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What is Life For Elon Musk? · Elon Musk Thinking

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: What is life for ella Mosque?
• 0:04
  Speaker 2: I find this as I get older, I find that
• 0:06
  Speaker 2: question to be maybe more and more confusing or troubling
• 0:12
  Speaker 2: or uncertain, I think, particularly when you see the advancement
• 0:19
  Speaker 2: of something like video games. You know, like say forty
• 0:23
  Speaker 2: years ago you had video games. The most advanced video
• 0:25
  Speaker 2: game would be like like Pong, where you had like
• 0:28
  Speaker 2: two rectangles and a dot and you're like batting it
• 0:32
  Speaker 2: back and forth.
• 0:33
  Speaker 3: I played it.
• 0:34
  Speaker 2: Oh yeah, like me too, exactly. I played exactly sort
• 0:37
  Speaker 2: of dates you a little bit, but yeah, we both
• 0:39
  Speaker 2: played the same game, and that was like, wow, that
• 0:43
  Speaker 2: was a pretty fun game at the time.
• 0:45
  Speaker 3: But now you can.
• 0:46
  Speaker 2: See a video game that's photo realistic, almost photo realistic,
• 0:50
  Speaker 2: and millions of people playing simultaneously, and and you see
• 0:55
  Speaker 2: where things going with virtual reality and augmented reality. And
• 1:01
  Speaker 2: if you extrapolate that out into the future with any
• 1:04
  Speaker 2: rate of progress at all, like even zero point one
• 1:08
  Speaker 2: percent or something like that a year, then eventually those
• 1:13
  Speaker 2: games will be indistinguishable from reality. That will be so
• 1:16
  Speaker 2: realistic you will not be able to tell the difference
• 1:18
  Speaker 2: between that game and reality as we know it. And
• 1:23
  Speaker 2: then it seems like, well, how do we know that
• 1:28
  Speaker 2: that didn't happen in the past, and that we're not
• 1:31
  Speaker 2: in one of those games ourselves.
• 1:33
  Speaker 1: Interesting.
• 1:34
  Speaker 3: Interesting, I mean it could.
• 1:37
  Speaker 1: Be anything is possible in life.
• 1:40
  Speaker 2: I mean there's like I mean, yeah, particularly like things
• 1:44
  Speaker 2: seem to be accelerating to some judge to something.
• 1:48
  Speaker 1: Isn't it.
• 1:48
  Speaker 4: I mean, if we look at our life, a seem
• 1:52
  Speaker 4: in the past one hundred year, li've been excavating quite fast.
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: Yeah, in the past twenty.
• 1:57
  Speaker 3: It's getting faster, faster and faster.
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: Is it more slow? So my question is really how
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: life will be.
• 2:04
  Speaker 4: In air twenty thirty fifty y if from now, our education,
• 2:08
  Speaker 4: our transport, how'd you see it?
• 2:11
  Speaker 3: Well?
• 2:11
  Speaker 2: I think this is one of those things that's quite
• 2:13
  Speaker 2: difficult to predict when you think of say, I mean
• 2:19
  Speaker 2: the first controlled powered flight was nineteen oh three with
• 2:23
  Speaker 2: the Right brothers, and then sixty six years later we
• 2:28
  Speaker 2: put the first people on the moon.
• 2:30
  Speaker 3: I mean that if you'd ask people, say, in nineteen.
• 2:35
  Speaker 2: Hundred, what are the odds of you know, man lanning
• 2:39
  Speaker 2: on the moon, they would have said, that's ridiculous. And
• 2:43
  Speaker 2: if you try to talk to them about the Internet,
• 2:45
  Speaker 2: they would not even know what the heck you even
• 2:47
  Speaker 2: what are you talking about, Like this sounds so crazy,
• 2:51
  Speaker 2: but today with one hundred dollars device, you can.
• 2:58
  Speaker 3: Video conference with.
• 2:59
  Speaker 2: Anyone in the world on the other side of the world,
• 3:02
  Speaker 2: and if you have a Wi Fi connection.
• 3:04
  Speaker 3: You know, just you.
• 3:05
  Speaker 2: It's basically free, free to have an instant visual communication
• 3:11
  Speaker 2: with anyone or even with millions of people.
• 3:14
  Speaker 3: You know.
