  It's
• 20:17
  interesting
• 20:17
  because
• 20:17
  you
• 20:17
  would
• 20:18
  predict
• 20:18
  different
• 20:19
  things
• 20:19
  depending
• 20:20
  on
• 20:20
  what
• 20:21
  aspect
• 20:21
  you
• 20:22
  think
• 20:22
  matters
• 20:22
  the
• 20:23
  most
• 20:23
  for
• 20:24
  the
• 20:25
  survival
• 20:25
  of
• 20:25
  a
• 20:25
  population.
• 20:26
  So
• 20:27
  for
• 20:27
  instance,
• 20:27
  from
• 20:28
  a
• 20:29
  genetic
• 20:29
  perspective,
• 20:31
  cooperative
• 20:32
  breeding
• 20:33
  means
• 20:33
  that
• 20:33
  fewer
• 20:34
  individuals
• 20:34
  in
• 20:35
  A
• 20:35
  population
• 20:35
  will
• 20:37
  actually
• 20:37
  be
• 20:38
  reproducing
• 20:38
  and
• 20:39
  contributing
• 20:40
  to
• 20:41
  the
• 20:41
  gene
• 20:42
  pool
• 20:42
  in
• 20:42
  future
• 20:43
  generations.
• 20:44
  And
• 20:45
  that
• 20:45
  can
• 20:46
  reduce
• 20:46
  the
• 20:47
  amount
• 20:47
  of
• 20:48
  genetic
• 20:48
  diversity
• 20:49
  because
• 20:49
  essentially
• 20:50
  the
• 20:50
  reproducing
• 20:51
  population
• 20:51
  that
• 20:52
  matters
• 20:52
  is
• 20:52
  smaller
• 20:53
  than
• 20:53
  the
• 20:54
  actual
• 20:54
  kind
• 20:55
  of
• 20:55
  number
• 20:55
  of
• 20:55
  individuals
• 20:56
  or
• 20:56
  number
• 20:56
  of
• 20:57
  adults
• 20:57
  in
• 20:57
  a
• 20:57
  population.
• 20:58
  And
• 20:59
  so
• 20:59
  that
• 20:59
  could
• 20:59
  be
• 20:59
  detrimental.
• 21:00
  But
• 21:01
  from
• 21:02
  kind
• 21:02
  of
• 21:02
  a
• 21:02
  demographic
• 21:03
  perspective,
• 21:04
  it
• 21:04
  can
• 21:04
  actually
• 21:05
  be
• 21:05
  really
• 21:05
  helpful
• 21:06
  to
• 21:06
  have
• 21:07
  all
• 21:07
  of
• 21:07
  these
• 21:08
  adult
• 21:08
  non
• 21:08
  breeding
• 21:09
  individuals
• 21:10
  floating
• 21:11
  around
• 21:11
  in
• 21:11
  the
• 21:11
  population
• 21:12
  because
• 21:13
  it
• 21:13
  can
• 21:13
  buffer
• 21:14
  population
• 21:14
  size
• 21:15
  changes
• 21:15
  over
• 21:16
  time.
• 21:16
  We've
• 21:17
  seen
• 21:17
  this
• 21:17
  in
• 21:17
  the
• 21:17
  Florida
• 21:18
  scrub
• 21:18
  jays
• 21:18
  where
• 21:20
  if
• 21:20
  there's
• 21:20
  a
• 21:20
  year
• 21:21
  with
• 21:21
  really
• 21:21
  low
• 21:22
  breeder
• 21:22
  survival,
• 21:24
  so
• 21:24
  a
• 21:24
  lot
• 21:24
  of
• 21:24
  breeders
• 21:25
  die,
• 21:25
  the
• 21:26
  population
• 21:26
  size
• 21:27
  doesn't
• 21:27
  crash
• 21:27
  because
• 21:28
  there's
• 21:28
  just
• 21:28
  this
• 21:28
  whole
• 21:29
  suite
• 21:29
  of
• 21:29
  non
• 21:29
  breeders
• 21:30
  just
• 21:30
  waiting
• 21:30
  to
• 21:30
  take
• 21:31
  their
• 21:31
  places.
• 21:31
  And
• 21:32
  so
• 21:33
  it
• 21:33
  can
• 21:34
  provide
• 21:34
  a
• 21:34
  buffering
• 21:35
  effect.
• 21:36
  That's
• 21:36
  cool.
• 21:36
  I'd
• 21:37
  never
• 21:37
  thought
• 21:37
  about
• 21:37
  that
• 21:37
  buffering
• 21:38
  effect
• 21:38
  of
• 21:38
  just
• 21:38
  having
• 21:39
  these
• 21:39
  ready
• 21:39
  to
• 21:39
  go
• 21:40
  individuals
• 21:40
  floating
• 21:41
  around
• 21:41
  and
• 21:41
  then
• 21:41
  they
• 21:42
  can
• 21:42
  take
• 21:42
  over.
• 21:42
  Yeah.
• 21:42
  If
• 21:43
  breeders
• 21:43
  die
• 21:43
  for
• 21:43
  whatever
• 21:44
  reason,
• 21:44
  I
• 21:45
  mean,
• 21:45
  from
• 21:45
  an
• 21:45
  inbreeding
• 21:45
  perspective,
• 21:46
  we
• 21:46
  know.
• 21:47
  Well,
• 21:48
  in
• 21:48
  general,
• 21:48
  like
• 21:48
  inbreeding
• 21:49
  reduces
• 21:49
  genetic
• 21:50
  variation.
• 21:50
  It
• 21:51
  can
• 21:51
  lead
• 21:51
  to
• 21:51
  the
• 21:51
  expression
• 21:52
  of
• 21:52
  deleterious
• 21:53
  or
• 21:54
  negative
• 21:55
  bad
• 21:55
  traits.
