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What are magnetic monopoles? · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

0:09
Speaker 1: Daniel, I have a question for you. Who is it
0:11
Speaker 1: about aliens? Maybe it might be about alien um What
0:15
Speaker 1: do you think would happen? What would happen if you
0:17
Speaker 1: made an amazing discovery in your work? Maybe you found aliens,
0:21
Speaker 1: Maybe you found a new particle that changes our understanding
0:25
Speaker 1: of it. It sounds great so far, But then what
0:27
Speaker 1: if nobody believed you? Oh? Man, what if I found
0:30
Speaker 1: a deep secret of the universe but nobody else was
0:33
Speaker 1: convinced as a terrible, terrible choice to make. Would you
0:37
Speaker 1: still want to do it? Or do you think would
0:39
Speaker 1: just drive you crazy? Like seeing seeing Bigfoot in the
0:42
Speaker 1: forest by yourself? You know, would you want to see
0:45
Speaker 1: Do you want to see Bigfoot and know that he
0:47
Speaker 1: exists or she exists? Or would you rather not be
0:50
Speaker 1: that crazy person? I think I'm too haunted by the
0:53
Speaker 1: secrets of the universe. I need to know that answer,
0:56
Speaker 1: even if it means all of my friends and relative
0:58
Speaker 1: think I'm crazy. Yeah. Hi am r Haanmae, cartoonists and
1:17
Speaker 1: the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a
1:20
Speaker 1: particle physicist, and I may have discovered something that you
1:24
Speaker 1: won't believe. Clickbait click bait. Well, if you click here,
1:28
Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,
1:31
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio, in which we talk
1:34
Speaker 1: about all the amazing and crazy things about the universe.
1:38
Speaker 1: Things we've discovered, things we have not yet discovered, things
1:41
Speaker 1: physicists have found, and things physicists are still looking for. Yeah,
1:45
Speaker 1: things that even you might find out there. Maybe there
1:48
Speaker 1: are people listening to this who will make an incredible
1:50
Speaker 1: discovery for science and for physics, and if they hear
1:53
Speaker 1: about the potential for that discovery on our podcast, then
1:57
Speaker 1: all we ask when you're accepting your Nobel Prize is
1:59
Speaker 1: that you give us a shout out. That's right, just
2:01
Speaker 1: mention our Twitter handle and we'll call it even spell
2:04
Speaker 1: it out though, spell it out. The people have trouble
2:06
Speaker 1: spelling your name sometimes yeah, um yeah so sometimes. Um.
2:14
Speaker 1: It's a tricky thing in science, I think, because you
2:16
Speaker 1: could be the person who discover something amazing, but then
2:20
Speaker 1: if nobody can replicate it, or maybe it just happen once,
2:24
Speaker 1: then nobody might believe you. Sometimes you're trying to create
2:27
Speaker 1: an effect like cold fusion that should be replicable. You know,
2:31
Speaker 1: somebody else should be able to make the same conditions
2:33
Speaker 1: in their lab and create the same situation. But sometimes
2:36
Speaker 1: you're looking for something. Sometimes you just want to go
2:38
Speaker 1: out and find one example to prove it exists. And
2:42
Speaker 1: what if there's only one? You know, what if you're
2:44
Speaker 1: looking in the night sky and the aliens come and
2:46
Speaker 1: they go high and then they disappear forever, doesn't mean
2:49
Speaker 1: it didn't happen. Well, I won't confirm whether that's happened
2:54
Speaker 1: to me or not, Daniel, But I would maybe use
2:58
Speaker 1: the example that you know, sometimes I'm out in camping
3:01
Speaker 1: or in the beach or something in the night at
3:03
Speaker 1: night and we're looking at the night sky with other
3:06
Speaker 1: people or with my kids, and you know, you'll see
3:09
Speaker 1: a shooting star and you'd be like, look, a shooting star.
3:11
Speaker 1: By the time everyone looks, obviously it's gone and um,
3:14
Speaker 1: and you sort of look like a crazy person. Why
3:17
Speaker 1: does your family not believe your stories? Or Hey, are
3:19
Speaker 1: you making up stuff all the time? Oh my got
3:21
Speaker 1: a unicorn? Nobody was looking. Maybe because my profession is
3:26
Speaker 1: to make up stories, that might be a Maybe that's
3:30
Speaker 1: the real problem with this example. Yeah, I hear voices
3:33
Speaker 1: in my head, Daniel. I mean, I think you're real.
3:36
Speaker 1: But maybe you're just in my head. But you know,
3:38
Speaker 1: but you're right. And sometimes in science what you're looking
3:41
Speaker 1: for is just one example, because the question you're asking
3:44
Speaker 1: is does this exist? Just like we want to know
3:48
Speaker 1: is there life on other planets? Even just one example
3:51
Speaker 1: would be the answer to that question. We don't need
3:53
Speaker 1: to know if there's life everywhere in the universe. We
3:55
Speaker 1: just want to know is there life anywhere else? And
3:58
Speaker 1: seeing it one time, we totally answer that question. And
4:02
Speaker 1: so sometimes all you need is one piece of evidence,
4:04
Speaker 1: a proof of existence of this kind of thing. Yeah,
4:07
Speaker 1: I guess some things in science I just need to
4:10
Speaker 1: prove that proof of existence, like a unicorn or bigfoot. Yeah,
4:14
Speaker 1: we're sounding like a pseudoscience podcast. Welcome to Daniel and
4:20
Speaker 1: jrge talk weird conspiracy theories. Unicorn particles are real, man,
4:24
Speaker 1: and they collide with bigfoot particles to produce something in
4:27
Speaker 1: the atmosphere which the CIA is hiding it there. That's
4:30
Speaker 1: right on the ground. That's right. I'm gonna be called
4:33
Speaker 1: by the Republicans for the impeachment testimony based on my
4:36
Speaker 1: conspiracy theories. No, but it's true, and this happens not
4:40
Speaker 1: just in cryptozoology, right, people looking for weird animals. But
4:45
Speaker 1: it also happens in particle physics. Yeah, And in fact,
4:48
Speaker 1: it's happened in an area that I think I thought
4:52
Speaker 1: was pretty much settled in physics. But it seems that
4:55
Speaker 1: there are still open questions and open unicorns to be found.
4:59
Speaker 1: That's right, Come joined particle physics. There are still unicorns
5:02
Speaker 1: for you to discover. That's our selling point. Come for
5:05
Speaker 1: the unicorns, stay for the big feet. What are you
5:08
Speaker 1: saying about my feet? Nobody out there knows how big
5:10
Speaker 1: my feet are. That's why you always present, because they
5:13
Speaker 1: grow every day by like an inch. A tear apart
5:16
Speaker 1: any shoes I'm wearing. No, we have questions in particle
5:19
Speaker 1: physics where if you just saw one example of something,
5:22
Speaker 1: it would be not literally earth shattering, but maybe literally
5:26
Speaker 1: mind blowing for particle physicists. So today we'll be talking
5:29
Speaker 1: about an effect in magnetism, right in electromagnetics that would
5:35
Speaker 1: sort of up and our understanding of it. But that
5:39
Speaker 1: hasn't been found, Or maybe it has been found, but
5:41
Speaker 1: maybe nobody believes the person who found it. That's right.
