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How MRI Works · Stuff You Should Know

• 0:01
  Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of I
• 0:04
  Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: There's Charles w Chuck Bryant, and Jerry is with us
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: as we journey into the heart of the magnetic darkness
• 0:21
  Speaker 1: known as an m r I machine, the Wonder Machine.
• 0:27
  Speaker 1: After all these years of talking about this thing, I
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: finally get it. I know it. It's crazy. We've been
• 0:35
  Speaker 1: kind of amazed by it and then a little bit
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: turned off by it. But then we realized it's not
• 0:40
  Speaker 1: the machine itself, it's the way it's being applied. And
• 0:42
  Speaker 1: so we kind of came back to it again and
• 0:44
  Speaker 1: it nuzzled us and it's bore and it got kind
• 0:48
  Speaker 1: of sexy. Yeah, and we're also guilty of the f
• 0:52
  Speaker 1: m r I crime that now I kind of feel
• 0:54
  Speaker 1: bad about. What is that? Is that a Queen's Right album? Yeah,
• 1:00
  Speaker 1: maybe we'll just talk about that later when it's appropriate.
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: What the Queen's Right album? No, the fm R I
• 1:06
  Speaker 1: blunder that we've been making for thirteen years. Sure, I
• 1:10
  Speaker 1: feel like, okay, all right, we'll go over that. Fine, Fine, Fine,
• 1:13
  Speaker 1: I don't want to miss anything. But instead we're gonna
• 1:15
  Speaker 1: mostly talk about the m R I the Wonder Machine
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: as it is, because Chuck, we were always just amazed
• 1:21
  Speaker 1: by it to begin with, but now that I understand it,
• 1:23
  Speaker 1: I feel even more amazed by it. I'm I'm proud
• 1:26
  Speaker 1: of humanity for having come up with this thing. Yeah,
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: I mean, it's pretty amazing that. And we'll talk about
• 1:32
  Speaker 1: the history of it and everything in a sect, but
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: it's amazing that human beings uh got together with their
• 1:41
  Speaker 1: cohorts and said, you know what we can do. The
• 1:45
  Speaker 1: human body is made up of sixty six water, So
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: let's figure out how to use magnetic fields and radio
• 1:52
  Speaker 1: waves to measure that water, uh and the tissues of
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: our body, and then we can map it and then
• 1:58
  Speaker 1: we can image it. Right. And so those initial people
• 2:02
  Speaker 1: who said that were burned at the steak because it
• 2:04
  Speaker 1: was like the sixteenth century still. But when a few
• 2:08
  Speaker 1: more hundred years passed, a few new people came onto
• 2:11
  Speaker 1: the scene, and they encountered a completely different environment um,
• 2:16
  Speaker 1: one that was kind of nurturing of science and advancement
• 2:18
  Speaker 1: in the idea that you could see inside the human
• 2:20
  Speaker 1: body without cutting it open. And the person who won
• 2:24
  Speaker 1: what actually kind of interestingly turned out to be a
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: race among researchers who were um all trying to sell
• 2:31
  Speaker 1: solve the same problem at the same time. Independently was
• 2:34
  Speaker 1: a guy named Dr Raymond Domadian or damedian Um, and
• 2:40
  Speaker 1: he is credited as the first person to invent the
• 2:44
  Speaker 1: fully functional human sized m R. But he's one of
• 2:49
  Speaker 1: typically at least three people who are credited with with
• 2:52
  Speaker 1: inventing the m R I, if that makes sense. Yeah,
• 2:55
  Speaker 1: I mean when he got in there in July of
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: nineteen seventy seven and nothing really happened, and I think
• 3:02
  Speaker 1: one of his colleagues said, hey, maybe you're too big
• 3:04
  Speaker 1: for this thing. They put in a smaller person and
• 3:08
  Speaker 1: it worked for the first time. It took about five
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: hours to get an image. Uh. They named the thing Indomitable,
• 3:15
  Speaker 1: and if you look up pictures, it's in the Smithsonian
• 3:17
  Speaker 1: now of Indomitable. You know. It's it's one of these
• 3:21
  Speaker 1: things that looks like a bare bones version of what
• 3:24
  Speaker 1: it ended up looking like. It's like the the MRI
• 3:27
  Speaker 1: I version of a wicker wheelchair. All be sort of
• 3:30
  Speaker 1: did you you didn't see a picture? No, because I
• 3:33
  Speaker 1: suspected as much. I didn't want it to haunt my dreams. Yeah,
• 3:36
  Speaker 1: I mean it looks sort of like this big donut.
• 3:38
  Speaker 1: I think the difference in this one is that it
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: shows and it may I'm not sure if it's doctor
• 3:43
  Speaker 1: Demadian in the photo or not, but they're actually wearing
• 3:47
  Speaker 1: some coils around their body. Um, but there is a
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: larger donut as well. Do they look like they're on
• 3:54
  Speaker 1: craft work tour? Sort of? Sort of? So they were
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: to other people. Demandian was the first one. I'm glad
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: that we settled on a pronunciation, by the way, um,
• 4:07
  Speaker 1: and he was the first one to cross the finish line.