• 21:55
  For
• 21:56
  example,
• 21:57
  if
• 21:57
  you're
• 21:57
  very
• 21:57
  inbred
• 21:58
  in
• 21:58
  theory,
• 21:58
  we
• 21:58
  know
• 21:59
  that.
• 21:59
  But
• 21:59
  then
• 21:59
  your
• 22:00
  work
• 22:00
  on
• 22:00
  scrub
• 22:00
  jays
• 22:01
  kind
• 22:01
  of
• 22:01
  really
• 22:01
  showed
• 22:02
  some
• 22:02
  of
• 22:02
  those
• 22:03
  consequences
• 22:03
  really
• 22:04
  nicely.
• 22:04
  Right?
• 22:05
  Yeah.
• 22:05
  So
• 22:05
  we've
• 22:06
  spent
• 22:06
  a
• 22:06
  lot
• 22:06
  of
• 22:07
  time
• 22:07
  thinking
• 22:07
  about
• 22:08
  consequences
• 22:09
  of
• 22:09
  inbreeding
• 22:10
  and
• 22:10
  also
• 22:12
  immigration,
• 22:12
  so
• 22:13
  movement
• 22:13
  of
• 22:13
  individuals
• 22:14
  into
• 22:15
  our
• 22:16
  study
• 22:16
  population.
• 22:17
  So
• 22:17
  the
• 22:17
  Florida
• 22:17
  scrub
• 22:18
  jays
• 22:18
  are
• 22:19
  an
• 22:19
  endangered
• 22:20
  species
• 22:21
  because
• 22:22
  it's
• 22:22
  a
• 22:22
  small
• 22:22
  population
• 22:23
  and
• 22:23
  they
• 22:24
  don't
• 22:24
  move
• 22:24
  very
• 22:24
  far.
• 22:25
  They
• 22:26
  often
• 22:26
  pair
• 22:26
  with
• 22:27
  relatives
• 22:29
  or
• 22:29
  inbreeding.
• 22:29
  And
• 22:30
  that's
• 22:30
  bad.
• 22:30
  And
• 22:30
  we
• 22:30
  showed
• 22:31
  that
• 22:31
  it's
• 22:31
  bad
• 22:31
  for
• 22:31
  fitness.
• 22:32
  We've
• 22:32
  also
• 22:33
  shown
• 22:33
  that
• 22:33
  kind
• 22:33
  of
• 22:34
  a
• 22:34
  lot
• 22:34
  of
• 22:34
  birds
• 22:35
  moving
• 22:35
  in,
• 22:36
  very
• 22:36
  important
• 22:37
  for
• 22:37
  keeping
• 22:37
  levels
• 22:38
  of
• 22:38
  inbreeding
• 22:39
  down.
• 22:39
  Right.
• 22:40
  So
• 22:40
  bringing
• 22:40
  in
• 22:40
  new
• 22:40
  genetic
• 22:41
  variants
• 22:41
  from
• 22:42
  other
• 22:42
  neighboring
• 22:42
  populations
• 22:43
  and
• 22:44
  preventing
• 22:44
  that
• 22:44
  reduction
• 22:45
  in
• 22:45
  genetic
• 22:46
  diversity.
• 22:46
  Yeah.
• 22:46
  I
• 22:47
  think
• 22:47
  like
• 22:47
  the
• 22:47
  work
• 22:47
  on
• 22:47
  the
• 22:48
  scrub
• 22:48
  jays
• 22:48
  is
• 22:48
  really
• 22:48
  what
• 22:49
  shows
• 22:49
  the
• 22:49
  theory
• 22:50
  in
• 22:50
  a
• 22:51
  lot
• 22:51
  of
• 22:51
  ways
• 22:51
  is
• 22:52
  right
• 22:52
  about
• 22:52
  like
• 22:53
  the
• 22:53
  importance
• 22:53
  of
• 22:53
  other
• 22:54
  alleles
• 22:54
  coming
• 22:55
  in.
• 22:55
  I
• 22:55
  mean
• 22:55
  the,
• 22:56
  the
• 22:56
  work
• 22:56
  on.
• 22:57
  It's
• 22:57
  always
• 22:58
  Florida
• 22:58
  for
• 22:58
  some
• 22:58
  reason.
• 22:58
  Florida
• 22:59
  panthers
• 22:59
  also,
• 23:00
  which
• 23:00
  were
• 23:00
  very,
• 23:01
  very
• 23:01
  inbred,
• 23:01
  or
• 23:02
  Florida
• 23:02
  cougars
• 23:02
  or
• 23:03
  whatever
• 23:03
  you
• 23:03
  want
• 23:03
  to
• 23:03
  call
• 23:03
  them.
• 23:04
  Mountain
• 23:04
  lions,
• 23:05
  but
• 23:05
  not
• 23:05
  living
• 23:05
  in
• 23:05
  mountains,
• 23:06
  were
• 23:06
  very
• 23:06
  inbred
• 23:07
  in
• 23:07
  Florida
• 23:07
  until
• 23:08
  they
• 23:08
  brought
• 23:08
  those
• 23:08
  like
• 23:09
  handful.
• 23:09
  I
• 23:09
  think
• 23:09
  it
• 23:10
  was
• 23:10
  seven
• 23:10
  or
• 23:10
  eight
• 23:10
  individuals
• 23:11
  from
• 23:11
  Texas.
• 23:12
  From
• 23:12
  Texas,
• 23:13
  yeah.
• 23:13
  And
• 23:14
  then
• 23:14
  that
• 23:14
  we
• 23:15
  call
• 23:15
  that
• 23:15
  like
• 23:15
  genetic
• 23:16
  rescue,
• 23:16
  basically.