5:44
Speaker 1: The whole particle physics community is waiting to see if
5:47
Speaker 1: anybody will find this one example of it from forty
5:51
Speaker 1: years ago that nobody really believes except for the guy
5:54
Speaker 1: who found it. Right, so to be on the program,
5:56
Speaker 1: we'll be talking about what is a magnetic monopole and
6:06
Speaker 1: where are they? If they do exist, why are they
6:09
Speaker 1: so hard to find? They're hiding next to Waldo and
6:13
Speaker 1: Bigfootply do you think all those hard to find things
6:16
Speaker 1: just are hanging out somewhere in the middle of the
6:17
Speaker 1: forest and we just found them all together one day
6:19
Speaker 1: hanging out. Well, I gotta say, I think magnetism in
6:23
Speaker 1: general is just a big mystery. It feels like the
6:25
Speaker 1: force to me, you know, it's like an invisible force.
6:28
Speaker 1: But it's surprising to think that there are still things
6:31
Speaker 1: that might upend our understanding of it. Yeah, it feels
6:35
Speaker 1: a little bit like eighteenth century science. Right In eighteenth
6:38
Speaker 1: century magnetism was like a big mystery. What is this
6:41
Speaker 1: weird thing? You can push and pull things, and then
6:44
Speaker 1: people feel like, you know, we sort of figured it out.
6:46
Speaker 1: We have a good theory of electromagnetism. You know, we
6:49
Speaker 1: understand electricity by now, we must understand everything about magnetism. Right. Wrong,
6:54
Speaker 1: You are attracted to these kinds of questions. I am
6:59
Speaker 1: i and pulled by these kinds of questions, things that
7:02
Speaker 1: you know, anybody could discover. But the thing that's fascinating
7:06
Speaker 1: to me is that this is a huge question in physics.
7:08
Speaker 1: It's like been open for more than a century. It's
7:11
Speaker 1: something people are actively working on that we do have
7:13
Speaker 1: a potentially discovery. But I was wondering, is this something
7:16
Speaker 1: people like in general, are aware of. Is this just
7:19
Speaker 1: something in the minds of physicists, or is everybody else
7:22
Speaker 1: out there also desperate to hear about the latest search
7:24
Speaker 1: for the magnetic monopole. So, as usual, I was curious
7:28
Speaker 1: if people understood, you know, what a magnetic monopole is,
7:32
Speaker 1: and so I walked around the campus UC Irvine and
7:35
Speaker 1: I asked folks if they knew what a magnetic monople was.
7:39
Speaker 1: And so here's what people had to say. No, magnets
7:42
Speaker 1: required two pulse positive and negative. So I'm assuming this
7:47
Speaker 1: is maybe a combination of them or just one just
7:51
Speaker 1: negative or positive. Does it exist in magnetic monopole? Do
7:54
Speaker 1: you think it's possible? It seems like it would be
7:56
Speaker 1: a contradiction, but I'm sure it could be theoretically possible.
8:00
Speaker 1: I guess it sounds familiar, but I'm not too sure. Okay,
8:03
Speaker 1: I actually no, I didn't think that you could have
8:11
Speaker 1: a magnetic monocle. Why not, Well, I'm only familiar with
8:15
Speaker 1: thinking of magnetic dipoles, right, So can a monopole exist? Well,
8:20
Speaker 1: I mean, since you're asking me the question, I think
8:23
Speaker 1: it kind of presumes that it can exist. So I'm
8:26
Speaker 1: assuming the answer to this is yes. Last, based on
8:30
Speaker 1: my history of talking to Now, if you were a
8:33
Speaker 1: random guy approaching me at a coffee shop or a
8:37
Speaker 1: sadu leaving the Indian forest tell me that he had
8:41
Speaker 1: just witnessed a magnetic monocle in his meditations, I might
8:49
Speaker 1: be more dubious, all right, not a lot of familiarity
8:54
Speaker 1: out there. And again, if you had interviewed me on
8:57
Speaker 1: the street, I've heard of probably been said it sounds
9:01
Speaker 1: like a magnet. Who has mono? I'm not sure what? Um. Yeah,
9:05
Speaker 1: it's sort of a technical name, but I think people
9:07
Speaker 1: will be surprised to discover that's something they really can understand.
9:10
Speaker 1: It's something that makes perfect sense because we have monopoles
9:14
Speaker 1: and other things. We have monopoles and electricity, and so
9:17
Speaker 1: it would make perfect sense to have matt monopoles and magnetism.
9:20
Speaker 1: But you're right, almost nobody had really any understanding of
9:23
Speaker 1: what this thing is. But a magnetic monopole would be
9:26
Speaker 1: a big deal. You're saying. In physics electric monopoles, we
9:30
Speaker 1: see them all the time, they're just electrons. But a
9:33
Speaker 1: magnetic monopole something which is a north or a south
9:36
Speaker 1: without being both that we've never seen, and that would
9:39
Speaker 1: really change our understanding of physics. All right, well, let's
9:42
Speaker 1: dig into it, Daniel. What is a magnetic monopole or
9:46
Speaker 1: I guess what is a monopole in general? So a
9:49
Speaker 1: monopole comes in any kind of part of physics where
9:51
Speaker 1: you have things that are charged, and so I think
9:53
Speaker 1: it's easiest to start with electricity because it's people can
9:56
Speaker 1: think about electricity and charges, and you know, So you
9:59
Speaker 1: have the atom, for example. The atom is neutral because
10:02
Speaker 1: it has the electron and it has the proton and
10:04
Speaker 1: so it's balanced, right, But there is a plus and
10:07
Speaker 1: a minus inside there, so the atom itself is neutral.
10:10
Speaker 1: We call a dipole because has both a plus and
10:12
Speaker 1: a minus. But you can separate them. You can cut
10:15
Speaker 1: it in half. You can get rid of the electron.
10:17
Speaker 1: You can just be left with the plus, or you
10:19
Speaker 1: can just have the electron, So that would be a monopole.
10:22
Speaker 1: For electricity, just the plus or just the minus is it?
