Latest / Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries / #446: Voyager's Future Paths, Black Hole Star Quenching & Ultimate Temperature Limits

Transcript

#446: Voyager's Future Paths, Black Hole Star Quenching & Ultimate Temperature Limits · Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Oh again, thank you for joining us.
• 0:02
  Speaker 2: This is a Q and A edition of Space Nuts.
• 0:04
  Speaker 2: My name is Andrew Dunkley. Coming up, we're going to
• 0:08
  Speaker 2: be looking at Voyager one and Voyager two. A question
• 0:10
  Speaker 2: from Alan Ron wants to talk about star formation and
• 0:15
  Speaker 2: Tom has brought up that maximum potential temperature in the
• 0:21
  Speaker 2: universe thing again. We'll talk about all of that and
• 0:24
  Speaker 2: more on this episode of Space Nuts.
• 0:27
  Speaker 3: Fifteen second in Channel ten nine ignition Space Nuts or
• 0:36
  Speaker 3: three two one Space Nurse as the night reported, Neil's
• 0:42
  Speaker 3: good and here.
• 0:44
  Speaker 2: To answer them all with a massive disclaimer is Professor
• 0:48
  Speaker 2: Fred Watson as Dorono Merill Tiphrad.
• 0:52
  Speaker 4: How are you, Andrew?
• 0:53
  Speaker 5: I'm just reading one questions now and sech I wonder
• 0:56
  Speaker 5: what the answer to that is, just as he was sitting.
• 0:58
  Speaker 4: Yes, we're going to throw all the questions.
• 1:00
  Speaker 2: I think if we if we write a letter to
• 1:03
  Speaker 2: the Astronomical Union and just sit and wait, we can
• 1:06
  Speaker 2: answer it in a couple of.
• 1:07
  Speaker 4: Weeks' worse a long episode.
• 1:12
  Speaker 2: Yet, let's just get straight down to it, shall we.
• 1:17
  Speaker 2: First question comes from Alan Bye.
• 1:20
  Speaker 6: This is Alan Skalhill Roll Medicine, not Alberta, Canada. My
• 1:25
  Speaker 6: question is can the trajectory of Voyager one and two
• 1:31
  Speaker 6: be extrapolated to determine what galaxy, star or planet they
• 1:36
  Speaker 6: could come into contact with in the distant future, and
• 1:40
  Speaker 6: what would the likely outcome be of such a contact,
• 1:43
  Speaker 6: but they be pulled into the orbit of any of
• 1:46
  Speaker 6: these space structures.
• 1:48
  Speaker 4: Thank you, love your podcast.
• 1:50
  Speaker 2: Thank you Allen. Nice to hear from you again. I
• 1:52
  Speaker 2: remember him distinctly because of where he lives Madison Hat. Yeah,
• 1:58
  Speaker 2: but it's a question I think that we've had come
• 2:02
  Speaker 2: up before in a different form, people wondering where they're
• 2:06
  Speaker 2: headed and what they might run into. The answer is, well,
• 2:10
  Speaker 2: probably not that complicated for.
• 2:12
  Speaker 5: It at the moment, I think they are. I don't
• 2:19
  Speaker 5: think you can actually identify anything that they're heading towards
• 2:23
  Speaker 5: because we've got blank sky in that direction. And just
• 2:29
  Speaker 5: the disclaimer here, you never quite know what sort of
• 2:32
  Speaker 5: perturbation they're going to have on the way by, you know,
• 2:36
  Speaker 5: out gassing from the spacecraft or a little bit of
• 2:38
  Speaker 5: residual solar wind. It could alter the trajectory. But I
• 2:42
  Speaker 5: do remember turning the question on its head when your
• 2:47
  Speaker 5: old friend Umuamora was first discovered. The extrapolation backwards in
• 2:55
  Speaker 5: time forma put it somewhere near the star of one
• 3:00
  Speaker 5: of the brightest stars in the in the sky. But
• 3:05
  Speaker 5: the disclaimer there was we don't know when it left,
• 3:09
  Speaker 5: and Vega would have been in a different place when
• 3:13
  Speaker 5: it left from what what we see now, because you're
• 3:17
  Speaker 5: talking about journey times of millions of years.
• 3:19
  Speaker 4: And I think the same.