• 3:14
  Speaker 2: With social media you can communicate to millions of people simultaneously.
• 3:19
  Speaker 3: So and you can google something and ask any question.
• 3:23
  Speaker 2: It's like an article of wisdom that you can ask
• 3:25
  Speaker 2: almost for any question, again an instant response. It would
• 3:29
  Speaker 2: have been incredibly difficult to predict these things in the past,
• 3:32
  Speaker 2: even the relatively recent past. So I think the one
• 3:38
  Speaker 2: thing that we can be quite certain of is that
• 3:41
  Speaker 2: any predictions we make today for the for what the
• 3:44
  Speaker 2: future will be like in fifty years will be wrong,
• 3:48
  Speaker 2: that's for sure. I mean, I think directionally, I can
• 3:52
  Speaker 2: tell you what I hope the future has, as opposed
• 3:55
  Speaker 2: to maybe what it will be, because this may just
• 3:57
  Speaker 2: be wishful thinking. I mean, I hope we are out
• 4:03
  Speaker 2: there on.
• 4:05
  Speaker 3: Mars and maybe beyond Mars the moons of Jupiter. I
• 4:09
  Speaker 3: hope we're.
• 4:12
  Speaker 2: Traveling frequently throughout the solar system, perhaps preparing for missions
• 4:17
  Speaker 2: to nearby star systems. I think all of this is
• 4:21
  Speaker 2: possible within fifty years, and I think that'd be very
• 4:26
  Speaker 2: exciting to do that, and I think we'll see autonomy
• 4:34
  Speaker 2: and artificial intelligence advanced tremendously. That's actually quite near term.
• 4:41
  Speaker 3: My guess is in probably.
• 4:44
  Speaker 2: Ten years, it will be very unusual for cars to
• 4:49
  Speaker 2: be built that are not fully autonomous.
• 4:52
  Speaker 3: Ten years.
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  Speaker 2: Yeah, I think almost all cars built will be capable
• 4:59
  Speaker 2: of full autonomy in about ten years.
• 5:03
  Speaker 3: As it is.
• 5:03
  Speaker 2: The Tesla cars that are made today have the sensor
• 5:06
  Speaker 2: system necessary for full autonomy, and we think probably enough
• 5:11
  Speaker 2: compute power to be safer than a person. So it's
• 5:14
  Speaker 2: mostly just a question of developing the software and uploading
• 5:17
  Speaker 2: the software, and if it turns out that the compute power,
• 5:21
  Speaker 2: that more compute power.
• 5:22
  Speaker 3: Is needed, we can easily upgrade the computer.
• 5:25
  Speaker 2: And so that's all Tesla's built since October of last year,
• 5:30
  Speaker 2: and other manufacturers will follow and do the same thing.
• 5:33
  Speaker 2: So getting in a car will be like getting in
• 5:37
  Speaker 2: an elevator. You just tell it where you want to
• 5:40
  Speaker 2: go and it takes you there with extreme levels of safety,
• 5:45
  Speaker 2: and that'll be normal. That'll just be normal for elevators.
• 5:49
  Speaker 2: There used to be elevator operators. You get in and
• 5:51
  Speaker 2: be guy moving a lever. Now you just get in,
• 5:54
  Speaker 2: you press the button, and that's taken for granted. So
• 5:59
  Speaker 2: atonomy will be widespread the you know, I think one
• 6:04
  Speaker 2: of the most troubling questions is artificial intelligence. And I
• 6:09
  Speaker 2: don't I don't mean narrow AI like vehicle autonomy. I
• 6:15
  Speaker 2: would put in the narrow AI class. It's narrowly trying
• 6:19
  Speaker 2: to achieve a certain function. But deep artificial intelligence or
• 6:25
  Speaker 2: what are sometimes called artificial general intelligence, where you could
• 6:29
  Speaker 2: have AI.
• 6:30
  Speaker 3: That is much much smarter than the smartest human on earth. This,
• 6:36
  Speaker 3: I think is a dangerous situation.
• 6:42
  Speaker 1: Why it is dangerous? I mean there's two view.
• 6:44
  Speaker 4: One view is artificial intelligent tool health humanity. There's another
• 6:49
  Speaker 4: school of think of thought, is artificial intelligent.