• 23:17
  Yeah,
• 23:21
  yeah.
• 23:21
  So
• 23:21
  you
• 23:21
  mentioned
• 23:21
  Archibald
• 23:22
  Biological
• 23:23
  Station,
• 23:23
  which
• 23:23
  is
• 23:24
  in
• 23:24
  like
• 23:24
  the
• 23:24
  Lake
• 23:24
  Wales
• 23:25
  Ridge
• 23:25
  region
• 23:25
  in
• 23:25
  Florida.
• 23:26
  I
• 23:27
  Know
• 23:27
  the,
• 23:27
  the
• 23:27
  scrub
• 23:27
  jays
• 23:28
  study
• 23:28
  has
• 23:28
  been
• 23:28
  going
• 23:28
  on
• 23:28
  for
• 23:29
  a
• 23:29
  very
• 23:29
  long
• 23:29
  time
• 23:29
  and
• 23:29
  it
• 23:30
  would
• 23:30
  be
• 23:30
  great
• 23:30
  to
• 23:30
  hear
• 23:30
  more
• 23:30
  about
• 23:31
  it.
• 23:31
  And
• 23:31
  was
• 23:31
  that
• 23:32
  the
• 23:32
  population
• 23:32
  of
• 23:32
  scrub
• 23:33
  jays
• 23:33
  where
• 23:33
  people
• 23:34
  kind
• 23:34
  of
• 23:34
  really
• 23:34
  started
• 23:35
  studying
• 23:35
  cooperative
• 23:36
  breeding?
• 23:36
  Yeah.
• 23:37
  So
• 23:37
  one
• 23:37
  of
• 23:37
  the
• 23:37
  textbook
• 23:38
  examples
• 23:38
  of
• 23:39
  cooperative
• 23:39
  breeding
• 23:40
  is
• 23:41
  the
• 23:41
  Florida
• 23:42
  scrub
• 23:42
  jay.
• 23:43
  Glenn
• 23:43
  Wolfenden
• 23:44
  in
• 23:45
  the
• 23:45
  late
• 23:45
  60s,
• 23:46
  kind
• 23:47
  of
• 23:47
  noticed
• 23:47
  some
• 23:48
  these
• 23:48
  birds
• 23:49
  living
• 23:49
  in
• 23:49
  groups
• 23:50
  and
• 23:50
  started
• 23:50
  banding
• 23:51
  birds.
• 23:51
  So
• 23:52
  all
• 23:52
  the
• 23:52
  individuals
• 23:53
  have
• 23:54
  this
• 23:54
  unique
• 23:55
  set
• 23:55
  of
• 23:55
  color
• 23:56
  bands
• 23:56
  on
• 23:56
  their
• 23:56
  legs
• 23:58
  to
• 23:58
  make
• 23:58
  it
• 23:59
  easy
• 23:59
  to
• 23:59
  identify
• 24:00
  different
• 24:00
  individuals
• 24:01
  in
• 24:01
  the
• 24:01
  field.
• 24:03
  The
• 24:04
  population
• 24:05
  monitoring
• 24:05
  has
• 24:05
  just
• 24:08
  increased
• 24:09
  in
• 24:10
  geographic
• 24:11
  area
• 24:12
  and
• 24:12
  they've
• 24:12
  been
• 24:13
  using
• 24:14
  standard
• 24:14
  field
• 24:15
  protocols
• 24:15
  to
• 24:15
  monitor
• 24:16
  the
• 24:16
  population
• 24:17
  for
• 24:17
  more
• 24:18
  than
• 24:18
  50
• 24:18
  years
• 24:19
  now,
• 24:19
  which
• 24:20
  is
• 24:20
  really
• 24:20
  incredible.
• 24:21
  And
• 24:22
  there's
• 24:22
  a
• 24:22
  ton
• 24:23
  of
• 24:23
  data.
• 24:23
  It's
• 24:24
  like
• 24:25
  Big
• 24:25
  Brother
• 24:26
  on
• 24:26
  steroids.
• 24:27
  So
• 24:27
  every
• 24:27
  individual
• 24:28
  is
• 24:28
  individually
• 24:29
  marked.
• 24:30
  There's
• 24:31
  a
• 24:31
  team
• 24:31
  that
• 24:32
  goes
• 24:32
  out
• 24:32
  to
• 24:33
  census
• 24:33
  the
• 24:33
  entire
• 24:34
  population
• 24:34
  once
• 24:35
  a
• 24:35
  month.
• 24:35
  So
• 24:35
  once
• 24:35
  a
• 24:36
  month
• 24:36
  we
• 24:36
  go,
• 24:37
  and
• 24:38
  I'm
• 24:39
  using
• 24:39
  the
• 24:39
  royal
• 24:39
  we
• 24:40
  here,
• 24:42
  we
• 24:42
  go
• 24:42
  out
• 24:43
  to
• 24:43
  every
• 24:44
  single
• 24:44
  territory
• 24:45
  and
• 24:45
  Mark
• 24:45
  who
• 24:46
  is
• 24:46
  still
• 24:46
  alive.
• 24:48
  So
• 24:48
  we
• 24:48
  know
• 24:48
  exactly
• 24:49
  how
• 24:49
  long
• 24:51
  different
• 24:51
  individuals
• 24:51
  live
• 24:52
  in
• 24:52
  our
• 24:53
  population.
• 24:54
  Mostly
• 24:55
  we
• 24:56
  are
• 24:56
  assuming
• 24:56
  that
• 24:56
  if
• 24:57
  we
• 24:57
  don't
• 24:57
  see
• 24:57
  an
• 24:57
  individual
• 24:58
  that
• 24:59
  it
• 24:59
  died,
• 24:59
  not
• 24:59
  that
• 25:00
  it
• 25:00
  moved
• 25:00
  out
• 25:00
  of
• 25:00
  our
• 25:01
  study
• 25:01
  site.
