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16 - Charles Sumner, The Scholar in Politics by Archibald Grimké · Charles Sumner, The Scholar in Politics

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Speaker 1: Chapter fifteen of Charles Sumner, The Scholar in Politics by
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Speaker 1: Archibald Grimkey. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain.
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Speaker 1: Character and closing years between the two schools of political
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Speaker 1: thought which have a risen under the American Constitution, viz.
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Speaker 1: The State rights and the nationalist. Sumner held all his
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Speaker 1: life firmly to the principles full of the latter. In
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Speaker 1: his published works, the word national is habitually used instead
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Speaker 1: of federal, which carries with it the idea of many
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Speaker 1: independent and local centers of government, rather than that of
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Speaker 1: one supreme whole and authority, which belongs to the other.
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Speaker 1: That unity and power was the grand objective attainment of
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Speaker 1: the framers of the Constitution. He had never a doubt
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Speaker 1: that the Republic had missed the aim of its founders
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Speaker 1: In this regard was owing he declared to the fact
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Speaker 1: that slavery, with its barbarisms and pretensions, had, in its
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Speaker 1: long strife with freedom, taken refuge behind the bulwarks of
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Speaker 1: the states, and thus entrenched, had conducted its systematic and
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Speaker 1: decentralizing operations against the unity and power of the nation.
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Speaker 1: When the combatant fell, Sumner was desirous to demolish, in
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Speaker 1: one respect the fortification behind which it had been able
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Speaker 1: to work such mischief to mankind, and to defeat the
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Speaker 1: purpose of the republic at the same time. And this
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Speaker 1: while leaving untouched many things properly appertaining to local police.
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Speaker 1: He believed might be accomplished by placing the great principles
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Speaker 1: and interests of national unity and human rights under central guardianship,
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Speaker 1: to the end that through all the parts there might
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Speaker 1: be uniformity and identity in those regards. Or, as he
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Speaker 1: put it in a lecture in New York in eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty seven, as in the nation, there can be but
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Speaker 1: one sovereignty, so there can be but one citizenship. The
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Speaker 1: unity of sovereignty finds its counterpart and complement in the
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Speaker 1: unity of citizenship, and the two together are the tokens
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Speaker 1: of a united people. Thus are the essential conditions of
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Speaker 1: national life, all resolved in two three one sovereignty, one citizenship,
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Speaker 1: one people. It was in pursuance of this sublime idea
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Speaker 1: that he, in February eighteen sixty nine, when the Senate
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Speaker 1: had under consideration a joint resolution from the House proposing
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Speaker 1: the fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, offered a bill as
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Speaker 1: a substitute, and vindicated the powers of Congress in the
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Speaker 1: premises on the principle that anything for human rights as constitutional,
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Speaker 1: there can be no state rights against human rights, he exclaimed,
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Speaker 1: And this is the supreme law of the land. Anything
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Speaker 1: in the consertitutional laws of any state to the contrary, notwithstanding,
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Speaker 1: two years later, speaking in the Senate and support of
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Speaker 1: the Force Bill, he expressed himself again on this head,
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Speaker 1: and in this wise the nation will not enter the
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Speaker 1: state except for the safeguard of rights national in character,
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Speaker 1: and then only, like the sunshine, for the equal good
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Speaker 1: of all. Here is a just centralism, Here is a
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Speaker 1: generous imperialism, shunning with patriotic care, that injurious centralism and
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Speaker 1: that fatal imperialism, which have been the nemesis of France.