• 4:09
  Speaker 1: But there were the two others who were working on
• 4:11
  Speaker 1: that same problem, Paul Lauderbergh and Sir Peter Mansfield. And
• 4:18
  Speaker 1: like I was saying, they were all working independently on
• 4:21
  Speaker 1: this problem. This thing that had been demonstrated in called
• 4:25
  Speaker 1: nuclear magnetic residence, which which is that you can make
• 4:28
  Speaker 1: Adams do really peculiar things when you put them in
• 4:31
  Speaker 1: the presence of um, a magnetic field. If it's strong enough,
• 4:36
  Speaker 1: it kind of snaps them all into attention. Uh. They
• 4:39
  Speaker 1: click their heels and they say, yes, sir, I'll get
• 4:41
  Speaker 1: that pette for you immediately. And um, that's not how
• 4:45
  Speaker 1: they normally behave. And so these guys Demardian, Lauderboro, and
• 4:49
  Speaker 1: Mansfield all were like, somehow, some way, there's a way
• 4:52
  Speaker 1: to use this, to to use this nuclear magnetic residence
• 4:57
  Speaker 1: to look inside of the body. And that's what they
• 4:59
  Speaker 1: said about try to do. Yeah, and pretty early on
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: they cut the word nuclear out of it and went
• 5:05
  Speaker 1: with imaging. So m R. I was born. I think
• 5:08
  Speaker 1: it wasn't probably a great time, and maybe it's never
• 5:10
  Speaker 1: a great time to throw the word nuclear into anything. Uh.
• 5:15
  Speaker 1: You know, every everything from nuclear power to nuclear bombs
• 5:18
  Speaker 1: have a bad rap quite frankly. Yeah, it gets even
• 5:22
  Speaker 1: worse if you pronounce any nu oh man. Uh. And
• 5:26
  Speaker 1: then there was someone else we do need to shout out,
• 5:28
  Speaker 1: a physicist by the name of uh cig Ogawa or Ogawa.
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: How would you pronounce that it's any value? See in
• 5:39
  Speaker 1: Japan just screams to be pronounced independently. Oh really they
• 5:43
  Speaker 1: love so C C G E SAG. That's what I
• 5:48
  Speaker 1: would go with. Okay, I'm serious, I really think you know,
• 5:51
  Speaker 1: I believe it just sounded funny. Um. And so what happened,
• 5:55
  Speaker 1: Uh So while we're shouting this person out is because
• 5:57
  Speaker 1: they discovered the if you have oxygen poor hemoglobin, it's
• 6:02
  Speaker 1: gonna react differently by this magnetic field that's created in
• 6:06
  Speaker 1: the m r I machine than really good oxygen rich hemoglobin,
• 6:10
  Speaker 1: and that that contrast, you could basically eventually end up
• 6:14
  Speaker 1: seeing blood flow, like imaging blood flow. Yeah, because with
• 6:18
  Speaker 1: Demai and his cohort were doing, we're imaging tissues inside
• 6:22
  Speaker 1: of the body. Um Ogawa said, well, actually you can
• 6:26
  Speaker 1: track the flow of blood in those tissues as well.
• 6:30
  Speaker 1: Laid the groundwork for what became f m r I
• 6:33
  Speaker 1: functional MRI I, and then also more importantly magnetic resonance
• 6:37
  Speaker 1: and geography, which is basically tracking blood flow in blood
• 6:40
  Speaker 1: vessels in real time. Basically, Yeah, and all this stuff
• 6:44
  Speaker 1: was revolutionary because a, um, you really nail it on
• 6:47
  Speaker 1: the head earlier, like you don't have to cut people
• 6:49
  Speaker 1: open anymore to see this stuff. Um. We we've had
• 6:53
  Speaker 1: X rays for a long time and they're great if
• 6:56
  Speaker 1: you want to look at certain things like your your
• 6:58
  Speaker 1: bones and see if you've got a cracked rib or something.
• 7:02
  Speaker 1: But when it comes to soft tissue, X rays were useless.
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: We'll talk a little bit more about CT can CT
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: scans and why they're awesome in their own way. But
• 7:11
  Speaker 1: not still not as I guess functional as an m
• 7:16
  Speaker 1: r I. Well plus CT scans. I didn't realize this.
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: Ct s computed tomography. They use X rays as well,
• 7:23
  Speaker 1: so you're still getting that dose of radiation from a
• 7:26
  Speaker 1: CT scan too, all right. So all that is just
• 7:29
  Speaker 1: to lead up to say that the m R I
• 7:31
  Speaker 1: just beats them all those other machines stink. It truly
• 7:35
  Speaker 1: earns his nickname the Wonder Machine. Um boy, I feel
• 7:38
  Speaker 1: like like we should take a break before diving into
• 7:40
  Speaker 1: this thing, should we? I'm thinking, hold on, yeah, I
• 7:43
  Speaker 1: think this is a good spot for a break. Okay,
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: let's do it. Okay, so we're back and uh, a
• 8:20
  Speaker 1: bit of an early break, but that's because we're about
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: to get in the weeds with the actual nuts and bolts. Ironically,
• 8:26
  Speaker 1: probably doesn't have any nuts and bolts. Oh that's a
• 8:29
  Speaker 1: good point. It's probably probably what heavy duty plastic ribbons.
• 8:34
  Speaker 1: I don't know. It might just be like large solid
• 8:37
  Speaker 1: injection molded pieces. That's a good question. We should have
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: learned that. But anyway, the metaphorical nuts and bolts of
• 8:44
  Speaker 1: this thing, Uh, if you've ever seen when they look
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: like a big doughnut, you sit on a a little
• 8:50
  Speaker 1: you know, it looks like a mortuary tray and you
• 8:54
  Speaker 1: get slid in through this hole in this tube. It's
• 8:58
  Speaker 1: only about is in diameter. So they're not great if
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: you are claustrophobic. But they do make machines that aren't
• 9:07
  Speaker 1: quite They don't give you quite what you want with
• 9:10
  Speaker 1: a closed system, but they're a little more opened up. Yeah,
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: and I got the impression that they're starting to really
• 9:15
  Speaker 1: kind of revisit those because you can't produce quite as
• 9:18
  Speaker 1: as great a magnetic field is powerful a magnetic field
• 9:21
  Speaker 1: with an open system, But I think they're starting to
• 9:23
  Speaker 1: figure out you don't necessarily need the most powerful magnetic field,
• 9:27
  Speaker 1: so stay tuned for that in ten years. But um,
• 9:32
  Speaker 1: the most important part of the whole m r I
• 9:35
  Speaker 1: machine obviously is the magnet. That's what produces the magic.