10:26
Speaker 1: Then it's it's a property of things, and it's it's
10:29
Speaker 1: like the charge that you have, Like if you're an electron,
10:32
Speaker 1: you know a negative charge. So that's your monopole. That's
10:35
Speaker 1: your single pole. You're a single pole. And then you
10:37
Speaker 1: bring the plus and minus together, that's a dipole. They
10:40
Speaker 1: balance each other out like in a hydrogen atom. I
10:42
Speaker 1: guess if you're an electron and a proton, you have
10:46
Speaker 1: a plus and a minus, and so you have like
10:49
Speaker 1: one end of view is plus and one end of
10:50
Speaker 1: views minus. Precisely, it's a dipole. Precisely, it's a divole
10:53
Speaker 1: overall your balanced, but one sign is positive, one side
10:56
Speaker 1: is negative. Right, but that which side is which is
10:59
Speaker 1: moving around because the electron is moving around. Yeah, precisely,
11:02
Speaker 1: and so that makes perfect sense. In electricity magnetism, you
11:05
Speaker 1: can have a dipole like a hydrogen atom, and you
11:07
Speaker 1: can have monopoles because what happens when you separate those
11:10
Speaker 1: bits of the dipole you get two monopoles. Right, that's
11:14
Speaker 1: what makes perfect sense. You combine two monopoles, you get
11:16
Speaker 1: a dipole. You break apart a dipole, you get two monopoles.
11:19
Speaker 1: You can separate a proton and an electron. Do a
11:22
Speaker 1: big deal. Okay, So that's an electricity, like if you're
11:25
Speaker 1: you've have charge, you're an electron, or like a battery. Um.
11:29
Speaker 1: But what does it mean then for magnetism, because that's
11:31
Speaker 1: where the tricky stuff comes in. Yeah, magnetism turns out
11:34
Speaker 1: to be weirdly different. Right. We're all familiar with a magnet,
11:37
Speaker 1: and magnet has a north and a south, and so
11:39
Speaker 1: for magnetism, that's sort of like the plus and minus
11:41
Speaker 1: from electricity. So in magnetism we call them north and
11:44
Speaker 1: south mostly because they align with you know, the Earth
11:48
Speaker 1: north and south. But we could have called them anything else.
11:50
Speaker 1: We could have called them Bob and alice, or dogs
11:52
Speaker 1: and cats, or you know, chocolate peanut butter or whatever.
11:56
Speaker 1: But they're not the same as plus and minus. You're saying, like,
11:59
Speaker 1: why did why did we call them north and southe?
12:00
Speaker 1: Why didn't we just call them plusant minus? They're not
12:03
Speaker 1: the same as plusant minus. Magnetism is separate from electricity.
12:06
Speaker 1: I mean they have deep connections, of course, but it
12:09
Speaker 1: is a different force from this point of view, and
12:12
Speaker 1: they have a different charge. And so this is like
12:14
Speaker 1: the magnetic charge. So North is one kind of magnetic charge,
12:18
Speaker 1: in South is the opposite kind of magnetic charge. And
12:21
Speaker 1: the Earth is a dipole. The Earth has a north
12:23
Speaker 1: pole and a south pole. Right overall it's neutral, but
12:26
Speaker 1: there's one part of it which is more northea, and
12:28
Speaker 1: one part of it which is more southy. The same
12:31
Speaker 1: is true for any magnet that you hold has a
12:33
Speaker 1: north and a south and it's not related to where
12:36
Speaker 1: the charge like, it's not related to where the charges
12:39
Speaker 1: are or how much of it is there, right Like,
12:42
Speaker 1: like the north pole on Earth is not due to
12:44
Speaker 1: the fact that the north part of the Earth has
12:48
Speaker 1: more electric negative charge for example. Now it has to
12:50
Speaker 1: do with how the electrons inside the Earth are moving.
12:54
Speaker 1: You see, all the magnetic fields that we have are dipoles.
12:57
Speaker 1: They have a north and the south, and that's because
12:59
Speaker 1: all of the come from moving charges. Actually, so here's
13:02
Speaker 1: the connection between electricity and magnetism. We have no way
13:05
Speaker 1: to create a pure north or a pure South. That's
13:08
Speaker 1: what the magnetic monopole would be like you don't need
13:11
Speaker 1: a magnet to create a charge or like an electron,
13:14
Speaker 1: but you need a charge to create a magnet. Because
13:16
Speaker 1: we don't have a pure magnetic pole, you can't create
13:19
Speaker 1: just a north. Like what happens if you take a
13:22
Speaker 1: north and a south magnet and you split it in half,
13:25
Speaker 1: while you get a north and south in between, right,
13:28
Speaker 1: the little magnets then become dipoles. Oh, I see that's weird. Okay,
13:33
Speaker 1: so um, the north and south of a magnet is
13:36
Speaker 1: due to the movement of the charges inside. Like if
13:39
Speaker 1: I just take one electron that is a negative charge,
13:43
Speaker 1: it's a monopole. But if I spin that electron in
13:47
Speaker 1: a circle, like in a coil of wire, then I
13:50
Speaker 1: create a magnetic dipole field dipole which has a north
13:55
Speaker 1: and a south like above the loop is north and
13:58
Speaker 1: below the loop is south. But I can't just I
14:01
Speaker 1: can't just create a north. That's right, And say you
14:03
Speaker 1: did to those electrons together, right, and and they're spinning together,
14:08
Speaker 1: so they make a double north and double south. Now
14:11
Speaker 1: you want to say, okay, I just want the north.
14:12
Speaker 1: I'm going to separate the two electrons well, each electron
14:15
Speaker 1: is its own dipoles has a north and a south. Right,
14:18
Speaker 1: you can't separate the north from the south. Like what happens.
14:21
Speaker 1: You take a really long magnet which is north on
14:23
Speaker 1: one end and south and thegether and cut it in half. Well,
14:26
Speaker 1: at the point where you cut it, that part becomes
14:28
Speaker 1: a south for the one magnet and north for the other. Right,
14:32
Speaker 1: you get two dipoles. It splits off, but then if
14:34
Speaker 1: you put them back together, then you make one big magnet. Again,
14:38
Speaker 1: that's right, And this is very different from what happens
14:40
Speaker 1: when you separate electric charges. You can separate again the
14:42
Speaker 1: proton and the electron and just have a plus charge
14:45
Speaker 1: by itself or a minus charge by itself. But you
14:49
Speaker 1: can't do that with magnets. You can't separate the north
14:52
Speaker 1: and south into a pure north or a pure south
14:55
Speaker 1: because we've well we've never seen one, right, all we
14:57
Speaker 1: have our dipoles. We have no monopoles. We never seen
15:00
Speaker 1: a magnetic monople. I think we talked about this before.
15:03
Speaker 1: But the magnetic field of a magnet, like your average
15:07
Speaker 1: kitchen magnet, that field that magnet is due to like
15:11
Speaker 1: the spinning of the charges into the motion of the
15:14
Speaker 1: charges inside of the magnet, right, that's right, all the
15:17
Speaker 1: charges that are either moving or spinning. Quantum spin sometimes
15:21
Speaker 1: generates little magnets for each electron, little dipole magnets for
15:24
Speaker 1: each electron, which then all add up to give a
15:27
Speaker 1: magnetic field for the fridge magnet. All right, And so
15:29
Speaker 1: the idea is that you can't just make a north magnet.