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Speaker 1: I hail that other centralism, which applies an equal protection
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Speaker 1: to every citizen, and that other imperialism which makes equal
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Speaker 1: rights this supreme law to be maintained by the national
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Speaker 1: arm in all parts of the land. Any man who
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Speaker 1: follows an object with the earnestness and persistency with which
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Speaker 1: Sumner pursued the one great purpose of his life, is
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Speaker 1: apt to be viewed by his contemporaries as a man
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Speaker 1: of one idea. This was true in the case of Sumner,
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Speaker 1: who was looked upon by many in that light. But
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Speaker 1: the criticism had for him no terrors. Who Ever does
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Speaker 1: anything with his whole heart, said he with admirable sense
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Speaker 1: at the Republican State Convention of Massachusetts held at Worcester
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Speaker 1: September eighth, eighteen sixty nine, in which nominated him for
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Speaker 1: his fourth term in the Senate. Whoever does anything with
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Speaker 1: his whole heart makes it for the time he is
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Speaker 1: one idea. Every discoverer, every inventor, every poet, every artist,
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Speaker 1: every orator, every general, every statesman is absorbed in his work,
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Speaker 1: and he succeeds just in proportion as for the time
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Speaker 1: it becomes his one idea. If Sumner was eminently a
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Speaker 1: man of one idea in this fine way, he was
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Speaker 1: by no means so in that other rich implies an
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Speaker 1: incapacity for receiving a plurality of noble ideas. All the
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Speaker 1: best and most advanced thoughts of the age for the
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Speaker 1: betterment of the human family found welcome in the room
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Speaker 1: of his capacious mind, aid and comfort in his all
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Speaker 1: embracing sympathies writing in May eighteen seventy two to the
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Speaker 1: Convention of the Massachusetts Labor Union, he evinced his interest
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Speaker 1: in the movement for the reduction of the hours of
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Speaker 1: work in words, as happy as they are wise. The
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Speaker 1: eight hour law he apprehended to be especially valuable because
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Speaker 1: it promises more time for education and general improvement. If
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Speaker 1: the experiment is successful in this respect, I should be
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Speaker 1: less curious on the question of pecuniary profit and loss,
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Speaker 1: for to my mind, the education of the human family
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Speaker 1: is above dollars and dividends. He took in early and
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Speaker 1: enlightened interest in the subject of civil service reform, the
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Speaker 1: refunding of the national debt and the resumption of specie
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Speaker 1: payments by the government, the revision of the tariff and
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Speaker 1: reduction of duties, financial reconstruction after the war, which he
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Speaker 1: placed in importance, and the order of accomplishment second only
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Speaker 1: to political reconcis instruction he clearly perceived required two things
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Speaker 1: at least to make it successful, viz. The maintenance of
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Speaker 1: a national credit and the reduction of the burdens of taxation,
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Speaker 1: and these he always insisted should never be forgotten in
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Speaker 1: any measures. Looking to this grand economic achievement. The Republican
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Speaker 1: Party found in sum constant and earnest support where principles
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Speaker 1: ideas were put forward and exalted by it. But when
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Speaker 1: men waxed stronger than they in its counsels and conduct,
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Speaker 1: he was too true to blinkt the change for the
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Speaker 1: sake of merely personal and political ends. He promptly raised
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Speaker 1: the voice of remonstrance and rebuke, refused to hold his
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Speaker 1: piece where the offender was no less a personage than
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Speaker 1: the chosen chief of the party and of the nation,
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Speaker 1: as in the case of President Grant, these two great
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Speaker 1: men had, unhappily no just appreciation of each other. The
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Speaker 1: man of action and the man of thought are not
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Speaker 1: apt to possess a superfluity of affection or appreciation the
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Speaker 1: one for the other. Sumner no doubt honestly believed that
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Speaker 1: Grant knew nothing but war, and Grant dis honestly supposed
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Speaker 1: that Sumner had done nothing but talk. But in their quarrel,
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Speaker 1: an impartial observer must needs a judge. Grant very much
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Speaker 1: to blame, much more so than was his illustrious antagonist,
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Speaker 1: who upheld the declining influence of principles and ideas as
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Speaker 1: against the extraordinary personalism and assumptions of the one man
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Speaker 1: power which signalized the administration of Grant. The civil career
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Speaker 1: of the great General, his best friends must confess, was
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Speaker 1: not a brilliant success. His military training and notions of
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Speaker 1: authority and obedience were not applicable to the office of president.