• 9:38
  Speaker 1: Is this magnetic field that so that doughnut, that elongated
• 9:43
  Speaker 1: doughnut that you're slid into in the tube, that is
• 9:47
  Speaker 1: the magnet basically, And it's not like a magnet like
• 9:51
  Speaker 1: you'd put on your fridge. It would suck your fridge
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: into what amounts to a black hole basically, if you
• 9:56
  Speaker 1: got your fridge anywhere near this thing. It's a different
• 9:59
  Speaker 1: kind of magnet. It's a super conducting magnet made up
• 10:02
  Speaker 1: of coils, probably copper coils that an electrical current is
• 10:07
  Speaker 1: run through. And when you run an electrical current through
• 10:11
  Speaker 1: a coiled um set of metal, you can produce a
• 10:16
  Speaker 1: magnetic field that's great, like fantastic. But to produce the
• 10:20
  Speaker 1: kinds of like the powerful magnetic fields that they're producing
• 10:23
  Speaker 1: in an m r I, you actually need a super
• 10:26
  Speaker 1: conducting magnet, and that's just a whole another level. Yeah.
• 10:31
  Speaker 1: I mean, if you want to create a very large
• 10:34
  Speaker 1: and stable field, and we're talking, I think they measure
• 10:38
  Speaker 1: magnets and is it or gauze. I think goss g
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: A U S S so goss is the measurement. One
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: tesla is ten thousand goths. So if you're looking at
• 10:53
  Speaker 1: just a regular fly by night MRI I wonder machine,
• 10:57
  Speaker 1: you're looking at about one point five roughly one point
• 11:01
  Speaker 1: five tesla, or about fifteen thousand goths as far as
• 11:05
  Speaker 1: the magnetic field goes. And that's um compared to a
• 11:08
  Speaker 1: point five for the magnetic field of planet Earth. You're
• 11:13
  Speaker 1: not point five tesla point five goths thousands, it's like
• 11:17
  Speaker 1: fifty sixty thousand times more if you're an average machine.
• 11:20
  Speaker 1: But they even make him go all the way up
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: to ten tesla, Yeah, which is what a hundred thousand goths. Yeah.
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: And the more goss, the more uh, the prettier machine
• 11:32
  Speaker 1: is just getting the prettier pictures are. Yeah. Another thing
• 11:35
  Speaker 1: that I saw though, is that they're figuring out that
• 11:38
  Speaker 1: when you get past a certain tesla of magnetic field,
• 11:43
  Speaker 1: it does matter, and that it actually gets worse because
• 11:47
  Speaker 1: you're picking up so much detail that you can't tell
• 11:50
  Speaker 1: a bit from a bob basically, and if you're a
• 11:53
  Speaker 1: radiologist using terms like bits and bobs, you need to
• 11:55
  Speaker 1: get out of the field and make room for somebody
• 11:57
  Speaker 1: who takes the job a little more seriously. That's interesting.
• 12:00
  Speaker 1: I wonder if that also goes hand in hand with
• 12:03
  Speaker 1: the open machines and them saying like, we don't need
• 12:06
  Speaker 1: as much goss as we thought we did. I think
• 12:08
  Speaker 1: it does. I think they're figuring out ways to get
• 12:10
  Speaker 1: better resolution off lower power, because not only is it
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: really expensive, I think it's a new machine costs about
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: a million dollars per tesla it produces. So if you've
• 12:21
  Speaker 1: got a ten ten tesla machine, which really at this point,
• 12:25
  Speaker 1: from what I understand, is just showing off as a
• 12:27
  Speaker 1: medical center. Um, you just spent ten million dollars on
• 12:31
  Speaker 1: this one m r I machine in your medical center. Um.
• 12:35
  Speaker 1: But that also it costs a lot of money to
• 12:37
  Speaker 1: run one of these things because to keep this stable
• 12:41
  Speaker 1: magnetic field going, you gotta run a lot of electricity
• 12:44
  Speaker 1: through it. And that's where the super conductivity comes in. Yeah,
• 12:48
  Speaker 1: I mean you want two rids. I mean you've got
• 12:50
  Speaker 1: to have like zero resistance running through those wires. And
• 12:54
  Speaker 1: they do this and I remember we talked about this
• 12:56
  Speaker 1: in our Are we running out of Helium? I can't
• 13:00
  Speaker 1: abo what it was called about. We did an episode
• 13:01
  Speaker 1: on the fact that helium um was in short supply.
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: And one of the downsides of this, it wasn't just
• 13:08
  Speaker 1: birthday balloons, was the fact that they use helium liquid
• 13:12
  Speaker 1: helium to uh to make these copper coils super conductive
• 13:17
  Speaker 1: and I think at the order of about four hundred
• 13:20
  Speaker 1: and fifty two degrees below zero. So without that helium,
• 13:25
  Speaker 1: they don't know if they're looking at alternatives or if
• 13:28
  Speaker 1: there's a Plan B or not, but they need helium. Well,
• 13:31
  Speaker 1: remember in our Macy's Thanksgiving day preative. So I don't
• 13:34
  Speaker 1: know if it made it in there or not, but
• 13:35
  Speaker 1: they they found like a helium supply that basically like
• 13:39
  Speaker 1: and Macy's bought it that basically like expanded our supply
• 13:44
  Speaker 1: of helium by some infinite amounts. So we're like flush
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: with helium. That's true. I remember that. So so I
• 13:49
  Speaker 1: think we're okay. So we can just the cam was
• 13:51
  Speaker 1: kicked down the road, Chuck. We don't need to worry
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: about that. Yeah, we don't need a plan for the future,
• 13:56
  Speaker 1: like Y two K right, it's exactly right. Nice, nice
• 14:00
  Speaker 1: call out. All right, So you've got your big magnet um.