• 25:02
  And
• 25:03
  then
• 25:03
  during
• 25:03
  the
• 25:03
  breeding
• 25:04
  season,
• 25:05
  there's
• 25:06
  a
• 25:06
  whole
• 25:06
  field
• 25:06
  team
• 25:08
  that
• 25:08
  goes
• 25:08
  out
• 25:08
  and
• 25:09
  finds
• 25:10
  the
• 25:10
  nest
• 25:10
  of
• 25:11
  every
• 25:11
  single,
• 25:12
  on
• 25:12
  every
• 25:13
  single
• 25:13
  territory.
• 25:15
  I
• 25:15
  think
• 25:15
  on
• 25:15
  average
• 25:16
  it
• 25:16
  takes
• 25:16
  like
• 25:16
  nine
• 25:17
  people
• 25:17
  hours
• 25:18
  to
• 25:18
  find
• 25:18
  a
• 25:18
  single
• 25:19
  nest.
• 25:19
  And
• 25:19
  so
• 25:20
  you
• 25:20
  can
• 25:20
  imagine
• 25:21
  the
• 25:21
  amount
• 25:21
  of
• 25:21
  work
• 25:21
  that
• 25:22
  goes
• 25:22
  into
• 25:22
  this.
• 25:22
  And
• 25:23
  then
• 25:23
  every
• 25:23
  nest
• 25:23
  is
• 25:24
  tracked
• 25:26
  very
• 25:26
  closely.
• 25:27
  So
• 25:27
  we
• 25:27
  know
• 25:27
  exactly
• 25:28
  when
• 25:29
  birds
• 25:29
  start
• 25:30
  laying
• 25:30
  eggs,
• 25:30
  how
• 25:31
  many
• 25:31
  eggs
• 25:31
  are
• 25:31
  laid,
• 25:32
  how
• 25:32
  many
• 25:32
  of
• 25:32
  those
• 25:32
  eggs
• 25:33
  hatch,
• 25:33
  and
• 25:34
  then
• 25:34
  the
• 25:34
  fates
• 25:34
  of
• 25:35
  all
• 25:35
  of
• 25:35
  the
• 25:35
  nestlings
• 25:36
  that
• 25:36
  are
• 25:36
  born.
• 25:37
  Wow,
• 25:38
  that's.
• 25:39
  Yeah.
• 25:39
  For
• 25:40
  folks
• 25:40
  listening
• 25:40
  that
• 25:41
  having
• 25:41
  that
• 25:41
  kind
• 25:41
  of
• 25:42
  data
• 25:42
  set
• 25:43
  for
• 25:43
  a
• 25:43
  wild
• 25:43
  population
• 25:44
  is
• 25:44
  extremely
• 25:45
  rare,
• 25:46
  especially
• 25:46
  one
• 25:47
  that's
• 25:47
  that
• 25:47
  long.
• 25:48
  Like
• 25:48
  50
• 25:48
  years
• 25:49
  of
• 25:49
  really,
• 25:49
  really
• 25:50
  continuous
• 25:51
  data
• 25:51
  is
• 25:51
  just
• 25:52
  incredible.
• 25:52
  And
• 25:53
  that's
• 25:53
  kind
• 25:53
  of
• 25:53
  what
• 25:54
  allows
• 25:54
  you
• 25:54
  to
• 25:54
  ask
• 25:54
  a
• 25:54
  lot
• 25:55
  of
• 25:55
  the
• 25:55
  questions
• 25:55
  that
• 25:56
  we're
• 25:56
  talking
• 25:56
  about,
• 25:56
  the
• 25:57
  benefits,
• 25:57
  the
• 25:57
  long
• 25:57
  term
• 25:58
  benefits,
• 25:59
  because
• 25:59
  you
• 25:59
  need
• 25:59
  to
• 25:59
  know,
• 26:00
  like
• 26:00
  how
• 26:00
  long
• 26:00
  does
• 26:00
  an
• 26:01
  individual
• 26:01
  live
• 26:02
  and
• 26:02
  what
• 26:02
  is
• 26:02
  its
• 26:03
  fitness,
• 26:03
  its
• 26:03
  reproductive
• 26:04
  output,
• 26:04
  to
• 26:04
  really
• 26:05
  understand
• 26:05
  the
• 26:05
  drivers
• 26:06
  of,
• 26:06
  you
• 26:06
  know,
• 26:07
  potentially
• 26:07
  cooperative
• 26:08
  breeding
• 26:08
  or
• 26:08
  whatever.
• 26:09
  And
• 26:09
  I
• 26:09
  don't
• 26:10
  think
• 26:10
  we
• 26:10
  think
• 26:10
  about
• 26:10
  it,
• 26:10
  but
• 26:10
  it's
• 26:11
  hard
• 26:11
  to
• 26:11
  know
• 26:11
  how
• 26:11
  long
• 26:12
  an
• 26:12
  animal
• 26:13
  lives
• 26:13
  unless
• 26:13
  it's
• 26:14
  in
• 26:14
  a
• 26:14
  zoo.
• 26:14
  Right.
• 26:15
  If
• 26:15
  it's
• 26:15
  this
• 26:15
  wild
• 26:16
  free
• 26:16
  living
• 26:16
  thing,
• 26:17
  it's
• 26:17
  hard
• 26:17
  to
• 26:18
  track
• 26:18
  and
• 26:19
  hard
• 26:19
  to
• 26:19
  measure.
• 26:20
  So
• 26:20
  yeah,
• 26:20
  the
• 26:20
  Florida
• 26:21
  scrub
• 26:21
  jay
• 26:21
  system
• 26:22
  is
• 26:22
  pretty
• 26:22
  amazing
• 26:23
  for
• 26:23
  that
• 26:23
  reason.