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Speaker 1: They qualified him admirably to control the operations of war,
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Speaker 1: but not to direct those of peace. He could lead
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Speaker 1: armies better than he was able to lead a political
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Speaker 1: party or manage the affairs of an empire. Sumner shivered
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Speaker 1: his first glance against the President on the occasion of
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Speaker 1: his attempt to add next San Domingo to the United States.
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Speaker 1: Grant had set his heart on the success of this scheme,
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Speaker 1: had used his personal and official solicitation to secure its
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Speaker 1: adoption by Congress, and made frequent visits to the capital
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Speaker 1: for the purpose. Had even called on Sumner to enlist
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Speaker 1: his personal influence in its behalf. But Sumler, for reasons
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Speaker 1: sufficient and honorable, was immovably opposed to the scheme, and
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Speaker 1: into powerful speeches in the Senate thoroughly and sternly expose
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Speaker 1: the irregular, unworthy, and violent means and methods by which
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Speaker 1: he was being pushed upon the people of San Domingo,
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Speaker 1: while at the same time the independence of Haiti was menaced. Thereby,
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Speaker 1: Grant would not forgive Sumner for the part played by
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Speaker 1: him toward defeating this pet international venture of the administration,
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Speaker 1: nor would his supporters in the Senate. The military instincts
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Speaker 1: and training of the President treated Sumner's opposition as an
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Speaker 1: act of mutiny to his authority and for which the
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Speaker 1: great culprit must needs be punished as an example to
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Speaker 1: others of a like disposition. Accordingly, Sumner's friend J. Lothrop Motley,
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Speaker 1: American Minister to Great Britain, was recalled, and later Sumner
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Speaker 1: himself was degraded from the chairmanship of the Foreign Relations
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Speaker 1: Committee of the Senate. But if Sumner's conduct in the
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Speaker 1: San Domingo business failed to please the Administration, it did
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Speaker 1: not fail to please the Republic of Haiti, who, grateful
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Speaker 1: to the defender of her independence, presented him with a
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Speaker 1: gold medal in token of her sense of the value
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Speaker 1: of the generous service rendered to her as a black nation.
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Speaker 1: Believing that the spirit, if not the letter, of the Constitution,
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Speaker 1: disabled him from accepting the testimonial, Sumner so apprised the
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Speaker 1: Haitian government, which thereupon presented the medal to the Commonwealth
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Speaker 1: of Massachusetts. It was deposited among similar treasures in the
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Speaker 1: State Library, where it may still be seen. A May
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Speaker 1: thirty one, eighteen seventy two sumner delivered in the Senate
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Speaker 1: a Philippi, which produced a sensation at the time. Its
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Speaker 1: title Republicanism Versus Grantism indicates its character. The speech was
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Speaker 1: an elaborate and fiercely eloquent exposure of the sins of
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Speaker 1: omission and of comission of the first administration of President Grant.
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Speaker 1: Every one of those sins, and they were many and serious,
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Speaker 1: smilar with avenging pen had written in the pages of
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Speaker 1: his Philippi had ridden them so large and touched them
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Speaker 1: with such harsh and vivid passion as to make an
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Speaker 1: impression upon the country of the decline of political virtue,
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Speaker 1: of the rise and spread of official incapacity, selfishness, and misconduct,
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Speaker 1: which was not soon forgotten by it. In the presidential
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Speaker 1: canvass which followed, some not only refused to support General
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Speaker 1: Grant for reelection, but, through his influence on the side
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Speaker 1: of Greeley and the Liberal Republican revolt, the claims of
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Speaker 1: party and the sacramental unction of a regular nomination were
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Speaker 1: never able with him to override the right of individual
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Speaker 1: judgment to nullify the rule of conscience and principle. He
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Speaker 1: was essentially a freelance and independent in politics, the first
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Speaker 1: Great Mugwamp of Massachusetts. Much perplexed as to the course
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Speaker 1: they ought to take in this election, Sumner's counsel was
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Speaker 1: sought by the colored people. He frankly apprised them of
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Speaker 1: his own inability to support Grant and advised them to
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Speaker 1: vote for Horace Greeley. Sumner's watchword for the campaign was
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Speaker 1: the unity of the Republic and equal rights with reconciliation.