• 6:52
  Speaker 1: Is a threat to humanity? Why is it?
• 6:56
  Speaker 3: Well? I think it's both.
• 6:57
  Speaker 2: You know, It's like one way to think of it
• 7:02
  Speaker 2: is imagine we're going to be visited. Imagine you're very
• 7:07
  Speaker 2: confident that we were going to be visited by super
• 7:10
  Speaker 2: intelligent aliens in let's say ten years or twenty years
• 7:15
  Speaker 2: at the most, super intelligence.
• 7:17
  Speaker 4: So you think within twenty years, yes, I have alien
• 7:20
  Speaker 4: in Earth.
• 7:22
  Speaker 2: Well, digital superintelligence will be like an alien, will be
• 7:27
  Speaker 2: like a aien.
• 7:28
  Speaker 3: Yeah.
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  Speaker 1: But my question is.
• 7:31
  Speaker 4: Do you think there is other intelligent life outside there?
• 7:38
  Speaker 2: It seems probable, But I think this is one of
• 7:41
  Speaker 2: the great questions in physics and.
• 7:43
  Speaker 3: Philosophy is where are the aliens? Maybe they're among us.
• 7:49
  Speaker 3: I don't know. Some people think I'm an alien.
• 7:55
  Speaker 2: Not true, not true, but maybe we are.
• 8:01
  Speaker 1: Maybe we are alien.
• 8:03
  Speaker 4: And I mean, if you look at this part of
• 8:06
  Speaker 4: the world, they believe that human being are not from Earth.
• 8:13
  Speaker 4: They came from somewhere else. Even maybe an Adam came
• 8:17
  Speaker 4: from somewhere else to Earth. So in a way, human
• 8:21
  Speaker 4: being alien to this land. Do you think we'll make
• 8:27
  Speaker 4: contact with alien within the next fifty years.
• 8:32
  Speaker 2: Well, that's a really tough one to say.
• 8:36
  Speaker 3: I mean, if there are.
• 8:39
  Speaker 2: Super intelligent aliens out there, they're probably already observing us.
• 8:44
  Speaker 2: That would seem quite likely, and we just are not
• 8:48
  Speaker 2: spot enough to realize it.
• 8:51
  Speaker 3: But I can do some.
• 8:53
  Speaker 2: Back the Ovelock calculations, and any advanced aliens havealization that
• 9:01
  Speaker 2: was at all interested in populating the galaxy, even without.
• 9:10
  Speaker 3: Without exceeding the speed of light.
• 9:11
  Speaker 2: Even if you're only moving at say ten or twenty
• 9:15
  Speaker 2: percent of the speed of light.
• 9:17
  Speaker 3: You could populate the entire galaxy. And let's say ten.
• 9:21
  Speaker 2: Million years, maybe twenty million years max. This is nothing,
• 9:27
  Speaker 2: you know, in the grand scheme of things.
• 9:31
  Speaker 1: Once you said, do you want to die in Mars?
• 9:33
  Speaker 3: Why?
• 9:34
  Speaker 2: I don't reclear. I don't want to die on Mars.
• 9:39
  Speaker 2: It's like if I mean, we're all going to die someday,
• 9:43
  Speaker 2: and if you're going to pick someplace to die, then
• 9:47
  Speaker 2: why not Mars? You know, if if we're born on Earth,
• 9:51
  Speaker 2: why not die on Mars. It seems like maybe it'd
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  Speaker 2: be quite exciting. But so I think given the choice
• 9:59
  Speaker 2: of dying on Earth or dying on Mars, I'd say, yeah, sure,
• 10:02
  Speaker 2: I'll die on Mars. But it's not some kind of
• 10:05
  Speaker 2: Mars deathwash and and and if I do die on Mars,
• 10:09
  Speaker 2: I just don't want it to be on impact.
• 10:12
  Speaker 1: Got it, Let's come back to Earth. Actually, you tweeted
• 10:18
  Speaker 1: that you are building a tunnel under Washington, d C.
• 10:26
  Speaker 3: Why what is it?
