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24 - Normans in Europe by Arthur Henry Johnson · Normans in Europe

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  Speaker 1: Section twenty four of the Normans in Europe by Arthur
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  Speaker 1: Henry Johnson. This librovox recording is in the public domain.
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  Speaker 1: Read by Pamelinagami, Chapter sixteen Henry the first eleven hundred
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  Speaker 1: to eleven thirty five, Part one. During the reign of Rufus,
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  Speaker 1: Henry had lived partly in Normandy, partly in England. In
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  Speaker 1: Normandy he held the castle of don Front and the coutontin,
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  Speaker 1: which he had bought from the needy Robert, enjoying here
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  Speaker 1: almost independent power over one third of the duchy. He
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  Speaker 1: had spent his time and pleasure with his mistress, Nesta,
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  Speaker 1: Princess of South Wales, and in literary pursuits by which
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  Speaker 1: he stands in marked contrast to the rest of his family.
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  Speaker 1: Thus occupied, and in occasional visits to England to join
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  Speaker 1: in the pleasures of the chase, he had taken little
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  Speaker 1: part in the quarrels between his brothers, but waited with
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  Speaker 1: well concealed impatience until the time should come for the
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  Speaker 1: fulfillment of his father's prophecy. And now the day had come.
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  Speaker 1: He had been hunting in the new Forest when his
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  Speaker 1: brother was killed. On hearing the news, he wrote at
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  Speaker 1: once to Winchester to secure the royal treasure and claim
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  Speaker 1: the crown, And so opportunely had the death of Rufus
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  Speaker 1: happened that some even whispered that the murder had been
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  Speaker 1: done at his instigation. Robert, having failed to gain the
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  Speaker 1: crown of Jerusalem, was now on his way home, bringing
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  Speaker 1: with him his Italian bride, Sybylla of Conversana. A few
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  Speaker 1: days more he would have been again in Normandy to
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  Speaker 1: demand the crown by the terms of the Treaty of
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  Speaker 1: Comte ten ninety one, but Robert still was absent. The
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  Speaker 1: title to the crown was not yet hereditary. It was
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  Speaker 1: held therefore that an interregnum ensued upon the death of
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  Speaker 1: the king. From the last king's death till the proclamation
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  Speaker 1: of the new king's peace, all law was at an end,
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  Speaker 1: and none could be punished for their lawless deeds in
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  Speaker 1: the face of the universal hatred which Rufus had inspired
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  Speaker 1: and the many smoldering elements of anarchy which existed. This
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  Speaker 1: was a forcible argument in Henry's favor, and his promptitude
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  Speaker 1: and energy did the rest in vain. William of Britoy
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  Speaker 1: pressed the claims of Robert and the interest of those
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  Speaker 1: Norman nobles who now as ever wished England and Normandy
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  Speaker 1: to be united on account of the personal advantages to
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  Speaker 1: be gained thereby. He was overruled. The form of election
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  Speaker 1: was gone through by the barons who were on the spot,
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  Speaker 1: and Henry hastened to London to secure that important town
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  Speaker 1: and to press on his coronation. Conscious of the weakness
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  Speaker 1: of his title, Henry shrewdly saw that the crown was
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  Speaker 1: to be won and held only by ready conciliation of
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  Speaker 1: all classes. Hence forthwith granted a charter, which was the
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  Speaker 1: first granted by the Norman kings, and was considered so
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  Speaker 1: valuable that it formed the basis for the future Magna
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  Speaker 1: Carta of the reign of John know Ye. The charter
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  Speaker 1: begins that, by the mercy of God and the common
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  Speaker 1: council of the barons of the whole realm of England,
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  Speaker 1: I have been crowned King. Having thus acknowledged the elective
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  Speaker 1: character of his crown, he proceeds to specify the abuses
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  Speaker 1: of the late reign and to forbid them for the future.