• 3:20
  Speaker 5: Is true of you know, of the two voyagers, and
• 3:24
  Speaker 5: probably new Horizons as well. Pioneer spacecraft are also leaving
• 3:28
  Speaker 5: the Solar System. All of them, I think, are heading
• 3:31
  Speaker 5: for regions unknown. And it's partly, as I said, because
• 3:35
  Speaker 5: we don't know. You know, first of all, how long
• 3:37
  Speaker 5: is it going to take them to to have an
• 3:40
  Speaker 5: interaction with another body? And until you know that, you
• 3:44
  Speaker 5: don't know where that other body is going to be
• 3:46
  Speaker 5: in the first place.
• 3:46
  Speaker 4: So it's.
• 3:49
  Speaker 2: We're talking flight times of potentially billions of years? Are
• 3:55
  Speaker 2: we so right now? We couldn't tell you, but of years,
• 4:00
  Speaker 2: so much will have changed, so much will have moved,
• 4:04
  Speaker 2: something might get in the way and influence them, or
• 4:08
  Speaker 2: maybe they'll just go on forever and not hit a thing.
• 4:12
  Speaker 5: That's right, So you know, in a billion years time,
• 4:16
  Speaker 5: our galaxy will have rotated five times in the in
• 4:20
  Speaker 5: the at the distance of the Sun from the from
• 4:23
  Speaker 5: the galactic center, so you've got all that swirling stuff
• 4:26
  Speaker 5: going on as well. You know, the journey of every
• 4:30
  Speaker 5: star around the center of the galaxy takes them on
• 4:33
  Speaker 5: past that aren't identical by any means, So you might
• 4:36
  Speaker 5: very well find in a billion years you're looking at
• 4:39
  Speaker 5: a completely different set of stars that it might run into.
• 4:43
  Speaker 4: Yes.
• 4:43
  Speaker 5: But the bottom line though, and the answer to the
• 4:47
  Speaker 5: final part of the question, is it would The likelihood
• 4:51
  Speaker 5: is that it would wind up going into orbits around something.
• 4:54
  Speaker 5: A direct collision is unlikely but not impossible, but winding
• 5:01
  Speaker 5: up in orbit around something else is perhaps the most
• 5:04
  Speaker 5: likely outcome. Whether it's probably going to be a star,
• 5:07
  Speaker 5: maybe a planet might become the artificial mode of the planet.
• 5:10
  Speaker 2: Yeah, well the Earth has picked up the odd rock,
• 5:13
  Speaker 2: hasn't it in recent times? So yeah, that's a possibility.
• 5:18
  Speaker 2: But we're not talking any time in the near future.
• 5:21
  Speaker 2: I mean, Voyager one and Voyager two barely out of
• 5:25
  Speaker 2: our rum, out of the Sun's influence, let alone getting
• 5:29
  Speaker 2: into deep interstellar space. They're only just sort of sort
• 5:33
  Speaker 2: of on that on on that on that border zone,
• 5:35
  Speaker 2: aren't they. Now that's right, Yes, so long way to
• 5:39
  Speaker 2: go yet, Alan, a very long way to go, and
• 5:42
  Speaker 2: maybe they'll never see a thing and probably go cheese.
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: Is it boring? Are we there yet?
• 5:47
  Speaker 4: That's right, It probably will go forever. It's straw. Wish
• 5:53
  Speaker 4: I'd brought more cassettes. Yes, quiet, Let's move on to.
• 6:02
  Speaker 2: Our next question. This comes from Ron A question for
• 6:06
  Speaker 2: you from upstate New York. I'll be in upstate New
• 6:10
  Speaker 2: York in the latter half of next year. Wrong, just
• 6:15
  Speaker 2: in case you want to have lunch. I've seen a
• 6:17
  Speaker 2: few posts about star formation being extinguished by the outflow
• 6:21
  Speaker 2: of the super massive black hole at the galactic core.
• 6:25
  Speaker 2: The paper star formation shut down by a multi phase
• 6:28
  Speaker 2: gas outflow in a galaxy at a red shift of
• 6:32
  Speaker 2: two point four to five inches. I assume that is
• 6:35
  Speaker 2: discusses the higher outflow.
• 6:38
  Speaker 1: Is it minutes discussed.
• 6:40
  Speaker 5: As the highest neither, it's just the other quotation mark
• 6:43
  Speaker 5: from the.
• 6:44
  Speaker 1: End of the quote.