• 26:24
  I
• 26:24
  know
• 26:24
  I
• 26:24
  feel
• 26:25
  very
• 26:25
  lucky
• 26:25
  to
• 26:26
  get
• 26:26
  to
• 26:26
  work
• 26:26
  with
• 26:26
  the
• 26:26
  Jays
• 26:27
  also,
• 26:27
  they're
• 26:27
  just
• 26:28
  really
• 26:28
  fun
• 26:28
  to
• 26:28
  work
• 26:28
  with.
• 26:33
  There's
• 26:33
  more
• 26:33
  and
• 26:33
  more
• 26:34
  studies
• 26:34
  showing
• 26:34
  that
• 26:35
  there's
• 26:35
  a
• 26:35
  lot
• 26:35
  of
• 26:35
  variation
• 26:37
  even
• 26:37
  within
• 26:37
  cooperative
• 26:38
  breeders.
• 26:40
  So
• 26:40
  how
• 26:40
  much
• 26:40
  different
• 26:41
  individuals
• 26:41
  help
• 26:42
  may
• 26:42
  vary.
• 26:43
  It
• 26:43
  may
• 26:43
  vary
• 26:44
  by
• 26:44
  sex,
• 26:44
  it
• 26:44
  may
• 26:44
  vary
• 26:45
  by
• 26:45
  relatedness.
• 26:45
  I
• 26:45
  think
• 26:46
  there's
• 26:47
  a
• 26:47
  lot
• 26:47
  of
• 26:47
  complexity
• 26:48
  and
• 26:48
  the
• 26:48
  decisions
• 26:49
  that
• 26:49
  these
• 26:49
  animals
• 26:50
  are
• 26:50
  making
• 26:51
  in
• 26:51
  the
• 26:51
  wild,
• 26:52
  day
• 26:52
  to
• 26:52
  day.
• 26:53
  Yeah.
• 26:53
  And
• 26:54
  our
• 26:54
  ability
• 26:54
  to
• 26:54
  even
• 26:55
  study
• 26:55
  that
• 26:56
  is.
• 26:56
  Is.
• 26:57
  Has
• 26:57
  changed
• 26:58
  over
• 26:58
  time.
• 26:58
  Right.
• 26:59
  Like
• 26:59
  historically,
• 27:00
  we
• 27:00
  would
• 27:00
  be
• 27:01
  physically
• 27:02
  watching
• 27:02
  these
• 27:03
  interactions
• 27:03
  and
• 27:03
  trying
• 27:03
  to
• 27:04
  understand,
• 27:04
  like,
• 27:04
  you
• 27:05
  know,
• 27:05
  in
• 27:05
  the
• 27:05
  context
• 27:05
  of
• 27:06
  birds,
• 27:06
  who's
• 27:06
  provisioning
• 27:07
  or
• 27:07
  whatever.
• 27:08
  The
• 27:08
  relatedness
• 27:09
  piece
• 27:09
  is
• 27:09
  a
• 27:10
  more
• 27:10
  recent
• 27:10
  development
• 27:10
  that
• 27:11
  we
• 27:11
  can
• 27:11
  actually
• 27:11
  analyze
• 27:12
  with
• 27:12
  genetics
• 27:12
  and
• 27:12
  then
• 27:13
  some
• 27:13
  of
• 27:13
  these
• 27:14
  more
• 27:14
  nuanced
• 27:14
  behaviors
• 27:15
  or
• 27:15
  small
• 27:15
  behavioral
• 27:16
  variations.
• 27:17
  You
• 27:18
  really
• 27:18
  have
• 27:18
  to
• 27:18
  be
• 27:18
  observing
• 27:19
  in
• 27:19
  very
• 27:19
  different,
• 27:20
  multiple
• 27:20
  different
• 27:20
  ways
• 27:21
  to
• 27:21
  figure
• 27:21
  out
• 27:22
  what's
• 27:22
  going
• 27:23
  on.
• 27:23
  And
• 27:23
  I
• 27:23
  think
• 27:24
  that's.
• 27:24
  Yeah,
• 27:25
  it's
• 27:25
  important
• 27:25
  to
• 27:25
  remember
• 27:26
  it's
• 27:27
  hard
• 27:27
  to
• 27:27
  study
• 27:27
  these
• 27:27
  things.
• 27:28
  So
• 27:28
  knowing
• 27:29
  exactly
• 27:29
  what's
• 27:29
  going
• 27:29
  on
• 27:29
  is
• 27:30
  challenging.
• 27:31
  Yeah.
• 27:31
  And
• 27:32
  technology
• 27:33
  can
• 27:34
  help
• 27:34
  in
• 27:34
  some
• 27:34
  cases.
• 27:35
  So
• 27:35
  there's
• 27:35
  very
• 27:37
  well
• 27:37
  tracking
• 27:38
  technology
• 27:38
  that's
• 27:39
  being
• 27:40
  develop
• 27:40
  that
• 27:41
  can
• 27:41
  help
• 27:41
  monitor
• 27:42
  individual
• 27:42
  movements
• 27:43
  right
• 27:43
  across
• 27:43
  the
• 27:44
  landscape,
• 27:44
  which
• 27:44
  matters.
• 27:45
  Or
• 27:45
  even
• 27:45
  measure
• 27:46
  when
• 27:46
  two
• 27:46
  individuals
• 27:47
  come
• 27:48
  within
• 27:48
  a
• 27:49
  close
• 27:49
  enough
• 27:49
  distance
• 27:49
  and
• 27:50
  interact.
• 27:50
  Or
• 27:51
  cameras.
• 27:51
  Right.