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Speaker 1: One of the interesting incidents of the canvass was an
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Speaker 1: open letter from James G. Blaine to mister Sumner, arraigning
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Speaker 1: him as recreant to party and principle, and Sumner's response
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Speaker 1: to the same finding himself. The reply caustically informed, mister Blaine,
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Speaker 1: with so many others devoted to the cause, I've always
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Speaker 1: served that I had not missed you until you hastened
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Speaker 1: to report absence. Blaine taunted Sumner with the outrage which
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Speaker 1: he had suffered at the hands of Preston S. Brooks
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Speaker 1: Nast in a clever caricature in Harper's Weekly, had made
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Speaker 1: the assault due duty for the Republican Party and against
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Speaker 1: mister Sumner and the liberal Republican movement. Also, never while
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Speaker 1: a sufferer so ran on this particular head Sumner's reply
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Speaker 1: to the open letter of mister Blaine. Never while a
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Speaker 1: sufferer did anybody hear me speak of him Brooks in unkindness.
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Speaker 1: And now, after the lapse of more than half a generation,
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Speaker 1: I will not unite with you in dragging him from
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Speaker 1: the grave where he sleeps, to aggravate the passions of
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Speaker 1: a political conflict and arrest the longing for concord. Nothing
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Speaker 1: in hate, he said later in the campaign, Nothing in vengeance,
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Speaker 1: nothing in passion. I'm for gentleness, I'm for a velvet club.
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Speaker 1: But for a while I wish the hand of iron
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Speaker 1: on the assembling of Congress. In December he introduced a
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Speaker 1: bill to prohibit the placing of the names of battles
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Speaker 1: with fellow citizens on the Army Register or the regimental
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Speaker 1: colors of the United States. This was no new thought
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Speaker 1: with Sumner, for as early as the spring of eighteen
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Speaker 1: shis sixty two, he introduced into the Senate a resolution
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Speaker 1: against inscribing the names of victories on the regimental colors
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Speaker 1: of the Union Forces. Nevertheless, thereforethwith a rose and outcry
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Speaker 1: of wrath against him as wanting in patriotism and other
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Speaker 1: partisan absurdities, because of the share taken by him in
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Speaker 1: the campaign then just closed. Even Massachusetts joined angrily in
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Speaker 1: the Republican hue and cry against her Bayard, who had
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Speaker 1: ever been in Snr's service, and that of Freedom's saint
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Speaker 1: peer as sant rouproge. But as in other days, the
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Speaker 1: frowns of friends, the passions of party, the clamor of
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Speaker 1: the populace could not move him from steadfast principles and
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Speaker 1: fixed convictions of right. Nothing for vengeance, everything for justice
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Speaker 1: was his mother. As a statesman, it was grieven on
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Speaker 1: his heart, bound as a frontlet upon his whole public career.
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Speaker 1: Therefore did he seek reconciliation by the way of liberty
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Speaker 1: and equality. Therefore was he in favor of amnesty and
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Speaker 1: equal rights, going together hand in hand, that the disabilities
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Speaker 1: of the former slave and those of the former masters
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Speaker 1: should be removed by one act of forgiveness and protection.