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  Speaker 1: The barons were conciliated by the restriction of the feudal
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  Speaker 1: dues and aids. The reliefs are to be moderate. The
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  Speaker 1: lord's rights of wardship and marriage are defined. Widows are
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  Speaker 1: to be allowed their right of dower. Tenants by night's service,
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  Speaker 1: are freed from all demands except service in the field,
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  Speaker 1: and the barons are allowed to bequeath their personal property
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  Speaker 1: by will. The lower vassals are conciliated by the promise
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  Speaker 1: that their overlords shall do the same to them as
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  Speaker 1: the king did to the tenants. In chief. To the people,
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  Speaker 1: peace and good coinage are promised. The finds are to
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  Speaker 1: be moderated, the arrears of debt due to the crown remitted.
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  Speaker 1: The laws of Edward the Confessor, by which is meant
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  Speaker 1: the old institutions shall be re established with such amendments
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  Speaker 1: as had been made by his father, with the consent
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  Speaker 1: of his barons. But forests, as they were in the
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  Speaker 1: conqueror's time are retained with the consent of the barons.
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  Speaker 1: To the church, he promises that he will not keep
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  Speaker 1: the property of vacant benefices, and that he will free
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  Speaker 1: them from all unjust exactions. Nor was this all Anselm
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  Speaker 1: was immediately recalled. The bishoprics were filled up by good appointments,
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  Speaker 1: and the oppressive minister, Ranulf Flambard, to whom much of
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  Speaker 1: the misery of the past reign was attributed, was called
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  Speaker 1: to account and imprisoned. Finally, Henry's marriage with Matilda, daughter
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  Speaker 1: of Malcolm of Scotland, niece of Edgar Athling and thus
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  Speaker 1: heiress of the Saxon line, was looked upon as a
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  Speaker 1: pledge that he meant to rule as an English national king.
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  Speaker 1: In these conciliatory measures of Henry the first we see
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  Speaker 1: how fortunate it was for England that the crown was
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  Speaker 1: not yet hereditary, and the value of these early disputed successions.
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  Speaker 1: Had the sons of the conqueror succeeded him by strict
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  Speaker 1: hereditary right, the crown would have been absolutely despotic. But
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  Speaker 1: as it was, each king was forced to lean upon
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  Speaker 1: the people, to impose restrictions on his own irresponsibility, and
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  Speaker 1: to acknowledge his people's rights and his own duties. The
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  Speaker 1: Norman barons, however, resented this English policy, especially were they
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  Speaker 1: indignant at Henry's marriage with Matilda. They called the couple
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  Speaker 1: sneeringly good rich and Godiva, and assisted by Ranald Flambard,
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  Speaker 1: who had escaped from the tower, they invited Robert to
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  Speaker 1: claim his own in eleven o one. The invasion was
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  Speaker 1: skillfully managed in many of the barons, headed by Robert
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  Speaker 1: of Belem, Count of Aaronson in France and Earl of
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  Speaker 1: Shrewsbury in England, and William of Waren, Earl of Surrey,
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  Speaker 1: flocked to his standard when he landed at Portsmouth, But
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  Speaker 1: the English stood true to Henry. Among the barons, Robert,
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  Speaker 1: Count of Melon afterwards Earl of Leicester, his brother the
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  Speaker 1: Earl of Warwick, and Roger by God supported Henry's cause.