• 14:04
  Speaker 1: You you also have gradient magnets. You have three gradient magnets,
• 14:08
  Speaker 1: and those are not nearly as on the magnitude of
• 14:12
  Speaker 1: that the big daddy. These are about one eighty to
• 14:15
  Speaker 1: two seventy GAUSS. And your main magnet is what's creating
• 14:19
  Speaker 1: that main magnetic field that we're gonna go over in
• 14:21
  Speaker 1: detail in the second, the real stable one. But the
• 14:24
  Speaker 1: other magnets create the variable field, which you know, that's
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: what you need to run it um against the other
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: one to make those images happen. Yeah, that's the that's
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: basically what you use, like to direct the UM beam
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: essentially as it were like if you need a shoulder
• 14:44
  Speaker 1: looked at, it would be then a different location than
• 14:46
  Speaker 1: your knee. Yeah yeah, And you would say, well, actually
• 14:49
  Speaker 1: I needed a little to the left, and you would
• 14:51
  Speaker 1: use these gradient magnets to move the magnetic field. And
• 14:54
  Speaker 1: what you're really moving from what I understand with the
• 14:57
  Speaker 1: gradient magnets is a radio free quency pulse. And this
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: is this is where things this is where it all
• 15:06
  Speaker 1: comes together. You're you're using three different things. Right, You've
• 15:09
  Speaker 1: got the magnet and when you when you put um hydrogen,
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: when you put a body, well, we're not quite there yet,
• 15:15
  Speaker 1: I'll oh you want me to do it now? Well,
• 15:19
  Speaker 1: I mean it certainly was anticipation on my part. Okay,
• 15:23
  Speaker 1: all right, I won't let you down, Chuck. So when
• 15:25
  Speaker 1: you go into the m R I bore and you
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: enter this magnetic field the tube, I don't think we've
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: mentioned that true. Um, When you go in the tube
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: and you enter the magnetic field, the atoms in your
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: body UM have what's called the magnetic moment, which means
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: that they respond to very strong magnetic fields by abandoning
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: their kind of random spin along their access their procession
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: and snapping in line along the polar ends of the
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: magnetic field. And in the m r I that that's
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: running lengthwise down the middle. So if you're laying on
• 16:06
  Speaker 1: your back in an m R I tube, the magnetic
• 16:08
  Speaker 1: field is going from your feet to your head, and
• 16:10
  Speaker 1: that magnetic field causes the atoms in your body or
• 16:15
  Speaker 1: the particles in your body that make up atoms, to
• 16:18
  Speaker 1: snap into line with that polarity. So all of a sudden,
• 16:22
  Speaker 1: you have protons in this case, as far as the
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: m R is concerned, hydrogen protons um suddenly going from
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: random spins to all facing your feet are all spinning
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: towards your head, one or the other, but technically along
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: the same line. Yeah, So some of those are and
• 16:39
  Speaker 1: I think in the biz they call it aligning parallel
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: or anti parallel, and they sort of cancel each other out,
• 16:47
  Speaker 1: but there's always going to be more parallel aligned hydrogen atoms,
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: and those are the ones that uh, we're using to
• 16:57
  Speaker 1: measure the m R I basically, like everything else, just
• 16:59
  Speaker 1: sort of can't as each other out, and those leftover
• 17:02
  Speaker 1: ones and it sounds, you know, there's there's so many
• 17:06
  Speaker 1: that you can have the cancelation of many and it
• 17:09
  Speaker 1: still works. So I only saw this in the House
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: to Works article. Everywhere else I saw basically made no
• 17:16
  Speaker 1: mention of the fact that, like whether they were aligned
• 17:20
  Speaker 1: towards your feet or towards your head, like that that mattered,
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: and that you were focusing on the ones that hadn't aligned,
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: like I only saw it in this article. Oh you did, okay?
• 17:31
  Speaker 1: So then kids Science, what is what? They were all
• 17:35
  Speaker 1: based off this House of Works article? No? No, you
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: could tell they were original? What is I was just teasing,
• 17:40
  Speaker 1: you know, I love kids science websites. Chuck which when
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: this one was? But it was a good one. Um, okay.
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: So regardless of what which adams you're focusing on, either
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: the ones that are polarized from along the magnetic field
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: are the ones that haven't been polarized. That's that polarity
• 17:59
  Speaker 1: is being created by the main magnet, the superconducting magnet
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: that has basically zero resistance because it's bathed in liquid
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: helium and cool to just astounding temperatures. Right now, when
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: you bring in the radio frequency pulse, which is oscillating,
• 18:15
  Speaker 1: it's turning on and off very very quickly. What what
• 18:19
  Speaker 1: was discovered over the last century or so before m
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: RIS wherever even developed. But what forms the basis of
• 18:26
  Speaker 1: the principle that mrs operate on is that if you
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: apply a radio frequency to a bunch of um of
• 18:33
  Speaker 1: hydrogen protons undergoing their magnetic moment, you can actually adjust
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: the way that they're aligned. You're kind of like pushing
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: or pulling them out of alignment, and they're kind of
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: struggling against it, but you can you can overcome that
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: with the radio frequency pulse. And so that's basically step
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: one of the m R I is getting them knocked
• 18:57
  Speaker 1: out of that polarity so that you can turn that
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: off and basically gauge and measure them as they snap
• 19:05
  Speaker 1: back into that polarity. Yeah, and that radio frequency pulse
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: it has to be the same frequency of those spinning protons,
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: so if not, they're not going to be in resonance.