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Speaker 1: In his reply to the letter of mister Blaine. Mister
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Speaker 1: Sumner had reminded that gentleman of the fate of the
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Speaker 1: Supplementary Civil Rights Bill in Congress control by large Republican
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Speaker 1: majorities in both houses. Though urged by him, Sumner almost
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Speaker 1: daily upon its attention. The passage of this bill, which
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Speaker 1: opened to all without distinction of color, inns, juris, schools,
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Speaker 1: public conveyances, and cemeteries, was with Sumner as the very
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Speaker 1: apple of his eye. He made two admirable speeches in
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Speaker 1: support of the measure. In the course of the one
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Speaker 1: delivered in January eighteen seventy two, he quoted with effect
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Speaker 1: that fine sentence of Rousseau's that it is precisely because
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Speaker 1: the force of things tends always to destroy equality, that
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Speaker 1: the force of legislation should always tend to maintain it.
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Speaker 1: On January twenty seven, eighteen seventy four, he reintroduced his
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Speaker 1: bill and made a last appeal for its passage. There
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Speaker 1: was a noticeable insistency and urgency about his speech and
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Speaker 1: manner on this occasion. What the Senate would do for
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Speaker 1: equality he would do quickly, but with all his earnestness.
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Speaker 1: There was also a noticeable calmness a softening of his
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Speaker 1: austere temper, and even for him an unwonted solemnity and
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Speaker 1: grandeur of tone, those powerful weapons of his in earlier days,
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Speaker 1: indignation and invective he had laid aside for those gentle ones,
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Speaker 1: sweet persuasion and appeal. I hope, my friend, Senator Edmonds,
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Speaker 1: instead of criticism, said Sumner, solemnly, almost sweetly, in the
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Speaker 1: course of his speech, will give that generous support which
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Speaker 1: so well becomes him. He sees full well that until
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Speaker 1: this great question is completely settled, the results of the
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Speaker 1: war are not secured. Nor is this delicate and sensitive
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Speaker 1: subject banished from these halls. Sir, my desire, a darling desire,
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Speaker 1: if I may say so of my soul, that this
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Speaker 1: moment is to close forever this question, so that it
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Speaker 1: shall never again entru into these chambers, So that hereafter,
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Speaker 1: in all our legislation there shall be no such word
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Speaker 1: as black or white, but that we shall speak only
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Speaker 1: of citizens and of men. Is that an aspiration worthy
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Speaker 1: of a senator? Is such an aspiration any ground for
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Speaker 1: taunt from the Senator from Vermont Negro citizenship and suffrage
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Speaker 1: Sumner had championed on high ground never to save the
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Speaker 1: political power of a party or a section, but as
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Speaker 1: a supreme duty which the Republic owed to each of
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Speaker 1: its children, to the weakness because of their weakness. Equality
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Speaker 1: before the law is indeed the only defense which poverty
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Speaker 1: has against property in civilized society. Without it, monopoly becomes
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Speaker 1: ground king and labor crouching slave or serf. Well did
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Speaker 1: understand this truth, understand that wrong has a fatal gift
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Speaker 1: of metamorphosis, ability to change form color without losing its
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Speaker 1: identity and character. It is shed in America African slavery,
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Speaker 1: it would reappear as African serfdom. Unless put in the
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Speaker 1: way of certain and utter extinction. Equality before the law
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Speaker 1: he had the sagacity to perceive could alone avert such
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Speaker 1: a calamity, consummate so vast a good. Strenuously he toiled
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Speaker 1: to make it everywhere a conquering force, the master principle
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Speaker 1: in the political and social life of America. As his
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Speaker 1: years increased, so grew his passion for justice and equality.
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Speaker 1: He never wearied of sowing and resowing the statutes of
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Speaker 1: the nation and the mind of the people with the
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Speaker 1: grand ideas of the Declaration of Independence, that American magnet, charter,
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Speaker 1: and storehouse of equality. This entire absorption in one lofty
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Speaker 1: purpose lent him a singular aloofness and isolation in the
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Speaker 1: politics of the times. He was not like other political leaders.