15:33
Speaker 1: You always when you were you create a magnet has
15:36
Speaker 1: two sides. If you create a magnet from a moving
15:39
Speaker 1: or spinning charge, it has a north and south, and
15:41
Speaker 1: you can't ever separate them. And the question is, does
15:44
Speaker 1: there exist some material out there we've never discovered, some objects,
15:47
Speaker 1: some particle, some something which is a pure north or
15:50
Speaker 1: a pure south we've never seen. When we've only seen
15:53
Speaker 1: magnetic dipoles. Does a magnetic monople exist, Yeah, as far
15:57
Speaker 1: as we know, can you can't create a north in
16:01
Speaker 1: it south? But maybe there's a unicorn out there whose
16:04
Speaker 1: horn is a wonopole. I would say the other way.
16:06
Speaker 1: I would say physics has nothing against magnetic monopoles. They
16:10
Speaker 1: would actually make much more sense if they did exist.
16:12
Speaker 1: The weird thing is we've never seen one except for
16:15
Speaker 1: that one guy. Well, a lot happened in all right,
16:21
Speaker 1: Well let's get into the details of it, because I
16:23
Speaker 1: am totally hooked now. But first let's take a quick break.
16:40
Speaker 1: All right. I know, so that's what a monopole, magnetic
16:42
Speaker 1: monopole is. It's a magnet that has only a north
16:46
Speaker 1: or only a south. And you're telling me that it
16:50
Speaker 1: seems like it's kind of um possible, But we've never
16:54
Speaker 1: seen one in nature. Like whenever you try to split
16:57
Speaker 1: a magnet or cut one in half, it just generates
16:59
Speaker 1: two meeting magnets that you can't just we haven't seen
17:03
Speaker 1: one where it's just north or to south. That's right,
17:05
Speaker 1: And I love encouraging experiments at home, but really, folks,
17:08
Speaker 1: if you just go out there and take your bar
17:10
Speaker 1: magnets and chop them in half, you're going to get
17:12
Speaker 1: two little bar magnets. You're wasting your time and just
17:15
Speaker 1: shrinking your magnets. We've done that. But if I could
17:17
Speaker 1: them really fast, But if I could really fast before
17:20
Speaker 1: the laws of physics have a chance to rearrange, do
17:23
Speaker 1: you think the laws of physics are like the laws
17:24
Speaker 1: of cartoons, where they like take a moment to realize
17:27
Speaker 1: before wildly coyote plummets to his death. I mean that's yeah,
17:32
Speaker 1: that's how it works in that's right. Yeah, but our
17:36
Speaker 1: podcast is about the real universe and not the cartoon
17:39
Speaker 1: fictional universe in your mind. So, um, yeah, you can't
17:43
Speaker 1: do that. I think we've established them that I'll keep
17:46
Speaker 1: on living in the cartooning universe. Yeah. And this is
17:49
Speaker 1: one of those fascinating moments where we see sort of
17:52
Speaker 1: a gap, you know, like you arrange all of human
17:54
Speaker 1: knowledge and you notice something's missing, something else would fit there.
17:58
Speaker 1: It's like when we first first building the periodic table
18:01
Speaker 1: and we noticed, oh, nobody's ever seen you know, technetium,
18:05
Speaker 1: element number whatever that is. Why not can we make it?
18:09
Speaker 1: Can it exist? You know, anytime there's a gap there
18:11
Speaker 1: in the pattern, you're wondering what would feel that whole
18:15
Speaker 1: There's like an empty chair and you're like, who's supposed
18:18
Speaker 1: to sit in that chair? Yeah? And we also we
18:20
Speaker 1: like symmetry, We like balance, and you know, we said
18:23
Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism are kind of two different forces, but
18:26
Speaker 1: they're really deeply intertwined. You know, moving charges create magnetic fields,
18:32
Speaker 1: and so there's this symmetry between electricity and magnetism, and
18:35
Speaker 1: so if we can have positive and negative electric charges
18:37
Speaker 1: by themselves, why can't we have pure north and pure south. Well,
18:41
Speaker 1: I guess maybe one thing I might be need tos
18:43
Speaker 1: I'm explaining on that I'm confused about is like, what
18:47
Speaker 1: exactly is a magnetic pole at all? Like, I know
18:50
Speaker 1: what it charges. It's like your plus, which means you're
18:53
Speaker 1: attracted to minus charges and you repel other plus charges.
18:56
Speaker 1: You know it charges, I don't understand what it charges.
18:59
Speaker 1: I mean to me, that's to like a deep question,
19:00
Speaker 1: like what makes the electron negative charged? We don't know? Well,
19:05
Speaker 1: I guess I mean not so deeply philosophical, which is
19:08
Speaker 1: like I know what it means, and you know that
19:10
Speaker 1: if you have a plus, you're attracted to minus and
19:13
Speaker 1: and you're you repel other pluses. But what is it?
19:16
Speaker 1: Is it the same for north and south of a magnet, Like, um,
19:20
Speaker 1: it just means you repel other north and but you're
19:22
Speaker 1: attracted to other souths precisely. And you know what north
19:24
Speaker 1: and south mean for magnets. If you try to push
19:27
Speaker 1: to north together, they repel each other in the north
19:29
Speaker 1: and the south will attract each other. It works that
19:31
Speaker 1: same way. I guess it's just it's based on the
19:34
Speaker 1: magic of magnetic fields being generated by moving electrons. Yeah,
19:38
Speaker 1: that's what magnetic fields are. Magnetic fields are this force
19:42
Speaker 1: that a positive magnetic charge, which we call a north,
19:45
Speaker 1: feels on a negative magnetic charge, which we call a south.
19:49
Speaker 1: And they really are different, right, positive and negative refer
19:51
Speaker 1: only to electricity. North and south refer to magnetism. But
19:55
Speaker 1: they're connected because charges can make magnetic fields. And if
20:00
Speaker 1: there are monopoles out there, then a moving monopole could
20:04
Speaker 1: create an electric current the way a moving charge creates
20:07
Speaker 1: a magnetic field. So what would even a monopole magnet
20:12
Speaker 1: look and feel like? It like it'd be a be
20:14
Speaker 1: a little block or a little cylinder that only has
20:19
Speaker 1: north in it, which means that if I put it
20:22
Speaker 1: up against another north, ill repelled and it would have
20:24
Speaker 1: a magnetic field which radiates out from it from a point,
20:28
Speaker 1: just the way an electric field radiates out from an electron.