• 6:44
  Speaker 2: It's all right, discuss this two point four to five
• 6:47
  Speaker 2: discuss us the higher outflow of Thank you, cool and
• 6:50
  Speaker 2: neutral guests. Well discovered discovered? What should I start again?
• 6:54
  Speaker 2: Discovered by the web space telescope. I can understand how
• 6:58
  Speaker 2: this outflow would interrupt the stellar formation of the path
• 7:01
  Speaker 2: of these jets. But I don't see the mechanism for
• 7:05
  Speaker 2: this black hole to quench stellar formation across the entire galaxy.
• 7:09
  Speaker 2: Do these jets process and sweep across the galaxy? Hopefully
• 7:13
  Speaker 2: doctor Watson can shed some light on this thanks to
• 7:17
  Speaker 2: the great podcast Always a Learning Experience, and they send
• 7:21
  Speaker 2: us a link to an article about this very thing.
• 7:25
  Speaker 1: Thank you, Ron. Can you just for me dumb down
• 7:29
  Speaker 1: his questions?
• 7:32
  Speaker 5: Yes, So it's basically, and I should say, this is
• 7:39
  Speaker 5: a really complex area of galactic astronomy, the astronomy of galaxies,
• 7:48
  Speaker 5: and you've got some processes. It depends on gas flows,
• 7:56
  Speaker 5: the environment of the galaxy, whether it's surrounded by other galaxies, weather,
• 8:00
  Speaker 5: there's a black hole in the middle of it, and
• 8:04
  Speaker 5: all of you know, all of that throws into the
• 8:06
  Speaker 5: mix as to whether you get this quenching effect of
• 8:13
  Speaker 5: the gas flow can quench style formation, for example, until
• 8:18
  Speaker 5: stars don't form us rapidly. So I'm just having a
• 8:21
  Speaker 5: look now at the Cosmos article that Ron tends us
• 8:25
  Speaker 5: are linked to, and it's so here's the sentence, and
• 8:32
  Speaker 5: thank you.
• 8:33
  Speaker 4: Who am I quoting?
• 8:36
  Speaker 5: I think I might be I might a should be
• 8:39
  Speaker 5: quoting a press release, in which case that's all right,
• 8:42
  Speaker 5: because I can't find an author for this article. But
• 8:45
  Speaker 5: that's okay. I'm quoting Cosmos magazine. That's the Australian homegrown
• 8:51
  Speaker 5: science magazine. It's long been thought that outflows from super
• 8:55
  Speaker 5: massive black holes can suppress style formation, but direct observational
• 8:59
  Speaker 5: evidence this has now been lacking. How can a black
• 9:01
  Speaker 5: hole have an outflow in the first place A fair question,
• 9:05
  Speaker 5: given that black holes are meant to be so dense
• 9:07
  Speaker 5: the gravitational field can prevent even light from escaping. So
• 9:12
  Speaker 5: the best scientists, I think I'd agree with all scientists
• 9:16
  Speaker 5: aren't completely sure, and I think we are pretty sure actually.
• 9:18
  Speaker 5: But the best theory suggests that spinning black holes have
• 9:21
  Speaker 5: this outflow would flow of matter in the form of
• 9:24
  Speaker 5: vertical jets of material, and it's all about conserving angular momentum.
• 9:28
  Speaker 4: It's also about magnetic fields. I might throw it and
• 9:32
  Speaker 4: so okay.
• 9:33
  Speaker 5: So much of difficulty in proving that this car that
• 9:36
  Speaker 5: this wind is suppressing star formation is because previous studies
• 9:40
  Speaker 5: have been limited to studying ionized gases, which are warm
• 9:43
  Speaker 5: in the black hole outflows. But the new study shows
• 9:46
  Speaker 5: that more than ninety percent of the wind is made
• 9:48
  Speaker 5: up of cool neutral gas, effectively invisible in previous research.