• 10:28
  Speaker 2: Well, it's a secret plot just between us. How but
• 10:33
  Speaker 2: you have new Yeah exactly, please keep that secret. The
• 10:38
  Speaker 2: well I think this is going to sound a little
• 10:42
  Speaker 2: I mean, it seems like somewhat trivial or or silly,
• 10:48
  Speaker 2: but I've been saying this for many years now. But
• 10:50
  Speaker 2: I think that the solution to urban congestion is a
• 10:55
  Speaker 2: network of tunnels under cities. And you can when I
• 11:00
  Speaker 2: I don't mean a two D plane of tunnels, I
• 11:02
  Speaker 2: mean tunnels that go many levels deep, so you can
• 11:06
  Speaker 2: always go deeper than you can go up, like the
• 11:12
  Speaker 2: deepest mines are taller than the tallest buildings. So you
• 11:16
  Speaker 2: can have tunnels, a network of tunnels that is twenty thirty,
• 11:21
  Speaker 2: forty to fifty levels, as many levels as you want, really,
• 11:25
  Speaker 2: and so given that, you can overcome the congestion situation
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  Speaker 2: in any city in the world. The challenge is just
• 11:35
  Speaker 2: figuring out how do you build tunnels quickly and.
• 11:40
  Speaker 3: At low cost and with high safety.
• 11:44
  Speaker 2: So if tunneling technology can be improved to the point
• 11:47
  Speaker 2: where you can build tunnels fast, cheap and safe, then
• 11:53
  Speaker 2: that would completely get rid of any traffic situations in cities.
• 12:00
  Speaker 2: And so I think that's why I think it's an
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  Speaker 2: important technology. And Washing Washington, d C, LA, and most
• 12:07
  Speaker 2: of the major American cities, most major cities in the
• 12:09
  Speaker 2: world suffer from severe traffic issues, and it's mostly because
• 12:14
  Speaker 2: you've got these buildings, which are your tall buildings that
• 12:16
  Speaker 2: are three D and you have a road network that
• 12:18
  Speaker 2: is at one level, and then people generally want to
• 12:23
  Speaker 2: go in and out of those buildings at the exact
• 12:25
  Speaker 2: same time, so then you get the traffic jam.
• 12:30
  Speaker 1: Let's come back to Uee and Dubai.
• 12:36
  Speaker 4: The first time I met you, it was fourth of
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  Speaker 4: June twenty fifteen at your office in Space six, and
• 12:45
  Speaker 4: I ask you would you have a presence a new
• 12:48
  Speaker 4: ee A new answer was I'm busy with China, maybe
• 12:53
  Speaker 4: not in the near future. And almost a year and
• 12:55
  Speaker 4: a half later we are here. Same time goes quite fast.
• 13:00
  Speaker 2: Now, well, I think actually things are going recently well
• 13:04
  Speaker 2: in China. So we have some initial challenges figuring out
• 13:10
  Speaker 2: charging and service infrastructure and various other things, but now
• 13:15
  Speaker 2: it's actually going fairly well, and so the timing seemed
• 13:20
  Speaker 2: to be good to really make a significant debut in
• 13:25
  Speaker 2: this region starting in Dubai.
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  Speaker 4: A new opinion, what is then you would disturbing thing
• 13:35
  Speaker 4: that will come technology next?
• 13:37
  Speaker 1: What's Dixson technology?
• 13:38
  Speaker 3: What's next in technology.
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  Speaker 4: That will disturb the way we live, the way we think,
• 13:46
  Speaker 4: the way we do business.
• 13:48
  Speaker 2: Well, the most near term impact from a technology standpoint
• 13:53
  Speaker 2: is autonomous cars, like fully self driving cars. Like I said,
• 13:58
  Speaker 2: that's going to be it's going to happen much faster
• 14:01
  Speaker 2: than people realize, so and that it's going to be
• 14:07
  Speaker 2: a great convenience to be an autonomous car. But there
• 14:11
  Speaker 2: are many people whose jobs it is to drive. So
• 14:15
  Speaker 2: if if, in fact, I think it might be the
• 14:19
  Speaker 2: single largest employer of people is driving in various forms,
• 14:27
  Speaker 2: and so then we need to figure out new roles
• 14:30
  Speaker 2: for well what what you know, what do those people do?
• 14:34
  Speaker 2: But but it will be very disruptive and very quick. Now,
• 14:38
  Speaker 2: and I should characterize what I mean by by by quick,
• 14:42
  Speaker 2: because the there are quick means different things to different people.