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: That's where the word resonance comes from. If they have
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: that same frequency, they can exchange energy with one another
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: and they're on resonance with one another, and when they
• 19:26
  Speaker 1: turn it on and off, like you said, there's a
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: moment where they snap back into snap back to attention essentially,
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: and it takes a little bit of time and a
• 19:35
  Speaker 1: little bit of energy, and that energy is what they're
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: basically trying to measure, like that, that movement. Yeah, and
• 19:45
  Speaker 1: because the protons, the hydrogen protons. The reason they selected
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: hydrogen protons is because it's so abundant throughout the body. Uh,
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: it's far and away the most abundant atom in the
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: body is hydrogen. Um. That that you're going to find
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: in every bit, every every nook and cranny of your body.
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: That's another term radiologist should stay away from, but we
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: can use it. The nooks and crannies of your body
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: all are filled with hydrogen protons. So um, they know
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: that a hydrogen proton and like fat, tissue is going
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: to snap back into place and then release energy at
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: a slightly different frequency and at a slightly different rate
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: than the hydrogen protons making up water in the body
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: or bone in the body or you know, your hair
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: on your shoulders or whatever. All all of this stuff
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: is going to just be just slightly different. And they
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: basically know what the data that comes back, what it's
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: telling them is, Oh, hey, i'm a I'm a fat
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: I'm in a bunch of fat over here. I'm into
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: water over here, I'm shoulder hair over here. And this
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: is the data that gets transmitted to the computer that's
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: measured by the computer that's running the MR. Yeah, and
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: that energy burst that it emits, it's at a very
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: specific frequency named the lar More frequency after an Irish
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: physicist named Sir Joseph Larmore. He discovered this all the
• 21:10
  Speaker 1: way back in and you will never need to know
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: this information, but just in case you want to know,
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: the lar More frequency for hydrogen in this case is
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: forty two point five eight mega hurts per tesla of
• 21:25
  Speaker 1: magnetic force. That's a I don't even know if that's
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: like a cocktail that that's not even a Jeopardy question.
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: That's a dark little pet you keep in your pocket
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: that you pull out and like stroke every once in
• 21:39
  Speaker 1: a while. Just reassure yourself that you're very smart. Yeah,
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: like LaVar Burton should be. LaVar Burton would ask that
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: question on Jeopardy and Ken Jennings would say, you gotta
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: be kidding me. Nobody cares love, so you're you're pulling
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: for LaVar. He's not gonna make it. I mean the
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: other guy that somehow the executive producer of the show
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: is of naming himself. Yeah, I mean he said that
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: he didn't make the call, but us, I don't know, man,
• 22:06
  Speaker 1: he I thought LaVar Burton was great and would be
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: great for that show. I'm part of team George Stefanopolis.
• 22:13
  Speaker 1: Did he guess yeah? Or Aaron Rodgers. He did a
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: good job. I didn't see that one, but he still
• 22:19
  Speaker 1: got more football to play. I'm with you, though, I
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: think LaVar Burton would be wonderful, and from what I read,
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: he really wants it too. So I just don't get it.
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: And a lot of people are mad already, so I'm
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: not so so the decision has been made. It's the
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: executive producer. Now. They said that they're in the final negotiations.
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: And you know, now there are some people pointing to
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: his past, because this guy's a experienced game show executive producer,
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: and they're like, yeah, when you were on the Prices, right,
• 22:46
  Speaker 1: you did some not so great things, and so we'll
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: see what happens. I don't know, what a dusty old crotch. Oh,
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: I don't know. We'll see what happens. Let's bring humility back, everybody.
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: Just this and the small doses is fine. That's right.
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: And this has been game show, so Chuck and Josh
• 23:07
  Speaker 1: and speaking of go listen to our live game shows
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: episode I think from Denver. That was really good. Uh
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: do we do one on game shows? Oh? My, yes
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: we did. That's a good one. All right. So where
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: are we? We are at the lar more frequency. I
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: guess the one thing we need to mention to you
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: talked earlier about the gradient magnets UM being applied to
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: very specific parts of the body. In the biz, they
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: call those areas slices. So you can just get us
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: if they if you hear someone and if you're going
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: to get an m R and you're nervous and they
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: say get a slice of the shoulder. There, you're not
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: getting a slice. The whole point is that of an
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: m R is that you don't get sliced. Yes. And
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: one of the other advantages is that because you can
• 23:52
  Speaker 1: move these gradient magnets all over the place at all
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: different planes UM, you can get all sorts of different
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: views of the same area top, bottom, side, underside, all
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: the sides. And that's a huge, huge advantage that m
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: R I offers again without spilling a single drop of blood. Yeah,
• 24:14
  Speaker 1: and I guess. The final piece of the puzzle here
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: is this is all well and good that this little
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: magic machine works like this, but you still have to
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: be able to have a doctor look at a picture
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: of this stuff. The imaging part of m R I
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: is just as important as the rest, because that's what
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: they need to assess your situation. And they do this
• 24:34
  Speaker 1: through the magic of computers and math. And I think
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: that's it. That's that right. We don't have to go
• 24:42
  Speaker 1: anymore into it than that. I mean, you know, I
• 24:46
  Speaker 1: don't fully understand it to you. It makes it the
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: image and turns it to a mathematical formula. Fifty people
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: on the planet who fully understand how happens. All I
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: know is there's a really expensive computer attached, and it's
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: the one that converts all that data into a two
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: D or three D image. That's all you need to know, really, yeah, um,
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: And then it ends up in the hands of a
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: radiologist who basically says, oh, it's this, Oh it's a
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: donkey that kind of thing, or increasingly in the hands
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: of AI, which has gotten really really good at reading
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: radiological charts, including m R I, is to look for
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: weird anomalies because one of the great advantages of an
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: m r I is those images that produces um really
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: can resolve water in the body. And one of the
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: reasons that's important is because when you start to suffer disease,
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: one of the one of the almost universal symptoms of
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: any kind of disease, malady, or disorder in the human
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: body is an increase in the amount of water. The
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: thing is is like, the m r I is going
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: to show you that, but you or I can't see that.