• 27:52
  Can
• 27:52
  we
• 27:52
  just
• 27:52
  put
• 27:53
  up.
• 27:53
  Oftentimes
• 27:54
  now
• 27:54
  you
• 27:54
  can
• 27:54
  just
• 27:54
  put
• 27:54
  up
• 27:54
  a
• 27:55
  camera
• 27:55
  and
• 27:55
  then
• 27:56
  record
• 27:56
  footage
• 27:57
  and
• 27:57
  analyze
• 27:58
  that
• 27:58
  later
• 27:58
  instead
• 27:59
  of
• 27:59
  sitting
• 28:00
  out
• 28:00
  there
• 28:00
  yourself
• 28:02
  watching.
• 28:03
  Which
• 28:03
  is
• 28:03
  nice,
• 28:04
  except
• 28:04
  in
• 28:04
  the
• 28:04
  scrub
• 28:04
  jays.
• 28:05
  They're
• 28:05
  too
• 28:05
  smart
• 28:05
  and
• 28:05
  we
• 28:06
  can't
• 28:06
  actually
• 28:06
  put
• 28:06
  video
• 28:07
  cameras
• 28:07
  out.
• 28:08
  Really?
• 28:08
  What
• 28:08
  do
• 28:08
  they
• 28:09
  do?
• 28:09
  They
• 28:09
  just
• 28:10
  avoid
• 28:10
  them
• 28:10
  or
• 28:10
  attack
• 28:10
  them?
• 28:11
  I
• 28:11
  think
• 28:11
  they
• 28:11
  abandoned
• 28:12
  the
• 28:12
  nest.
• 28:13
  Really?
• 28:14
  Oh,
• 28:14
  wow.
• 28:15
  They're
• 28:15
  wary.
• 28:16
  Wary
• 28:16
  of
• 28:17
  Big
• 28:18
  Brother
• 28:18
  watching
• 28:18
  them
• 28:19
  at
• 28:19
  least
• 28:19
  now.
• 28:19
  I
• 28:19
  mean,
• 28:20
  from
• 28:20
  an
• 28:20
  analyzing
• 28:21
  perspective,
• 28:21
  when
• 28:21
  you
• 28:22
  have
• 28:22
  thousands
• 28:23
  of
• 28:23
  hours
• 28:23
  of
• 28:23
  video,
• 28:24
  you
• 28:24
  can
• 28:24
  train
• 28:24
  an
• 28:25
  algorithm
• 28:25
  to
• 28:27
  track
• 28:27
  it,
• 28:27
  but
• 28:29
  that's
• 28:29
  still
• 28:29
  kind
• 28:29
  of
• 28:29
  in
• 28:30
  its
• 28:30
  infancy
• 28:30
  in
• 28:30
  a
• 28:31
  lot
• 28:31
  of
• 28:31
  ways
• 28:32
  from
• 28:32
  a
• 28:32
  wildlife
• 28:32
  tracking
• 28:33
  perspective.
• 28:34
  Okay,
• 28:35
  so
• 28:35
  we've
• 28:35
  reached
• 28:35
  the
• 28:35
  part
• 28:35
  of
• 28:35
  the
• 28:36
  show
• 28:36
  that
• 28:36
  we
• 28:36
  call
• 28:36
  that's
• 28:36
  BS
• 28:37
  or
• 28:37
  that's
• 28:37
  bird
• 28:37
  stuff,
• 28:38
  where
• 28:38
  we
• 28:38
  give
• 28:38
  our
• 28:38
  guests
• 28:39
  an
• 28:39
  opportunity
• 28:39
  to
• 28:39
  debunk
• 28:40
  a
• 28:40
  myth
• 28:40
  that
• 28:40
  ruffles
• 28:41
  their
• 28:41
  feathers.
• 28:42
  So,
• 28:42
  Nancy,
• 28:42
  what
• 28:42
  do
• 28:42
  you
• 28:43
  want
• 28:43
  to
• 28:43
  call
• 28:43
  BS
• 28:43
  on?
• 28:44
  What
• 28:44
  I
• 28:44
  want
• 28:44
  to
• 28:44
  call
• 28:45
  BS
• 28:45
  on
• 28:45
  is
• 28:45
  this
• 28:46
  common
• 28:46
  misunderstanding
• 28:47
  that
• 28:48
  if
• 28:48
  you
• 28:48
  see
• 28:48
  a
• 28:49
  baby
• 28:49
  bird
• 28:49
  on
• 28:50
  the
• 28:50
  ground,
• 28:50
  that
• 28:50
  you
• 28:51
  need
• 28:51
  to
• 28:51
  go
• 28:51
  rescue
• 28:51
  it.
• 28:52
  Ah.
• 28:54
  Turns
• 28:54
  out
• 28:54
  most
• 28:54
  baby
• 28:55
  birds
• 28:55
  on
• 28:55
  the
• 28:55
  ground
• 28:56
  are
• 28:57
  probably
• 28:57
  fine
• 28:58
  and
• 28:58
  you
• 28:58
  should
• 28:58
  just
• 28:58
  leave
• 28:59
  them
• 28:59
  alone.
• 29:00
  And
• 29:00
  by
• 29:01
  probably
• 29:01
  fine,
• 29:01
  you
• 29:01
  mean
• 29:02
  they're
• 29:02
  out
• 29:02
  of
• 29:02
  the
• 29:02
  nest
• 29:03
  because
• 29:03
  they're.
• 29:03
  They
• 29:04
  did
• 29:04
  that
• 29:04
  on
• 29:04
  purpose.
• 29:05
  They're
• 29:05
  fledging.
• 29:05
  Right.