• 14:48
  Speaker 2: There are over two billion vehicles in the world approaching
• 14:52
  Speaker 2: in fact, approaching two and a half billion cars and
• 14:55
  Speaker 2: trucks in the world. The total new vehicle production capacity
• 15:01
  Speaker 2: is about one hundred million, which which makes sense because
• 15:05
  Speaker 2: the life of a car or truck before it's finally
• 15:08
  Speaker 2: scrapped is about twenty twenty five years. So the point
• 15:14
  Speaker 2: at which we see full autonomy appear will not be
• 15:18
  Speaker 2: the point at which there is massive societal upheaval, because
• 15:22
  Speaker 2: it will take a long time to make enough autonomous
• 15:25
  Speaker 2: vehicles to.
• 15:27
  Speaker 3: Be to disrupt.
• 15:30
  Speaker 2: Employment, So that disruption I'm talking about will take place
• 15:34
  Speaker 2: over about twenty years.
• 15:37
  Speaker 3: But still twenty years is a short period of time to.
• 15:41
  Speaker 2: Have I think something like twelve to fifteen percent of
• 15:45
  Speaker 2: the workforce be unemployed.
• 15:48
  Speaker 3: Thank you.
• 15:51
  Speaker 4: This is the largest global government somewhat we have over
• 15:55
  Speaker 4: one hundred and thirty nine government year. If you want
• 15:59
  Speaker 4: to advance is government official tubiddy for the future? What
• 16:04
  Speaker 4: is three things or three advice you'll give them?
• 16:10
  Speaker 2: Well, I think the first bit of advice would be
• 16:13
  Speaker 2: to really pay close attention to the development of artificial intelligence.
• 16:19
  Speaker 3: I think this is we need.
• 16:21
  Speaker 2: To just be very careful in how we adopt artificial
• 16:28
  Speaker 2: intelligence and to make sure that researchers don't get carried away,
• 16:33
  Speaker 2: because sometimes what happens as a scientist can get so
• 16:35
  Speaker 2: engrossed in their work they don't necessarily realize the ramifications
• 16:40
  Speaker 2: of what they're doing. So I think it's important for
• 16:45
  Speaker 2: public safety that we govern to keep a close eye
• 16:49
  Speaker 2: on artificial intelligence and make sure that it does not
• 16:52
  Speaker 2: represent a danger to the public.
• 16:57
  Speaker 3: Let's see. Secondly, I would.
• 16:58
  Speaker 2: Say we do need to think about transport in general,
• 17:09
  Speaker 2: and there's the movement towards electric vehicles sustainable transport that
• 17:21
  Speaker 2: I think that's going to be good for many reasons.
• 17:24
  Speaker 2: But again not something that happens immediately. That'll happen slower
• 17:28
  Speaker 2: than the self driving vehicles, So that's probably something that
• 17:33
  Speaker 2: happens over thirty or forty years, the transition to electric vehicles.
• 17:41
  Speaker 2: So thinking about that in context, the demand for electricity
• 17:47
  Speaker 2: will increase dramatically. So currently in terms of total energy
• 17:53
  Speaker 2: usage in the world, it's about one third electricity, about
• 17:56
  Speaker 2: one third transport, about one third heating. So over time
• 18:03
  Speaker 2: that will transition to almost all, not not all, but
• 18:08
  Speaker 2: predominantly electricity, which means that the demand for electricity will
• 18:13
  Speaker 2: probably triple. So it's going to be very important to
• 18:17
  Speaker 2: think about how do you make so much more electricity.
• 18:23
  Speaker 3: And seem they have an easy job.
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: That's that's it, there's more, no more challenges for that.
• 18:33
  Speaker 2: No, Well, then I think maybe these these things do
• 18:38
  Speaker 2: play into each other a little bit. But what to
• 18:40
  Speaker 2: do about mass unemployment? This is going to be a
• 18:44
  Speaker 2: massive social challenge, and I think ultimately we will have
• 18:49
  Speaker 2: to have some kind of universal basic income. I don't
• 18:53
  Speaker 2: think we're gonna have a choice basic income. Universal basic income,
• 18:57
  Speaker 2: I think it's going to be necessary.
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: So to mean that unemployed people will.
• 19:02
  Speaker 4: Be paid across the lab Yeah, because there is no
• 19:05
  Speaker 4: job machine robot is taking over.