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: You got to go to school for many, many years
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: and become a radiologists say that's that's just a little
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: fluid build up, or oh that's a tumor. It's tough
• 26:04
  Speaker 1: to distinguish. It needs a human or again an AI
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: to make that distinction. But the m r I is
• 26:10
  Speaker 1: going to give you the picture that will show you
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: that thing that a radiologist could look at and say
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: that's water, that's a tumor. That's right, pretty neat stuff.
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: Like we said all along the Wonder Machine, that's right.
• 26:23
  Speaker 1: And that feels like a great time for break number two.
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: And when we come back, we'll talk a little bit
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: about our fm r I. Shame that I feel that
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: you're not even aware of Oh gosh, right after that,
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: prepare for our shame, all right, Chuck? Why should we
• 27:09
  Speaker 1: be ashamed? Because I think I I remember things differently
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: than you do. That's what I think it is. So
• 27:15
  Speaker 1: here's the deal with f m R I functioning m
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: r I s. They track blood flow and what they've
• 27:24
  Speaker 1: long done in UH psychiatry and neurology since this has
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: been invented, and we've talked about this a lot on
• 27:33
  Speaker 1: the podcast. It they will do an f m R
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: I of your brain and they will show you pictures
• 27:38
  Speaker 1: of certain things or have you react to certain stimuli,
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: can be an object or a word that they say
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: out loud or whatever, and they see where that blood
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: flow is going in the brain with the idea of like, well, hey,
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: if you're getting that fresh blood right here in this
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: part of the brain, that means that that's the part
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: of your brain that is reacting to the stimulus. And
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: and the more I read about it, the more it
• 28:02
  Speaker 1: seemed like that's a pretty good guess. And we don't
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: really know what's going on with the neurons. This is
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: just seeing what's lighting up. And I think where I
• 28:11
  Speaker 1: feel bad as many many times over the years we've said,
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: you know, and then they showed him a picture of
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: this and about a being about a boom. This part
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: starts lighting up, so case closed, and it's not as
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: like kind of bulletproof as that I see. This is
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: where I remember differently. We've trashed that idea multiple times
• 28:29
  Speaker 1: over there. Did yeah, okay, totally. I remember specifically talking
• 28:33
  Speaker 1: about one study where a guy put like a dead
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: salmon in an m r I and then wrote a
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: paper about what it must have been experiencing because some
• 28:41
  Speaker 1: vauxells showed lit up. Really, so we made good as
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: we went along. Yeah, yeah, yeah, totally, okay, totally. We
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: sniffed that stuff out. We've been sniffing that stuff off
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: the case since oh eight, oh man, all right, well,
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: I don't feel bad anymore, No, don't, don't. We definitely
• 28:55
  Speaker 1: trashed that over the years, and and it's it's worth
• 28:58
  Speaker 1: being trashed in that somebody figured out, like, you can
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: use this to a certain degree and yes, you can see,
• 29:06
  Speaker 1: oh this region's lighting up. But what they quickly found
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: is that a region of the brain has hundreds or
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: thousands or countless numbers of neurons involved in that area,
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: and they're not all just doing the same thing, they're
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: all performing different functions, they're all connected in different ways.
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: And until we can get our resolution down on basically
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: the individual neural level, the point, there's zero point almost
• 29:34
  Speaker 1: in putting someone in an fMRI I um and and
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: showing them pictures of of whatever and seeing how they're
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: stimulated it, because it's all just guesswork somebody. Compared to
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: to phrenology modern phrenology, you're just extrapolating huge things from
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: very limited findings. And so we've figured that out very
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: early on. Like that's been a long standing criticism, and
• 29:58
  Speaker 1: we we definitely dialed into that better than everything about
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: our efforts. I'm I'm so glad, thank you for correcting that.
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: Although one good thing about f m r I is
• 30:07
  Speaker 1: is that and giography where you can track blood flow
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: outside of the brain and extrapolated beyond you know, social
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: psychology studies. Yeah, if if a social psychology study could
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: even get enough funding to pay for an m r
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: I rental. We we had some social psychologists and husbands
• 30:26
  Speaker 1: and wives of social psychologists the right end, and they
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: were kind of mad at it at you. I think
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: they're mad again. Uh, you know you should not be
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: mad at are the inventors of the m r I
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: because these things are really pretty safe. Um, you are
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: not being exposed to radiation, and that's a great thing.
• 30:46
  Speaker 1: You There have been not many incidences of mishaps with
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: an m r I machine. One of the dangers of
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: an m r I is, obviously, you know with the
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: super magnet is going to be metal. If you've ever
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: had one, they're gonna ask you and ask you several
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: more times. If you have any metal on your body.
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: You're not gonna go in there with the ear rings.
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: You're not going to go in there with even certain
• 31:12
  Speaker 1: kinds of makeup has metal in it. Uh. If you
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: have a pacemaker or aneurism clips in your brain, or
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: if you're like me, dental implants, you're gonna want to
• 31:22
  Speaker 1: talk to them about that. And uh, because some of
• 31:25
  Speaker 1: that stuff is still okay. It's not like it will
• 31:28
  Speaker 1: rip a pacemaker out of your chest, because they're smarter
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: than that now. But if you have an old pacemaker,
• 31:33
  Speaker 1: that might be a problem, right Yeah, And even a
• 31:36
  Speaker 1: new pacemaker can malfunction in the presence of a really
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: strong madnake field. It won't be ripped from your chest
• 31:41
  Speaker 1: but it's it might stop working, and that's not good.
• 31:44
  Speaker 1: You know, you don't want that to happen. But there
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: are like things like if you have like metal anywhere
• 31:51
  Speaker 1: on you, it will be pulled out of your pocket.