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  Speaker 1: Anselm threatened the church's excommunication, and Robert, fearing to try
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  Speaker 1: the chance of battle, consented to a peace by which
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  Speaker 1: he once more resigned the crown of England and contented
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  Speaker 1: himself with the full possession of Normandy and three thousand
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  Speaker 1: marks a year. The quarrel which afterwards ensued between the
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  Speaker 1: two brothers was no longer about the crew, but about
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  Speaker 1: the power of enforcing obedience on those Norman barons who
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  Speaker 1: held property in both countries. In its course, it clearly
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  Speaker 1: illustrated the absolute necessity either that Normandy in England should
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  Speaker 1: be under the same ruler, or that the Norman barons
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  Speaker 1: should choose whether they would be English or Norman subjects,
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  Speaker 1: and cease to pay a divided allegiance. If every feudal
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  Speaker 1: rebel could fall back upon its possessions in Normandy, when
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  Speaker 1: driven from England, and there prepare a new rebellion against
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  Speaker 1: the King, there could be no hope for the peace
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  Speaker 1: of either country. No sooner therefore had Robert retired than
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  Speaker 1: Henry turned upon the barons who had defied his authority. William,
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  Speaker 1: Count of Mortain, who claimed the earldom of Kent as
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  Speaker 1: a nephew and heir of Odo of Bayeux, and Evo
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  Speaker 1: of Grommenil, who had attempted to introduce the right of
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  Speaker 1: private warr into England, were driven from the realm. Robert
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  Speaker 1: of Bellem, Earl of Shrewsbury, who had long been one
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  Speaker 1: of the most factious of the nobles, held out in
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  Speaker 1: his castles of Shrewsbury, Arundel and Bridgenorth, until Henry marched
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  Speaker 1: against him with the whole force of the nation and
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  Speaker 1: forced him to fly and retire to Normandy. The joy
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  Speaker 1: of the English at the fall of these nobles is
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  Speaker 1: seen in the triumph of the chronicler Orderic Vitalis Rejoice
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  Speaker 1: all England and King Henry, and thank the Lord God
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  Speaker 1: for you became a free king on the day when
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  Speaker 1: you banished Robert of Belem to all these exiles. Normandy
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  Speaker 1: under the weak Robert offered a tempting refuge. Joining with
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  Speaker 1: the disaffected nobles. There they reduced the country to a
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  Speaker 1: state of utter anarchy. The people filled the churches with
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  Speaker 1: their property to save it from the marauding barons. The
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  Speaker 1: power of Robert was at an end, and he himself
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  Speaker 1: was plundered by his rebellious vassals, so that he often
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  Speaker 1: lacked bread to eat, and was forced to lie in
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  Speaker 1: bed for want of clothes to wear. The cruelties of
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  Speaker 1: Robert of Belem's surpass belief. He is said to have
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  Speaker 1: impaled men and women, and out of wantonness, to have
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  Speaker 1: plucked out the eyes of a child as he held
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  Speaker 1: it at the font. Henry accordingly interfered and complained that
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  Speaker 1: his brother had broken his treaty by sheltering the exiles
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  Speaker 1: from England. He invaded Normandy in eleven o four. He
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  Speaker 1: was bought off by the session of the County of Evreux,
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  Speaker 1: but two years afterwards, in eleven o six, he again
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  Speaker 1: landed in Normandy to win the Battle of Tanesbrey, where
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  Speaker 1: his brother and William, Count of Mortin fell into his hands.
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  Speaker 1: The Count of Morton was blinded, and Robert sent a
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  Speaker 1: prisoner to the castle of Cardiff, spent the rest of
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  Speaker 1: his useless, aimless life in honorable captivity. Robert of Belem,
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  Speaker 1: who in eleven twelve fell into Henry's hand, also remained
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  Speaker 1: a captive till his death. Thus once more were England
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  Speaker 1: and Normandy united. Henry apparently did not assume the title
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  Speaker 1: of Duke until his brother's death at the age of