• 19:08
  Speaker 2: There will be fewer and fewer jobs that a robot
• 19:10
  Speaker 2: cannot do better. Okay, that's simply the I don't want
• 19:15
  Speaker 2: to be clear that these these are not things that
• 19:18
  Speaker 2: I think that I wish would happen. These are think
• 19:21
  Speaker 2: simply things that I think probably will happen. And since
• 19:28
  Speaker 2: if they if if my assessment is correct and they
• 19:30
  Speaker 2: probably will happen, then we need to say what are
• 19:32
  Speaker 2: we going to do about it? And I think some
• 19:35
  Speaker 2: kind of a universal makes basic income is going to
• 19:37
  Speaker 2: be necessary. Now, the output, the output of goods and
• 19:42
  Speaker 2: services will be extremely high, So with automation, they will
• 19:48
  Speaker 2: they will come abundance, there will be almost everything will
• 19:54
  Speaker 2: get very cheap. The it's so it's I think the
• 20:03
  Speaker 2: biggest I think we'll just end up doing a universal
• 20:06
  Speaker 2: based SKA income.
• 20:06
  Speaker 3: It's going to be necessary.
• 20:09
  Speaker 2: The harder challenge, much harder challenge, is how do people
• 20:14
  Speaker 2: then have meaning like a lot of people, they derive
• 20:18
  Speaker 2: their meaning from their employment.
• 20:21
  Speaker 3: So if you.
• 20:22
  Speaker 2: Don't have if you're not needed, if there's not a
• 20:26
  Speaker 2: need for your labor, how do you what's the meaning?
• 20:31
  Speaker 3: Do you? Do you have meaning? Do you feel useless?
• 20:34
  Speaker 2: These are much that's a much harder problem to deal with.
• 20:39
  Speaker 2: And then how do we ensure that the future is
• 20:41
  Speaker 2: going to be the future that we want that we
• 20:43
  Speaker 2: still like.
• 20:47
  Speaker 3: Now?
• 20:47
  Speaker 2: I mean, I do think that there's a potential path here,
• 20:53
  Speaker 2: which is and we're really getting into science fiction or
• 20:58
  Speaker 2: create you know, sort of advanced science stuff, but having
• 21:04
  Speaker 2: some sort of merger with biological intelligence and machine intelligence.
• 21:12
  Speaker 2: To some degree, we are already a cybalk like uh,
• 21:20
  Speaker 2: you think of like the digital tools that you have,
• 21:22
  Speaker 2: your phone, your computer, the applications that you have, like
• 21:26
  Speaker 2: the fact that, as as mentioned earlier, you can ask
• 21:28
  Speaker 2: a question and instantly get an.
• 21:31
  Speaker 3: Answer from Google or you know, from other things.
• 21:35
  Speaker 2: And and so you already have a digital tertiary tertiary layer.
• 21:40
  Speaker 2: I say tertiary because you can think of the limbic
• 21:42
  Speaker 2: system kind of the the animal brain or the primal brain,
• 21:45
  Speaker 2: and then the core cortex kind of the thinking planning
• 21:48
  Speaker 2: part of the brain, and then your digital self as
• 21:51
  Speaker 2: a as a third layer the so you already have that,
• 21:56
  Speaker 2: and it's like if somebody dies, the digital ghost is
• 21:59
  Speaker 2: still out all of their emails and the pictures that
• 22:03
  Speaker 2: they've posted in their social media, that still lives even
• 22:06
  Speaker 2: if their physically if they died.
• 22:08
  Speaker 3: So over time I think we will probably see.
• 22:15
  Speaker 2: A closer merger of biological intelligence and digital intelligence. And
• 22:19
  Speaker 2: it's mostly about the bandwidth, the speed of the connection
• 22:23
  Speaker 2: between your brain and your digital the digital extension of yourself,
• 22:31
  Speaker 2: particularly output and output if anything is getting worse. You know,
• 22:36
  Speaker 2: we used to have like keyboards that would use a lot.