• 9:53
  Speaker 5: And so I think that is the hint that the
• 9:59
  Speaker 5: outflow that we're seeing, they says of the order of
• 10:02
  Speaker 5: one hundred times larger than what we thought it was,
• 10:06
  Speaker 5: because this is in the outflow rate of the neutral
• 10:09
  Speaker 5: gas there, not the ionized gas that's had its electrons
• 10:12
  Speaker 5: stripped off, and so you've got much more outflowing mass
• 10:16
  Speaker 5: than was thought of before. And it's so what it
• 10:23
  Speaker 5: says is and again i'm quoting now. Who am I
• 10:27
  Speaker 5: quoting now? Rebecca Davis from Swimburn. Thanks mate, Rebecca, Welcome
• 10:34
  Speaker 5: to space Nuts. Rebecca says the outflow is removing gas
• 10:41
  Speaker 5: faster than gas is being converted into stars, indicating that
• 10:45
  Speaker 5: the outflow is likely to have a very significant impact
• 10:48
  Speaker 5: on the evolution of the galaxy. Our findings provide new
• 10:51
  Speaker 5: evidence to indicate that black hole driven outflows are able
• 10:54
  Speaker 5: to rapidly shut off or quench. There you go the
• 10:57
  Speaker 5: word I use myself staff imation in math gallus. So
• 11:00
  Speaker 5: I think the answer to the question is, and you know,
• 11:04
  Speaker 5: I think basically Ron thinking of the idea of jets
• 11:12
  Speaker 5: of material coming from black holes, which is the way
• 11:14
  Speaker 5: they are. But when they get to higher galactic latitudes,
• 11:20
  Speaker 5: in other words, higher distances above or below the galactic plane,
• 11:24
  Speaker 5: then that those jets become lobes, we call them lobes.
• 11:29
  Speaker 5: They become big bubbles of gas. And if there's one
• 11:32
  Speaker 5: hundred times more forming those outflows than we can actually see,
• 11:37
  Speaker 5: it means those gas bubbles are big enough that they
• 11:40
  Speaker 5: can affect the whole galaxy, or at least much of
• 11:44
  Speaker 5: the galaxy, which is really the question that Ron's asking,
• 11:48
  Speaker 5: and it's a great question. So you know, we tend
• 11:51
  Speaker 5: to think of these jets as being focused just vertically
• 11:54
  Speaker 5: one way and the other from the black hole, but
• 11:57
  Speaker 5: they're really spreading out in a large into a large
• 12:01
  Speaker 5: blob to the north and south of the black hole,
• 12:04
  Speaker 5: which can basically permeate the entire galaxy.
• 12:07
  Speaker 4: So I think that's the answer to the question.
• 12:09
  Speaker 1: Okay, don't keep.
• 12:10
  Speaker 2: Very good, Thank you, Ron, great question, Thanks for sending
• 12:13
  Speaker 2: it in.
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: This is Space Nuts.
• 12:15
  Speaker 2: Andrew Dunkley here and Professor Fred Watson there left right
• 12:19
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• 12:20
  Speaker 4: Not sure.
• 12:22
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• 14:38
  Speaker 7: Three space Nuts.
• 14:43
  Speaker 2: Okay, Fred, we have another audio question. This one comes
• 14:48
  Speaker 2: Strom Tom. This is Tom in Orlando, or Florida.
• 14:54
  Speaker 1: Have a question.
• 14:55
  Speaker 7: One of the listeners was asking about absolute limit on temperature,
• 15:00
  Speaker 7: lower temperature and the upper limit and Fred mentioned that
• 15:05
  Speaker 7: the upper limit there was none because partugles can move
• 15:10
  Speaker 7: as fast as they want to wouldn't the speed a light.
• 15:13
  Speaker 7: I mean, there's a limit, an upper limit on a
• 15:16
  Speaker 7: speed particles with the speed of light. Wouldn't that let
• 15:21
  Speaker 7: be a limit limiting factor on the upper round on
• 15:24
  Speaker 7: the temperature limit. Anyway, thanks for the great show.
• 15:28
  Speaker 2: All right, thank you, Tom. We understand absolute zero being
• 15:34
  Speaker 2: where all motion stops. Tom's suggestion is absolute max temperature
• 15:39
  Speaker 2: is limited by the speed of light.
• 15:41
  Speaker 1: I think that's where he was going.