20:31
Speaker 1: We've never seen that before. We've only ever seen this
20:34
Speaker 1: north south couple, you know, that has a dipole field
20:37
Speaker 1: that is a totally different shape because it has both
20:40
Speaker 1: the north and the south. We've never seen an object
20:42
Speaker 1: that is not balanced in magnetism. We've only seen things
20:44
Speaker 1: that are overall neutral to have a north and a south.
20:47
Speaker 1: But you're saying that, we think that maybe it could exist,
20:50
Speaker 1: Like the laws of physics don't tell his Nope, you
20:53
Speaker 1: can't have that. They tell us, actually you can. Yeah.
20:57
Speaker 1: It was like a hundred years ago Maxwell wrote down
20:59
Speaker 1: the laws of electricity magnetism unified all the different magnetic
21:03
Speaker 1: effects and all the different electronic effects that we had observed,
21:07
Speaker 1: and all the different laws, you know, Gass's law and
21:09
Speaker 1: Ampere's law and all these different effects, unified them all
21:12
Speaker 1: together into one concept, electromagnetism. So as these four beautiful equations,
21:17
Speaker 1: and those equations are perfectly symmetric and electric and magnetic
21:21
Speaker 1: fields like, they look exactly the same. If you take
21:24
Speaker 1: every electric field out and replace it with a magnetic
21:27
Speaker 1: field and do the same thing from magnetic fields, the
21:29
Speaker 1: equations are the same. So they treat electricity and magnetistism
21:33
Speaker 1: in exactly the same way, with one exception that it
21:37
Speaker 1: allows for an electric charge like an electron, and it
21:41
Speaker 1: also allows for a magnetic charge. We've just never seen one,
21:45
Speaker 1: so the equations allow for it. They suggested they say,
21:48
Speaker 1: if you had a magnetic field, here's how it would look,
21:50
Speaker 1: and that would make magnetism perfectly symmetric with electricity weight.
21:54
Speaker 1: So you're saying that the equations tell us that you
21:58
Speaker 1: should be able to see something like a particle or
22:03
Speaker 1: an object that only has a northness to it. Yeah,
22:08
Speaker 1: we know exactly how it would work, and it would
22:10
Speaker 1: make electricity magnetism more similar if it existed. But you're
22:14
Speaker 1: saying it's like a charge, like an electric charge. But
22:17
Speaker 1: aren't electro and magnetism the same thing? Yeah, they are related.
22:21
Speaker 1: There are two parts of the same coin, and so
22:22
Speaker 1: you would expect them to be similar. You expect this
22:26
Speaker 1: electricity magnetism should be symmetric under the swapping of electric
22:30
Speaker 1: and magnetic fields, right, they should treat it the same way,
22:33
Speaker 1: But they don't. This is the one way in which
22:35
Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism are not the same thing. Electricity has
22:39
Speaker 1: pure charges plus and minus, but magnetism maybe it does,
22:43
Speaker 1: but we've never seen one. So we'd love to see
22:46
Speaker 1: one because that would make them symmetric. It would make
22:48
Speaker 1: it like prettier in our minds. I guess I'm confused.
22:51
Speaker 1: Doesn't an electron, which is a as a plus charge
22:55
Speaker 1: a negative charge to it. Doesn't it have a magnetic
22:58
Speaker 1: field around it? It does, but it has north and
23:00
Speaker 1: a south. It has a magnetic dipole. But you're saying,
23:03
Speaker 1: the equations say that you should be able to see
23:06
Speaker 1: a particle that only has one pole. Yeah, the way
23:08
Speaker 1: we've found particles that have only plus or any minus
23:11
Speaker 1: right electrons and protons, we shouldn't be able to find
23:14
Speaker 1: a particle which has only a north or only a
23:17
Speaker 1: south according to the physics right, physics says, you know,
23:20
Speaker 1: there's room for it. We have an opening here in
23:22
Speaker 1: the equations. We'd know exactly what to do with it.
23:24
Speaker 1: To just go out and find it, prove that it exists.
23:27
Speaker 1: It doesn't look like it exists. Well, we've just never
23:29
Speaker 1: seen one before. You know. If you talk to particle theorists,
23:32
Speaker 1: they say, oh, yeah, probably those exist, we've just never
23:35
Speaker 1: seen one. There's a famous quote by one of the
23:37
Speaker 1: greatest physicists of our generation, Joe Polcrinsky. He says, magnetic
23:41
Speaker 1: monoples are quote, one of the safest bets then one
23:44
Speaker 1: can make about physics not yet seen, Like if you
23:47
Speaker 1: had to guess what was out there that we hadn't
23:49
Speaker 1: seen before. Magnetic monoples are a good guess. Is there
23:52
Speaker 1: like a running tally or like a like a betting
23:57
Speaker 1: on those betting websites? Is there an odds on that
24:00
Speaker 1: right now? It's like seven people in attributing. Now, there
24:03
Speaker 1: are some famous physicists that make bets with each other
24:05
Speaker 1: about black holes and stuff like that, But I'm not
24:08
Speaker 1: aware of any about magnetic monopoles, and I'm not famous
24:11
Speaker 1: enough for anybody to bet me. But I would totally
24:13
Speaker 1: bet that monopoles exist, right, So if I bet a
24:16
Speaker 1: dollar against it, it's a pretty good investment because everyone
24:20
Speaker 1: seems convinced that there they exist. Yeah, but it's hard
24:23
Speaker 1: to prove that nothing, that something doesn't exist, right, You
24:26
Speaker 1: have to look forward forever and never see it, So
24:28
Speaker 1: you're never gonna get that dollar. Oh that's the problem,
24:31
Speaker 1: all right, And I think you're telling me that if
24:33
Speaker 1: it does exist, it's a big deal, right, Like it
24:36
Speaker 1: has implications about what we know about quantum physics. Yeah,
24:40
Speaker 1: not only would it symmetrize electricity magnetism, but it would
24:44
Speaker 1: symitrize symitrize like that word, but also would answer another
24:49
Speaker 1: deep question about physics, which is why is electric charge quantized,
24:53
Speaker 1: Like why can you have you know, one or a
24:56
Speaker 1: third or whatever, but you can't have like point seven
24:58
Speaker 1: six tube one? You know, why is it not a
25:00
Speaker 1: continuous number? Like you can't have a point seven electrons?
25:04
Speaker 1: Yeah kind of yeah, exactly. And a lot of these
25:06
Speaker 1: things are quantized, you know, energy is quantized and all
25:09
Speaker 1: this stuff. But we don't know why electric charge is quantized.