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: Your pocket might be pulled right off of your pants basically,
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: um depending on whether it's one of those externally sewed
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: pock gets or an internal probably have a gown on anyway, sure,
• 32:05
  Speaker 1: but you could just be some schmo who likes the
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: stand around mr I rooms and gained entry. One of
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: the big problems is the actual medical equipment themselves. There's
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: medical equipment that is that is has been developed to
• 32:20
  Speaker 1: be used in an mri I room, and then there's
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: medical equipment that accidentally finds its way into an m
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: r I room and ends up getting sucked violently into
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: the bore, and that is really dangerous. There's there's actually
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: some astounding pictures on the internet. If you search mri
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: I catastrophe of there's there's one, and I can't tell
• 32:39
  Speaker 1: if it's real or not. There's a wheelchair that's sucked
• 32:43
  Speaker 1: into the boar with feet sticking out from under it.
• 32:46
  Speaker 1: I didn't see a corroborating story, but people have died
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: from being hit by objects or pinned to the boar
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: between a metal object and the boar. UM. And it's
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: very very rare. It's very infrequent because people running MORI
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: ees tend to know what to look for and what
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: questions to ask and what to look out for. But
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: it has happened, and when it happens, it's got to
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: be one of the most violent things you could ever Yeah,
• 33:09
  Speaker 1: about twenty years ago there was a boy who was
• 33:13
  Speaker 1: killed when an oxygen tank was pulled into the bore.
• 33:16
  Speaker 1: But like you said, that's that's the kind of thing
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: that makes the news of the world over because it's
• 33:21
  Speaker 1: so rare. I think every year there are millions and
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: millions of m r I scans in the United States alone,
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: and the FDA gets about three hundred adverse event reports annually,
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: and most of these are like my skin burned, some
• 33:39
  Speaker 1: because it got really hot. Um. Because I don't think
• 33:42
  Speaker 1: we mentioned like the m r I s I've had
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: have been very brief, just a few minutes. Um. You
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: can be in there for like an hour or an
• 33:50
  Speaker 1: hour and a half and you have to lay completely still.
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: And this the sound that they make is just it's unnerving.
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: It's this it's like this digital clanging and there are
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: clacksons and buzzers and it's just not I remember I
• 34:05
  Speaker 1: talked about it years ago on the show when I
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: had my first one. Um, it's it's not a relaxing
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: scene at all. It's a little unnerving, even though you
• 34:13
  Speaker 1: know it's safe just because of the noise. So um
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: but but it's it is safe, like accidents usually don't happen. Yeah,
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: that noise, I forgot you had one before. From what
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: I understand, that noise is relative to the the tesla's
• 34:32
  Speaker 1: that the made magnet puts out because when you put
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: the UM I guess maybe the gradient magnets in there,
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: they respond to that made magnet and that's what produces
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: that hammering or clacking sound or whatever. And it can
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: it can get really loud and give you tonitis or
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: hearing loss, even if they don't give you. Um, you
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: know your mouffs. Have you still never had one? No?
• 34:55
  Speaker 1: Let me just drack on wood there? How did yours
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: turn out? Pretty great? Yeah? I can't even remember what
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: the first one was for, to be honest, it was
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: so many years ago. Uh, And then I had one
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: more recently, Uh, for my for my gut. Oh yeah, yeah,
• 35:14
  Speaker 1: for my g I. They were looking at my g
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: I flow, not flow for stuff you're colon blow. They
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: were looking for diverticula specifically, And so I was in
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: an m r A machine and that didn't take very long.
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: And I think they used die for that one. That's
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: another thing that we didn't mention is I don't think
• 35:36
  Speaker 1: they always used die as a contrast, but sometimes they do. Yeah,
• 35:39
  Speaker 1: about a third of them they used die. And the
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: dye seems to be from what I can tell, the
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: the the only truly questionable part about the m R
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: I experience, because when you come out of that magnetic field,
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: your adams all go back to normal the way they were,
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: and you know, there's no long term effects. But apparently
• 35:57
  Speaker 1: the die they use is um made of gandolinium gatolinium,
• 36:03
  Speaker 1: which is a metallic element, and they collate it so
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: that your body doesn't like it doesn't stick around your
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: body actually pee it out, gets processed through your kidneys.
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: In very rare instances, some people hang onto it and
• 36:17
  Speaker 1: it can cause a little bit of kidney damage, but
• 36:19
  Speaker 1: far and away almost everybody passes it. It seems to be.
• 36:23
  Speaker 1: The question is using die when you give an m
• 36:28
  Speaker 1: r I to a woman who's pregnant, because the woman
• 36:32
  Speaker 1: will pee it out, but the little baby in uterus
• 36:35
  Speaker 1: or in utero um recycles the stuff that comes in there,
• 36:39
  Speaker 1: so it will just be ingesting and peeing and ingesting
• 36:42
  Speaker 1: and peeing that gatollinium until it's born. Um, and then
• 36:46
  Speaker 1: that's not really good for the old kidneys. So apparently, um,
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: they FDA recommends that you air on the side of
• 36:53
  Speaker 1: the mother's health, like like it's a if it's a UM,
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: like a medical emergency, and the that the that requires
• 36:59
  Speaker 1: an mr for the mom, including die. That the FDA
• 37:02
  Speaker 1: and apparently the a m A would say just go
• 37:05
  Speaker 1: ahead and do it, uh and roll the dice. But
• 37:08
  Speaker 1: if it's not a medical emergency and the woman has
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: to get an m r I, they would probably avoid
• 37:13
  Speaker 1: using the diet. Yeah. The die was Yeah, the die was. Um.