• 15:43
  Speaker 5: Yeah, and it's that's exactly right. So that you know
• 15:47
  Speaker 5: that would represent a maximum temperature because your particles are
• 15:51
  Speaker 5: all traveling at the speed of light. And the reason
• 15:53
  Speaker 5: why it's not the case is that you know, if
• 15:58
  Speaker 5: you continue to heat a gap. So yes, the temperature
• 16:02
  Speaker 5: of the gases is a reflection of how fast the
• 16:05
  Speaker 5: particles of the gas are moving. You continue to heat it,
• 16:10
  Speaker 5: they move faster and faster, and they can approach the
• 16:13
  Speaker 5: speed of light. But of course, the only thing that
• 16:15
  Speaker 5: can go the speed of light is light itself or
• 16:18
  Speaker 5: electromagnetic radiation, because what happens is as you put more
• 16:22
  Speaker 5: energy in, it's taking more and more energy to accelerate
• 16:28
  Speaker 5: the particles, and they what we call a symptotically approach
• 16:32
  Speaker 5: the speed of light. They never get to it. So
• 16:35
  Speaker 5: you can put as much energy as you like in
• 16:37
  Speaker 5: and the particles that get more energetic, but they won't
• 16:41
  Speaker 5: exceed the speed of light, and there's no stop. But
• 16:45
  Speaker 5: you can keep on putting energy in and they'll nudge
• 16:50
  Speaker 5: that little bit nearer to the speed of light. In
• 16:54
  Speaker 5: fact that you know, the bottom line is that to
• 16:57
  Speaker 5: reach the speed of light, you've got to provide something
• 16:59
  Speaker 5: within energy. That's what Einstein's special relativity theory says, and
• 17:03
  Speaker 5: it's been proven many times.
• 17:05
  Speaker 4: So if you put infinite.
• 17:07
  Speaker 5: Energy in, then you know you hit the speed of light,
• 17:12
  Speaker 5: but you haven't got infinite energy.
• 17:14
  Speaker 4: That's what we're talking about.
• 17:14
  Speaker 5: An absolute maximum for the temperature. So the temperature, the
• 17:19
  Speaker 5: maximum temperature is infinity.
• 17:21
  Speaker 4: That's what it means. So there isn't one.
• 17:24
  Speaker 5: There is an absolute zero, but not an absolute maximum.
• 17:28
  Speaker 4: They are. Yeah, that's the bottom line.
• 17:31
  Speaker 5: There's a little bit more to it because relativity also
• 17:34
  Speaker 5: tells you that as things approach the speed of light,
• 17:37
  Speaker 5: they're mass increases, and that's why you need to put
• 17:41
  Speaker 5: more energy into, you know, to get them going any faster,
• 17:45
  Speaker 5: because their mass has gone up. So it's never going
• 17:49
  Speaker 5: to happen. You're always going to be able to add
• 17:52
  Speaker 5: more heat to it to increase the temperature. Even though
• 17:56
  Speaker 5: the particles might be traveling very near the speed of light,
• 17:58
  Speaker 5: they're not actually there.
• 18:00
  Speaker 3: Yeah.
• 18:01
  Speaker 2: You start off throwing a screwed up piece of paper,
• 18:03
  Speaker 2: and you know, as you get there and you're trying
• 18:05
  Speaker 2: to push a planet.
• 18:07
  Speaker 4: That's yes, not try it. That's it. That's exactly right. Yeah,
• 18:10
  Speaker 4: we are all.
• 18:11
  Speaker 2: Right, Thank you, Tom. I think we've got time for
• 18:14
  Speaker 2: one more quick one. This is this is a fun
• 18:16
  Speaker 2: question from Renny. It's a it's a what if question.
• 18:21
  Speaker 2: Rennie asks, if plants and animals were discovered on another
• 18:24
  Speaker 2: planet that we landed on, would we be able to
• 18:28
  Speaker 2: digest its plants and animals?
• 18:30
  Speaker 1: I assume it means could we, you know.
• 18:32
  Speaker 4: Feed ourselves. That's so.
• 18:35
  Speaker 2: Yeah, I suppose if it was a planet like ours.
• 18:38
  Speaker 2: Maybe I don't know, but yeah, And.
• 18:40
  Speaker 5: It depended if we had water based living organisms, which
• 18:45
  Speaker 5: the planets plants and animals would be. There might be
• 18:49
  Speaker 5: similar enough two what we have on Earth that we
• 18:52
  Speaker 5: could digest them, but it might be a bit difficult.
• 18:55
  Speaker 5: And would you want to be the guinea pig? A
• 18:59
  Speaker 5: piece of meat from some rendered planet somewhere.
• 19:02
  Speaker 7: Yeah.
• 19:02
  Speaker 4: Thanks.