• 29:06
  So
• 29:06
  most
• 29:06
  baby
• 29:07
  birds
• 29:07
  that
• 29:07
  People
• 29:08
  see
• 29:09
  are
• 29:09
  what
• 29:09
  we
• 29:09
  call
• 29:10
  fledglings.
• 29:10
  So
• 29:11
  they
• 29:11
  have
• 29:11
  feathers,
• 29:11
  they
• 29:12
  just
• 29:12
  are
• 29:12
  small
• 29:12
  and
• 29:13
  have
• 29:13
  no
• 29:13
  tail
• 29:13
  and
• 29:14
  look
• 29:14
  like
• 29:14
  a
• 29:14
  baby
• 29:15
  because
• 29:15
  they
• 29:15
  are
• 29:15
  a
• 29:15
  baby.
• 29:17
  But
• 29:17
  these
• 29:17
  are
• 29:17
  birds
• 29:17
  that
• 29:18
  have
• 29:18
  already
• 29:18
  left
• 29:19
  the
• 29:19
  nest.
• 29:20
  So
• 29:20
  if
• 29:21
  you
• 29:21
  try
• 29:22
  to
• 29:22
  put
• 29:22
  them
• 29:22
  back
• 29:22
  in
• 29:22
  the
• 29:22
  nest,
• 29:23
  that
• 29:23
  won't
• 29:23
  work.
• 29:23
  They'll
• 29:24
  just
• 29:24
  hop
• 29:24
  right
• 29:24
  back
• 29:25
  out.
• 29:26
  And
• 29:26
  they're
• 29:26
  not
• 29:26
  alone.
• 29:27
  Their
• 29:27
  parents
• 29:27
  will
• 29:28
  be
• 29:28
  around,
• 29:29
  probably
• 29:29
  looking
• 29:29
  for
• 29:30
  food
• 29:30
  to
• 29:30
  feed
• 29:30
  that
• 29:31
  bird.
• 29:31
  So
• 29:32
  most
• 29:32
  cases,
• 29:32
  when
• 29:33
  you
• 29:33
  see
• 29:33
  a
• 29:33
  baby
• 29:33
  bird,
• 29:34
  don't
• 29:34
  touch
• 29:35
  it.
• 29:35
  It's
• 29:35
  fine.
• 29:36
  If
• 29:36
  you
• 29:37
  move
• 29:37
  it,
• 29:37
  you
• 29:38
  might
• 29:38
  be
• 29:38
  taking
• 29:38
  it
• 29:39
  away
• 29:39
  from
• 29:39
  its
• 29:39
  parents.
• 29:40
  The
• 29:40
  one
• 29:41
  exception
• 29:41
  is
• 29:42
  sometimes
• 29:43
  you
• 29:43
  might
• 29:43
  see
• 29:44
  a
• 29:44
  baby
• 29:45
  bird
• 29:45
  that's
• 29:45
  very
• 29:46
  clearly
• 29:46
  a
• 29:46
  nestling.
• 29:47
  So
• 29:47
  it'll
• 29:47
  be
• 29:47
  naked.
• 29:49
  It'll
• 29:49
  have
• 29:49
  giant
• 29:49
  eyes
• 29:50
  that
• 29:50
  are
• 29:50
  probably
• 29:50
  closed
• 29:51
  or
• 29:51
  mostly
• 29:51
  closed.
• 29:52
  And
• 29:52
  in
• 29:53
  those
• 29:53
  cases,
• 29:55
  if
• 29:55
  you
• 29:55
  can
• 29:55
  find
• 29:55
  the
• 29:56
  nest,
• 29:56
  then
• 29:56
  you
• 29:56
  can
• 29:57
  put
• 29:57
  the
• 29:57
  bird.
• 29:57
  Try
• 29:58
  putting
• 29:58
  the
• 29:58
  bird
• 29:59
  back
• 29:59
  in
• 29:59
  the
• 29:59
  nest.
• 29:59
  If
• 30:00
  you
• 30:00
  can
• 30:00
  access
• 30:00
  it
• 30:01
  without
• 30:01
  destroying
• 30:01
  it.
• 30:02
  Yeah,
• 30:03
  definitely.
• 30:03
  And
• 30:03
  for
• 30:03
  our
• 30:03
  listeners,
• 30:04
  a
• 30:04
  couple
• 30:05
  episodes
• 30:05
  ago,
• 30:06
  Dr.
• 30:06
  Fan
• 30:06
  Bonnier
• 30:07
  pointed
• 30:07
  out
• 30:07
  that
• 30:07
  it's
• 30:08
  totally
• 30:08
  fine
• 30:08
  to
• 30:09
  touch
• 30:09
  a
• 30:09
  baby
• 30:09
  bird.
• 30:09
  So
• 30:10
  in
• 30:10
  this
• 30:10
  case,
• 30:10
  if
• 30:10
  the
• 30:10
  bird
• 30:11
  looks
• 30:11
  very,
• 30:11
  very
• 30:11
  young,
• 30:11
  no
• 30:12
  feathers,
• 30:13
  very
• 30:14
  closed
• 30:14
  eyes,
• 30:14
  you
• 30:15
  can
• 30:15
  try
• 30:15
  to
• 30:15
  put
• 30:15
  it
• 30:15
  back
• 30:15
  in
• 30:15
  the
• 30:15
  nest
• 30:16
  and
• 30:16
  it'll
• 30:16
  be
• 30:16
  totally
• 30:16
  fine.
• 30:17
  But
• 30:17
  otherwise,
• 30:18
  just
• 30:18
  wait
• 30:18
  and
• 30:18
  watch
• 30:18
  and
• 30:19
  you'll
• 30:19
  probably
• 30:19
  see
• 30:19
  the
• 30:19
  parents
• 30:20
  come
• 30:20
  by
• 30:20
  to
• 30:20
  feed.