• 37:17
  Speaker 1: That was kind of one of the more interesting parts
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: because you can feel it cold running through your body. Wow,
• 37:23
  Speaker 1: which is really interesting. And I got a taste in
• 37:27
  Speaker 1: my mouth, like this kind of funky taste. Wow, that's
• 37:30
  Speaker 1: really amazing. Yeah, which is always a little weird. Um,
• 37:33
  Speaker 1: you mentioned pregnant women though, but kids is another thing.
• 37:37
  Speaker 1: Uh m R eyes. I think in nine of m
• 37:40
  Speaker 1: R eyes go to fully grown adults, and kids present
• 37:43
  Speaker 1: a problem because kids are fidgety obviously, and they're hard
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: to keep still, and you've got to start over if
• 37:51
  Speaker 1: you want to get a good picture. So it's it's
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: kind of been tough, and a lot of times they
• 37:55
  Speaker 1: have to um aneste size a child to put them
• 38:00
  Speaker 1: in an MRI machine, which you know, anytime you're going
• 38:03
  Speaker 1: into anesthesia there's a risk there and people don't like
• 38:06
  Speaker 1: doing that in general if you don't have to. So
• 38:09
  Speaker 1: there are some really smart people working on that. I
• 38:11
  Speaker 1: think a few years ago there was an article about
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: a Stanford pediatric radiologist name Schreus Vasa na Vasana Walla,
• 38:23
  Speaker 1: and he was working on basically kind of making Taylor
• 38:28
  Speaker 1: made m R I machines for kids that are smaller
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: and a little more open and don't have these huge
• 38:33
  Speaker 1: bulky coils for their little bodies. That's amazing. What a
• 38:37
  Speaker 1: great thing to do with your time, you know, I agreed.
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: I mean, or you could just get on the podcast
• 38:41
  Speaker 1: and run your mouth. You're right, I think that's a
• 38:45
  Speaker 1: less good thing. To do with your time. But regardless,
• 38:48
  Speaker 1: I think the m R I machine is still maybe
• 38:51
  Speaker 1: even more than ever the wonder machine. Chuck, I agree,
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: And it's cool to know how it works. And uh,
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: you know, if you heard this and go in to
• 38:59
  Speaker 1: get an m R I, it might arm you with
• 39:00
  Speaker 1: a little knowledge. You can go in there and talk
• 39:03
  Speaker 1: about what's the what was that number again? The frequency
• 39:08
  Speaker 1: forty two point five eight meg It hurts per tesla
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: yea of magnetic field applied. Just go in there start
• 39:14
  Speaker 1: throwing that around while you have your smartphone in your pocket.
• 39:18
  Speaker 1: That's right. Hopefully the least if you're about to get
• 39:21
  Speaker 1: an m R I, this may do you a little
• 39:23
  Speaker 1: less nervous about it, agreed. Uh. Well, if you want
• 39:28
  Speaker 1: to know more about m R EYES, just do a
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: little research or maybe go get one done. Go hit
• 39:32
  Speaker 1: up your doctor and say how about an m R I.
• 39:34
  Speaker 1: Let's check it out, and they'll say okay, hop in
• 39:37
  Speaker 1: I could use the money. Uh. And since I said
• 39:40
  Speaker 1: I could use the money, obviously it's time for listener mail.
• 39:45
  Speaker 1: That's right. Before I read this one, I do want
• 39:47
  Speaker 1: to shout out. We've got quite a few emails on
• 39:50
  Speaker 1: people who have the weird compulsion to equal out the
• 39:53
  Speaker 1: crack stepping defeat. Like, I was kind of surprised at
• 39:58
  Speaker 1: how many people have that same thing going on. And uh,
• 40:02
  Speaker 1: other people I think I read one of them. Uh
• 40:05
  Speaker 1: that said he also like to chew and equal on
• 40:08
  Speaker 1: both sides of his mouth. Quite a few people also
• 40:10
  Speaker 1: had that, which I don't have. But it's nice to
• 40:13
  Speaker 1: know that US crack steppers are. I don't know, I
• 40:16
  Speaker 1: feel united. Yeah, there's a there's a whole cadre of
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: you guys out there. It turns out, Yeah, we're gonna
• 40:22
  Speaker 1: take over the world one day. I know. But I'm
• 40:25
  Speaker 1: gonna call this one from Rodney about reverse osmosis. Hey, guys,
• 40:30
  Speaker 1: you get did a really nice job on reverse osmosis. Uh.
• 40:33
  Speaker 1: It can indeed solve the drinking water problem worldwide, as
• 40:36
  Speaker 1: well as help solve some of the environmental problems in
• 40:38
  Speaker 1: our industrial processes. You should also do a program on electrolytics.
• 40:45
  Speaker 1: This technology can take salt and convert it to disinfectants
• 40:49
  Speaker 1: that are used to treat water and kill microorganisms that
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: make people sick. Nine thousand people die every day from
• 40:55
  Speaker 1: water borne disease worldwide. Uh. And this this guy, Rodney
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: has a couple of companies that deal with this, so
• 41:04
  Speaker 1: offered us up some technical assistance if we wanted to
• 41:06
  Speaker 1: do something on that nice, very nice, Thanks a lot, Rodney.
• 41:10
  Speaker 1: Appreciate that UM offer, and congratulations to you for saving
• 41:15
  Speaker 1: the world. Agreed. UM. If you want to get in
• 41:19
  Speaker 1: touch with us like Rodney did, because you're saving the
• 41:21
  Speaker 1: world or because you UM just want to say hi,
• 41:25
  Speaker 1: it doesn't matter. We were fine either way. You can
• 41:28
  Speaker 1: get in touch with us by sending an email to
• 41:30
  Speaker 1: Stuff podcast at iHeart radio dot com. Stuff you Should
• 41:36
  Speaker 1: Know is a production of I Heart Radio. For more
• 41:39
  Speaker 1: podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,
• 41:43
  Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.