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  Speaker 1: eighty and eleven thirty four, but from the Battle of
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  Speaker 1: Tanchebray he undertook the government of the Duchy. His policy
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  Speaker 1: there forms a contrast to that pursuit in England. In
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  Speaker 1: England he confiscated the estates of all who rebelled. In Normandy,
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  Speaker 1: with a few exceptions, he contented himself with garrisoning their castles,
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  Speaker 1: lest by more extreme measures he might throw the Norman
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  Speaker 1: nobles to the side of his jealous suzerin the King
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  Speaker 1: of France. Thus, when Robert of Belem died, he allowed
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  Speaker 1: his son William Talvaught to succeed to the Norman estates
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  Speaker 1: of his father. By these wise measures he reduced the
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  Speaker 1: nobles to obedience and the country to peace, and, in
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  Speaker 1: spite of several wars with the King of France, Normandy
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  Speaker 1: and joyed a security which it had never known under
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  Speaker 1: the restless, careless hand of Robert. At this time Wales
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  Speaker 1: demanded the attention of Henry. Constant border warfare had continued
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  Speaker 1: there between the Welsh and the Lords of the Marshes,
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  Speaker 1: and the Welsh had joined the rebellion of belem The
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  Speaker 1: means adopted by Henry to increase the English influence in
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  Speaker 1: Wales were twofold. First he attempted to subordinate the Welsh
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  Speaker 1: Church to Canterbury by pressing his nominees into the seas
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  Speaker 1: and forcing them to receive consecration from Canterbury, a policy
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  Speaker 1: which was deeply resented by the Bishop of Saint Dobbds,
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  Speaker 1: who claimed metropolitan authority. Secondly, he established in Pembrokeshire in
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  Speaker 1: eleven eleven a colony of Flemings, who at this time
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  Speaker 1: were flocking to England, driven from Flanders by one of
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  Speaker 1: those inundations of the sea which occurred periodically in their
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  Speaker 1: low lying home. This settlement near Tenby did something to
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  Speaker 1: introduce the knowledge of the woolen trade and agriculture into
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  Speaker 1: Wales and formed a nucleus of order and advance. But
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  Speaker 1: insurrection still continued, and Wales was never quiet until entirely
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  Speaker 1: subdued by Edward the First. Meanwhile, in England, Henry had
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  Speaker 1: been engaged in a quarrel with Anselm since the reign
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  Speaker 1: of William the First, a death struggle had been carried
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  Speaker 1: on between Pope and Emperor on the question of investitures.
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  Speaker 1: The claim to invest the bishops with the ring and Crozier,
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  Speaker 1: the ecclesiastical symbols of office, had formed a crucial point
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  Speaker 1: in the system of Gregory the seventh. The church was
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  Speaker 1: to be free from the secular power and dependent on
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  Speaker 1: the pope. But how could this be? How could simony
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  Speaker 1: be checked and a recurrence of the shameful abuses of
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  Speaker 1: the reign of Rufus prevented unless the Pope had the
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  Speaker 1: undisputed right of thus confirming or annulling elections. This was
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  Speaker 1: the papal view, and Anselm, coming fresh from the Council
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  Speaker 1: of Rome, where lay investiture had been condemned, refused either
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  Speaker 1: to accept the symbols of his office from lay hands
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  Speaker 1: or to pay the homage demanded by the king. When
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  Speaker 1: the demand was made, Anselm referred to the canons of
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  Speaker 1: the church. Henry answered, what have I to do with
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  Speaker 1: a Roman canon? No one shall remain in my land
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  Speaker 1: who will not do me homage. Cherishing the customs of
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  Speaker 1: his father, he was determined not to abate a jot
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  Speaker 1: of his authority over the church. He would exercise that
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  Speaker 1: authority more decently than his brother. But that was all. Anselm,
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  Speaker 1: true to his papal views, held to his refusal. Unsatisfactory
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  Speaker 1: negotiations ensued with Pascal the Second, who was anxious, if possible,