25:12
Speaker 1: But there's a really simple explanation. If monoples exist, then
25:17
Speaker 1: the angular momentum of that monopole would be quantized because
25:21
Speaker 1: anglar momentum is quantized and the angle momentum is directly
25:24
Speaker 1: related to the charges. And so if you have one
25:28
Speaker 1: monople existing in the universe, it requires that electric charge
25:32
Speaker 1: is quantized. I feel like you just pulled a fast
25:34
Speaker 1: one on me, and I'm being whether to let let
25:36
Speaker 1: it go or not. It just sounds like you're saying, um,
25:41
Speaker 1: if a monople exists, it means electric charge is quantized,
25:46
Speaker 1: because magnetic fields are charge are quantized. But isn't that
25:51
Speaker 1: just pushing it back to why the charges are No,
25:55
Speaker 1: it comes from angular momentum. Angular momentum has to be quantized.
25:58
Speaker 1: We know it's quantized. That is definitely true. Angular momentum
26:02
Speaker 1: is quantized, like we see that in the orbits of
26:04
Speaker 1: electrons um in atoms. Right, that's why they have that's
26:08
Speaker 1: why they have orbitals, because their angular momentum is quantized.
26:12
Speaker 1: And the angular momentum of a monopole would be related
26:16
Speaker 1: to its charge and to the electric charge of the
26:19
Speaker 1: thing it's interacting with, and not related to really anything else.
26:23
Speaker 1: And so because the angular momentum is quantized and the
26:26
Speaker 1: anglo momentum comes from these two charges, then the product
26:29
Speaker 1: of the two charges has to be quantized. So that's
26:31
Speaker 1: how you trace it back. And like it's like you're saying,
26:34
Speaker 1: the problem is that it's hard to prove that something
26:38
Speaker 1: doesn't exist, right, Yeah, but wait, if we know that
26:42
Speaker 1: electric charge is quantized, doesn't that prove that there exists
26:46
Speaker 1: monopoles in the universe? Well, I mean reversing the argument
26:49
Speaker 1: that you gave me. Yeah, well that's that's not a
26:51
Speaker 1: terrible argument. But somebody might say, well, we don't know
26:54
Speaker 1: that it's quantized. We've just never seen it act in
26:56
Speaker 1: any other way, so maybe it's not actually one ties. Right,
27:00
Speaker 1: we have no reason, we have no explanation for why
27:03
Speaker 1: electric charges quantized. But you might say, well, you know,
27:06
Speaker 1: if there is no other explanation, then maybe it's because
27:08
Speaker 1: a monopole exists somewhere. But then maybe somebody else can
27:11
Speaker 1: come up with another explanation, but this one, if a
27:14
Speaker 1: monopole exists, it would require electric charge to be quantized.
27:18
Speaker 1: So it's a nice explanation. Yeah, And it gets into
27:20
Speaker 1: kind of a philosophical realm here, because, like you were saying,
27:24
Speaker 1: it's hard to prove a negative, like it's hard to
27:27
Speaker 1: say unicorns don't exist. Just because you haven't found one
27:31
Speaker 1: doesn't mean they don't exist exactly, and you just have
27:34
Speaker 1: to find one to prove that they do exist exactly.
27:37
Speaker 1: But sometimes you find one and still nobody believes you.
27:40
Speaker 1: All right, So the physics tells that monopoles exist, but
27:44
Speaker 1: we haven't found one, or maybe we have. Apparently somebody
27:49
Speaker 1: thinks they find one in So let's get into that.
27:52
Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. Alright, So magnets
28:08
Speaker 1: with only one pole one north or south. Physics says
28:12
Speaker 1: that they should exist, but nobody has ever seen one,
28:15
Speaker 1: and if we do see one, it would be a
28:17
Speaker 1: big deal. It would certainly be a big deal. It's
28:19
Speaker 1: talking Nobel Prize material. I'm gonna go try cunting some
28:21
Speaker 1: magnets right now. I guess the question is are people
28:26
Speaker 1: looking for these monopoles or is it something that people
28:29
Speaker 1: are just hoping to stumble on? Or how would we
28:32
Speaker 1: even look for a magnetic monopole? Um? I would love
28:35
Speaker 1: to stumble on a magnetic monopole. Wow, that would be
28:37
Speaker 1: a great day. Have you looked around? Have you did
28:40
Speaker 1: you check under your seat there? And I'm checking my
28:41
Speaker 1: pockets right now. Hold on, you get a monopole and
28:45
Speaker 1: you get a monopole. Everyone gets a monopole, exactly. No,
28:49
Speaker 1: there's people are looking for monopoles actively. People have been
28:53
Speaker 1: looking for them for decades. Then, Daniel, I think in
28:55
Speaker 1: general you want to avoid sitting on a monocle. Sounds.
28:59
Speaker 1: I've had to the calculations. I'm not sure what that
29:01
Speaker 1: would be like if you sit on a monopole. Alright,
29:05
Speaker 1: So how do we How do people look for a monopole?
29:07
Speaker 1: And there's two Yeah, there's two ways to look for them.
29:10
Speaker 1: One is to look for ones that exist already in nature,
29:13
Speaker 1: try to find it, and the other is to try
29:16
Speaker 1: to make them make or yeah, find them or make them.
29:21
Speaker 1: And so the way you would find them is This
29:24
Speaker 1: is pretty simple. You just use the rules of electricity
29:27
Speaker 1: and magnetism. So if you have a monopole, then it
29:31
Speaker 1: passes through a loop of wire, then it will generate
29:35
Speaker 1: an electric current, just the same way. If you have um,
29:39
Speaker 1: a charge particle that's moving, it will generate a magnetic field.
29:43
Speaker 1: A charge monopole, right, a single monopole will generate a
29:46
Speaker 1: magnetic field. Here's the beauty of the symmetry. So all
29:49
Speaker 1: you need to do is build a big loop of
29:52
Speaker 1: wire and wait for a spike. And that's it. And
29:56
Speaker 1: I guess you're looking for a spike that doesn't have
29:59
Speaker 1: a counter spike. Exactly exactly, you're looking for a spike
30:02
Speaker 1: that doesn't have a counter spike. Because you pass a
30:04
Speaker 1: big magnet through the north and the south, you'll get
30:06
Speaker 1: a current one way and then a current the other way.
30:08
Speaker 1: That's exactly how alternating current generators work. But if you
30:12
Speaker 1: just pass the north through it, you'll just get a
30:14
Speaker 1: spike and it won't be balanced. Oh right, Like if
30:17
Speaker 1: I pass a little stick magnet through a little loop
30:20
Speaker 1: of wire, you know, the north goes in first, which
30:23
Speaker 1: generates current in one direction, and then as it goes through,
30:27
Speaker 1: the south goes through then after that, which to generate
30:30
Speaker 1: a spike in the other directions. Because you're passing through
30:33
Speaker 1: a net zero magnetic charge, you're gonna end up with
30:36
Speaker 1: net zero current, right, or a current that goes up
30:39
Speaker 1: and then down. Yeah, so integrated over time, it's zero.