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Speaker 1: He laid stress on the ethical side to statesmanship. They
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Speaker 1: emphasized the economical. He, all his life long, was deefly
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Speaker 1: concerned about the rights of persons. They about the rights
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Speaker 1: of property. Such a soul could not be a partisan.
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Speaker 1: Party with him was an instrument and nothing else. As
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Speaker 1: long as it proved efficient, subservient to justice and truth,
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Speaker 1: he gave it his hearty support to others in the country.
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Speaker 1: Party was as much of an end as it was
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Speaker 1: an instrument. In such circumstances. Moral ideas cannot maintain their
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Speaker 1: supremacy in political bodies. The lust of power will push
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Speaker 1: them from the party throne and assumed the crown instead.
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Speaker 1: It was therefore a foregone conclusion that Sumner and his
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Speaker 1: party should quarrel. The extraordinary personalism and assumptions of Grant's
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Speaker 1: first administration provided the causes belli. The breach so made
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Speaker 1: steadily widened between Sumner and the leaders of the Republican Party.
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Speaker 1: Sumner's imposing figure grew thenceforth more distant and companionless. Marital
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Speaker 1: and happiness added during these last years to the gloom
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Speaker 1: which was settling upon his life. On October seventeenth, eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty six, he was married to missus Alice Hooper nay
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Speaker 1: Mason of Boston. They did not live long together, and
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Speaker 1: he was divorced from her May tenth, eighteen seventy three.
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Speaker 1: This domestic in felicity ate harpylike into his proud heart.
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Speaker 1: In the summer of eighteen seventy two, his health gave
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Speaker 1: decided symptoms of decline. The injury which his constitution had
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Speaker 1: suffered from the assault of Brooks presently developed new complications
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Speaker 1: and renewed all the old bodily anguish. A temper, always
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Speaker 1: austere and apperiance was doubtless not mended by this harassing
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Speaker 1: combination of troubles. Alone, in this extremancy, he trod the
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Speaker 1: wine press of bitter sorrows. He no longer had a
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Speaker 1: part tardy to leanon. Massachusetts Alas had joined the harsh,
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Speaker 1: ungrateful world, had turned in anger, and with cruel words
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Speaker 1: from her great hearted son, her legislature had passed a
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Speaker 1: resolution of censure of him because of his Battle Flag
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Speaker 1: Bill in the Senate, already referred to. That wretchedact was, however,
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Speaker 1: tardily rescinded, and a committee sent to Washington in the
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Speaker 1: winter of eighteen seventy four to communicate the grateful tidings
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Speaker 1: to mister Sumner. No woman's hand administered to him in
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Speaker 1: the crisis of his need yid nothing but his cause,
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Speaker 1: and to this he clung with the pathos and passion
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Speaker 1: of a grand and solitary spirit. Now the grass supper
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Speaker 1: became a burden, and the once stalwart limbs could not
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Speaker 1: carry him with the old time ease and regularity to
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Speaker 1: his seat in the Senate. His chair became frequently vacant
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Speaker 1: and overpowering. Weariness and weakness were settling upon the dying statesman.
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Speaker 1: Still his thoughts offered around their one paramount object, Like
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Speaker 1: as the eyes of a mother about to die are
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Speaker 1: turned and fixed on a darling child, so turned his
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Speaker 1: thoughts to the struggling cause of human brotherhood and equality.
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Speaker 1: Almost his last words were, take care of my civil
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Speaker 1: rights bill. For this the great soul wood tool yet
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Speaker 1: a little while, but it was otherwise to create, and
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Speaker 1: the illustrious defender of humanity. Passed away March eleventh, eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy four, at his home in Washington, leaving to his
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Speaker 1: country and to mankind as a glorious heritage the moral
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Speaker 1: grandeur of his character and achievements. End of Chapter fifteen.
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Speaker 1: End of Charles Sumner, The Scholar in Politics by Archibald
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Speaker 1: Grimke