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  Speaker 1: to prevent a quarrel with a new foe, until he
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  Speaker 1: had humbled the Emperor, and Anselm once more went into
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  Speaker 1: exile to meet only with the life Lukewarm's support from
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  Speaker 1: the Pope. In eleven o five, however, Henry, anxious to
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  Speaker 1: gain assistance in his Norman war and fearing the threatened excommunication,
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  Speaker 1: once more recalled the archbishop, and the following years saw
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  Speaker 1: the question settled, as it was sixteen years afterwards between
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  Speaker 1: Pope and Emperor at the Diet of Worms. By this compromise,
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  Speaker 1: the pope retained the right of investing with the Ring
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  Speaker 1: and Crozier, while the King was to confer the temporalities
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  Speaker 1: of the sea and receive the oath of fealty from
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  Speaker 1: the bishop. Had the king gained the exclusive right of investiture,
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  Speaker 1: the independence of the Church would have been endangered. She
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  Speaker 1: would have become feudalized and subservient, and thus lost the
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  Speaker 1: secret of her moral influence. Had the king surrendered all,
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  Speaker 1: the Church would have formed a separate power within the realm,
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  Speaker 1: owing allegiance to a distant superior, and have gained a
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  Speaker 1: freedom dangerous to the state. As it was, Pope and
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  Speaker 1: King obtained all they could reasonably desire. The king was
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  Speaker 1: secured in his just right as feudal lord. The bishops
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  Speaker 1: could not deny their allegiance in temporal concerns or rebel
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  Speaker 1: without breaking their oath of fealty. The Pope could check
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  Speaker 1: the growth of simony and enjoy the supremacy over his
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  Speaker 1: clergy as head of the Western Church. The church connected
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  Speaker 1: with the rest of Christendom and the ecclesiastical center at
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  Speaker 1: Rome retained her power and vitality. The quarrel had been
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  Speaker 1: useful in other ways in the resistance of Anselm to
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  Speaker 1: Rufus and Henry, we see the first constitutional opposition to
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  Speaker 1: the irresponsible power of the king. By it, the king
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  Speaker 1: was taught that there was a limit to his power,
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  Speaker 1: an authority above him with which he must reckon, and
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  Speaker 1: the people learned their right and duty of resisting arbitrary rule.
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  Speaker 1: The general ecclesiastical policy of the king was marked by
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  Speaker 1: the same spirit of compromise. The Pope had long claimed
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  Speaker 1: the right of sending legates into the country as his representatives.
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  Speaker 1: These legates did not interfere with the ordinary duties of
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  Speaker 1: the archbishop, but were invested with the extraordinary powers enjoyed
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  Speaker 1: by the Pope alone. In virtue of this, they took
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  Speaker 1: precedence of the archbishop, superintended the ecclesiastical synods, and administered
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  Speaker 1: the more important affairs of the church. This right was
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  Speaker 1: not denied, but Henry, conscious that the due independence of
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  Speaker 1: the church might thus be encroached upon, insisted that his
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  Speaker 1: consent should first be obtained before the legate could land.
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  Speaker 1: The synod might be called when the archbishop chose, but
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  Speaker 1: the King's sanction must be obtained before they could meet.
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  Speaker 1: The chapters were to enjoy the right of election, but
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  Speaker 1: the election must be in the King's court, and after
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  Speaker 1: his Conngier Delillu. In every point Henry maintained the principles
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  Speaker 1: of his father's customs and asserted his position as ruler
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  Speaker 1: of the national Church. But within these limits the freedom
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  Speaker 1: of the church and the papal supremacy were allowed, and
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  Speaker 1: in the exercise of his control, Henry's conduct was dictated
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  Speaker 1: not by caprice, as in the case of William Rufus,
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  Speaker 1: but by the dictates of a wise and consistent policy.