• 19:04
  Speaker 5: My guess is that that it will be unlikely. You know,
• 19:09
  Speaker 5: there might be trace elements that will be toxic to us,
• 19:14
  Speaker 5: even if it was a water based like form, that
• 19:16
  Speaker 5: there could be stuff in it that you really would
• 19:18
  Speaker 5: not want to buy with.
• 19:20
  Speaker 2: Notwithstanding the bacteria and virus impact that we would never
• 19:25
  Speaker 2: have been able to defend ourselves against.
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: This could be all sorts of reasons not to.
• 19:31
  Speaker 2: Yeah, so possible, yes, logical, No, maybe it's the best
• 19:39
  Speaker 2: way to answer it.
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: Thanks, Rennie, great question. I love that. I love the hypotheticals.
• 19:45
  Speaker 2: Just one more thing before we finish up, fred I
• 19:47
  Speaker 2: got a lovely message from Hannah the airline pilot the
• 19:50
  Speaker 2: other day. Hannah introduced herself to us some years ago
• 19:54
  Speaker 2: when she sent us photographed from the cockpit of her
• 19:57
  Speaker 2: British Airways airliner of not too lucent clouds. She's just
• 20:02
  Speaker 2: sent me some more photos, which I've shared on the
• 20:04
  Speaker 2: Space Nuts podcast group facebook page.
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: She's done a.
• 20:08
  Speaker 2: Time lapse of the super moon rise above the volcano
• 20:13
  Speaker 2: in South America on her way to visit Alma. So yeah, oh,
• 20:21
  Speaker 2: I'm so jealous.
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: I'm so jealous.
• 20:23
  Speaker 2: They're great photos, and especially that moon rise she took.
• 20:29
  Speaker 2: She was trying to do it handheld, so it's a
• 20:31
  Speaker 2: bit wobbly, but it's worth looking at. And yes, that
• 20:34
  Speaker 2: is a big volcano right next to the moon, so
• 20:37
  Speaker 2: it's amazing. And yes, getting to see the Alma Observatory. Yeah,
• 20:43
  Speaker 2: what a great, great opportunity for her. So thanks for
• 20:47
  Speaker 2: sharing those, Hannah and you can you can check those
• 20:49
  Speaker 2: out on our Space Nuts podcast group Facebook page.
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: There you go, We're all done, Fred, Thanks for answering
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: those questions.
• 20:59
  Speaker 5: It's a pleasure. Thank you very much for asking them
• 21:04
  Speaker 5: my pleasure.
• 21:05
  Speaker 2: Indeed a late message from TTJ. Hi boys, I started
• 21:09
  Speaker 2: to listen to all the episodes from the start after
• 21:12
  Speaker 2: hearing one of the new episodes first. I'm now up
• 21:14
  Speaker 2: to episode seventy six, still got years worth before I
• 21:20
  Speaker 2: catch up. Thank you boys, no, thanks for finding it.
• 21:24
  Speaker 2: We appreciate it. Tell your friends.
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: Fred until next time, aut of.
• 21:28
  Speaker 5: Wir, aut Ofvoir and Daffy desain and goodbye.
• 21:34
  Speaker 2: Yes, and as we say in this country, see you later.
• 21:39
  Speaker 2: Yeah mate, all right, see you Fred Frick what's an
• 21:43
  Speaker 2: astronomer at large? And thanks to Hue in the studio
• 21:45
  Speaker 2: for sending us all those last second questions live and
• 21:49
  Speaker 2: in person.
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: Well no he's not here.
• 21:51
  Speaker 2: Actually never seen the guy, and from me Andrew Dunkley,
• 21:54
  Speaker 2: thank you again for joining us, Thanks for sending in questions,
• 21:57
  Speaker 2: and don't forget to go to our website so you
• 21:59
  Speaker 2: can send more space nuts dot io. Until next time,
• 22:04
  Speaker 2: take care and we'll see you real soon on another
• 22:07
  Speaker 2: episode of space Nuts. Oh you'll be listening to the
• 22:13
  Speaker 2: Space Nuts podcast available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, all
• 22:20
  Speaker 2: your favorite podcast player. You can also stream on demand
• 22:23
  Speaker 2: at fights dot com.
• 22:25
  Speaker 4: This has been another quality podcast production from nights dot
• 22:29
  Speaker 4: com