30:42
Speaker 1: But if you only have one north going through, issu
30:45
Speaker 1: generates a spike, which you should, which should build up
30:47
Speaker 1: over time. You're saying, so you're looking for many monopoles
30:50
Speaker 1: at the same time. No, even just one, even just
30:52
Speaker 1: one would give you a spike. You just need one.
30:55
Speaker 1: I mean two would be great. A hundred even better.
30:57
Speaker 1: I mean that's a hundred rises. Uh can you can
31:03
Speaker 1: you publish a paper? Would just end one? I guess
31:05
Speaker 1: that's the that's the question of the day. Yeah, and
31:07
Speaker 1: so somebody saw one. Somebody built a big loop of
31:11
Speaker 1: wire and you know, saw a little blip here and
31:13
Speaker 1: a little blip there, and the kind of noise you
31:15
Speaker 1: would expect on a big loop of wire. How big
31:18
Speaker 1: are we talking about? Like millimeter or miles? That's a
31:21
Speaker 1: good question. I'm not sure. I think it's you know,
31:23
Speaker 1: tens of meters in size, because the bigger it is
31:27
Speaker 1: the more likely you are to catch a monopole. Right,
31:30
Speaker 1: It's like you're going fishing. Do you use a big
31:32
Speaker 1: net or a little net? And you would be able
31:33
Speaker 1: to detect like a single particle of that. That's the challenge.
31:36
Speaker 1: And try to build a big loop of wire that's
31:38
Speaker 1: sensitive to a spike like that. And so the bigger
31:42
Speaker 1: it is, the harder it is to tamp down the noise.
31:44
Speaker 1: But then the more likely you are to catch something.
31:46
Speaker 1: So there's a bit of a balance there. Okay, so
31:48
Speaker 1: you can build a magnetic monopole catcher or detector, and
31:53
Speaker 1: I guess people have built these. Is it was this
31:56
Speaker 1: an active field for a while or is in is
31:59
Speaker 1: something people are looking at? Yeah? I think it was
32:01
Speaker 1: sort of hotter a few decades ago. But about forty
32:05
Speaker 1: years ago, a guy named Blast Cabrera Navarro, he built
32:08
Speaker 1: one of these things and he ran it and on
32:11
Speaker 1: Valentine's Day two he saw a beautiful spike exactly the
32:18
Speaker 1: kind of spike you would get from a monopole, like
32:20
Speaker 1: a big spiking current, much bigger than any noise he's
32:23
Speaker 1: ever seen. And no counter spike, oh just one, just one,
32:28
Speaker 1: meaning like one particle went through or like one clump
32:32
Speaker 1: of particles. What what did he think? He's it's consistent
32:36
Speaker 1: with a single monopole, like one, like seeing one, like
32:39
Speaker 1: seeing one electron. Yeah, it's a hard thing to spot.
32:43
Speaker 1: And you know, you go out fishing in a huge
32:46
Speaker 1: lake and if the first time you dip in your
32:49
Speaker 1: net you get a big fish, you think, oh wow,
32:51
Speaker 1: looks like this lake has lots of fish in it. Right,
32:54
Speaker 1: But then everybody else comes with their fish and nobody
32:56
Speaker 1: finds a fish, and they're like, you're lying, what's wrong
32:59
Speaker 1: with you? Okay? And he only he only found one
33:02
Speaker 1: spike and never again, never again. So he once saw
33:05
Speaker 1: that weird spike which may or may not have been
33:08
Speaker 1: a magnetic monopole, but he was not able to replicate it,
33:11
Speaker 1: and nobody else who's done something similar has ever seen one.
33:14
Speaker 1: He's left a machine on since like two and since
33:18
Speaker 1: even in the thirty years, thirty forty years almost they
33:24
Speaker 1: still haven't found another one. Yeah, And so either it
33:27
Speaker 1: was some crazy glitch, right, but then a glitch that
33:29
Speaker 1: was not reduced because he's not seen that signal again,
33:33
Speaker 1: or it was a real monopole, and monopoles are just
33:36
Speaker 1: super rare, right, for nobody else to have seen one
33:38
Speaker 1: and for him to never seen another one, they would
33:41
Speaker 1: have to be really really rare. And so maybe they
33:44
Speaker 1: do exist. They're just really rare. And he happened to
33:46
Speaker 1: see one, and he just happened to see it on
33:48
Speaker 1: Valentine's Day, which is suspicious. Yeah, his wife was trying
33:53
Speaker 1: to get him out of the lab, and he said,
33:54
Speaker 1: all right, if you find one, then you're done, right, Okay,
33:57
Speaker 1: here you go, or maybe the wife did it to
34:00
Speaker 1: get him out of the lab, or his romantic interest
34:07
Speaker 1: was but um, yeah, it's a little bit funny that
34:11
Speaker 1: it was on a holiday. It is a little bit funny. Yeah,
34:13
Speaker 1: but you know, and we're talking about any equals one.
34:15
Speaker 1: So coincidences can just be pure coincidence, or they could
34:19
Speaker 1: be meaningful. Maybe this was a gift from the universe
34:22
Speaker 1: for Blast Cabrera. It must be a tricky position because
34:25
Speaker 1: it's like, if you get something like that once and
34:27
Speaker 1: never again, you know, it's very likely that it might
34:32
Speaker 1: be like an error or something. But then again, you
34:35
Speaker 1: don't want to be the person who found the thing
34:37
Speaker 1: but then didn't make a big deal about it, right, Yeah, exactly.
34:41
Speaker 1: You don't want to be the person who went out
34:43
Speaker 1: and actually caught that crazy fish and then just sort
34:45
Speaker 1: of threw it back because you didn't believe in yourself.
34:47
Speaker 1: So you're making a huge bed here. You're saying I
34:49
Speaker 1: found it, and just in case it was the real thing.
34:53
Speaker 1: You can be the one that people say it was
34:55
Speaker 1: the first one, or people might think you're nuts. People
34:59
Speaker 1: might think you're nuts, and uh, and but this is
35:02
Speaker 1: a tricky field, like you say, because not seeing them
35:05
Speaker 1: doesn't mean they don't exist. They could just be super
35:07
Speaker 1: duper rare, and you need to wait for a long time.
35:10
Speaker 1: All you can do is make statistical statements. The longer
35:13
Speaker 1: you don't see one, the more you can say that
35:15
Speaker 1: they are rare. And so currently we know that if
35:19
Speaker 1: monopoles do exist, there's fewer than one per ten to
35:23
Speaker 1: the twenty nine atoms, because if they were more frequent
35:27
Speaker 1: than that, we would have seen them. This is you're
35:28
Speaker 1: talking to just finding them in nature, like just holding
35:31
Speaker 1: out your glove and hoping to catch one. That's right,
35:34
Speaker 1: Just that's just finding them already existing in nature. The
35:37
Speaker 1: other idea is to make them in the lab, making monopoles,
35:42
Speaker 1: making monopoles. That's right. We know the recipe is at work.