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  Speaker 1: Anselm did not long survive his return. The rest of
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  Speaker 1: his life was devoted to the administration of his see
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  Speaker 1: and the enforcement of the celibacy of the clergy. In
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  Speaker 1: this he pursued a more vigorous course than Lnfrant. The
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  Speaker 1: married clergy were driven from office and the act of
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  Speaker 1: marriage condemned as absolutely sinful. But the national feeling was
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  Speaker 1: always against the papal view. It was constantly evaded, and
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  Speaker 1: Anselm's attempt did not meet with complete success. He had
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  Speaker 1: been all along striving to establish the system of Hildebrand
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  Speaker 1: in England, a system which was distasteful to the English,
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  Speaker 1: and therefore he never entirely succeeded. But in the reign
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  Speaker 1: of Rufus. He had boldly stood forth as the champion
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  Speaker 1: of a higher morality against a wicked tyrant, and his
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  Speaker 1: opposition to Henry was marked by the same purity and
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  Speaker 1: singleness of motive. The ecclesiastical history of the reign is
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  Speaker 1: also marked by the foundation of two new seas, those
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  Speaker 1: of ely And eleven o nine and Carlyle in eleven
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  Speaker 1: thirty three, and the introduction of the Cistercian Order of
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  Speaker 1: Monks into England. This order, founded by an Englishman, Stephen
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  Speaker 1: Harding at Sito and Burgundy in eleven o nine, devoted
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  Speaker 1: themselves to agricultural pursuits, while the earlier orders had betaken
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  Speaker 1: themselves chiefly to the towns. The reign of Henry the
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  Speaker 1: First saw three of their monasteries established in England, those
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  Speaker 1: of Waverley and Surrey and eleven twine twenty eight, Revoux
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  Speaker 1: in Northumberland and eleven thirty one, and Fountains in Yorkshire
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  Speaker 1: in eleven thirty two. In England, the Cistercians became great
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  Speaker 1: sheep farmers, and many of our most famous houses belonged
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  Speaker 1: to the order. No sooner was the question of investitures
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  Speaker 1: settled than Henry was called abroad. The possession of Normandy
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  Speaker 1: brought Henry into immediate contact with France between eleven eleven
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  Speaker 1: and eleven thirteen, where Louis the sixth was ruling, the
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  Speaker 1: first of those great princes to whom is due the
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  Speaker 1: ultimate overthrow of feudalism. As a boy, he had been
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  Speaker 1: sent to the English court with sealed letters from his
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  Speaker 1: stepmother in which Henry was requested to kill him. Henry
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  Speaker 1: had declined to do so, and thus had a claim
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  Speaker 1: to the gratitude of his suzerin but personal ties gave
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  Speaker 1: way to motives of public policy. The power of England
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  Speaker 1: threatened France, and Louis returned to the traditional policy of
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  Speaker 1: the French king in supporting rebellions against the overgrown power
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  Speaker 1: of his vassal. The state of Normandy gave him the
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  Speaker 1: opportunity to interfere the disaffected nobles disliked the firmness of
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  Speaker 1: Henry's rule. The doubtful claim of Henry to supremacy over
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: the counties of Vexaint, Evreux and Alanson were fruitful causes
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  Speaker 1: of dispute. Folk. The fifth of Anjou, ever, jealous of
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  Speaker 1: the Norman power, again claimed the supremacy of Maine. On
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  Speaker 1: the death of Elie de la Fleche, who had acknowledged
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  Speaker 1: the right of Henry, Baldwin the seventh of Flanders joined
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  Speaker 1: the coalition, and a pretender to the duchy was found
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  Speaker 1: in William Clito, son of Robert of Normandy. Success however,
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  Speaker 1: smiled on Henry's arms. The Count of Anjou was bought
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  Speaker 1: off by the marriage of his daughter to William. Henry's
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  Speaker 1: only son, Robert of Belem, fell into Henry's hands, and
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: Louis defeated by Theobald of Blois. In the interests of Henry,
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: submitted to the Treaty of Jizore, by which he abandoned
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: the cause of William Clito and acknowledged Henry's lordship over Brittany,
• 21:11
  Speaker 1: Alonson and Maine. Henry then strengthened his position by the
• 21:15
  Speaker 1: marriage of his illegitimate daughter to Conan of Brittany and
• 21:19
  Speaker 1: of his legitimate daughter Matilda to the Emperor Henry the Fifth,
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: while the acknowledgment of his son William as his heir
• 21:28
  Speaker 1: was wrested from the barons of England and Normandy. War
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: indeed broke out again in eleven fifteen, and once more
• 21:36
  Speaker 1: Baldwin of Flanders, folk of Anjou and Louis supported the
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: cause of the son of Duke Robert, but Henry was
• 21:43
  Speaker 1: again successful. Baldwin was killed, folk was again won over,
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: and a skirmish at Brenvide, in which Louis was defeated
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: in eleven nineteen brought the Second War to a close.
• 21:58
  Speaker 1: End of Section twenty five four