• 22:39
  Speaker 2: Now we do most of our input through our thumbs
• 22:43
  Speaker 2: on a phone, and that's just very slow. A computer
• 22:48
  Speaker 2: can communicate at a trillion bits per second, but your
• 22:53
  Speaker 2: thumb can maybe do ten bits per second or one
• 22:56
  Speaker 2: hundred if you being generous. Some high bandwidth interface to
• 23:01
  Speaker 2: the brain I think will be something that helps achieve
• 23:07
  Speaker 2: a symbiosis and between human and machine intelligence and maybe
• 23:12
  Speaker 2: solves the control problem and the usefulness problem. Un be
• 23:22
  Speaker 2: pretty esoteric here, right.
• 23:23
  Speaker 3: If this is it, we got it.
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: Always you think out of the box.
• 23:32
  Speaker 4: Your idea is so huge, you want to go to space.
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: You decided to go to space.
• 23:40
  Speaker 3: You did it.
• 23:41
  Speaker 4: You decided that you want to You want to land
• 23:44
  Speaker 4: your rocket back? You fail seven time, eight time, Yeah,
• 23:48
  Speaker 4: and then landed.
• 23:50
  Speaker 3: What care account?
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: How do you come with this idea?
• 23:56
  Speaker 4: Actually, sometimes they're pushing the human limit. You are always
• 24:00
  Speaker 4: pushing the human limit.
• 24:02
  Speaker 3: Why Well, I.
• 24:09
  Speaker 2: Mean, I think about what technology solution is necessary in
• 24:13
  Speaker 2: order to achieve the particular goal, and then try to
• 24:17
  Speaker 2: make as much progress in that direction as possible. So
• 24:20
  Speaker 2: in the case of spaceflight, the critical breakthrough this necessary
• 24:24
  Speaker 2: and spaceflight is rapid and complete reusability of rockets, just
• 24:29
  Speaker 2: as we have for aircraft. You can imagine that if
• 24:32
  Speaker 2: an aircraft was single use, almost no one would would
• 24:37
  Speaker 2: fly because you can buy like say seven seven might
• 24:44
  Speaker 2: be two hundred and fifty million dollars, three hundred million
• 24:47
  Speaker 2: dollars or something like that. You need two of them
• 24:48
  Speaker 2: for a round trip, but nobody's going to pay millions
• 24:53
  Speaker 2: of dollars per ticket to fly to do air travel.
• 24:59
  Speaker 2: So but because you can reuse the aircraft tens of
• 25:03
  Speaker 2: thousands of times, the air travel becomes much more affordable.
• 25:11
  Speaker 2: And the same is true of rockets. So our rocket.
• 25:13
  Speaker 3: Costs sixty million dollars roughly.
• 25:18
  Speaker 2: So a capital cost if it can be used once
• 25:22
  Speaker 2: is sixty million dollars. But if the capital cost if
• 25:27
  Speaker 2: it can be used a thousand times is sixty thousand dollars.
• 25:32
  Speaker 2: So then if you can carry a lot of people
• 25:36
  Speaker 2: per flight, then you can get the cost of spaceflight
• 25:40
  Speaker 2: to be something not far from the cost of airflight.
• 25:45
  Speaker 3: So it's extremely fundamental.
• 25:48
  Speaker 2: Because Earth's gravity well is quite deep, Earth has a
• 25:52
  Speaker 2: relatively fairly high gravity, the difficulty of making a rocket
• 25:56
  Speaker 2: reusable is much greater than the difficulty of making aircraft reusable,
• 26:01
  Speaker 2: and that's why fully reasonable rocket has never been developed
• 26:05
  Speaker 2: thus far. But if you use the most advanced materials,
• 26:11
  Speaker 2: most advanced design techniques, and you get everything just right,
• 26:15
  Speaker 2: then I'm confident that.
• 26:16
  Speaker 3: You can do a fully reusable rocket.
• 26:19
  Speaker 2: Fortunately, if first gravity was even ten percent stronger, I
• 26:24
  Speaker 2: would say it would be impossible.
• 26:28
  Speaker 4: You need a team around you to deliver a lot
• 26:32
  Speaker 4: of idea.
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: How do you choose your team?
• 26:34
  Speaker 3: Me somewhat well.
• 26:40
  Speaker 2: I suppose honestly that it tends to be gut field
• 26:44
  Speaker 2: more than anything else. So when I interview somebody, the
• 26:51
  Speaker 2: mine of your questions is always the same. It's just
• 26:55
  Speaker 2: I said, tell me the story of your life and.