• 30:21
  Feed
• 30:21
  the
• 30:21
  fledgling
• 30:22
  that
• 30:22
  has
• 30:22
  feathers
• 30:22
  and
• 30:22
  is
• 30:22
  already
• 30:23
  out
• 30:23
  of
• 30:23
  the
• 30:23
  nest
• 30:24
  on
• 30:24
  purpose.
• 30:25
  Awesome.
• 30:26
  Well,
• 30:26
  thanks
• 30:26
  so
• 30:26
  much
• 30:26
  for
• 30:26
  joining
• 30:26
  us,
• 30:27
  Nancy.
• 30:27
  It's
• 30:27
  been
• 30:27
  really
• 30:27
  awesome
• 30:28
  to
• 30:28
  think
• 30:28
  about
• 30:28
  cooperative
• 30:29
  breeding
• 30:29
  and
• 30:29
  birds
• 30:30
  and
• 30:30
  hear
• 30:30
  more
• 30:30
  about
• 30:30
  these
• 30:31
  amazing
• 30:31
  Florida
• 30:31
  scrub
• 30:32
  jays.
• 30:32
  Thank
• 30:32
  you
• 30:32
  for
• 30:33
  having
• 30:33
  me.
• 30:37
  Birds
• 30:37
  are
• 30:37
  dinosaurs,
• 30:38
  and
• 30:38
  around
• 30:38
  here,
• 30:38
  we
• 30:39
  like
• 30:39
  our
• 30:39
  snacks.
• 30:39
  So
• 30:39
  we
• 30:39
  end
• 30:40
  each
• 30:40
  episode
• 30:40
  with
• 30:40
  a
• 30:40
  dinosaur
• 30:41
  nugget.
• 30:42
  Today's
• 30:42
  dinosaur
• 30:42
  nugget
• 30:43
  is
• 30:43
  that
• 30:43
  in
• 30:43
  a
• 30:43
  lot
• 30:43
  of
• 30:43
  bird
• 30:44
  species,
• 30:44
  raising
• 30:44
  chicks
• 30:45
  is
• 30:45
  so
• 30:45
  demanding
• 30:45
  or
• 30:46
  risky
• 30:46
  that
• 30:46
  parents
• 30:46
  don't
• 30:47
  always
• 30:47
  do
• 30:47
  it
• 30:47
  alone.
• 30:48
  Instead,
• 30:48
  you
• 30:49
  get
• 30:49
  babysitters
• 30:49
  at
• 30:49
  the
• 30:50
  nest.
• 30:50
  Sometimes
• 30:51
  those
• 30:51
  helpers
• 30:51
  are
• 30:51
  close
• 30:52
  relatives,
• 30:52
  boosting
• 30:53
  their
• 30:53
  inclusive
• 30:54
  fitness
• 30:54
  by
• 30:54
  helping
• 30:54
  kins
• 30:55
  survive
• 30:55
  even
• 30:55
  if
• 30:55
  they
• 30:56
  don't
• 30:56
  breed
• 30:56
  that
• 30:56
  season.
• 30:57
  Other
• 30:57
  times,
• 30:58
  babysitting
• 30:58
  is
• 30:58
  more
• 30:58
  like
• 30:59
  training
• 30:59
  or
• 30:59
  insurance.
• 31:00
  Helpers
• 31:00
  gain
• 31:00
  experience,
• 31:01
  are
• 31:01
  more
• 31:01
  likely
• 31:01
  to
• 31:02
  survive,
• 31:02
  and
• 31:02
  provide
• 31:03
  backup
• 31:03
  when
• 31:03
  conditions
• 31:04
  get
• 31:04
  rough.
• 31:05
  Either
• 31:05
  way,
• 31:05
  bird
• 31:05
  babysitting
• 31:06
  isn't
• 31:06
  altruism
• 31:07
  gone
• 31:07
  wild.
• 31:08
  It's
• 31:08
  an
• 31:08
  evolved
• 31:09
  strategy
• 31:09
  shaped
• 31:09
  by
• 31:10
  ecology,
• 31:10
  social
• 31:10
  structure,
• 31:11
  and
• 31:11
  the
• 31:11
  very
• 31:11
  real
• 31:12
  price
• 31:12
  tag
• 31:12
  of
• 31:12
  reproduction.
• 31:13
  That's
• 31:13
  a
• 31:14
  wrap
• 31:14
  on
• 31:14
  this
• 31:14
  week's
• 31:14
  episode.
• 31:15
  Okay,
• 31:15
  but
• 31:15
  why
• 31:15
  do
• 31:16
  some
• 31:16
  birds
• 31:16
  babysit?
• 31:17
  If
• 31:17
  you
• 31:17
  liked
• 31:17
  this
• 31:18
  episode,
• 31:18
  leave
• 31:18
  a
• 31:18
  comment,
• 31:19
  follow
• 31:19
  and
• 31:19
  subscribe.
• 31:20
  I
• 31:20
  mean
• 31:20
  it.
• 31:21
  What
• 31:21
  are
• 31:21
  you
• 31:21
  bird
• 31:22
  curious
• 31:22
  about?
• 31:23
  Let
• 31:23
  us
• 31:23
  know
• 31:23
  in
• 31:23
  the
• 31:23
  comments
• 31:24
  or
• 31:24
  through
• 31:24
  Instagram.
• 31:25
  @okaybutbirds.
• 31:26
  Byeee.
• 31:31
  Okay,
• 31:32
  But...
• 31:32
  Birds
• 31:33
  is
• 31:33
  hosted
• 31:33
  by
• 31:34
  Scott
• 31:34
  Taylor
• 31:35
  with
• 31:35
  production
• 31:35
  and
• 31:35
  creative
• 31:36
  by
• 31:36
  Zach
• 31:36
  Karl.