35:45
Speaker 1: Which cartoon machine do you need here to me? It's
35:49
Speaker 1: not a cartoon machine. It's a real machine. It's the
35:51
Speaker 1: large Hagon collider. It's my favorite machine. It's produced by
35:55
Speaker 1: ACME Products. But you know, well, particle collider, how do
35:59
Speaker 1: you hope to make one? Just smash stuff and hope
36:01
Speaker 1: that something comes up. That's the magic of particle colliders
36:05
Speaker 1: is that you can use them to explore sort of
36:07
Speaker 1: the space of what's possible. If monopoles can exist in nature,
36:11
Speaker 1: then we should be able to make them in the collider. Now,
36:14
Speaker 1: might be that they're just very rare, that they're hard
36:17
Speaker 1: to make, that you smash protons together and it takes
36:19
Speaker 1: a quadrillion collisions to get one monopole. Um. We don't know,
36:23
Speaker 1: so we've been looking for them. We've been smashing protons
36:25
Speaker 1: together for decades looking for monopoles, never having seen anything
36:28
Speaker 1: that even looks close to a monopole. So that means
36:31
Speaker 1: that the evidence that it doesn't exist is building up. Yeah,
36:35
Speaker 1: but those searches are different. Those searches make different assumptions.
36:39
Speaker 1: They assume, for example, that if monopoles exist, they can
36:42
Speaker 1: be made in colliders, which requires a few assumptions about
36:45
Speaker 1: how they interact with the particles we have in our colliders. Remember,
36:49
Speaker 1: the basic limitation is in colliders we can only make
36:52
Speaker 1: particles that interact with the stuff we're putting in. So,
36:55
Speaker 1: for example, we try to make dark matter and colliders
36:58
Speaker 1: hoping that protons have saw interaction with dark matter. If
37:01
Speaker 1: they don't interact with dark matter, we can't make in
37:03
Speaker 1: the colliders. Same way, if monopoles don't interact with protons
37:08
Speaker 1: and quarks, then we can't make them in the collider.
37:11
Speaker 1: So there are some loopholes there, all right, Well, then
37:13
Speaker 1: that means that we need to stay tuned. Maybe you will,
37:17
Speaker 1: somebody will build a new kind of collider, right, or
37:20
Speaker 1: maybe at some point pantopole might pop out of this
37:25
Speaker 1: collision experiment. Yeah, sometimes I feel like we're in the
37:28
Speaker 1: middle of a centuries long story. You ever read about these,
37:31
Speaker 1: you know, these questions in physics which you get posed
37:34
Speaker 1: and then solved like a hundred years later or a
37:36
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty years later, and you wonder like, what
37:39
Speaker 1: was it like to be like seventy years in And
37:41
Speaker 1: it feels like this question has been around forever and
37:44
Speaker 1: still nobody has made any progress in your decades from
37:46
Speaker 1: the discovery. That's sort of where we are here? What
37:49
Speaker 1: like what keeps people going? Well, you never know how
37:52
Speaker 1: far away you are from the discovery, and so it
37:54
Speaker 1: could be that next year somebody finds a cluster of monopoles,
37:58
Speaker 1: or maybe it's in a hundred years, or maybe somebody
38:01
Speaker 1: will figure out a new way to manufacture them. Yeah. Um,
38:04
Speaker 1: I think that they exist. I think that monopoles are
38:06
Speaker 1: out there, but I don't know. You know, it's a
38:09
Speaker 1: question about the universe we just don't know the answer to.
38:11
Speaker 1: But someday humans might know. Well, if you think they exist,
38:16
Speaker 1: and I'll take that bed with you, Daniel, Okay, all
38:20
Speaker 1: right at the dollar Where are they? Where do you
38:22
Speaker 1: think they are? If you think that they exist, are
38:23
Speaker 1: they you know, hidden? Are they Is it a dark matter?
38:28
Speaker 1: Or is it just just something that like some of
38:30
Speaker 1: these particles that don't live a long time that we
38:33
Speaker 1: just haven't reached with our particle colliders. Where where do
38:36
Speaker 1: you think they are? I don't know. And we think
38:38
Speaker 1: that if monopoles can exist in the universe, they should
38:41
Speaker 1: have been made during the Big Bang, just like everything else,
38:45
Speaker 1: you know, protons and electrons, and all those other kind
38:47
Speaker 1: of particles were made just after the Big Bang, so
38:50
Speaker 1: why not monopoles? And if monopoles were created, you know,
38:54
Speaker 1: do they annihilate each other like when a North and
38:56
Speaker 1: South meet, do they annihilate each other into a photon?
39:00
Speaker 1: It might be possible. It might be the case that,
39:02
Speaker 1: you know, matter and antimatter or asymmetric, which is why
39:05
Speaker 1: we ended up with matter monopole, North and South were
39:08
Speaker 1: all symmetric, and they all annihilated each other away. So
39:11
Speaker 1: we just don't know. All right, I'll formulate my dark
39:13
Speaker 1: matter anti mater monopole unicorn theory for Nicks Week's episode,
39:20
Speaker 1: and I'll be taking bets. Sounds good, I'll take a
39:23
Speaker 1: bet on that one. Maybe, as you call it, a unipole,
39:29
Speaker 1: and then magic unipole, and then maybe you'll get more
39:34
Speaker 1: people interested in the big Foot Pole and the Big Pole,
39:37
Speaker 1: magic Uni Big Pole, the unifoot, new new crypto zoology entry,
39:45
Speaker 1: crypto particle physics. All right, Well, I think this is
39:48
Speaker 1: just another example of how there's just all these unanswered
39:51
Speaker 1: questions out there in the universe, and that might at
39:54
Speaker 1: any point in time up and our understanding of what
39:57
Speaker 1: we think is going on. That's right. If you an
40:00
Speaker 1: aspiring physicist young woman out there, remember that science can
40:04
Speaker 1: be done by anyone and there are great discoveries remaining. Yep,
40:08
Speaker 1: everybody check under your seats right now and remember twitter
40:12
Speaker 1: handle is at Daniel and Jorge. Thanks for going along
40:18
Speaker 1: with us on this ride about the crazy, bonkers, amazing
40:21
Speaker 1: universe that we all live in. Yeah, we hope you
40:23
Speaker 1: were attractively symmetrized. Thank you for joining us, See you
40:28
Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for tuning in before. You still have
40:39
Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop
40:42
Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You
40:44
Speaker 1: can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel
40:48
Speaker 1: and Jorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback
40:51
Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and
40:54
Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a
40:57
Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio from our podcast from my
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Speaker 1: Heart Radio visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,
41:04
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah. M