• 26:59
  Speaker 3: The decisions that you made along the way and why
• 27:01
  Speaker 3: you made them, and then.
• 27:06
  Speaker 2: And then, and also tell me about some of the
• 27:08
  Speaker 2: most difficult problems you worked on and how you solved them.
• 27:12
  Speaker 2: And that that that question, I think is very important
• 27:16
  Speaker 2: because the people that really solved the problem, they know
• 27:21
  Speaker 2: exactly how they solved it, they know the little details,
• 27:26
  Speaker 2: and the people that pretended to solve the problem, they
• 27:29
  Speaker 2: can maybe go one level and then they get stuck.
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: So what was your biggest challenge in life?
• 27:38
  Speaker 3: The biggest challenge in life? Hm? Hm, no challenge, Well, no,
• 27:50
  Speaker 3: there's a lot of them. I'm trying to stay which
• 27:52
  Speaker 3: is the worst, I think, just thinking about how to
• 28:01
  Speaker 3: spend time.
• 28:09
  Speaker 2: One of the biggest challenges, I think is making sure
• 28:11
  Speaker 2: you have corrective feedback loop and then maintaining that corrective
• 28:16
  Speaker 2: feedback loop over time, even when people want to tell
• 28:20
  Speaker 2: you exactly what you want to hear.
• 28:21
  Speaker 3: Okay, that's very difficult. Yes, time is over.
• 28:27
  Speaker 4: I'll ask you just one last question if you allowed me,
• 28:32
  Speaker 4: and the word government somewhat.
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: We have so many people from so many young people
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: actually from across the globe.
• 28:41
  Speaker 4: If you have an advice to them, young people globally
• 28:44
  Speaker 4: who want to be like El Mosque, what's your.
• 28:47
  Speaker 3: Advice of it.
• 28:49
  Speaker 2: I think that probably they shouldn't want to be you.
• 28:55
  Speaker 2: I think it sounds better than it is. Yeah, it's
• 29:03
  Speaker 2: not as much fun being me as you'd think. I
• 29:05
  Speaker 2: don't know, you don't think so there's definitely it could
• 29:08
  Speaker 2: be worse, for sure, but it's I I'm not sure
• 29:14
  Speaker 2: I would. I'm not sure I want to be me, okay,
• 29:20
  Speaker 2: but if you know, I think advice, I mean, if
• 29:27
  Speaker 2: you want to make progress and things, I think that
• 29:32
  Speaker 2: the best analytical framework for understanding the futurest physics, I'd
• 29:40
  Speaker 2: recommend studying the the thinking process around physics, like not
• 29:47
  Speaker 2: just not not not the equations, I mean equations, certainly
• 29:50
  Speaker 2: they're helpful, but the way of thinking in physics is
• 29:55
  Speaker 2: it's the best framework for understanding things that are counterintuitive
• 30:01
  Speaker 2: and you know, always taking the position that you are
• 30:06
  Speaker 2: some degree wrong and your goal is to be less
• 30:09
  Speaker 2: wrong over time. That I think one of the biggest
• 30:14
  Speaker 2: mistakes people generally make, and I'm guilty of it too,
• 30:16
  Speaker 2: is wishful thinking. You know, like you want something to
• 30:20
  Speaker 2: be true even if it isn't true, and so you
• 30:24
  Speaker 2: ignore the things that you ignore the real truth because
• 30:28
  Speaker 2: of what you want to be true.
• 30:32
  Speaker 3: This is a very difficult trap to avoid.
• 30:35
  Speaker 2: And like I said, certainly one that I find myself
• 30:38
  Speaker 2: in having problems with. But if you just take that
• 30:43
  Speaker 2: approach of your always to some degree wrong, and your
• 30:46
  Speaker 2: goal is to be less wrong and solicit critical feedback,
• 30:50
  Speaker 2: particularly from friends, like friends, particularly friends. If somebody loves you,
• 30:56
  Speaker 2: they want the best for you. They don't want to
• 30:58
  Speaker 2: tell you the bad things. So you have to ask them, kay,
• 31:03
  Speaker 2: you know, and said really, I really do want to know,
• 31:07
  Speaker 2: and then they'll tell you.
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: Thank you very much. Uh, it's been